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INGENIØRHØ JSKOLEN I KØBENHAVN Document: Appendix Date: 2 December 2010 Version: 1.0 Members of the team Pawel Gorski (PL) 101024 Mechatronics David Pinilla Ramiro Telecommunications Marcin Samsonowski Computer science JSKOLEN I KØBENHAVN Appendix Date: 2 December 2010 Members of the team (PL) 101024 David Pinilla Ramiro (ES) 101001 Telecommunications Samsonowski (PL) 101028 Luna Vaquero Aso (ES) 100970 Industrial Design Tamanna Zirak (NL) 100891 Human Technology Supervisor: Emil Piper (ES) 100970 (NL) 100891 Delphinus: development of digital communication device for divers Final Report 2 List of contents 1 Project management ............................................................................................................................................... 4 2 Requirements specifications ............................................................................................................................ 18 3 Marketing results .................................................................................................................................................. 47 3.1 Porters five forces....................................................................................................................... 47 3.2 SWOT – analysis .......................................................................................................................... 49 3.3 Market and sales strategy ........................................................................................................ 50 4 Design ........................................................................................................................................................................ 54 4.1 Morphological chart ................................................................................................................... 54 4.2 First Model .................................................................................................................................... 58 4.2.1 Components ......................................................................................................................................... 59 4.2.2 General measures .............................................................................................................................. 60 4.2.3 Sealing component ............................................................................................................................ 61 4.2.4 Strap ........................................................................................................................................................ 62 4.3 Final model .................................................................................................................................... 63 4.3.1 Components ......................................................................................................................................... 63 4.3.2 General dimensions .......................................................................................................................... 68 4.3.3 Logo ......................................................................................................................................................... 69 4.4 CE marking .................................................................................................................................... 70 4.5 IP code ............................................................................................................................................. 72 4.5.1 Solids, first digit .................................................................................................................................. 72 Delphinus: development of digital communication device for divers Final Report 3 4.5.2 Liquids, second digit ......................................................................................................................... 73 4.5.3 Additional letters ............................................................................................................................... 75 4.5.4 Mechanical impact resistance....................................................................................................... 76 5 Display ....................................................................................................................................................................... 78 5.1 Connection scheme .................................................................................................................... 78 5.2 Codes ............................................................................................................................................... 79 6 Process of making adaptor ................................................................................................................................ 82 7 Software design ..................................................................................................................................................... 84 7.1 Applications used........................................................................................................................ 84 7.2 Code of simulation application .............................................................................................. 84 7.2.1 MainWindow.xaml file: ................................................................................................................... 84 7.2.2 MainWindow.xaml.cs file: .............................................................................................................. 86 7.2.3 State.cs file: ........................................................................................................................................... 89 8 displaySheet.pdf (Display datasheet) 9 fh26-71s-0.3shw.pdf (Conector datasheet) 10 mat&procSheet.pdf (Materials and processes datasheet) Delphinus: development of digital communication device for divers Final Report 4 1 Project management Members of the team Pawel Gorski Luna Vaquero Aso Mechatronics Industrial Design David Pinilla Ramiro Tamanna Zirak Telecommunications Human Technology Marcin Samsonowski Supervisor: Computer science Emil Piper Document: Project management Version: 1.1 Delphinus: development of digital communication device for divers Final Report 5 Table of contents 1.1 The basic elements ........................................................................................................................................ 6 1.1.1 The task..................................................................................................................................................... 6 1.1.2 Project process ...................................................................................................................................... 