Toasting, Oratory and Parody in Britain during the French Revolution

28 TOASTING, ORATORY AND PARODY IN BRITAIN DURING THE FRENCH REVOLUTION Rémy Du hille DOI: h ps://doi.o g/10.14712/2571452X.2024.68.3 Abs ac : In keeping wi h ecen his o iog aphy on he in e play o o ali y and li e a u e in Roman ic B i ain, his a icle s a s om he eme gence o oas ing in he ea ly phase o he F ench Re olu ion as a new o m o adical discou se, in he con ex o a budding public-dinne sociabili y. The main ocus bea s on conse a i e pa odies o such adical oas ing, in pape s such as he Times and especially he An i-Jacobin and An i-Jacobin Re iew. Pa ody enabled conse a i es o mimic epublican and egicidal opes in ways ha we e much mo e ou ageous han he alleged adical o iginals, hus es ing he limi s o public speech in 1790s Pi i e B i ain. The a icle ends wi h a close eading o a pa icula ly o na e pa ody, based on an ode by Ho ace, o he Duke o No olk’s no o ious oas o “ he Majes y o he People,” which symbolized, in he eyes o he sel - s yled an i-Jacobins, he eache y and inconsequence o he Foxi e Whigs in he 1790s. Keywo ds: sa i e, pa ody, oas ing, sociabili y, in e ex uali y Oa hs, odes and o a ions o m a ui ul esea ch ield a he in e ace o o ali y, pe o mance and ex s. This a icle o e s “ oas ing” as a ou h euphonic e m, a guing ha , in he Roman ic e a, especially a imes o ex eme ension like he mid-1790s, oas ing pa icipa ed in he e e escen ola ili y o poli ics. While he p ac ice o d inking someone’s heal h (“gi ing” o “pledging” heal hs) was widesp ead in ea ly-mode n B i ain, he wo d “ oas ” – in he sense o “a lady who is named as he pe son o whom a company is eques ed o d ink” – da es back o 1700, i s i s occu ence (acco ding o he Ox o d English Dic iona y) being in William Cong e e’s comedy The Way o he Wo ld. Toas ing was bo n in e ined, a is oc a ic ci cles; i was bound up wi h no ions o dis inc ion and poli eness, as Joseph Addison made clea in a p obably ic ional accoun o he bi h o oas ing Toas ing, O a o y and Pa ody in B i ain 29 a Ba h in he Ta le .1 By he end o he cen u y, oas ing had become a commonplace i ual o honou men, measu es and mo oes. I was a s anda d p ac ice in p i a e and public dinne s, se ing o de end poli ical p inciples. This mundane cus om also had a li e a y pedig ee, appea ing in no els by Fielding and Smolle and on s age, no ably in Richa d B insley She idan’s The School o Scandal (1777), whe e i akes he o m o he amous d inking – and oas ing – song, “He e’s o he Maiden o Bash ul Fi een.” A p ominen Whig suppo e o Cha les James Fox, She idan leads us in o he con en ious wo ld o 1790s B i ain. In ha pe iod, oas s se ed as a ehicle o poli ical communica ion, bu hey also pa icipa ed in he me amo phoses and sub e si e eapp op ia ions o Roman ic li e a u e. Toas ing is pa o he con es ed, issipa ous public sphe e o o ali y and con e sa ion which has been he subjec o signi ican li e a y schola ship by John Ba ell and Jon Mee, among o he s.2 A e he 21 May 1792 Royal p oclama ion agains sedi ious w i ings and publica ions, and s ill mo e a e he Two Ac s o Decembe 1795, dubbed “ he Gagging Ac s,” which e ec i ely o bade unau ho ized public mee ings and socie ies, he complex, and inc easingly ideologically policed, bounda ies o a “public sphe e” seemed o ca e in unde he s i ling p essu es o an i-Jacobin censo ship.3 Mee has explo ed he nego ia ed and con es ed in e play o “con e sa ion” and “li e a u e,”4 while Ian Newman and Ch is ina Pa olin ha e examined he ole o some key spaces o sociabili y, especially London a e ns, in he p oduc ion o a poli icized li e a u e ou o o al con e sa ions.5 Toas ing was 1 The Ta le , ed. Donald F. Bond, 3 ols. (Ox o d: Cla endon P ess, 1987) 1:187-90 (no. 24, 4 June 1709); Rémy Du hille, “Toas ing and Gende in G ea -B i ain in he Eigh een h Cen u y,” Zinbun 50 (2020): 37-55. 