Reconstructing paleolakes in Nepenthes Mensae, Mars, using the distribution of putative deltas, coastal-like features, and terrestrial analogs

Jou nal P e-p oo Recons uc ing paleolakes in Nepen hes Mensae, Ma s, using he dis ibu ion o pu a i e del as, coas al-like ea u es, and e es ial analogs Ángel Ga cía-A nay, F ancisco Gu ié ez PII: S0169-555X(20)30101-X DOI: h ps://doi.o g/10.1016/j.geomo ph.2020.107129 Re e ence: GEOMOR 107129 To appea in: Geomo phology Recei ed da e: 4 Decembe 2019 Re ised da e: 6 Feb ua y 2020 Accep ed da e: 27 Feb ua y 2020 Please ci e his a icle as: Á. Ga cía-A nay and F. Gu ié ez, Recons uc ing paleolakes in Nepen hes Mensae, Ma s, using he dis ibu ion o pu a i e del as, coas al-like ea u es, and e es ial analogs, Geomo phology(2020), h ps://doi.o g/10.1016/ j.geomo ph.2020.107129 This is a PDF ile o an a icle ha has unde gone enhancemen s a e accep ance, such as he addi ion o a co e page and me ada a, and o ma ing o eadabili y, bu i is no ye he de ini i e e sion o eco d. This e sion will unde go addi ional copyedi ing, ypese ing and e iew be o e i is published in i s inal o m, bu we a e p o iding his e sion o gi e ea ly isibili y o he a icle. Please no e ha , du ing he p oduc ion p ocess, e o s may be disco e ed which could a ec he con en , and all legal disclaime s ha apply o he jou nal pe ain. © 2020 Published by Else ie . Jou nal P e-p oo Recons uc ing paleolakes in Nepen hes Mensae, Ma s, using he dis ibu ion o pu a i e del as, coas al-like ea u es, and e es ial analogs Ángel Ga cía-A nay(a)*, F ancisco Gu ié ez(a) a Depa amen o de Ciencias de la Tie a, Uni e sidad de Za agoza, 50009 Za agoza, Spain * Co esponding au ho e-mail add ess: a nay@uniza .es Abs ac Nepen hes Mensae is an equa o ial egion si ua ed no h o he Ma ian dicho omy, no hwes o Gale c a e . I is cha ac e ized by a NW-SE-o ien ed bel o in e connec ed dep essions, La e Noachian o Ea ly Hespe ian in age, wi h knobby e ains wi h esidual elie . The highlands sou h o Nepen hes Mensae, Middle Noachian in age, co espond o he Licus Vallis egion, which is dissec ed by d ainage ne wo ks wi h alley mou hs loca ed along he dicho omy bounda y sca p. This wo k p esen s a de ailed geomo phological analysis o en an-shaped and i y- ou coas al-like benches iden i ied in Nepen hes Mensae. The combina ion o de ailed mapping, mo phological and mo phome ic analyses, spa ial-al i udinal dis ibu ion ela ionships, c a e coun ing, spec al analysis, and compa ison wi h e es ial analogs sugges ha (1) he an-shaped and coas al-like benches a e likely pu a i e Gilbe - ype del as and paleosho e pla o ms, espec i ely, and (2) hese ea u es may be a ibu able o paleosho elines de eloped along he ma gins o an ancien inne sea o in e connec ed Jou nal P e-p oo Jou nal P e-p oo paleolakes. These indings e eal he impo an mo phogene ic ole ha liquid wa e played in he e olu ion o Nepen hes Mensae and Licus Vallis egions du ing he La e Noachian-Ea ly Hespe ian ansi ion, and con ibu e o con ex ualize he con inuous indings on he en i onmen al and clima ic condi ions o he nea by Gale c a e du ing such ime pe iod. Keywo ds: Ma s; Hyd ology; Fan-shaped deposi ; Paleo-wa e le el; Desicca ed lake. 1. In oduc ion Mul iple geomo phological and geochemical lines o e idence indica e ha liquid wa e has played an ins umen al ole du ing he ea ly e olu iona y s ages o Ma s (e.g., Bake , 2001; Bib ing e al., 2006), as well as du ing ela i ely sho pe iods in ecen imes (e.g., Malin and Edge , 2000). Nume ous alley ne wo ks ca ed in o he Noachian highlands may be he esul o pas uno e osion (e.g., I win e al., 2005), and/o a combina ion o uno and g oundwa e sapping e osional p ocesses (Malin and Ca , 1999; Ha ison and G imm, 2005). La ge ou low channels de eloped du ing he Hespe ian and Amazonian pe iods a e a ibu ed o he ca as ophic elease o la ge amoun s o g oundwa e (And ews‐Hanna and Phillips, 2007). Fan-shaped deposi s associa ed wi h he mou h o s eam ne wo ks debouching a a ious ypes o dep essions ha e been widely epo ed on Ma s (e.g., Kleinhans, 2005; Di Achille and Hynek, 2010a). Such ea u es, which show mo phologic cha ac e is ics analogous o hose o del as on Ea h, occu in spa ially es ic ed closed basins such as impac c a e s (e.g., Goudge e al., 2015), some o hem wi h ou le alleys, and in la ge basins, commonly whe e alley ne wo ks each he edge o dep essions o he upland-lowland Jou nal P e-p oo Jou nal P e-p oo bounda y (e.g., Fasse and Head, 2008). Some o he bes -known del a-like ea u es on Ma s a e p obably he Jeze o and he Ebe swalde del as, which show mul iple lobes wi h clea ly isible dis ibu a y channels wi h a meande ing pa e n (Wood, 2006; Pond elli e al., 2008; Schon, 2012). The p esence o del as suppo s he exis ence in he pas o long-s anding liquid wa e bodies in paleolakes and an ancien ocean de eloped in he Ma ian lowlands (e.g., Head e al., 1999; Ca and Head, 2003; Di Achille and Hynek, 2010b; Fawdon