Eighteenth Dynasty imperial borders at the Cool Waters of Horus and Seth
Abstract
49
Full text
Eigh een h Dynas y impe ial bo de s a he Cool Wa e s
o Ho us and Se h
Ri a Simon
ABSTRACT
Some o he ule s o he Eigh een h Dynas y applied he designa ions o “Cool Wa e s o Ho us and Se h” o
ma king hei bo de s. These e ms mos ce ainly e e ed o he no he n and sou he n celes ial bo de s
o he Egyp ian Empi e, and al hough hey we e su ely geog aphically inspi ed, hey canno be ied o any
speci ic geog aphical loca ions. The p obable loca ion o “ he Cool Wa e o Ho us” can solely be ound on
he Yale agmen o ala e Egyp ian wo ld map posi ioned in i s no h ‑wes e n co ne a he ou e edge o
he p imal wa e s o he cosmos, beyond he depic ion o he o eign coun ies o he egion. In e es ingly,
“ he Cool Wa e o Se h” was con as ed wi h he loca ion o ha o Ho us in some o he oyal insc ip ions o
he Eigh een h Dynas y. I mus ha e been placed along he ou e ma gin o he sou he n bo de o he Egyp‑
ian cosmos. Acco ding o he oyal ideology o he Eigh een h Dynas y, he pha aoh– who simul aneously
embodied he composi e powe o Ho us and Se h as he ecei ed his legi imacy o ule om bo h gods– was
esponsible o ensu ing he e e nal uni y and p ospe i y o Lowe and Uppe Egyp , he migh y ea hly
i e o which would also ha e been ed by hese hea enly wa e s. Because o he will o he wo gods, he
Eigh een h Dynas y ule s could ex end hei powe no only o e Egyp bu e en a he o he su ounding
o eign coun ies as a as “ he Cool Wa e s o Ho us and Se h” we e imagined a he ou e edges o he cosmos.
The e lay he ideologically “legi ima e” no he n and sou he n bo de s o he Egyp ian Empi e o a leas o
some o he mos dominan Eigh een h Dynas y pha aohs, who we e ega ded wi h g ea app ecia ion by
la e ule s a emp ing o ollow sui in hei own oyal ideology om ime o ime in asomewha al e ed o m.
KEYWORDS
oyal ideology– no he n and sou he n bo de s– i mamen – cons ella ions– cosmos– inunda ion– qbH –
wp A – H(w)-qAb.(w)
تسو سروحل ةدرابلا هايملا دنع ةرشع ةنماثلا ةرسلأا ةيروطاربمإ دودح
نوميس اتير
صخلملا
ديكأتلاب تاحلطصملا كلت ريشت .مهدودح ديدحتل »تسو سروحل ةدرابلا هايملا« مسأ ةرشع ةنماثلا ةرسلأا ماكح ضعب قلطأ
لاإ ،اًيفارغج ديكأتلاب ةاحوتسم ءامسلأا كلت نأ نم مغرلا ىلعو ،ةيرصملا ةيروطاربملإل ةيبونجلاو ةيلامشلا ةيهللإا دودحلا ىلإ
ءزج ىلع طقف ًايرصح »درابلا سروح ءام« ـل لمتحملا عقوملا ديدحت نكميو .ةددحم ةيفارغج عقاوم هيأب اهطبر نكمي لا هنأ
ةيبرغلا ةيلامشلا ةيوازلا دنع عقوملا ددحي ثيح ،ليي ةعماجب نلآا ةظوفحم رخأتملا رصعلاب خرؤت ةميدق ةيرصم ةطيرخ نم
هايم« نأ مامتهلال ريثملا نمو .ةقطنملل ةيبنجلأا لودلا رظانم فلخ كلذو ،نوكلل ةيئادبلا هايملل ةيجراخلا ةفاحلاب دوجوملا اهل
ىلع تددُح اهنأ دبلاو .ةرشع ةنماثلا ةرسلأل ةيكلملا شوقنلا ضعب ىف »ةدرابلا سروح هايم« عقوم عم تضقانت »ةدرابلا تس
ىذلا – نوعرفلا ناك ،ةرشع ةنماثلا ةرسلأل ةيكلملا ةيجولويديلأل اًقفو .ىرصملا نوكلل ةيبونجلا دودحلل ةيجراخلا ةفاحلا لوط
نامض نع ًلاوؤسم – نيهللإا لاك نم مكحلل هتيعرش لان امدنع كلذو ،تسو سروحل ةبكرملا ةوقلا تقولا سفن ىف دسج
.ةيوامسلا هايملا كلت نم ىذغتي نأ نكمملا نم ناك ىذلا ىضرلأا رهنلا ًاضيأو ،ايلعلاو ىلفسلا رصمل راهدزلااو ةيدبلأا ةدحولا
PRAGUE EGYPTOLOGICAL STUDIES XXXII/2024, 49–71
50 PRAGUE EGYPTOLOGICAL STUDIES XXXII/2024
ىلإ ،كلذ نم دعبأ ةطقن ىلإ لب ،رصم ىلع طقف سيل مهتطلس طسب نم ةرشع ةنماثلا ةرسلأا كولم نكمت ،نيهللإا ةدارإ ببسبو