2 John Ba ell, Imagining he King’s Dea h: Figu a i e T eason, Fan asies o Regicide, 1793-1796 (Ox o d: Ox o d Uni e si y P ess, 2000); John Ba ell, The Spi i o Despo ism: In asions o P i acy in he 1790s (Ox o d: Ox o d Uni e si y P ess, 2006); Jon Mee, Roman icism, En husiasm, and Regula ion: Poe ics and he Policing o Cul u e in he Roman ic Pe iod (Ox o d: Ox o d Uni e si y P ess, 2003), x, 320. 3 Fo a help ul summa y o censo ship and an i-sedi ion legisla ion, see Da id Wo all, “F eedom o Speech,” in The Ox o d Handbook o B i ish Roman icism, ed. Da id Du (Ox o d: Ox o d Uni e si y P ess, 2018), 233-49. 4 Jon Mee, Con e sable Wo lds: Li e a u e, Con en ion, and Communi y 1762 o 1830 (Ox o d: Ox o d Uni e si y P ess, 2011); Jon Mee, “The Buzz abou he Bee: Policing he Con e sa ion o Cul u e in he 1790s,” in Be o e Blackwood’s: Sco ish Jou nalism in he Age o Enligh enmen , ed. Alex Benchimol, Rhona B own and Da id Shu le on (London: Picke ing and Cha o, 2015), 63-74. 5 Ian Newman, The Roman ic Ta e n: Li e a u e and Con i iali y in he Age o Re olu ion (Camb idge: Camb idge Uni e si y P ess, 2019); Ch is ina Pa olin, Radical Spaces: Venues o Popula Poli ics in London, 1790-c. 1845 (Canbe a: ANU E P ess, 2010). Rémy Du hille 30 a cen al ool in he manu ac u ing o adical unanimi y a banque s: ha was he case wi h he I ish “pa io s” o he mid-1750s, he English pa liamen a y e o me s o he 1780s, all he way o he Cha is s in he 1840s. O iginally an o al s a emen made, indeed pe o med by aising one’s glass, he oas also belongs o he sphe e o w i en speech. E en be o e he F ench Re olu ion, lis s o oas s we e w i en in ad ance, so ha gues s knew on wha opic hey would hold o h be o e aising hei glass. Tha was he case wi h o icial dinne s o local es i i ies, bu also, inc easingly, wi h la ge dinne s held by adical g oups. F om he 1790s, he p oceedings o dinne s, comple e wi h oas s, songs and speeches, we e published in he p ess and, inc easingly, in pamphle o m. The publica ion was o en closely con olled by he o ganise s o he dinne and i e lec ed an o de liness and good ellowship ha was some imes belied by o he sou ces. Those glib “o icial” sou ces elided any dis u bance o inciden . A case in poin , analysed in de ail by Newman, is ha o he sel -s yled “Jacobin” o a o John Thelwall, who e used o oas “The A my” a a mee ing o he Humane Socie y in 1799.6 The epo in he Times is pa io ic and con en ional, bu he inciden is eco ded in he Home O ice Pape s. The o ma ed publishing o oas s, adop ing a s e eo ypical p esen a ion o e en s, smoo hs o e he pa icula i ies o dinne s, and i o en akes o he (equally, bu di e en ly, slan ed) sou ces, such as spy epo s and p i a e co espondences, o econs uc episodes o dining and oas ing. This a icle builds on p e ious esea ch on poli ical oas ing, which has es ablished he po ency – bu also some pi alls – o oas ing as a o m o poli ical communica ion. Toas ing is cen al o he a icula ion and dissemina ion o adicalism, “ adicals” being he e de ined p agma ically as indi iduals and g oups con es ing key aspec s o he es ablished o de and p oposing o o e haul i , ei he by ho ough e o m o e olu ion. Poli ical adicals, e o me s and “pa io s” had eso ed o oas s since he mid-eigh een h cen u y o publicize hei g ie ances and demands.7 The p ac ice o publishing poli ical oas ing in he p ess s a ed in 6 Ian Newman, “The An i-Social Con i ialis : Toas ing and Resis ance o Sociabili y,” in B i ish Sociabili y in he Long Eigh een h Cen u y, ed. Valé ie Capde ille and Alain Ke he é (Su olk: Boydell and B ewe , 2019), 219-36. 