e al., 2018). La e ally con inuous benches wi h consis en ele a ion along he ma gins o he Lowlands and dep essions ha e been in e p e ed as possible e osional and/o agg ada ional coas al land o ms ha eco d paleosho elines (e.g., Pa ke e al, 1993; Gha an and Zimbelman, 2006). I win e al. (2005) epo ed an-shaped deposi s and asc ibed hem o a Gilbe - ype del a in Nepen hes Mensae, which was also analyzed by de Pablo and Paci ici (2008). The es o an-shaped deposi s documen ed in his wo k (i.e., 9 ou o 10) we e p esen ed, o he i s ime, by Ga cía-A nay (2016) and Ga cía-A nay e al. (2018b, c). Recen ly, Ri e a-He nández and Palucis (2019) ha e also documen ed some o hese land o ms ha can be used as possible paleosho eline ma ke s in he equa o ial egion o Nepen hes Mensae (e.g., de Pablo and Paci ici, 2008; de Pablo and Paci ici, 2009; Valenciano e al., 2009; Ga cía-A nay, 2016; Ga cía-A nay e al., 2018a). These ea u es may eco d he pas exis ence o a long-li ed body o liquid wa e ela ed o he pu a i e Ma ian ocean. In his wo k, we p esen a geomo phological analysis o Nepen hes Mensae, la gely based on de ailed geomo phic mapping. I explo es ea u es a ibu able o del as and sho e pla o ms ela ed o an ancien inne sea o a sys em o paleolakes, and ein o ces Jou nal P e-p oo Jou nal P e-p oo his in e p e a ion using possible e es ial analogs. These pu a i e paleosho e ma ke s a e cha ac e ized by analyzing hei mo phome ic ea u es and hei su ace composi ion, and es ima ing hei nume ical age. Paleowa e -le el ele a ions de i ed om he pu a i e del as and sho e pla o ms a e used o econs uc he paleogeog aphy o he in e ed paleolakes (e.g., ex en , dep h, olume). 2. S udy a ea The s udy a ea is loca ed in an equa o ial egion o he eas e n hemisphe e o Ma s, as ide wo con as ing geomo phic domains di ided by he Ma ian dicho omy bounda y sca p: Nepen hes Mensae and Licus Vallis egion (Fig. 1). Nepen hes Mensae (cen e ed a 2°N, 124°E) is si ua ed no h o he dicho omy (upland-lowland bounda y), eas o Isidis Plani ia, and no hwes Gale c a e . This egion is cha ac e ized by a bel o in e connec ed NW-SE- ending dep essions (de Pablo and Paci ici, 2009) wi h knobby e ains o esidual elie (mesas and knobs) ela ed o he e osion o he Ma ian highlands along he dicho omy (Cap a elli, 2015). The dicho omy displays s eep slopes ~2 km in local elie . Nepen hes Mensae was mapped as Hespe ian-Noachian ansi ion uni (HN ) and in e p e ed as olcanic deposi s, impac b eccias, and sedimen s o Noachian in age wi h ap ons o med by Hespe ian mass-was ed deposi s, acco ding o he mos ecen global geological map o Ma s (Tanaka e al., 2014). The highlands sou h o Nepen hes Mensae co espond o he Licus Vallis egion (cen e ed a 4°S, 125°E), an ancien lu ial alley (e.g., I win and Howa d, 2002) loca ed in he no heas e n pa o Ma e Ty henum quad angle. I was mapped as middle Noachian highland uni (mNh), which is in e p e ed as ―mode a ely o hea ily deg aded‖ ―undi e en ia ed impac , olcanic, lu ial and basin ma e ials‖ (Tanaka e al., 2014). Jou nal P e-p oo Jou nal P e-p oo The hea ily c a e ed e ains o Licus Vallis egion a e dissec ed by V-shaped alley ne wo ks ela ed o lu ial e osion, whose mou hs a e loca ed along he dicho omy. Sapping e osion may also ha e con ibu ed o he headwa d expansion o alleys, as suppo ed by he exis ence o hea e -shaped alley heads (Vaque o and He nández, 2010). Licus Vallis shows a e y low d ainage densi y and an appa en ly poo ly- de eloped wa e shed, as sugges ed by i s con ex hypsome ic cu e (Ga cía-A nay e al., 2018c). The knickpoin s, slope b eaks and pai ed e aces ecognized wi hin he alleys suppo base-le el changes ha could Jou nal P e-p oo Jou nal P e-p oo Fig. 1. (a) Colo ized ele a ion model (kilome e s abo e Ma ian da um, a.m.d.) de i ed om MOLA, wi h he s udy a ea amed by he whi e box. The small whi e ci cle eas o s udy a ea ma ks he posi ion o he an-del a whose su ace composi ion was in e ed by CRISM spec al analysis. (b) Quali a i e he mal ine ia mosaic o he s udy a ea de i ed om THEMIS. (c) Colo ized ele a ion model o he s udy a ea de i ed om HRSC-MOLA blended da a o e a mosaic o THEMIS-IR day images. Whi e- lined polygons ep esen he c a e -coun ing a eas delinea ed o da ing he dep essions and he la ges del a (labelled as 1 and 2, espec i ely). be ela ed o wa e -le el a ia ions in he mou h a ea and/o e ical ec onic mo emen s (Goudge and Fasse , 2018). The ansi ion be ween bo h geomo phic domains is domina ed by he p esence o mo pho-s uc u al lineamen s (Ma ín-González e al., 2007) ha may ha e con olled he e osion o he highlands as well as he d ainage pa e n along he dicho omy. 3. Da a and me hods Image y as well as opog aphic and spec al da a we e used o cha ac e ize he geomo phology and su ace composi ion o he analyzed egion. Visible image y included panch oma ic images acqui ed by he High Resolu ion S e eo Came a (HRSC, 12.5 m/pixel) (Neukum e al., 2004) on boa d