دودحلا نمكت كانه .نوكلل ةيجراخلا فاوحلا دنع »ةدرابلا تسو سروح هايم« ىلإ ًاضيأو لب اهب ةطيحملا ةيبنجلأا نادلبلا
نيذلا ،ةرشع ةنماثلا ةرسلأا كولم ضعبل لقلأا ىلع وأ ةيرصملا ةيروطاربملإل ةيجولويديلأا »ةيعرشلا« ةيبونجلاو ةيلامشلا
،رخلآ تقو نم ةيكلملا مهتيجولويديأ ىف مهوذح اوذحي نأ اولواح نيذلا نيقحلالا ماكحلا لبق نم ريبك ريدقتب مهيلإ رظنُي ناك
.ام دح ىلإ ريغتم لكشب كلذو
ةلادلا تاملكلا
H(w)- – wp A – qbH – ناضيفلا – نوكلا – جاربلأا – ءاقرزلا ةبقلا – ةيبونجلاو ةيلامشلا دودحلا – ةيكلملا ةيجولويديلأا
qAb.(w)
My ascina ion wi h old maps led me o come ac oss he so ‑called La e Pe iod “Yale Map
o Cosmos” ( ig. 1) which is kep in he Yale Map Collec ion a Peabody Museum o Na u al
His o y.1 I p esen s he ea lies depic ion o he Egyp ian wo ld in keeping wi h he usual
sou h ‑no h upside ‑down o ien a ion o he Egyp ian poin o wo ld iew bu in asphe ical
way o h ee ci cles. The su i ing pieces o he agmen only show he no h ‑wes e n sec ion
o he Del a o he Nile, which can be iden i ied based upon he depic ed six no h ‑wes e n
Lowe Egyp ian nome s anda ds and hose o he h ee ollowing no he nmos nomes o Up‑
pe Egyp in he middle ci cle (Zago 2021: 519). In e es ingly enough, he middle ci cle, which
ep esen s he mainland o Egyp i sel , is lined o om he hi d ou e ci cle o he o eign
coun ies as well as o he space and god (@A) displaying he Wes e n dese wi h con ou ed
lines eminiscen o wa e (Calme es 2017: 35; Pecoil 1993: 108). Each o hese lines ending in
ad op ‑like o m seems o connec he mainland o Egyp wi h each o he o eign coun ies.
The hi d ou e mos ci cle o he o eign lands is also su ounded wi h ex e io wide lines
ha illus a e he bounda y be ween he Egyp ian wo ld (inne cosmos) ideologically uled
by he pha aoh and he ou e cosmos, ha is, he celes ial domain o p imal wa e s (o he
ocean o Nun) o he i mamen o da kness whe e he gods we e belie ed o dwell2. Jus a
he ou e edge o his bounda y bu al eady in he ou e no h ‑wes e n sec ion o he cosmos
ac enela ed ca ouche can be seen wi h he insc ip ion (qbH @ ) “ he Cool Wa e o Ho us”
wi h he las subsequen sign comple ely damaged. Pa allel o he “Yale Map o Cosmos”, he
La e Pe iod (722–332 BC) sa cophagus o We eshne e (W S -n ) on display in he Me opoli an
Museum o A exhibi s an e ec i ely ull e sion o an almos iden ically a anged ancien
Egyp ian sphe ical wo ld map ( ig. 2).3 Howe e , in his well ‑p ese ed map no hing ela es
o “ he Cool Wa e o Ho us” in he no h ‑wes e n sec ion o he ou e cosmos o anywhe e
else. Ye , in some o he much ea lie oyal o oyally ela ed insc ip ions o he Eigh een h
1 Accession Numbe 61. P obably om be ween 664–332 BC (Manassa 2023). I s p o enance is no
known (Cle e 1958).
2 Ano he ci cula cosmog aph could be ou lined based on he bipa i e ableau o he awakening
Osi is in he Ceno aph o Se y Ia Abydos (Robe son 2013: 128–131).
3 Accession Numbe 14.7.1a, b. P obably om he 4 h cen u y BC (Thi ie h Dynas y) om Saqqa a
(Cle e 1958; Calme es 2017).
51RITA SIMON
Dynas y (1539–1292 BC) “ he Cool Wa e o Ho us” happen o ha e been men ioned occasion‑
ally and some imes e en cu iously pa alleled wi h (qbH ¤ X) “ he Cool Wa e o Se h”.4
In he ollowing, i is he speci ic loca ion and impe ial bo de ‑wise signi icance o “ he Cool
Wa e s o Ho us and Se h” in he oyal ideology o he Eigh een h Dynas y ha his pape is
going o ocus on.