6 1.1.3 Project specification ............................................................................................................................ 7 1.1.4 Project structure ................................................................................................................................... 9 1.1.5 Resources ................................................................................................................................................. 9 1.1.6 Environment ........................................................................................................................................ 10 1.1.7 Interested parties .............................................................................................................................. 10 1.2 Responsibility Matrix ................................................................................................................................. 11 1.3 Work Breakdown Structure .................................................................................................................... 14 1.4 Gantt Chart ..................................................................................................................................................... 17 Delphinus: development of digital communication device for divers Final Report 6 1.1 The basic elements 1.1.1 The task The aim of our project is to find a solution of communication for divers and create a working prototype device. Old reports from previous semester projects will be utilized to take information out and improve the application benefits. 1.1.2 Project process o Gathering information and data o Analyzing data o Choosing a useful part of work that is done o Choosing a appropriate parts and devices for our project o Doing marketing research o Generate and evaluate new idea’s o Designing a structure of a system o Programming and assembling o Testing the prototype in different kind of aspects o Preparing the documentation of a project o Preparing the presentation Delphinus: development of digital communication device for divers Final Report 7 1.1.3 Project specification The main aim consists of examining and analyzing the device, looking for appropriate component parts and materials, and its functionality. We put an effort on making system cheaper and more usable for potential customers. General specifications o The device fits to the arm of each diver. o The device must have a touch screen. No buttons. o Use the international hand signal as the method of communication. o Enables 2 or more scuba divers to communicate. o Resists corrosion from salt, chlorine and other chemicals. o Functions at up to 30 meters below the water’s surface. o Complies with all relevant European legal and safety standards. o Unaffected by exposure to UV light. o Adjusts to fit all potential users. o Must be durable, having an adequate life-span. o Must run for at least the length of a dive time on one battery charge. o The product should be reasonably lightweight to ensure comfort when on a person’s wrist. o Developing the most suitable strap to guarantee the product is properly secured on the arm comfortably. o Must be cheap then other similar products. Delphinus: development of digital communication device for divers Final Report 8 Casing specifications o The device has to be 100 % waterproof. o When assembled the unit must be completely sealed. o A compact design, ensuring probability of damage on surrounding objects is minimized. o The casing must fit a variety of users comfortably whilst remaining secure. o All components must be accessible for repair and replacement. o Needs to be suitable for mass production. o Touch screen needs to be very close to casing to ensure it will function properly. o No physical connections will be installed into the product. This is done to reduce the number of entry points to the product. Instead wireless charging will be implemented. Interface specifications o Simple to understand. Avoid too many functions on the main screen so the user will not be confused. o Easily controllable. All buttons should be at a significant size, for the diver to be able to touch the button on the screen when wearing a glove. o It must be able to run with a small power source. o The system should be made basic and fast responding. o The images are very clear and understandable. o There will be an emergency button. Delphinus: development of digital communication device for divers Final Report 9 1.1.4 Project structure The project is focused in different areas. The main areas are electronics and design, so that is the reason we have divided the team into two sub-groups. One of them is in charge of the electronic section. The other one takes charge of developing the casing and the marketing research. o Looking for and reading materials. o Considering many ways of device design, communication. o Solving construction issues. o Seeking alternatives at different fields of project (e.g. algorithms) o Finding and examining proper materials. o Evaluating electricity consumption and defining a way of power supply. o Evaluating approximate costs of device. o Project management. 1.1.5 Resources o Team members o David Pinilla Ramiro. Telecommunications o Pawel Gorski. Mechatronics o Marcin Samsonowski. Computer science o Tamanna Zirak. Human Technology o Luna Vaquero Aso. Industrial Design o Supervisor: Emil Piper o Laboratory o Electronic stuff o 3D printer o GPW Rooms Delphinus: development of digital communication device for divers Final Report 16 ELECTRONICS Display Choose a display Programming Testing Microcontroller Choose a microcontroller Programming Testing Delphinus: development of digital communication device for divers Final Report 17 1.4 Gantt Chart Delphinus: development of digital 2 Requirements Members of the team Pawel Gorski Mechatronics David Pinilla Ramiro Telecommunications Marcin Samsonowski Computer science development of digital communication device for divers 18 Requirements specifications Members of the team Pawel Gorski Luna Vaquero Aso Mechatronics Industrial Design David Pinilla Ramiro Tamanna Zirak Telecommunications Human Technology Marcin Samsonowski Supervisor: Computer science Emil Piper communication device for divers Final Report Luna Vaquero Aso Industrial Design Tamanna Zirak Human Technology Delphinus: development of digital communication device for divers Final Report 19 Table of contents 2.1 Who, what, when and how? .................................................................................................................... 21 2.2 Purpose ............................................................................................................................................................ 22 2.2.1 Developer .............................................................................................................................................. 