he ESA‘s Ma s Exp ess, as well as by he Con ex Came a (CTX, 5-6 m/pixel) (Malin e al., 2007; Dickson e al., 2018) and he High Resolu ion Imaging Science Expe imen (HiRISE, ~25-50 cm/pixel) (McEwen e al., 2007), bo h ins umen s on boa d he NASA‘s Ma s Reconnaissance O bi e . Addi ional in o ma ion was ex ac ed om he quali a i e he mal ine ia image mosaic Jou nal P e-p oo Jou nal P e-p oo de i ed om nigh ime in a ed images ob ained by he The mal Emission Imaging Sys em (THEMIS, 100 m/pixel) (Ch is ensen e al., 2004, 2013) on boa d NASA‘s Ma s Odyssey. The mal ine ia (TI) pe mi s he di e en ia ion o su ace ma e ials based on hei he mophysical p ope ies. In his wo k, TI da a helped in iden i ying and mapping d ainage ne wo ks because unconsolida ed sedimen s such as eolian deposi s, cha ac e ized by lowe appa en TI, mainly occu in low-lying a eas such as lu ial alleys. Topog aphic da a we e ex ac ed om Digi al Ele a ion Models (DEMs) de i ed om lase al ime e poin sho s acqui ed by he Ma s O bi e Lase Al ime e (MOLA, 463 m in esolu ion) (Zube e al, 1992), on boa d NASA‘s Ma s Global Su eyo , as well as images om he HRSC ins umen (50-75 m/pixel). In o de o co e a eas whe e no HRSC da a we e a ailable, we used a blend o DEM da a de i ed om MOLA and HRSC (Fe gason e al., 2018, ~200 m/pixel). The spa ial esolu ion o he HRSC-de i ed opog aphy, ha co e s almos all he s udy a ea, is app op ia e o analyzing he land o ms o in e es o his wo k. Image y and opog aphic da a we e in eg a ed in o a Geog aphic In o ma ion Sys em (A cGIS 10.5.1, ESRI) o mapping and ca ying ou mul iple mo phological and mo phome ic analyses. Spa ial da a we e p ojec ed in o he same geog aphic coo dina e sys em wi h sinusoidal p ojec ion and cen al me idian loca ed in he cen e o he s udy a ea (125ºE). Su ace composi ion was in e ed om hype spec al da a acqui ed by he Compac Reconnaissance Imaging Spec ome e o Ma s (CRISM, ~18 m/pixel) aboa d NASA‘s Ma s Reconnaissance O bi e , a isible-in a ed imaging spec ome e sensi i e o ligh om 0.362 o 3.92 µm (Mu chie e al., 2007). Spec al da a we e e ie ed om he Jou nal P e-p oo Jou nal P e-p oo PDS Geosciences Node Ma s O bi al Da a Explo e (ODE) (a ailable a : h ps://ode. sl.wus l.edu/ma s/) in co ec ed I/F ( adiance/sola i adiance) using Ta ge ed Empi ical Reco d (TER) and Map-p ojec ed Ta ge ed Reduced Da a Reco d (MTRDR) p oduc s. We ca ied ou he spec al analysis using he co ec ed I/F o ob ain spec al diag ams, and he e ined spec al summa y pa ame e s o de i e spec al pa ame e maps (Vi iano-Beck e al., 2014). Spec al da a we e p ocessed using he CRISM Analysis Toolki (CAT, e sion 7.3.1), an IDL/ENVI-based so wa e sys em de eloped by he CRISM Science Team (Mo gan e al., 2014). Due o i s paleoen i onmen al in e es , clay-bea ing su aces we e highligh ed in a spec al pa ame e map ob ained by he PHY p oduc (D2300 ( ed), D2200 (g een), BD1900 2 (blue)) o he p ojec ed CRISM obse a ion FRT000064CE (~18 m/pixel, and ~10 km ac oss) (Fig. 4b below) ollowing he p ocedu e desc ibed by Vi iano-Beck e al. (2014). The alues displayed o each RGB channel we e adjus ed applying s e ch limi s o highligh he clay-bea ing ma e ials. The I/F spec um was ex ac ed om he unp ojec ed CRISM cube and a e aged om a Region o In e es (ROI) d awn o he composi ional uni . This a e age spec um (s1) was a ioed o an a e age spec um om a ROI o spec ally un ema kable e ains (s2) om he CRISM scene o minimize a mosphe ic con ibu ions and ins umen a i ac s. The a ioed I/F spec um (i.e., s1/s2) was compa ed wi h he CRISM spec al lib a y (a ailable a : h p://c ism ypespec a. sl.wus l.edu/) (Vi iano-Beck e al., 2015). The choice o his CRISM scene was de e mined by (1) he absence o TER p oduc s o an-shaped deposi s wi hin he s udy a ea, and (2) he scene co esponds o a p e iously in e p e ed an del a loca ed close o he s udy a ea. Jou nal P e-p oo Jou nal P e-p oo sho e pla o ms in he s udy a ea (labelled as D# and B#, espec i ely). A-A‘ lines indica e he ace o he opog aphic p o iles used o in e he mean wa e le el om each ea u e (Fig. 8). Whi e a ows indica e la e ally con inuous benches (e.g., B1, B4), some o hem associa ed wi h esidual elie and showing ounded geome y in plan iew (e.g., B2, B3, B5 and B6). ha e in common he p esence o bed ock inlie s, likely elic elie ha p o udes o e hei plains. Mos o he ea u es show a s eep on wi h a con inuous slope (M1). Howe e , D1 displays a s epped on wi h benches and slope b eaks (M2) (Fig. 3). The coas al-like benches a e gene ally loca ed along he ma gins o he dep essions and enci cling isola ed massi s and knobs wi hin he dep essions. These ea u es ha e no been iden i ied ou side he dep essions. A selec ion o hem a e shown in Fig. 3 (labelled as B#) and in Fig. 5d. These benches display smoo h, subho izon al o gen ly- sloping su aces, wi h la e al con inui y, ele a ion consis ency, and s eep slopes associa ed wi h hei ou e edges. In some cases, such