THE EIGHTEENTH DYNASTY ROYAL INSCRIPTIONS
The i s possible bo de ela ed e e ence o “ he Cool Wa e o Ho us” can be a es ed om
he ime o Thu mose I(1493–1483 BC). In he au obiog aphy o Ineni eng a ed in his Theban
omb (TT 81) i was ema ked abou he pha aoh ha (i .n. AS. wp A
pHw.w m qbH.w) “he made his bo de a he Ho n o he Ea h (in he sou h),
5
(and a he) dis an
swamps (in he no h) ( ha a e) in he cool wa e s” (Se he 1906a: 55, 4–5).
6
In acco dance wi h
he usual sou h ‑no h upside ‑down o ien a ion o he Egyp ian poin o wo ld iew, i s ly he
sou he n bo de was cha ac e ized and hen he no he n. The sou he n bo de was se ou a
“ he Ho n o he Ea h”, which was usually applied o he bounda y sou he nmos o Egyp
a he a hes end o he o eign land o Nubia and in oked ahigh ‑al i ude loca ion possibly
4 All da es in he ollowing will be based on Ho nung (2006: 490–495).
5 O he occu ences o wp A can be ound in Se he (1906a: 270, 9; 1907: 808, 8).
6 In he ollowing he ansc ip ions and ansla ions a e always mine i no s a ed o he wise.
Fig. 1 Yale Map o Cosmos (a e Zago 2021: 528;
d awing S. Zago)
Fig. 2 Sa cophagus o We eshne e (a e Zago
2021: 529; d awing A. U cia)
52 PRAGUE EGYPTOLOGICAL STUDIES XXXII/2024
close o he zeni h o he sky o he g ea openness o he beginning o he ea h (Gau hie
1925: 194–195). In u n, he no he nmos limi s we e desc ibed as he “dis an swamps in he
cool wa e s” ha may ha e been ap io co esponden o “ he Cool Wa e o Ho us”. These
“dis an swamps” mus cus oma ily ha e e e ed o he ex ensi e ma shy egions o he Del a
o he Nile o ming ana u al bounda y o he mainland o Egyp by he Medi e anean Sea,
whose wa e y e i o y was p esumably hough o be o e lapping wi h he edges o he i ‑
mamen o he ou e cosmos. Thu mose II (1482–1480 BC) as well as Thu mose III (1479–1425
BC) also had simila ly wo ded bo de cha ac e iza ions.7
Howe e , in his Buhen o ess insc ip ion (e.g. Se he 1907: 807, 17 and 808, 3),8 Thu mose
III speci ically indica ed ha
(iTi.n. A pn H xn . qbH ¤ X X s H . x m.n. sw H mH y. ‑mn qbH @ nn) “he occupied his land
(Nubia), o he beginning o he Cool Wa e s o Se h (in he sou h), which is unde his con ol.
He closed hese (lands) in he no h as a as he beginning o he Cool Wa e s o Ho us”. The e
“ he Cool Wa e o Ho us” was no only explici ly men ioned o he i s ime in connec ion
wi h he no he n bo de ,
9
bu also i was immedia ely pa alleled wi h “ he Cool Wa e o Se h”
a he sou he nmos end o Nubia. P esumably, based upon anew kind o delibe a e oyal
ideological e ela ion, “ he Cool Wa e o Ho us” seems o ha e aken he place o he o me
“dis an swamps in he cool wa e ”, jus as “ he Cool Wa e o Se h” ook o e he posi ion o
“ he Ho n o he Ea h”. We can assume ha he na u e o he equa ed exp essions mus ha e
been he same, so “ he Cool Wa e o Ho us” would ha e been ama shy place connec ing o
he celes ial wa e s o he ou e cosmos and “ he Cool Wa e o Se h” would ha e been ahigh‑
‑al i ude loca ion close o he i mamen .
Al hough he Konosso S ela o Amenho ep III (1390–1353 BC) adop ed he exp ession o “ he
Cool Wa e o Ho us” o he no he n bo de (Lepsius 1849–1856a: 82A), i is a he emple o
Soleb ha , ye ano he bo de cha ac e iza ion ex su i ed, he wo ding o which is like ha
o he Buhen insc ip ion o Thu moseIII. In he bandeau ex o a am ‑headed sphinx om he
a enue in on o his emple a Soleb, Amenho ep III epo ed ha
(i .n. m mnw. n i . Imn
nb nsw ‑ Awy wd n. qn nx xAsw nb. di i i. qbH @ ‑mn qbH ¤ X Sn ny.w Dww a . wAD ‑w d.w
nT pn n ) “he made his monumen ( emple) o his a he , Amon, Lo d o he Th ones o he
Two Lands, who commanded him o win b a ely agains all o eign coun ies, and g an ed
him he cap u e o he Cool Wa e o Ho us as a as he Cool Wa e o Se h su ounded by
a ing o moun ains and he sea a he ee o his beau i ul god”.10 This is he only bo de
ela ed insc ip ion ha discloses u he pa icula s abou “ he Cool Wa e o Se h”. Taking
hese in o accoun , he o me assump ion abou i s high ‑al i ude loca ion seems o be igh .