7 Ma yn J. Powell, “Poli ical Toas ing in Eigh een h-Cen u y I eland,” His o y 91, no. 304 (2006): 508-29; Rémy Du hille, “Poli ical Toas ing in he Age o Re olu ions: B i ain, Ame ica and F ance, 1765-1800,” in Libe y, P ope y and Popula Poli ics: England and Sco land 1688-1815. Essays in Honou o H.T. Dickinson, ed. Go don Pen land and Michael T. Da is (Edinbu gh: Edinbu gh Uni e si y P ess, 2016), 73-86; Rémy Du hille, “Toas ing and he Di usion o Radical Ideas, 1780-1832,” in Radical Voices, Radical Ways: Toas ing, O a o y and Pa ody in B i ain 31 he e olu iona y ma gins o he B i ish Empi e. In he mid-1750s, I ish “pa io s” d ank oas s agains he Money Bill and published hem in he p ess. This p ac ice was aken up by he Ame ican Insu gen s om he S amp Ac c isis (1765). The F ench, in u n, s a ed o publish lis s o oas s in he ea ly s ages o he Re olu ion, he 14 July 1790 Fes i al o he Fede a ion being he i s occasion o publishing oas lis s in he p ess.8 F om he Di ec o y o Napoleon’s Empi e, he au ho i ies celeb a ed F ance’s mili a y ad ances and iendship wi h he “Sis e Republics” by banque s and oas s, which we e duly published and dissemina ed. In B i ain, public celeb a ions o he F ench Re olu ion, s a ing wi h he la ge dinne gi en a he C own and Ancho , London’s la ges a e n, on 14 July 1790, and in se e al owns and ci ies ac oss B i ain, we e co e ed in he p ess, some pape s including lis s o oas s and speeches.9 The Roman ic e a saw he s eady ise, and ins i u ionaliza ion, o he publica ion o oas lis s, by Whig and adical, bu also conse a i e g oups. In 1793 he i s Pi Club was ounded in London o celeb a e he P ime Minis e William Pi .10 A e Pi ’s dea h in 1806, clubs a ilia ed o he London club we e ounded in many locali ies ac oss B i ain. By he 1820s, he Times epo ed he p oceedings o dinne s o he London Pi Club, wi h de ailed lis s o oas s and co esponding speeches. Local Pi clubs also published hei p oceedings in he o m o pamphle s, which consis ed usually o an annual dinne epo ed in g ea de ail, highligh ing he au ho i y and hie a chy o local and na ional leade s, and he club’s commi men o conse a i e alues.11 Dozens o local clubs published he oas s and speeches gi en a celeb a ions o Pi ’s bi hday, usually in he local p ess and some imes as pamphle s as well.12 Cha is pape s like he No he n S a A icula ing and Dissemina ing Radicalism in Se en een h- and Eigh een h-Cen u y B i ain, ed. Lau en Cu elly and Nigel Smi h (Manches e : Manches e Uni e si y P ess, 2016), 170-89. 8 Du hille, “Poli ical Toas ing in he Age o Re olu ions,” 79. 9 Powell, “Poli ical Toas ing in Eigh een h-Cen u y I eland;” Du hille, “Poli ical Toas ing in he Age o Re olu ions.” 10 Cecil Powney, His o y o he London Pi Club, 1793-1925 (London: Ha ison, 1925); J.J. Sack, “The Memo y o Bu ke and he Memo y o Pi : English Conse a ism Con on s I s Pas , 1806-1829,” His o ical Jou nal 30, no. 3 (1987): 623-40. 11 Pe e B e , “Poli ical Dinne s in Ea ly Nine een h-Cen u y B i ain: Pla o m, Mee ing Place and Ba leg ound,” His o y 81, no. 264 (1996): 527-52; Keisuke Masaki, “Wi hin he Bounds o Accep abili y: To y Associa ional Cul u e in Ea ly-19 h-Cen u y B i ain,” Pa liamen a y His o y 37, no. 3 (2018): 389-414. 12 Among dozens o examples, see The Anni e sa y Mee ing o he Leeds Pi Club: F om a Re ised Repo o he P oceedings Published in he Leeds In elligence o May 31 (Leeds: Robinson and He naman, 1827). Rémy Du hille 32 de o ed se e al columns o majo dinne s, which enabled James Eps ein o conduc a Gee zian “ hick desc ip ion” o one dinne , decoding he mul iple symbolic meanings o oas ing.13 While he e has been c i ical a en ion on adical oas ing in he e olu iona y decades and ea ly nine een h cen u y,14 less is known abou poli ical d inking in To y and conse a i e ci cles in he la e eigh een h and ea ly nine een h cen u y. One aluable a ea o esea ch on an i-Jacobinism since he 1980s is he in e locking na u e o “Jacobinism” and i s coun e e olu iona y oe: bo h discou ses (and p ac ices) ed on each o he . As Ma k Philp obse ed, while an i-Jacobins o en pa odied adical discou se, hey we e “simila ly ulne able, […] open o sub e si e eadings and lampooning by pamphle