as B1 (B1 in Fig. 3), pai ed benches occu on bo h sides o he dep ession a consis en ele a ion. The ela ionship be ween he coas al-like benches and pu a i e del as is analyzed om hei ele a ion alues and spa ial dis ibu ion (Fig. 8). Jou nal P e-p oo Jou nal P e-p oo Del a La i ude (N) Longi ude (E) Del a on ele a ion (m) Wd (m) Ld (m) Del a- shape index Mean plain slope (°) Mean on slope (°) Visible laye ing Mul i- loba e S epped mo phology D ainage ne wo k D ainage a ea (km2) Del a a ea (km2) Fi s e e ence D1a 3°5'31" 121°20'54'' -1865 3627 2971 0.61 4.18 6.05 ✔ ✗ M2? Lw 1510.37 7.76 Ga cía-A nay e al. (2018b) D1b 3°4'30" 121°23'59'' -1972 11124 5529 1.01 4.07 5.44 ✔ ✔ M2? Lw 1510.37 40.49* Ga cía-A nay e al. (2018b) D2 2°10'11" 121°39'29'' -1952 10430 6045 0.86 3.86 15.38 ✔ ✔ M1 Lw 20268.25 41.13 I win e al. (2005) D3 2°1'28" 122°00'31'' -1935 2371 1885 0.63 5.19 8.68 ✔ ✗ M1 C 113.19 2.98 Ga cía-A nay e al. (2018b) D4 1°34'7" 123°22'52'' -1793 5602 2844 0.98 4.77 14.41 ✔ ✔ M1 C/Lw 28000.94 10.91* Ga cía-A nay e al. (2018b) D5 0°44'6" 125°18'55'' -1920 4740 3500 0.68 2.34 15.82 ✔ ✗ M1 Lw 8189.85 11.93 Ga cía-A nay e al. (2018b) D6 0°36'33" 125°47'50'' -1975 4704 2304 1.02 2.95 5.64 ✗ ✗ M1 C 1908.04 8.53 Ga cía-A nay e al. (2018b) Jou nal P e-p oo Jou nal P e-p oo Table 1. Mo phome ic and mo phological pa ame e s o he an-shaped ea u es and hei associa ed d ainage ne wo ks. (*) Del a su ace p esen s ambiguous and/o e oded limi s; (-) no low accumula ion da a a ailable o de i e he d ainage a ea. Mean slopes co espond o hose o he cu en opog aphic su ace. In he cases whe e laye ing is exposed in he on o he del a due o e osion, he slope p obably does no ep esen he o ese inclina ion. La i ude and longi ude coo dina es co espond o he poin along he opog aphic p o ile used o ex ac he ele a ion o he del a on (see Fig. 8). D7 0°3'14" 126°36'20'' -1186 12621 11069 0.57 3.41 7.76 ✔ ✔ M1 Lw 156377.80 85.40 Ga cía-A nay e al. (2018b,c) D8 0°31'21" 126°58'19'' -1920 2458 2176 0.56 2.66 3.40 ✔ ✔ M1 Lw - 3.65 * Ga cía-A nay e al. (2018b) D9 0°18'8" 127°34'00'' -1783 5424 3520 0.77 3.49 7.56 ✗ ✔ M1 Lw 10753.31 12.55 Ga cía-A nay e al. (2018b) Jou nal P e-p oo Jou nal P e-p oo 4.2 Spec al analysis o he del a deposi s We ca ied ou he spec al analysis o he CRISM scene FRT000064CE in o de o iden i y possible hyd a ed mine als. The spec al analysis o his CRISM scene has been also pe o med by Ehlmann and Buz (2014, 2015). The obse a ion displays a an- shaped deposi loca ed eas o he s udy a ea, a he mou h o a alley ca ed in o he sou hwes side o he Robe Sha p c a e im, eas o he s udy a ea (Fig. 1a). This deposi was in e p e ed as an del a by I win e al. 2004 (Fig. 4a). The PHY spec al pa ame e map e eals ha he scene is domina ed by hyd a ed Fe/Mg-phyllosilica es (Ehlmann and Buz, 2015), he mos common hyd a ed mine als on Ma s (Ca e e al., 2013), as highligh ed by he pink-colo ed pixels in Fig. 4b. The a ioed I/F spec um (i.e., s1/s2) shows a sub le abso p ion band ea u e a ~1.4 μm due o s uc u al H2O and OH, a sha p abso p ion ea u e a ~1.9 μm indica ing s uc u al H2O, as well as an abso p ion band a ~2.31 μm ela ed o Fe/Mg-OH bond and a sub le band a ~2.39 μm also ela ed o hese bonds (Ehlmann e al., 2009; Vi iano-Beck e al., 2014) (Fig. 4c). Abso p ion ea u es a e consis en wi h he p esence o saponi e (Mg- ich smec i e) and non oni e (Fe- ich smec i e), as shown by he compa ison be ween he a ioed spec um and labo a o y spec a (Vi iano-Beck e al., 2015). These e omagnesian smec i es occu in ligh - oned laye ed deposi s wi h appa en ly me e -scale polygonal ac u es along he del a on and a i s oo , as e ealed by he HiRISE image PSP_001884_1750 (close-up iew in Fig. 4a). Clay mine als may ei he ha e o med du ing anspo o by nea -su ace wea he ing and subsequen ly anspo ed and deposi ed as de i al pa icles (Ehlmann and Buz, 2014). Jou nal P e-p oo Jou nal P e-p oo Fig. 4. (a) T ue colo image o he CRISM scene FRT000064CE. The close-up iew shows a de ail o he ligh - oned laye ed deposi s occu ing a he del a on . (b) Spec al pa ame e map (PHY p oduc ) o he same scene. Pink ones indica e he p esence o Fe/Mg- phyllosilica es ou c opping along he del a on . (c) CRISM a ioed I/F spec um compa ed o CRISM lib a y spec a ( e ical dashed lines indica e obse ed abso p ion band ea u es). O he mine als wi hin Robe Sha p c a e such as ca bona es and akaganéi e, which is an oxide mine al ela ed o acidic and oxidizing condi ions in a d ying lagoon, we e epo ed by Ca e e al. (2015). Clay-bea ing laye ed deposi s suppo he p esence o liquid wa e in he pas (e.g., Poule e al., 2005), and a e conside ed po en ial si es o o ganic ma e p ese a ion due o ela i ely apid bu ial (e.g., Ehlmann e al., 2008). Jou nal P e-p oo Jou nal P e-p oo We conside ha hese indings s eng hen he possible del aic o igin o his an-shaped deposi and i s composi ion could be analogous o del as in he s udy a ea. 4.3 In e p e a ion o