I is said o be su ounded by lo y moun ains and a(high ‑ lown?) sea a he ee o agod who
mus ha e been close o ( he wa e y edge o ) he sky.
Se h was no only he god o chaos, wa , and o eign lands, bu also o s o ms, ain, ligh ‑
ning, and hunde . As asky god he had powe o e he cosmic wa e s o he i mamen ,
7 See e.g.: Thu mose II in Se he (1906a: 138, 7–8) and Thu mose III in Lepsius (1849–1856a: 60).
8 O he copies o his insc ip ion also su i ed in Wadi Hal a and Ellesiya.
9 Fo he his o y o he usage o “ he qbH.w cool wa e s” see Zago (2021: 520–521).
10 The am–headed sphinx was ound in Gebel Ba kal, o whe e i was anspo ed in an iqui y (Lep‑
sius 1849–1856a: 89e; Maci e 1911: 29; Gau hie 1928: 171–172).
53RITA SIMON
he e o e he was also e e ed as he god o he sea who h ough his ange caused ain om
he celes ial body o wa e on o he ea h (Te Velde 1967: 84–91; Wainw igh 1971: 14–15; Allon
2007; Siddal 2010).11
Some o hese aspec s o he na u e o Se h we e disclosed in he Tombos S ela o Thu mose I,
whe e– in he desc ip ion o he Nubian conques s o he pha aoh–
(T .w.sn mi snm Hy. ) “ he ed o he blood unning ou om he mou hs” o he
de ea ed Nubians was compa ed in iolence o “ he ains o ms o Se h ha we e causing he
lood o he Nile” (see e.g. Se he 1906a: 84, 8–9; E man– G apow 1929: 49, 3–4; E man– G apow
1931: 165, 11–12). In he Onomas icon o Amen(em)ope, possibly a ound he Twen ie h and
Twen y ‑ i s Dynas ies (1190–944 BC), he names o s o my wea he phenomena we e also
lis ed wi h he E21 sign o Se h si ing on he N1 sky hie oglyph (Ga dine 1947: 4–5).
A e Amenho ep III, he sole men ion o “ he Cool Wa e o Ho us” o he ma shy celes‑
ial no he n bo de occu ed unde pha aoh Taha qa (690–664 BC) in his Kawa S elaV.12 In
he s ela he designa ion o R H(w)-qAb. was used o he sou he nmos bo de o he empi e.
Ce ain meanings o his exp ession could also e e o ahigh ‑al i ude loca ion o abody o
wa e , albei some o hem a e deba able (Regen 2015: 226–228).13
THE NORTHERN AND THE SOUTHERN SKIES OF EGYPT
To ou line he Ho us and Se h ela ed celes ial pa icula s in he no he n and he sou he n
skies o Egyp , a leas ab ie sc u iny mus be ca ied ou in he ollowing.
The Egyp ian concep o bo h skies was i s shown in he as onomical ceiling in he Eigh ‑
een h Dynas y omb o Senenmu (TT 353) (Do man 1991: 138–146; P iskin 2019; Muelle – Ro h
2008: 290–292; Guilhou 2010). In he no he n sky, he ha pooned Ho us (anw) e e y nigh
o e powe ed he ied ‑up Se h (msx jw) in he o m o ou Big Dippe Cons ella ion. Because
o Ho us’ o e e ic o y and he nea by p esence o he ne e se ing ci cumpola s a s
(jxmw sk), he no he n sky can be ega ded as he sa egua ded place o e e nal egene a ion
wi h he compe ence o immo ali y (Zago 2021: 523; Von Bomha d 2012). In he sou he n sky,
Si ius was he main s a , whose heliacal ising was he messenge o he coming o he annual
inunda ion o he Nile. Ho us and Se h also came in o sigh he e in he o ms o decans. Se h
appea ed in he shape o h ee decans (xn X (12), H y -jb wjA (15), sSmw (16)) in he cons ella ion
o WjA ( he Boa ), which p esumably could be ma ched wi h he nigh sola ba k sailing on
he celes ial Nile o he Milky Way (Lull 2018; Beaux 1994). Se h’s ask was o p o ec he ba k
agains i s enemies du ing he nigh oyage. Besides, Se h appea ed as plane Me cu y (%bg)
ha , om he Egyp ian poin o iew, de ended he sun by showing up nex o bo h o i s sides
11 In he Py amid Tex s he powe o he pha aoh o e he wa e s o he sky was compa ed in qui e
asimila manne o ha o Se h (see e.g. Spells 510–511, § 1145–1150).
12 I su i ed in o he copies om Tanis, Cop os and Ma anieh as well (Gozzoli 2006: 67).
13 Fo H(w) in he meanings o “ o in imida e; o ca ch bi ds; he beginning o he ocean”, see e.g.
E man– G apow (1928: 459–460) and Ri ne (1993: 160–161, 209). Fo qAb. in he meanings o “ o
whi l; o bend; meande s o abody o wa e ; idge, zeni h, peak; name o adis an sea”, see e.g.