22 2.2.2 Customer ............................................................................................................................................... 22 2.2.3 Rules for RS changes ........................................................................................................................ 22 2.2.4 Product Purpose................................................................................................................................. 22 2.3 Product features .......................................................................................................................................... 23 2.3.1 Danger/ accidents ............................................................................................................................. 24 2.4 User characterize ......................................................................................................................................... 25 2.4.1 Man-machine interaction ............................................................................................................... 26 2.5 Product relation ........................................................................................................................................... 32 2.5.1 Hardware .............................................................................................................................................. 32 2.5.2 Software ................................................................................................................................................. 33 2.6 Product function .......................................................................................................................................... 34 2.7 Product limitation ....................................................................................................................................... 34 2.7.1 Hardware .............................................................................................................................................. 34 2.7.2 Interface for other applications ................................................................................................... 35 2.7.3 Safety conditions ................................................................................................................................ 35 2.7.4 Data protocols (format) .................................................................................................................. 35 2.8 Delivery time: .................................................................................... ¡Error! 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Delphinus: development of digital communication device for divers Final Report 20 2.9 Product dependence: ................................................................................................................................. 36 2.9.1 Hardware .............................................................................................................................................. 36 2.10 Functional requirement ............................................................................................................................ 36 2.11 External interface requirement:............................................................................................................ 39 2.12 Quality requirement ................................................................................................................................... 40 2.13 Part delivering (test product ) ............................................................................................................... 41 2.14 Appendix ......................................................................................................................................................... 43 2.14.1 Heuristics of Jakob Nielsen (2010)............................................................................................. 43 2.14.2 Drawings ............................................................................................................................................... 45 Delphinus: development of digital communication device for divers Final Report 21 2.1 Who, what, when and how? Who? The users of the Delphinus are people who are training at diving clubs and professional divers. The diver must be known with the diver’s signs. What? Divers need to communicate with each other under water in order to be safe. The environment underwater is different so the communication is limited. So it is necessary to communicate under water without making all the time eye contact with each other. So the communication there will be a device build that is wireless and works between two or more divers. When? The parameters depend on sea condition, because of the waves and the environment where the divers are in. The device has to work underwater with a depth parameter of minimum 10 meters. Delphinus has to work at distance of minimum 25 and maximum 100 meters between the divers. How? The device is used with Ultra Sonic waves. The device will be used on the arm. The device has a touch screen display. The communication will be visualized with an interface on the display. The divers hand signs will be used for visualization. The divers has to use their finger to use the touch screen. There has to be the possibility to send the message to one or all divers at the same time. Delphinus: development of digital communication device for divers Final Report 22 There will be an emergency and an S.O.S function. The emergency can be send when one of buddy is in danger. It must be available to send the emergency and S.O.S message to all divers in the distance of minimum 25 and maximum 100 meters. 2.2 Purpose 2.2.1 Developer The purpose is to make a working prototype. It is in a further development than the mock-up model from the previous project. 2.2.2 Customer We want the customers to buy the product. The purpose of the device is that it satisfies customer’s requirements. The customers can achieve their aim; communicate wireless under water. 