land o ms Based on he mo phologic and mo phome ic cha ac e is ics o he desc ibed land o ms, hei spa ial dis ibu ion, and spec al analysis, we in e p e he an-shaped ea u es as pu a i e elic Gilbe - ype del as linked o he mou h o d ainage basins. The in e p e ed del as show an o e all con ex and segmen ed longi udinal p o ile, whe eas allu ial ans a e cha ac e ized by con inuous conca e long p o iles. Fu he mo e, he p esence o s eep on s hund eds o me e s in local elie is s ongly inconsis en wi h he in e p e a ion o hese ea u es as allu ial o lu ial ans and a gues o he p esence o a deep wa e body. None heless, he mapped del as a e expec ed o ha e a p oximal subae ial componen , and as such could be also designa ed as an-del as (Blai and McPhe son, 1994). Some o he en pu a i e del as analyzed in his wo k also ha e been documen ed by o he au ho s (e.g., I win e al., 2005; de Pablo and Paci ici, 2008; Ri e a-He nández and Palucis, 2019). On Ea h, Gilbe - ype del as, which we e i s desc ibed by Gilbe (1884), ypically occu in lakes whe e he nea -sho e wa e is ela i ely deep (e.g., Bi d, 2011), and end o be associa ed wi h homopycnal lows (e.g., Penland and Kulp, 2005), in which he densi y o he i e wa e is e y simila o ha o he s anding mass o wa e in he basin (Ba es, 1953). These lows commonly occu in lacus ine en i onmen s and p oduce apid deposi ion o o m del as cha ac e ized by s eep del a on s (Figs. 5a, b, Jou nal P e-p oo Jou nal P e-p oo Fig. 5. 3D oblique iews o some an-shaped and coas al-like ea u es (CTX images). (a) The D4 ea u e shows a s eep on scalloped by a long- unou landslide in i s cen al pa , which pe mi s obse a ion o inne laye ing o clino o ms (ci cle: close-up iew o HiRISE image ESP_058612_1815). No e ha he la e al ex en o he conca e headsca o he landslide ma ches wi h he hummocky e ain si ua ed a he oo , a ibu able o a blocky landslide deposi s (black a ows). (b) The D2 ea u e shows wo o e lapping mo pho-s a ig aphic uni s. The oldes ap on ( oo indica ed by black a ows) is pa ially o e lain by he younge one, whose uppe plain is ca ed by sub le channels (whi e a ows). (c) The D5 ea u e may also eco d se e al phases o de elopmen as sugges ed by he low-albedo ap on loca ed a he oo o i s on (black a ows). (d) La e ally con inuous benches co esponding o B4 a di e en ele a ions (black a ows) Jou nal P e-p oo Jou nal P e-p oo a ound a esidual elie , which appa en ly connec ed o he ―mainland‖ esembling an olde is hmus and a peninsula. c). Some del as show mul i-loba e on s (e.g., D1b, D2, D7 and D9, Fig. 3) ha may indica e low bi u ca ion and/o channel a ulsion p ocesses. The p esence o bed ock inlie s p o uding h ough hei plains p obably con olled low bi u ca ion and he consequen de elopmen o wo lobes. Del as D4 and D8 display wo appa en lobes, al hough hei shape is p obably ela ed o pos -deposi ional landsliding (D4, Fig. 5a) and/o e osion (D8, Fig. 3). The o igin o he s epped opog aphy o some del a on s (D1, Fig. 3) could be ei he ela ed o e osional benches de eloped du ing s ages o ela i ely s able wa e le el ha punc ua ed he o e all eg ession end, o o di e en ial e osion. K aal e al. (2008) asc ibed he s epped longi udinal p o ile o an allu ial an, comp ising a sequence o ise s and eads, o he episodic decline o he wa e le el and he de elopmen o benches du ing pe iods o s abili y. Finally, he possible del aic o igin o he an-shaped deposi s in Nepen hes Mensae is s eng hen by he occu ence o phyllosilica e mine als in he on o he analyzed del a, which suppo s he p esence o liquid wa e in he pas . Based on he mo phologic cha ac e is ics o he desc ibed land o ms, hei spa ial dis ibu ion, al i udinal ela ionship wi h he del as, and esemblance wi h possible e es ial analogues, we in e p e he benches as possible sho e pla o ms de eloped by coas al e osion along paleosho elines a di e en wa e -le el ele a ions. Sho e pla o ms wi h ounded ou e edges in plan iew loca ed a ound isola ed massi s and knobs a e common in he no he n lowlands, as indica ed by Pa ke e al. (1993). These ―s epped massi s‖, such as hose loca ed in Cydonia Mensae, display he same Jou nal P e-p oo Jou nal P e-p oo cha ac e is ics as he ones desc ibed in his wo k a Nepen hes Mensae (Pa ke e al., 1993; Pa ke and Cu ey, 2001). Pa ke e al. (1989, 1993) in e p e ed hese ea u es as possible wa e-cu island o med by coas al e osion o he p e-exis en ocks du ing highs ands o an ancien liquid-wa e ocean and/o by e osional p ocesses associa ed wi h he loa ing sea ice on a ozen ocean ha occupied he no he n lowlands o Ma s (Cli o d and Pa ke , 2001). The o ma ion o wa e-cu pla o ms implies ha he a ailable e ch, he a mosphe ic p essu e, and wind speed we e su icien o p oduce hese e osional land o ms (e.g., K aal e al., 2006; Band ield e al., 2015). On Ea h, lakes wi h less han 50 km o open wa e a e conside ed ‗ e ch-limi ed‘ (e.g., No ds om and Jackson, 2012). Eolian land o ms de eloped in he la ges