E man– G apow (1931: 9/13–14 and 11/10–12). R Hw -qAbw was also men ioned by Thu mose Iin his
Tombos S ela as aname o he sou he nmos peoples o Nubia (e.g. Se he 1906a: 83, 7), jus as
R H -qAb. appea ed in he Book o Nu in he Ceno aph o Se y Iby he sou he nmos end o he
ep esen a ion o Nu (see also ig. 3).
54 PRAGUE EGYPTOLOGICAL STUDIES XXXII/2024
a e sunse and be o e sun ise.14 Because o he pe iodici y o he annual ising o Si ius as
well as he ma ching appea ance o he o he cons ella ions and decans, he sou he n sky can
be conside ed as he place o cyclic enewal causing ecu en egene a ion pe iods o he
whole o Egyp . This cyclic enewal would ha e been iden i ied wi h he annually e u ning
new c ea ion o he wo ld om he celes ial p imal wa e s o he ocean o Nun (Pecoil 1993;
Von Bomha d 2012; Gozzoli 2006; Collombe 2018). In all ha Se h’s ask was o p o ec he
cyclic p ocesses o he sun and o gene a e ain om he p imal wa e s o he i mamen ha
ini ia ed he lood o he Nile somewhe e a he ou e edge o he cosmos. The decan o he
o oise, which appea ed in he Cons ella ion o he Two To oises o he sou he n sky (S wy)
in he omb o Senenmu , was simila ly associa ed wi h he ebi h o he new yea , ma e‑
ialized by he a i al o he inunda ion. P esumably om he P olemaic Pe iod (332–30 BC),
he o oise became he symbol o he e il ‑spi i ed Se h and had o be ha pooned by Ho us as
he enemy o he sun god (Guilhou 2010; Soliman 2020: 157–158; Gu bub 1979).
F om he Nine een h Dynas y (1292–1191 BC) in he Abydos Ceno aph o Se y I(1290–1279
BC) he i s e sion o he Book o Nu su i ed. The ex s enclosing he no h ‑wes e n (Dd,
§ 81) and no h ‑eas e n (Dd, § 82) ou e side o he wes ‑eas o ien ed depic ion o he body
o Nu ( ig. 3),15 he goddess o he cosmos, con ain e e ences o “bi d nes s ha a e in he
celes ial cool wa e s ( qbH.w)” (F , § 70).16 I is also claimed he e ha i is “ he p i‑
me al da kness (o he ou e cosmos), he qbH.w o he gods, he place om whe e he bi ds
come” (Von Lie en 2007: 77; Dd, § 80) and “ hese bi ds… a e hey come o ea g eens and
nou ish hemsel es in he ma shes o Egyp , hey se le in he ligh o he (inne ) cosmos”
(Von Lie en 2007: 76–78; Ee, § 73–78).17 This could ein o ce he idea ha he no he n ma shy
14 Ho us as plane Ma s is missing om he as onomical ceiling o Senenmu (Neugebaue – Pa ke
1969: 180–181).
15 Von Lie en (2007: 77–78; Dd, § 81–82) explici ly says ha he bi ds came om he no h ‑wes e n
and no h ‑eas e n side o he body o Nu , whe e he cool wa e s o he gods (qbH.w nT .w) we e in
he sky.
16 A he ou e edge o Nu ’shead in he no h ‑wes e n di ec ion, bi ds es ing in island ‑like ea u es
can be seen (Von Lie en 2007: 76; Jj, § 72).
17 These bi ds we e belie ed o be bau (PC1 Dd, § 83). La e , he sola ba o Re was also hough o en e
Egyp in he o m o amig a o y bi d om he cool wa e s (Manassa 2007: 82–83).
Fig. 3 The Book o Nu in he Ceno aph o Se y Ia Abydos (a e Von Bomha d 2014; d awing A. S. Von
Bomha d)
55RITA SIMON
bo de egion– ei he in he wes e n and he eas e n side o he Del a– was belie ed o be
he place o cons an egene a ion. This cha ac e is ic may also ha e been a ibu ed o “ he
Cool Wa e o Ho us” si ua ed in he same celes ial egion. Ala e e sion o he Book o Nu
annexed o his sec ion o he no h ‑wes e n and no h ‑eas e n pa o he sky, whe e he
bi ds we e loca ed, ex ended o he sou h ‑eas e n side o he sky (Von Lie en 2007: 78; PC1 Dd,
§ 82).18 Possibly, he e could also ha e been acompa able connec ion be ween hese ca dinal
di ec ions e en in he New Kingdom (Condon 1978: 11, 18, 27–29, 39). The egion o R H -qAb.