2.2.3 Rules for RS changes • To makes changes in RS it has to be discussed with Emil Piper. • There should be explain which part will be change and why. 2.2.4 Product Purpose The product has to work correctly. If there is some problem with the device then the error/warning message should be understood easily by everyone. It has to be smart. The price has to be cheaper than similar product. If the device is not cheaper, it must have more benefits compared to others. Delphinus: development of digital communication device for divers Final Report 23 2.3 Product features Sealing Delphinus should be charged before using it into water. The battery uses wireless charging. Design (shape) The shape of Delphinus has to fit anyone on wrist/arm. The transport case should be like the packaging from the mobile phone. It has not any sharp-edges. Material It does not weight so much that is uncomfortable to wear. The dimension is less than the mock-up model, so it looks smoother. Delphinus is tough, so it won’t break when it hits accidently to a rock. The product is good visible in diving water. Delphinus has resistances to water and chemical acids. Display (Interface) Delphinus saves energy while being off when it is not used. Colours with short wavelength are used because those colours will be longer visible when getting deeper in the water. A message can be sent to one or all divers. Delphinus has no physical outputs. Delphinus: development of digital communication device for divers Final Report 24 Delphinus turns off when it is not used to for two days. To turn it on, it has to be recharge again. Divers has to control Delphinus by touching the screen. By touching the interface the diver gets feedback on the screen that she/he used the interface. As feedback for receiving a message there is a vibration on the arm. Strap Delphinus has two straps so there is no possibility to lose Delphinus. The strap is adjustable for all size of users. 2.3.1 Danger/ accidents - The user of Delphinus should be aware of the this risks and the risks of diving before diving. - Delphinus is 100% waterproof so there won’t be no electrical danger. - Sudden movements can be produced by crashing with rocks or avoiding aquatic animals and algae. - Users must read the user manual before use it for first time. The device has a few functions; the learning how to use it is easy. - Check before using Delphinus if there is enough power supply. - Do not throw or explore Delphinus to fire. - Keep Delphinus away from toxic materials. - The user shouldn’t open the casing and trying to fix it. - Specialist knowledge: If the Delphinus doesn´t work, the user must send it to the technical service. Delphinus: development of digital communication device for divers Final Report 25 2.4 User characterize The users are recreational and sport divers. Users can be of both sexes and into a large range of ages. But not including children and ancients. They could be novice to intensive user. More information about the user characterize can be found in the Final report (Persona). Delphinus requires the following from the user: - Capabilities to dive - Knowledge related to their tasks - Experience with the hand signals are needed to use the device - Level of proficiency - Healthy diver condition. - The ability to read and write - Good visibility - Non-colour-sensitive - Normal mental - Experience in Delphinus, knows how to interact before the dive - Good and calm reaction against risks or unexpected situations Delphinus: development of digital communication device for divers Final Report 32 2.5 Product relation 2.5.1 Hardware Product has three important parts: casing, hardware and software. Hardware includes display, touch screen, battery, board and acoustic sensors. - OLED Display is used to show messages. - The display has its own microcontroller and memory. - The touch screen is joined to the display. - It will be possible to manage Delphinus by touching the screen, as well as send and read the different signals. - The battery is rechargeable. - It is allocated inside the casing and it is possible to take it out easily. - It supplies power to all the components in Delphinus. - The board is composed of microcontroller, ATMEGA16L, electronic components and the communication system. This is amplifiers, filters and acoustic sensors. - Acoustic sensors are the responsible for sending the ultrasound signal and also for detecting when a signal is incoming and capture it in the system. Delphinus: development of digital communication device for divers Final Report 33 2.5.2 Software Microcontroller in the board is in charge of running the implemented program. In order to handle the input signals, interruptions will be used. When the microcontroller will detect a signal in its input pin, an interruption will be enabled and the process to handle the message will start. If the message is addressed to our device, the analogic-digital converter (ADC) in the microcontroller will transform the signal to a digital one. After that, the right message will be identify and the microcontroller will send it to the display, which will handle it and show it in the screen. Similarly, when the user pushes the screen, the display manage the orders and send them to the microcontroller. If it must send a signal, it takes the different parts of the data, the CRC code and creates the message. Later, the digital-analogic converter (DAC) transforms the signal and puts it in an output pin of the microcontroller. This is connected to the communication part, which converts the signal in an ultrasound wave. The acoustic sensors send it to the other diver. To manage the messages, the display uses its own microcontroller. It is the responsible for showing the drawings in the display, handling the functions after pushing the screen and sending to the ATMEGA16L the right data and orders to send the ultrasound signals. Therefore, it is needed an accurate program that dealt with that. And also, this program must be related with the software in our board. Delphinus: development of digital communication device for divers Final Report 34 2.6 Product function Main function: Make possible the wireless communication between two or more divers. COMPONENT FUNCTION Casing Contain and protect the components Strap Hold the device on the arm Sealing Compile components and makes it waterproof Battery Supplies power Touch Screen Makes product – user – interaction possible Display Visualize information Microcontroller Convert the signal and process the messages 2.7 Product limitation 2.7.1 Hardware - In the worst-case scenario the distance between the divers are minimum within 25 meters. - Delphinus works under good circumstance of the sea within 100 meters distance between divers. - Board, circuits and battery are small as possible in order to the case fits the forearm. - Battery must last more time than the oxygen bottles. - Microcontroller has a 16 KB flash memory. - Microcontroller has a 1 KB SRAM memory. The code is stored in this memory. - Microcontroller has a 512 B EEPROM memory. Delphinus: development of digital communication device for divers Final Report 35 2.7.2 Interface for other applications - There is no other application. 2.7.3 Safety conditions - Case is able to work under water pressure. - Board and circuits are dry. Wetness does not get in the casing. - Connections between parts of the hardware must be clean. - Display and screen are protected against knocks. 