ee s on he o he side.” Possibly he mos pa odied ex o he 1790s was Edmund Bu ke’s pu ple passage eulogizing Ma ie-An oine e in Re lec ions on he Re olu ion in F ance (1790).15 This a icle will examine ex eme cases compa able wi h ha o John Ree es, he sel - appoin ed de ende o he cons i u ion, who was p osecu ed o libel in 1795. Philp no es ha in Ree es’s case, “i becomes inc easingly di icul o dis inguish pa odies and p opaganda.”16 I will use o he ma e ial published by sel -s yled an i-Jacobins o show ha hey elabo a ed w i en o ms o oas ing, eso ing o s a egies, including pa ody and in e ex uali y, which adicals also used, hence ce ain o ms o mi o e ec s. Bu pa ody also had i s limi s, because some ex s, on ei he ideological side, we e pe cei ed as so ex eme ha hey de ied pa ody. This a icle will e iew he in e play be ween oas ing, oa h- aking and o he o ms o symbolic communica ion in he e olu iona y decade. The i s sec ion ocuses on he ea lies conse a i e pa odies o adical oas s, which happened when sympa hise s o he F ench Re olu ion celeb a ed he 14 h o July in 1790 and 1791, p omp ing hos ile pa odies in e alia ion. The analysis o conse a i e oas pa odies is an oppo uni y o in es iga e he limi s o poli ical exp ession in he e olu iona y decade, an i- e olu iona y pa odis s indulging in isions o egicide and massac e ha would be ac ionable we e hey u e ed by adicals. The las sec ion will consis o a close eading o one pa icula pa ody o he Duke o 13 James Eps ein, “Radical Dining, Toas ing and Symbolic Exp ession in Ea ly Nine een h- Cen u y Lancashi e: Ri uals o Solida i y,” Albion: A Qua e ly Jou nal Conce ned wi h B i ish S udies 20, no.2 (1988): 271-91. 14 Besides Eps ein (see p eceding no e): Du hille, “Toas ing and he Di usion o Radical Ideas.” 15 Da id Du , “Bu ke and Paine: Con as s,” in The Camb idge Companion o B i ish Li e a u e o he F ench Re olu ion in he 1790s, ed. Pamela Clemi (Camb idge: Camb idge Uni e si y P ess, 2011), 50-51. 16 Ma k Philp, Re o ming Ideas in B i ain: Poli ics and Language in he Shadow o he F ench Re olu ion, 1789-1815 (Camb idge: Camb idge Uni e si y P ess, 2013), 64. Toas ing, O a o y and Pa ody in B i ain 33 No olk’s “ adical” oas o he “Majes y o he People” in 1795. The mock-accoun in he An i-Jacobin Re iew shows how he oas o m enabled conse a i e pa odis s o deploy he whole ange o in e ex ual and me alinguis ic s a egies. Toas ing he Fall o he Bas ille: Re olu iona y Pe o mance and Conse a i e Coun e -Pe o mance in he London P ess, 1790-91 The celeb a ions o he F ench Re olu ion in London gi e an excellen illus a ion o he gene ic ansmu a ions and slippages be ween se e al o ms o o al and w i en speech, since a oas could ake up a mo o, he name o one o se e al pe sons, a wish-lis o poli ical agenda and, qui e o en, book i les and quo a ions. On 14 July 1790, adical socie ies joined e o s o pu up a la ge es i al a he majo a e n on he S and, he C own and Ancho , o celeb a e he S o ming o he Bas ille.17 Cen ally loca ed o he S and, his was London’s la ges upma ke a e n, and i had associa ions wi h London’s colonial and me can ile in e es s.18 The London s ewa ds paid a en ion o he nea -simul anei y o hei dinne wi h he es i als in F ance. The F ench saw he Fê e de la Fédé a ion, held in Pa is and in all F ench owns, as he emblem o “a Re olu ion ha is s ill open, s ill illed wi h hopes;” he es i al was mean o channel ene gies and s abilize he e olu iona y dynamic.19 The London e o me s saw i a he as a way o p oclaim hei sympa hy wi h he alues o he Re olu ion, as hey unde s ood i . P ominen among he s ewa ds o he London dinne we e membe s o he Re olu ion Socie y, which was nominally ins i u ed o celeb a e he Glo ious Re olu ion o 1688 bu had become amous o Richa d P ice’s se mon o he Socie y on 4 No embe 1789 (subsequen ly p in ed as a pamphle ) p aising he F ench Re olu ion as a con inua ion o hose o B i ain in 1688 and Ame ica in 1776.20 Bo h on 4 No embe 1789 and on 14 July 1790, many oas s we e d unk o he F ench Re olu ion, aking up i s alues and mo oes wholesale. On 14 July, he second oas , “The Na ion, he Law, and he King,” was he F ench mo o e lec ing he hie a chy o cons i u ional powe s, and i was also he ex o he 17 Albe Goodwin, The F iends o Libe y: The English Democ a ic Mo emen in he Age o he F ench Re olu ion (London: Hu chinson, 1979), 121-22. 