(A, § 2–4) was likewise men ioned in he Book o Nu in he Ceno aph o Se yI. I s loca ion is
en h alling because i was placed a beyond he sou h–wes e n edge o he wo ld, ha is, a
he ea uppe edge o he body o Nu , in he wa e y e i o y o he p ime al da kness o
he sky (Von Lie en 2007: 49–50, 59; S§ 2; PC1 § 3–4).19 I was a egion o he pe iodically e‑
ol ing ma u inal jou ney o a alcon o m o he sun god ha p og essed om he sou h ‑wes
o he sou h ‑eas e n pa o he sky a e e y sun ise (Von Lie en 2007: 59).20 Thus, wi h jus
a ew yea s a e he end o he Eigh een h Dynas y, R H -qAb. seems o ha e been men ioned
again o cha ac e ize he my hically a sou he n bo de , he enigma ic e i o y o which
was p e iously ci cumsc ibed wi h he possibly ela able e ms o “ he Ho n o he Ea h” and
“ he Cool Wa e o Se h” in he men ioned oyal bo de desc ip ions.
THE CARDINAL POINTS AND THE FLOOD OF THE NILE
Acco ding o Edel, he bi ds ha came om he celes ial cool wa e s (qbH.w) o he wes e n
and eas e n side o he no he n ma shy lands in he Book o Nu (Dd, § 81–82) we e mig a o y
bi ds om he Medi e anean egion o e en a he om he no h. Egyp was only a ansi
s a ion o hem in hei annual ligh and many lew o e o he sou h (Edel 1963: 105). He
hus belie ed ha jus as he no he n “Cool Wa e o Ho us” could ha e had awes e n and
eas e n sec ion, so could he sou he n “Cool Wa e o Se h” (Edel 1963: 105–113).21 These ou
sec ions o he cool wa e s would ha e de ined he ca dinal poin s o he Egyp ian wo ld,
which doub less ep esen ed he expansion o he au ho i y o he pha aohs.
An explici allusion o his assump ion can be ound in aTwen ie h Dynas y hymn o
Ramses VII (1138–1131 BC) (P.Tu in CG 54031) which was p obably sung du ing his oyal en‑
18 Papy us Ca lsbe g I e sion o he Book o Nu is om he 2nd cen u y AD (see Ca lsbe g Founda‑
ion 2017).
19 “The op o his hea en is in p imo dial da kness. The ou side o hea en is in da kness… i is called
R H -qAb. … which is he bounda y o hea en. I s bo de s a e unknown o he sou h, no h, wes , and
eas ” (Von Lie en 2007: 59, PC1 L, § 31–32).
20 In Papy us Ca lsbe g I(PC1, § 3–4), in acco dance wi h he ex s o he Ceno aph o Se y I, he alcon
god (nex o sec ion A) is said o be “on he sou h–eas e n side beyond he land o Pun … he is he
shape o Re ha ises om he wa e e e y mo ning. He… comes ou o Nun… (he) is on he way
be o e he ligh o hea en… his back is s ill in R H -qAb. (which is in da kness, while) his on is in
% q -H y. , whe e he e is b igh ness” (Regen 2015: 218–225). Regen p omo es he iew ha R H -qAb.
migh ha e e e ed o he sou he nmos meande s o he Nile om whe e he sun alcon eme ged
a dawn and mo ed owa ds eas . The e o e, he Nile would possibly ha e been belie ed o o igina e
om he sou h–wes e n da kness o he ou e cosmos.
21 He also sugges ed ha he las subsequen damaged hie oglyph sign in he c enela ed ca ouche
o “ he Cool Wa e o Ho us” in he “Yale Map o Cosmos” mus ha e e e ed o he wes .
56 PRAGUE EGYPTOLOGICAL STUDIES XXXII/2024
h onemen . In he hymn, a e he qbH.w mig a o y bi ds we e said o ha e illed e e y pond in
Egyp , “ hey u ned hei aces o Napa a” and lew o he a sou h. The dis ic o he biblical
Lake o Ho us (pA S @ ) in he eas e nmos Del a o he Nile go also illed by hem (Condon
1978: 18; Allen 2003: 15).