dep ession o Nepen hes Mensae a e i s desicca ion such as dune ields, ya dangs and wind s eaks indica e p edominan NW- and NE-o ien ed winds. Based on he dimensions o he econs uc ed paleolakes (Fig. 9) and he in e ed wind di ec ions, e ch alues would ange om ~40 km o ~100 km. These alues a e simila o hose es ima ed o he Ca son Dese sub-basin o he plu ial Lake Lahon an, Uni ed S a es, du ing he Pleis ocene highs and, anging om ~50 km o ~110 km (Mo ison, 1964). As explained below, his plu ial paleolake displays well-de eloped sho e pla o ms. None heless, he es ima ion o he e ec i e e ch o he in e ed paleolakes would equi e o know he p edominan wind di ec ion when he e osional benches we e o med. Mo eo e , he unknown e odibili y o he ma e ials exposed in he coas al a eas play a c i ical ole in he de elopmen o hese land o ms. Al e na i e p ocesses ha e been p oposed o explain he o ma ion o benches and s epped massi s in o he egions o Ma s, including di e en ial e osion in laye ed bed ock (e.g., Ca and Head, 2003) and eolian e osion (e.g., Manen and El-Baz, 1986). K aal e al. (2006) p oposed al e na i e p ocesses o he de elopmen o Ma ian land o ms in e p e ed as ‗bed ock Jou nal P e-p oo Jou nal P e-p oo sho eline ea u es‘ such as he e osional ac ion o ice in he su ace o lakes o seas. An ice-co e ed lake was also he p e e ed hypo hesis o Howa d and Moo e (2004) o explain he o ma ion o benches and sca ps in he Go gonum Basin. Sholes e al. (2019) indica e ha lineamen s and e aces in Cydonia Mensae, which a e conside ed as one o he be e candida es o pu a i e paleosho eline ea u es in he li e a u e, do no show la e al o al i udinal consis ency. Consequen ly, Sholes e al. (2019) conside ed ha hose land o ms be e esemble e oded and exposed bedding su aces. These in e p e a ions seem o be highly unlikely in ou s udy a ea since he benches do no show any li hos a ig aphic con ol o any p e e ed o ien a ion. 4.4 Ch onology o he del a and paleolake sys ems The su ace age o he del a D7 and o he main dep ession we e calcula ed using c a e -size equency dis ibu ion s a is ics. This del a was selec ed due o i s la ge a ea (~80 km2) in o de o educe unce ain ies on he age model (e.g., Wa ne e al., 2015). We ob ained a e age age es ima es o ~3.88 Ga (Middle Noachian) o he del a D7 (Figs. 6a, b), and ~3.71 Ga (La e Noachian) o he dep ession, conside ing a coun ing a ea o ~6,200 km2 in he la e (Figs. 6c, d). Bo h ages a e consis en wi h hose assigned o he geological uni s whe e hese ea u es a e loca ed and/o gene ically ela ed. Acco ding o Tanaka e al. (2014), he del as associa ed wi h he d ainage ne wo ks occu in he mNh uni (Middle Noachian), and he dep essions in he HN uni (La e Noachian-Ea ly Hespe ian). In spi e o he age consis ency be ween del a D7 and he dep essions, he age model o del a D7 may p esen mo e unce ain ies han ha o he dep essions. I s lowe coun ing a ea (~80 km2) can imply a highe spa ial a iabili y in c a e ing p ocesses, as well as he exclusion o la ge c a e s (Wa ne e al., 2015). Jou nal P e-p oo Jou nal P e-p oo he anomalous ele a ion o D7 is no conside ed, del a on s yield an a e age ele a ion o -1,902 m (s anda d de ia ion o 72 m). Collec i ely, benches yield a mean ele a ion alue o -1,978 m (s anda d de ia ion o 57.6 m). Del as and benches associa ed wi h he main paleolake (i.e., del as D2, D3, D5, and D6; and o y- ou ou o he i y- ou benches) yield mean ele a ions o -1,946 m (s anda d de ia ion o 24 m) o del as, and -1,986 m (s anda d de ia ion o 56 m) o benches (see dashed lines in Fig. 8). The mean ele a ions among del as and benches a e consis en and de ine a con ou along he edges o he dep essions. In addi ion, hese mean ele a ions a e cohe en wi h he a e age ele a ion o del as wi hin he main paleolake ob ained by Ri e a-He nández and Palucis (2019), whose alue is -1,934 ± 33 m. These au ho s used wo del as documen ed wi hin he main paleolake (del as D2 and D5, as a e iden i ied in ou wo k) o calcula ing ha a e age ele a ion. I seems o co espond o a paleowa e le el o a o me inland sea o o a se ies o in e connec ed lakes wi h su icien pe sis ence o ha e a signi ican geomo phic imp in in he landscape. Using he mean ele a ion alue om del as o he main paleolake (a ound -1,950 m), we ha e econs uc ed he paleogeog aphy o he paleolakes ha used o occupy he dep essions o Nepen hes Mensae (Fig. 9). Acco ding o his econs uc ion, he la ges paleolake eached an a ea o ~12,787 km2, an es ima ed wa e olume o 3,648 km3, and mean and maximum dep hs o ~290 m and ~1,000 m, espec i ely. Es ima ions o he a ea o he la ges paleolake and i s olume a e simila o hose calcula ed by Ri e a-He nández and Palucis (2019), whose alues a e 12,830 km2 and 3,890 km3, espec i ely. The sum o he a eas o he paleolakes in Nepen hes Mensae eached ∼19,000 km2 du ing he mean highs and. The su ace o he dep essions below he econs uc ed paleolake le el show a smoo he su ace han ha loca ed abo e