18 On he C own and Ancho , see Newman, The Roman ic Ta e n, 37-107. 19 Mona Ozou , Fes i als and he F ench Re olu ion, ans. Alan She idan (Camb idge, MA: Ha a d Uni e si y P ess, 1991), 23-24. I ha e con ibu ed a chap e on B i ish eac ions o he Fes i al o he Fede a ion in a o hcoming olume on e olu ions in he ea ly- mode n pe iod, o be published wi h Uni e si y o Vi ginia P ess. 20 Richa d P ice, A Discou se on he Lo e o Ou Coun y, Deli e ed on No . 4, 1789, a he Mee ing- House in he Old Jew y, o he Socie y o Commemo a ing he Re olu ion in G ea B i ain (London: T. Cadell, 1789). Rémy Du hille 34 oa h swo n by La aye e and he gua ds du ing he Fede a ion on he Champ de Ma s in Pa is (see F ancesco Buscemi’s essay in he p esen olume). Tha an oa h in Pa is could become a oas in London sugges s an a ini y be ween he wo o ms, and he malleabili y o he oas o m. Ano he blu ing o o al o ms occu ed when an ode led o a oas , in a momen o communion ha ook on he solemni y o a e olu iona y oa h- aking ce emony. The poe Robe Me y, known o his “Della C uscan” s yle, penned an Ode o he Fou een h o July o he occasion. I was eci ed du ing he dinne and one o i s s anzas emained amous as a classic o adical en husiasm: Fill high he anima ing glass, And le he elec ic uby pass F om hand o hand, om soul o soul; Who shall he ene gy con ol, Exal ed, pu e, e in’d, The Heal h o Humankind!21 The gues s sang he cho us, which ended in a oas , as he Edinbu gh He ald no ed on 18 July: The wo concluding lines o he Ode; Asse he hallow’d igh s which na u e ga e, And le you las bes wish be FREEDOM o he GRAVE, We e sung as in cho us, and a e wa ds gi en as a oas . The song u ned in o a oas , and in he p ocess o communal singing and d inking, acqui ed he quali y o an oa h: “ eedom o he g a e” echoed he F ench mo o “Libe y o Dea h” (which i sel ecalled Pa ick Hen y’s celeb a ed speech in Bos on, in 1775). Vi e lib e ou mou i was he mo o o he Club des Amis de la Cons i u ion, be e known as he Jacobin Club: on 14 July 1790, some 600 “ iends o libe y” ga he ed a he C own and Ancho sang, hen ga e as a oas , a ph ase ha had a long pedig ee and had long been amilia wi h he English e o me s.22 21 Robe Me y, Ode o he Fou een h o July, 1791, he Day Consec a ed o F eedom: Being he Anni e sa y o he Re olu ion in F ance. By Robe Me y, A.M. Membe o he Royal Academy o Flo ence (London: J. Bell, 1791), 6-7. 22 On he idea’s long pedig ee, om ancien G eece o Addison’s Ca o (1712) and Pa ick Hen y’s 1775 speech, see Michel Bia d, “In oduc ion,” in La Libe é ou la mo . Mou i en dépu é, 1792-1795 (Pa is: Tallandie , 2015), 9-20. Toas ing, O a o y and Pa ody in B i ain 35 The gues s we e binding hemsel es on he alues o he na u al igh s o man. Jon Mee no es ha he es i i ies we e ma ked by a “heady blend o poe y and adical poli ics;”23 he me apho o elec ici y, a ou ed by adicals, ga e Me y’s ode a mo e adical u n han his ea lie Della C uscan poe y.24 Me y’s ode unde s ands i sel as pa o his mul i ace ed commi men o he Fede a ion: he had also co-au ho ed (wi h Cha les Bonne ) a pan omime, The Pic u e o Pa is, Taken in he Yea 1790, which had p emie ed in Decembe 1790 a Co en Ga den and p esen ed an idealis ic pic u e o he Fede a ion, comple e wi h F ench pa io ic songs.25 By July 1790, hen, he slippage be ween odes, oa hs and F ench e olu iona y mo oes was al eady mani es . Conse a i e sa i e did no bi e un