22
Thus, i is plausible ha h ough he ligh o he mig a o y bi ds he
expansion o he kingdom o Ramses VII could ha e been associa ed wi h he loca ion o he
ou ca dinal poin s a he edges o he Egyp ian cosmos. Also, upon co ona ion, ou bi ds
a e p esumed o ha e been eleased o ly owa ds he ou qua e s o he Egyp signalling
he ins alla ion o he new ule in o powe (Condon 1978: 39).23
In he Egyp ian Hymn Dedica ed o he Flooding o he Nile, p esumably om he ime
o he Eigh een h o he Nine een h Dynas y (Van De Plas 1986a: 187–189), compa able ide‑
as can be a es ed. F om he hymn i seems o be clea ha he mig a o y bi ds o he qbH.w
egions we e cha ac e is ic o he looded coun y. The beginning o he lood b ough hem
owa ds he sou h (II. 1–2) (Van De Plas 1986a: 79–81), bu a he end o he looding season
hey e u ned o whe e hey came om in he no h (X. 5–6) (Van De Plas 1986a: 136–137).24
The e o e, du ing he annual lood o he Nile he sp eading o he mig a o y bi ds in he
dis an muddy wa e s a he a hes edges o he Egyp ian wo ld migh ha e symbolized he
expanse o he in luence o he Eigh een h Dynas y pha aohs (VII. 9–10) (Van De Plas 1986a:
118–119; Wie cińska 1997: igs. 2–3). The mo e ex ensi e hey became, he mo e bene icial hey
we e o he su i al o he ancien Egyp ian wo ld. Upon he appea ance o he inunda ion,
i s wa es we e said o be hailed he same way as he pha aoh himsel (VI. 3–4) (Van De Plas
1986a: 105–106). Fo his eason, he ela ionship be ween he lood and he pha aoh mus
ha e been close ( igs. 4–5) (Collombe 2018; Be landini 1993: 25).25
Al hough al eady p esen in he Middle Kingdom (1980–1760 BC; Van De Plas 1986a: 106,
183), i was in he New Kingdom (1539–1077 BC) ha an especially igh connec ion be ween
he pha aoh and he lood (Hapy) became pa amoun . The i ual iden i ica ion o he king
wi h Hapy can well be a es ed in he elie s o Amenho ep III ( igs. 4–5).26 The king o Egyp ,
as a ep esen a i e o an in e cesso o he sun god, was in cha ge o main aining he cosmic
o de (mAa ) on ea h. His ecei ing his ask upon co ona ion (Tee e 1997: 82–83, 89–90; Ass‑
22 P.Anas asi III om he ime o Me nep ah (1213–1203 BC) likewise men ioned ha he bi ds om
he ca a ac egion lew o he Lake o Ho us (Ho meie 2005: 107).
23 See e.g. Thu mose III shoo ing ou a ows in he company o Hou s and Se h a his Sed Fes i al.
Fo u he discussion, see in a.
24 The ligh o he qbH.w mig a o y bi ds in s o y o Wenamon may lead o simila conclusions (Eg‑
be s 1991: 65–67).
25 Se e al New Kingdom sou ces s a ed ha he king was esponsible o he inunda ion: “I was he
du y o he king h ough his o e ings o con ince he sup eme sola dei y o p o ide Egyp wi h
he inunda ion” (Gulyás 2007: 905).
26 Acco ding o Baines, he g ea es inno a ions o ecundi y igu es ook place du ing he eign o
Amenho ep III (Baines 1985: 260, 317). In he emple o Luxo , a e his di ine bi h, Amenho ep III
was ca ied on he a ms o Hapy as i hey we e a he and son (Van De Plas 1986a: 105–106, 154).
In a elie pic u ing many gods in he eas e n C yp No. 1 (Room B, Wes Wall) o he Temple o
Ha ho a Dende a, Amenho ep III appea s in he o m o Hapy bea ing he oyal p aenomen on
he head (see ig. 5). In Cau ille’s iew his depic ion mus be a ai h ul ep esen a ion o as a ue o
he king p ese ed o mo e han amillennium in he easu y o he emple (Cau ille 2004: 23–24,
pl. 9). In he accompanying ex Hapy is said o “b ing e e y hing ha exis s in o being hanks o
(his) magni icence” (Cau ille 2004: 86–87; Dend. V, 12).
57RITA SIMON
mann 2006: 205–212) implied his decisi e in luence and sus aining o ce e en on he a i al o
he inunda ion (Van de Plas 1986a: 110, 183; G imal 1986: 264, 267–270; Des oches ‑Noblecou –
Kuen z 1968: 114, 118; Robe son 2012: 232–234, 474).
The inunda ion o he Nile usually s a ed du ing he mon h o he moon god, Tho h, a
he end o he summe . Consequen ly, Tho h, was iden i ied wi h he wa es o he lood and
would ha e been amas e o e he sou ce o he sou he n Nile a he Fi s Ca a ac (D io on
1933; Boylan 1922: 168–170, 184; Gabe 2009: 371–372). In he Small Temple o Abu Simbel, as
he main aine o mAa , Ramses II (1279–1213 BC) ep esen ed Tho h himsel in his oyal du y o
b inging back and di ec ing he wa es o he lood om he sou h o Egyp .27 This way, appea ‑
ing each yea oge he wi h he new e ile wa es o he looding wa e , he pha aoh managed
o enew his own oyal y as well as he uni y o he lands o Uppe and Lowe Egyp (XIV. 3–4;
Van de Plas 1986a: 153, 155–156; Pecoil 1993: 110; Des oches ‑Noblecou – Kuen z 1968: 109–124).