his le el and ou side he basin. This mo phological ea u e, which is also obse ed in e es ial paleolakes such as Lake Jou nal P e-p oo Jou nal P e-p oo Bonne ille and Lake Lahon an, may be a ibu ed o sedimen agg ada ion in he bo om o he paleolakes and exposu e o e osional p ocesses du ing a sho e ime span, a e he desicca ion o he lakes. Fig. 8. Ele a ion alues om each pu a i e del a (plain- on junc ion, Table 1) and sho e pla o m (inne edge) used o in e he pas wa e le els. The dashed ed and blue lines indica e, espec i ely, he mean ele a ion o del as and sho e pla o ms si ua ed wi hin he main paleolake. No e ha del a D7 is loca ed a an anomalous ele a ion compa ed wi h he es o measu ed coas al land o ms. The del as associa ed wi h he main dep ession (i.e., D2, D3, D5 and D6) show consis en del a- on ele a ions. Howe e , he ele a ion o he on o he majo i y o Jou nal P e-p oo Jou nal P e-p oo he del as ha a e no spa ially associa ed wi h he main dep ession do no all wi hin hei ele a ion ange (i.e., D1a, D4, D7, and D9), wi h he excep ion o D1b and D8. Del as D1a, D4, D7 and D9 show del a on ele a ions abo e -1,900 m. This ac may be due o di e en wa e -le el ele a ions. We p opose ha he anomalous ele a ion o del a D7, which is he la ges o he s udy a ea (~85 km2), is ela ed o he p esence in he pas o a small enclosed dep ession a he mou h o Licus Vallis, pe ched abo e and disconnec ed om he main sys em o dep essions, wi h a local base le el loca ed a an ele a ion o a ound -1,200 m (Fig. 8). A small alley occu s below his in e ed basin, which may ecei e wo non-excluding in e p e a ions: (1) an o e low channel o he dep ession; (2) he s eam ha cap u ed he pe ched dep ession. The del a D8 occu s a he mou h o his alley a an ele a ion o a ound -1,920 m, which is consis en wi h he mean wa e le el calcula ed o del as o he main paleolake. The anomalous ele a ion di e ence (~720 me e s) canno be explained by di e en ial e ical displacemen s due o he lack o disc e e ec onic s uc u es be ween del as D7 and D8, si ua ed ~34 km apa (Fig. 10). Black e al. (2017) p oposed ha egional ec onic ac i i y was low du ing he pe iod o o ma ion o alley ne wo ks on Ma s, and Goudge and Fasse (2018) in e ed ha egional upli was no an impo an ac o du ing he con igu a ion o he d ainage ne wo k o Licus Vallis. The e o e, we conside ha he p esen opog aphy is simila o wha exis ed du ing he incision o he d ainage ne wo k and he de elopmen o he del as. Mul iple ―le els‖ in e p e ed as paleosho elines ha e been iden i ied on Ma s (e.g., Ca and Head, 2003; Webb, 2004; Gha an and Zilbelman, 2006). The ―Con ac 1‖, de ined by Pa ke e al. (1989), and enamed as ―A abia sho eline‖ by Cli o d and Pa ke (2001), is he opog aphically highes le el o he pu a i e Ma ian ocean, which Jou nal P e-p oo Jou nal P e-p oo shows signi ican ele a ion a ia ions along he no he n plains o up o se e al kilome e s, Jou nal P e-p oo Jou nal P e-p oo Jou nal P e-p oo Jou nal P e-p oo Fig. 9. Inse : ele a ion model o he s udy a ea showing he wa e shed bounda ies (whi e lines) and he a ea depic ed in he o e iew (black polygon). The blue a ow indica es ha he dep essions p obably used o connec eas wa d wi h he no he n lowlands (HRSC-MOLA blended opog aphy). O e iew: paleogeog aphic econs uc ion o he paleolakes (blue polygons), based on he mean ele a ion (~-1,950 m) o he paleo-wa e le el eco ded by he pu a i e del as o he main paleolake. Del as and sho e pla o ms a e indica ed by ed a eas and yellow s a s, espec i ely. The s eam ne wo k is ep esen ed wi h ligh -blue lines. The labels indica e he loca ion o he images shown in Fig. 3 (base map mosaic om THEMIS-IR day images). a ibu able o subsequen egional de o ma ion caused by ue pola wande (Pe on e al., 2007). Achille and Hynek (2010) in e ed an equipo en ial su ace ( e e ed o as ―S‖le el) om ele a ion alues o 17 pu a i e del a on s loca ed in open basins along he ma gins o he Ma ian lowlands. This le el lies a a mean ele a ion o -2,540 m (s anda d de ia ion o 177 m), which is consis en wi h he mean ele a ion in e ed o he A abia le el (-2,499 m) (Cli o d and Pa ke , 2001; Achille and Hynek, 2010). This le el is ~500 m lowe han he one in e ed in his wo k a Nepen hes Mensae (a ound - 1,950 m) om pu a i e del as o he main dep ession. Howe e , hese del as we e p obably associa ed wi h an endo heic basin occupied by an inne sea o la ge in e connec ed paleolakes. I is possible ha , a some s age, hese basins became connec ed o he pu a i e Oceanus Bo ealis be o e he wa e le el d opped, suppo ed by he ac ha he dep essions connec eas wa d o he no he n lowlands (Fig. 9). Howe e , his possible connec ion o a no he n ocean would equi e a mo e de ailed in es iga ion. Jou nal P e-p oo Jou nal P e-p oo Fig. 10. Con ex map wi h 100 m con ou lines showing he spa ial-al i udinal dis ibu ion o del as D7 and D8 ( ed polygons), as well as he espec i e paleolakes (blue polygons). Del a D7 includes in e io high poin s likely ep esen ing bed ock inlie s, which p obably con olled he o ma ion o wo del a lobes (CTX mosaic o e HRSC opog aphy). 