il he nex yea . The conjunc ion o alcohol- uelled sociabili y, a la ge c owd o me chan s and disg un led in ellec uals, and heady e olu iona y he o ic, ala med Edmund Bu ke, who iden i ied he dange o sub e sion in B i ain in he C own and Ancho a he han in he London unde wo ld.26 In Re lec ions on he Re olu ion in F ance, published on 1 No embe 1790, Bu ke lambas ed he Re olu ion Socie y and wa ned ha i s “a e -dinne oas s” did no ep esen B i ain’s oice. The cons i u ion lay in pa chmen s, no in he be uddled songs and oas s o he middling o de s; i was ensh ined in a is oc a ic coun y houses, no ups a a e ns.27 Beyond Bu ke’s well-known ideological case agains he Re olu ion, his con ibu ion o coun e e olu iona y pa ody o oas ing was wo- old. He ale ed he sel -s yled “Loyalis s” and “an i-Jacobins” o he dange o e olu iona y oas ing, especially when i was published in he p ess. Secondly, he Re lec ions p o ided coun e e olu iona y weapons in he o m o a ich image y and demonology cen ing a ound he se en een h-cen u y Pu i an ebels. Conse a i e sa i is s we e quick o use his a senal agains he mos conspicuous mani es a ion o adicalism: a mons e dinne announced o 14 July 1791. The dinne ook place, again, a he C own and Ancho ; i was mi ed in con o e sy be o e, du ing and a e he p oceedings. No only was he occasion cause o conce n, bu he con ene s we e mos ly Dissen e s pa ly d awn om he Re olu ion 23 Jon Mee, P in , Publici y, and Popula Radicalism in he 1790s: The Lau el o Libe y (Camb idge: Camb idge Uni e si y P ess, 2016), 50. See mo e gene ally Chap e 3 on Robe Me y. 24 Ma y Fai clough, Li e a u e, Elec ici y and Poli ics, 1740-1840: “Elec ick Communica ion E e y Whe e” (London: Palg a e Macmillan, 2017), 113. 25 Cecilia Feilla, “Pe o ming His o y: Ha lequinades o he F ench Re olu ion on he Popula London S age,” S udies in Eigh een h Cen u y Cul u e 45 (2016): 61-81. 26 Ian Newman, “Edmund Bu ke in he Ta e n,” Eu opean Roman ic Re iew 24, no. 2 (2013): 125-48. 27 The W i ings and Speeches o Edmund Bu ke, Vol. 8: The F ench Re olu ion, 1790-1794, ed. L.G. Mi chell (Ox o d: Cla endon P ess, 1989), 81. Rémy Du hille 36 Socie y, including D P ice, and he Socie y o Cons i u ional In o ma ion (SCI), which ad oca ed uni e sal manhood su age and he end o pa liamen a y co up ion. Bu kean image y aised he di e p ospec o a esu gence o se en een h- cen u y Pu i an ex emism. On 7 July, he Times published “A Lis o Toas s and Sen imen s o he Re olu ion Socie y Dinne .” This pape , conse a i e hough no minis e ial, ook a ha d line agains all B i ish sympa hise s wi h F ance. The “Lis o Toas s and Sen imen s” was a pa ody o adical oas lis s, as he adop ion o adical opes made clea . The lis s a s wi h: The glo ious and immo al glo y o hose ue iends o libe y and he Righ s o Man – Vol ai e – Wa Tyle – Oli e C omwell and Mi abeau. The 14 h o July. The 2d June, 1780. The 30 h Janua y, 1625. May he Righ s o Man lou ish, when he Righ s o Kings a e no mo e. The Memo y o Jack Cade and Sam House. In e es ingly, he lis ollows wo lines, he succession o glo ious e en s ( om he execu ion o Cha les I o he 1780 Go don Rio s and he S o ming o he Bas ille) and he pan heon o he oes: hose a e wo ca dinal modali ies o he cons uc ion o adical memo y. The lis o he oes, used by all adical and e o m mo emen s o bu ess hei claims o legi imacy, is pa icula ly meaning ul in his conse a i e pa ody. While he middle-class, dissen ing e o me s p esen ed hei ances o s as espec able and non- e olu iona y, he Times ook up Bu ke’s web o allusions in he i s pages o his Re lec ions. They summoned up medie al oublemake s (Wa Tyle and he ingleade s o he 1381 Peasan Re ol ), and mo e especially he Pu i ans o he se en een h cen u y. C omwell p o ided a link wi h he eigh een h-cen u y Dissen e s and was a classic b ush o a hem wi h in amy. I is unclea whe he he Times go he w ong