F om he Old Kingdom in he sema awy symbols o he uni ica ion, he wo lands o Uppe
and Lowe Egyp we e o en pe soni ied wi h he wo Hapys ep esen ing he sou he n and
no he n sec ions o he Nile (Baines 1985: 85). Howe e , in he ou s anding ep esen a ions
on i e o he h one bases o he en h oned Senwos e I(1920–1875 BC) s a ues om his u‑
ne a y complex a Lish , he wo Hapys we e subs i u ed wi h he ep esen a ions o Ho us
and Se h ( ig. 6). Acco ding o Lo and, he s a ua y p og am o his king “undoub edly used
Old Kingdom oyal s a ua y as e e en ” (Lo and 2015: 215), since Senwos e Iwas in g ea
need o emphasize his legi imacy o he h one in he highly exp essi e symbolic language o
oyal ideology ( ig. 10). In he Ins uc ion o Amenemhe I o His Son Senwos e I, he o me
pha aoh endowed and equa ed himsel wi h he c ea i e powe o Hapy on he ields o Egyp
(Lich heim 1973: 137; Gulyás 2007: 905). As acon inua ion o his line o hough , ano he ule
27 In acco dance wi h his, he Ramesside Ches e Bea y Papy us VIII (B i ish Museum, EA 10688.3)
labelled Tho h as “ he one who b ings he Nile om whe e i is” ( ec o 8.11; see Ga dine 1935: 70,
pl. 42–43).
Fig. 4 On he eas e n wall o he Hypos yle Hall o Luxo
Temple, while Amenho ep III is liba ing in o wo basins, he
is ollowed by a e ili y igu e wea ing he oyal u aeus and
mos p obably pe soni ying he king (a e Gaye 1894: pl. 8,
ig. 47)
Fig. 5 Rep esen a ion o Amenho ep III
as Hapy in a elie in he eas e n C yp
No.1 (Room B, Wes Wall) o he Temple o
Ha ho a Dende a (a e Ma ie e 1871:
pl. 12i)
64 PRAGUE EGYPTOLOGICAL STUDIES XXXII/2024
ha e ca ied adi e en and mo e speci ic conno a ion o he king’sini ia ion in o he oyal
legacy and in o he hando e o he dominan di ine powe o “ he Two Lo ds” o Uppe and
Lowe Egyp . Also, hey, as “Lo ds o he Sky” (Lepsius 1849–1856b: 122A; Lepsius 1849–1856a:
33D–E, 33G, 34C, 35E, 36B; Shanley 2015: 65, 107), had majo powe s o e he celes ial wa e s
in hei pa s o he sky ha hey ans e ed o hei “son by lesh” upon co ona ion. He hus
could asse his ule up o he edges o he cosmos.
CONCLUSION
In his pape a i s he loca ion o “ he Cool Wa e s o Ho us and Se h” was analysed mos ly
in he ligh o he Eigh een h Dynas y oyal insc ip ions and a ious la e sou ces. I was
de ec ed ha hey we e loca ed on he opposi e sides o he sky a he no he nmos and
sou he nmos ex emes o he Egyp ian Empi e, a he edges o he celes ial wa e s o he
ou e cosmos. In connec ion wi h hei loca ion, i can be assumed ha hey would ha e had
wes e n and eas e n subsec ions ha inco po a ed in o he ou ca dinal poin s cha ac e izing
he expansion o he empi e o he pha aohs.
Conce ning he impe ial bo de ‑wise signi icance o “ he Cool Wa e s o Ho us and Se h”
in he oyal ideology o he Eigh een h Dynas y, i was showed ha he uni y as well as he
p ospe i y o he whole o Egyp depended on he celes ial wa e s o he wo he edi a y gods
o Uppe and Lowe Egyp . Fi s ly, because by bi h he pha aoh was belie ed o be hei join
bodily mani es a ion. The e o e, as his legacy, he ecei ed all his powe s, lands, ule ship,
and physical p ope ies o become king om his a he s upon co ona ion. Secondly, because
h ough hei celes ial wa e s “ he Two Lo ds”, as “Lo ds o he Sky”, may ha e aken pa in
he gene a ion o he inunda ion o he Nile ha became no ably equa ed wi h he ac ions and
powe s o he pha aohs. I was he pha aohs’ oyal du y o ensu e mAa and b ing egene a ion
and e ili y o Egyp by p omo ing he inunda ion o he Nile. In his manne , he coun y
was able o unde go a ec ea i e pu i ica ion ha kep i ali e un il he nex inunda ion. The
impac o he lood would e en ha e been ex ended o he o eign lands, because h ough he
jus i iable powe o e he wa e s o “ hei a he s”, he Egyp ian pha aohs could legi ima ely
ule all lands ha came in o ouch wi h any wa e s emming om “ hei a he s’”. Thus, ide‑
ologically speaking, all o eign lands belonged unde he ule ship o he pha aohs, oge he
wi h hei a he s’ homeland along he Nile be ween “ he Cool Wa e s o Ho us and Se h”. In
ac , by ma king hei bo de s a “ he Cool Wa e s o Ho us and Se h”, he g ea es Eigh een h
Dynas y pha aohs– Thu mose III and Amenho ep III– could e icien ly p o e hei igh ul
hold o e e e y piece o land as a as he s a y edges o he hen known wo ld ha , o hem,
all belonged wi hin he bounda ies o hei huge empi e.
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