4.7 Geomo phological his o y Jou nal P e-p oo Jou nal P e-p oo In o de o summa ize he geomo phological e olu ion o he s udy a ea, ocusing on he his o y o he paleolakes, we p opose he ollowing possible sequence o e en s: (1) The la ge dep essions ha hos ed he paleolakes we e o med along he dicho omy bounda y du ing he Noachian. The o igin o hese basins could be ela ed o a ious ypes o la ge-scale de o ma ion p ocesses, al hough i emains unce ain. (2) Flu ial p ocesses ini ia ed wi h he p esence o liquid wa e and uno esul ed in he de elopmen o alleys ca ed in o he mNh uni in he highlands. These N-di ec ed d ainage sys ems ed he paleolakes de eloped in he endo heic dep essions loca ed along he dicho omy. (3) The p esence o long-s anding wa e bodies and ela i ely long pe iods o lake-le el s abili y pe mi ed he o ma ion o del as a he mou h o he alleys and coas al benches along he ma gins o he dep essions and a ound esidual elie s. (4) The paleolakes p obably expe ienced a long- e m wa e -le el decline punc ua ed by pe iods o s abili y, as suppo ed by inse benches a di e en ele a ions. (5) The esu acing e en s sugges ed by he ch onological analysis ca ied ou in he bo om o he dep essions could be ela ed o new looding e en s du ing he Ea ly Hespe ian o la e . (6) Finally, hyd ological ac i i y in he egion declined and as a esul he paleolakes desicca ed. This si ua ion allows he obse a ion o he elic geomo phic ea u es ela ed o o me base le els, as occu s in he p oposed plu ial paleolakes as e es ial analogs. A he p esen ime, he landscape is being modi ied by deposi ional and e osional eolian p ocesses as eco ded by dune ields and ya dangs. 5. Conclusions The an-shaped and e ace-like ea u es iden i ied in Nepen hes Mensae a e likely elic Gilbe - ype del as and sho e pla o ms, espec i ely, de eloped along Jou nal P e-p oo Jou nal P e-p oo paleosho elines. This in e p e a ion is suppo ed by se e al lines o e idence: (1) hei spa ial dis ibu ion, wi h pu a i e del as linked o he mou h o d ainage ne wo ks, and benches loca ed along he ma gins o he dep essions and a ound p ominen esidual elie s; (2) hei mo phological esemblance wi h o he Ma ian land o ms a ibu ed by o he au ho s o elic del as and ma ke s o paleosho elines; (3) he la e al con inui y along kilome e s o he gen ly-sloping benches; (4) he ele a ion consis ency among he benches and del as as shown by hei al i udinal dis ibu ion; (5) he de ec ion o hyd a ed mine als (Fe/Mg smec i es) occu ing in he su ace o he on o a del a analyzed nea he s udy a ea, indica i e o he exis ence o liquid wa e in he pas ; and (6) he analogy be ween hese ancien Ma ian land o ms and hose documen ed in Pleis ocene paleolakes, such as Lake Bonne ille and Lake Lahon an, including he ex en and endo heic na u e o hese e es ial paleolakes and hose in e ed in Nepen hes Mensae. Assuming ha he cu en egional opog aphy is simila o he one ha exis ed du ing he de elopmen o he analyzed land o ms, hei ele a ions pe mi ed us o app oxima ely de e mine he mean wa e le el a a ound -1,950 m co esponding o an ancien inne sea o a sys em o in e connec ed paleolakes ha occupied he bel o NW-SE ending dep essions. This pas wa e le el is consis en wi h he mean ele a ion epo ed o he mean A abia le el. The paleolakes may ha e expe ienced a long- e m wa e -le el decline punc ua ed by pe iods o s abili y, as suppo ed by inse benches a di e en ele a ions. These indings shed ligh in o he paleogeog aphy and paleohyd ologic condi ions in he Nepen hes Mensae egion du ing he La e Noachian-Ea ly Hespe ian ansi ion. They also con ibu e o con ex ualize he con inuous indings on he en i onmen al and clima ic condi ions in nea by Gale c a e a a simila ime; and illus a es he impo an mo phogene ic ole ha liquid wa e may ha e played on Ma s in he pas . Jou nal P e-p oo Jou nal P e-p oo Acknowledgmen s This esea ch was suppo ed by a PhD schola ship g an ed o ÁG-A (C237/2016) by he Gobie no de A agón (Spain) and he Eu opean Social Fund, by p ojec CGL2017- 85045-P (Minis e io de Ciencia, Inno ación y Uni e sidades, Gobie no de España), and by he Ibe caja-CAI mobili y p og am (CB 5/18) unded by Uni e sidad de Za agoza, Fundación Banca ia Ibe caja y Fundación CAI (mobili y unding o esea ch s ay o Á.G-A. a he Cen o de As obiología (INTA-CSIC)). The au ho s would like o hank D . Joel Da is and an anonymous e iewe o hei commen s and sugges ions which helped o imp o e he pape . Re e ences And ews‐Hanna, J.C., Phillips, R.J., 2007. Hyd ological modeling o ou low channels and chaos egions on Ma s. J. Geophys. Res. Plane s, 112(E8). doi: 10.1029/2006JE002881. Bake , V.R., 2001. Wa e and he Ma ian landscape. Na u e, 412(6843), 228. doi: 10.1038/35084172. Ban ield, D., Donelan, M., Ca ale i, L., 2015. 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