da e unwi ingly (30 h Janua y co esponds o he “ma y dom” o Cha les I, bu his execu ion ook place in 1649, no 1625, which was he i s yea o his eign) o o mock he alleged his o ical igno ance o he Bas ille Day e elle s.28 In he Times lis , he English leade s a e sandwiched 28 Pe e J. Ki son, “‘No a Re o ming Pa io bu an Ambi ious Ty an ': Rep esen a ions o C omwell and he English Republic in he La e Eigh een h and Ea ly Nine een h Cen u ies,” in Radicalism in B i ish Li e a y Cul u e, 1650-1830: F om Re olu ion o Re olu ion, ed. Timo hy Mo on and Nigel Smi h (Camb idge: Camb idge Uni e si y P ess, 2002), 183-200. Toas ing, O a o y and Pa ody in B i ain 43 In he ode, Bacchus leads he poe o oas “new measu es o combine / The G ea and Li le Na ion,” a jibe on he “G ande Na ion,” F ance’s expansionis ambi ions and No olk’s and he Foxi es’ alleged ambi ion o submi B i ain o F ance. The poe ic pe sona hen muses o e Fox’s u u e iumph, his absolu e ule, when he makes “TERROR he O de o he Day” and amples o e he king and he To ies. The oas is inally announced in he ollowing s anza: My migh y Feelings mus ha e way! A Toas I’ll gi e – a Thing I‘ll say, As ye unsaid by any, – “OUR SOVEREIGN LORD!“ – le hose who doub My hones meaning, hea me ou – “His MAJESTY – THE MANY!” The oas echoes he Duke o No olk’s no o ious oas o “The Majes y o he People,” bu while “ he people” a e endowed wi h digni y in epublican hough , “ he many” – he abble, plebs o hoi polloi – a e un espec able and unwo hy o being “so e eign.” Republicanism gi es way o shee mob ule. Ano he implica ion is ha he Duke was d unk and wan ed o be o iginal and conspicuous. He blu ed ou a silly oas . I onically, his s anza can be ead as an exculpa ion o a d unk man, a s a egy used by adicals like Thelwall claiming ha a man may d ink oolish oas s wi hou being pe secu ed o i .45 Pe haps he noble pee could s ill come o his senses and e u n o his king’s allegiance? The oas o ms he climax o he poem, bu his ime i is placed in he middle, no a he end, o he poem. The es is conce ned wi h he poe ’s di e in o he low li e o London, and his explo a ion o he “ a ious cha ms” o Co en Ga den, a neighbou hood no o ious o p os i u ion. In he las s anza, he poe add esses Bacchus again, elling him ha o his sake he would no hesi a e o esign his mili a y commissions o he King. The An i-Jacobin ode laun s i s li e a iness wi h a complex appa a us (La in, ansla ion, in oduc ion, my hological e e ences). The poem s i es o de ine an i-Jacobin sa i e as li e a e and cul i a ed and o cons uc an implied eade who is con e san wi h he classics: in o he wo ds, o aise a sociological and cul u al ba ie be ween he an i-Jacobins and he plebeian adicals. John Halliwell sugges s ha he poe y sec ion o he An i-Jacobin was mean o “nega e he in luence o adical p in cul u e” and o “app op ia e he discu si e powe ” o i s 45 John Thelwall, The Na u al and Cons i u ional Righ o B i ons o Annual Pa liamen s (London, 1795), 84. Rémy Du hille 44 sa i e.46 Howe e , an i-Jacobin sa i e needed Jacobinism o eed on. Cul u al ga ekeeping needs he abble: i would no make any sense i e e yone was exquisi ely cul i a ed, so he nega ion o he adical cul u al sphe e is pe haps an a owed ideal, bu one ha would lead o he ex inc ion o an i-Jacobinism i sel . The Bacchic ode can be in e p e ed as a way o an i-Jacobins o cas iga e he Duke o No olk’s ignoble d inking and o show mas e y o an app op ia e, Ho a ian, classical way o d inking. I migh be no ed, howe e , ha he chosen mode o sa i e is Ho a ian, no Ju enalian. The Duke is ea ed wi h he milde , mo e u bane, wo ldly and smiling o m o Ho a ian sa i e, and he is spa ed Ju enalian lashes. Conclusion This a icle has sugges ed he oas ing eme ged in he 1790s as a ecognizable poli ical o m, which, in he hea ed deba es a ound he Re olu ion, ga e ise o pa ody, app op ia ions and ew i ings. Because oas s we e hea d a la ge-scale dinne s a ac ing se e al hund ed gues s, bu s ill mo e because oas s we e eadable in he p ess, hey soon became a amilia o m o poli ical p opaganda, akin o a lis o men and measu es o a mani es o. Because pa icula oas s we e con o e sial, oas lis s could be subjec o pa ody by conse a i es a ge ing he allegedly sedi ious p inciples o p o-F ench libe als. While he “F ench Re olu ion deba e” has long been econ igu ed in li e a y c i icism as an “in e ex ual wa ” be ween pamphle s,47 in e ex uali y also ope a ed in and ac oss o he gen es, and in he cus om o oas ing. The slippages be ween oa hs, odes and oas s a Bas ille Day dinne s, and he sa i ical commen s by Gill ay, he an i-Jacobins and Times jou nalis s es i ies o he as ness o his in e ex ual and in e medial ield. This a icle has looked mos ly a w i en e idence, glancing only b ie ly a g aphic sa i e, and commen ing on lis s o he oes and his o ical e en s published in he p ess. The analysis could be ex ended. Pa ody did no jus exploi ideology and he o ic. Non- e bal communica ion, s a ing wi h he body language o he oas mas e , he e ec pose and h us o he glass, con as ing wi h he (allegedly) slouching, be uddled audiences, was a godsend o g aphic ca ica u is s. While his a icle has ouched on one o Gill ay’s g ea dinne scenes, The Loyal Toas , u he wo k could be ca ied ou on he in e ace o o ali y, ex and g aphic ma e ial. Fo ins ance, William Den ’s Re olu ion Anni e sa y, o , Pa io ic Incan a ions (1791), 46 John Halliwell, “Loyalis Sa i e, Pa ody, and The An i-Jacobin,” in The B i ish Pe iodical Tex 1797-1835: A Collec ion o Essays, ed. Simon Hull (Ti il: Humani ies-Ebooks, 2008), 38. 47 S e en Blakemo e, In e ex ual Wa : Edmund Bu ke and he F ench Re olu ion in he W i ings o Ma y Wolls onec a , Thomas Paine, and James Mackin osh (Madison, NJ : Fai leigh Dickinson Uni e si y P ess, 1997). Toas ing, O a o y and Pa ody in B i ain 45 ano he cul u al p oduc ion bo n in he con ex o he Whig- adical celeb a ion o 14 July 1791, was inspi ed by a e e ence o Macbe h in Bu ke’s Re lec ions.48 Some g aphic scenes o oas ing conju e up se e al laye s o in e ex uali y and in e mediali y, echoing o he p in s ( he cauld on mo i , ound in Re olu iona y Anni e sa y being a ecu ing pa e n o la e conse a i e c i icism o Whig and adical plo e s). The mos impo an conclusion o his s udy may be he no ion ha pa ody and sub e sion ope a ed wi h se e al deg ees o complexi y, om a me e lis o unny oas s, wi h easy in e sions, e.g., in he Times, o he highly sel -conscious, (o e ?)-educa ed e sion o he Bacchic Ode in he An i-Jacobin. E en i he an i- Jacobins deployed sa i e o hei ideological pu poses in b illian ashion, hey we e ne e able o monopolize sa i e and pa ody. They a ac ed sa i ical e o s in libe al pape s like he Mo ning Ch onicle. Radical sa i e con inued long a e Canning and his colleagues ied o disc edi i and impose a monopoly o conse a i e sen imen on he public sphe e. This is good, no jus o he sake o poli ical plu alism and he su i al o enligh ened alues, bu also because he pe ennially con es ed na u e o poli ical li e and he public sphe e in B i ain ensu ed he ele ance and con inuance o pa ody, sa i e and he un ha wen wi h hem. BIBLIOGRAPHY The Anni e sa y Mee ing o he Leeds Pi Club: F om a Re ised Repo o he P oceedings Published in he Leeds In elligence o May 31. Leeds: Robinson and He naman, 1827. The An i-Jacobin, o Weekly Examine (1799). Edi ed by Edga Me ne . 2 ols. Hildesheim: Geo g Olms, 1970. “An i-Jacobin Toas s. To he Edi o o he An i-Jacobin Re iew.” The An i-Jacobin Re iew and Magazine; o , Mon hly Poli ical and Li e a y Censo 24 (1806): 104. Ba ell, John. Imagining he King’s Dea h: Figu a i e T eason, Fan asies o Regicide, 1793- 1796. Ox o d: Ox o d Uni e si y P ess, 2000. Ba ell, John. 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