2.7.4 Data protocols (format) - The length of a message is 18 bits. - The first 4 bits is receiver ID. - The second 4 bits is sender ID. - Info field is 6 bits. There are 52 possible signals, so we need at least 6 bits to have 64 different possibilities. - Last field is a 4 bit CRC code to check the messages. - In the case receiver ID is 0, the message will be sent to all divers. - Once the receiver gets the message, it is checked through the CRC code. - If the message is wrong, the receiver will send a request for the message again. - Otherwise, if the message is right, the receiver ID field will be read in order to identify it. - Only in the case the message was addressed to our device, info field will be read, stored in the memory and showed in the display. - Interruptions are used to handle the incoming messages. An scheme of the message format can be seen in figure 2. Delphinus: development of digital communication device for divers Final Report 36 2.8 Product dependence: 2.8.1 Hardware - AVR microcontrollers require software like: winAVR, AVR studio. - It requires special programmers like stk 500, jtag. This software can be installed on every pc which has a windows XP or newer. - The software can be downloaded from Atmel website for free. - Software is dedicated to only one microcontroller because each microcontroller has its own architecture. - Active peripherals of the microcontroller can be used for another microcontroller, passive peripherals are depended to each particular microcontroller. These relations are showed in figure 1. Furthermore, there is a functional diagram in figure 3 which explains how the application works. 2.9 Functional requirement Sending and receiving messages The main target of our project is to allow user to send message and another diver to receive it. The issue of diving in groups is the eye contact between divers. It’s not so easy to have such contact at all the time. In case of emergency it can be vital to contact as quickly as possible. Delphinus solves that problem. Sending and receiving messages allows users focusing on something else than eye contact or distance between divers. Presenting signs as comprehensible pictures Delphinus: development of digital communication device for divers Final Report 37 One message corresponds only one sign, as in natural diver’s conversation under water – diver makes some gestures to give the one strict information. Every signal must be as clear as possible. To achieve it, every picture (presenting adequate sign) should be very intuitive. Information and warnings about battery charge There should always be the information on the display, about battery charge, and approximate time to dive with working device. User must know a long time before discharging, how long he can stay under water. Possibility to alarm at all the time Even if the battery is discharged (almost discharged – e.g. battery falls asleep when has only 10% of energy, but not waiting till will be completely discharged) there must be a possibility to raise the alarm. In case of bad visibility, there should be such possibility too. In summary, there should be one big button, active even if device is in sleeping state. User can click it even when he can’t see anything at all. It should be very useful in case of emergency – diver is always safe. Clear and reliable display Display must be tough, because when hitting some obstacles, it can’t hurt – it could be dangerous for diver. It must be clear too. Every unnecessary ornament will make the device less comfortable. Giving the names to users User must be allowed to assign user numbers in his device, to easy and short nicks of other divers. Thanks for that, sending and receiving messages will be quicker and more reliable, when don’t need a time for thinking who is who at list of users on the device. Delphinus: development of digital communication device for divers Final Report 38 User-friendly and convenient interface All of the project parts must be very intuitive. Signs must be grouped in the clever way. Using the device should be almost trivial, nice and helpful. Time of doing all the actions (e.g. sending) is very important, and should be as short as possible. Fast choosing of divers and signs will improve the way of quick using the device. Keyboard and touch screen Input signals come from touch screen. Any keyboard is not needed. Part of screen under the pressure of touch is clicked and activates the actions corresponding to the chosen elements. It is important to make the display tough and resistant to damages, but it must be sensitive enough to receive the actions from user. Modes of operation Our device has 2 modes of operation. The first one is normal mode, which allows using all the functions – sending, receiving or even only waiting for actions. The second is sleeping mode, which only gives the user opportunity to alarm other divers. This mode is activated, when battery is almost discharged (e.g. 10% of total charge). Timer duration Divers need to know how long they are in the water. Now they have a watch, but that would not anymore necessary. The timer is needed to check for example the decompression time. Other Divers carry many tools under water. There is more investigation needed to know if the tools are a burden and which additional feature they would like to have in Delphinus. The information that divers need are: Delphinus: development of digital communication device for divers Final Report 39 - Current depth - Maximum range of depth - Decompression time - Water temperature - Speed of landing - Warning: of maximum of depth range or to fast going up to surface - Compass: underwater navigation when environment changes - Light, if its dark. 2.10 External interface requirement: Hardware interface There is no hardware interface. There are no plugs needed for microphone, speakers or any other sub-assembly. Software interface There is no software for external interface needed. Delphinus does not make any connection with PC. User interface (Man-Machine Interface) Instead of keyboard Delphinus has a touch screen. It will be very convenient way of using it. All the information will be shown on the display, and only way to control the device will be to touch the appropriate buttons on the display. Communication (internet) Delphinus would not make any connection with the internet. Delphinus: development of digital communication device for divers Final Report 40 2.11 Quality requirement User friendliness - The user can achieve his goal with the device. - The diver can send all the signs in distance that are needed without making eye contact to the other diver. - Delphinus fits everyone and the strap is comfortable for all range of users and easy to adjust. - The interface is clear and easy to use for a good interaction. - It has to be learnable; it must not take long time to learn how it works. - It is recognizable. The interface is familiar with user experiences and their expectations on how to use it. - The visibility of the functions will be clear and organized. Reliability - The divers can always communicate in long distance. - The material for the casing is compact. - Delphinus is waterproof. - There is an emergency function. - And a SOS, if the diver is in danger he can send a SOS message to all the other divers by taking one step. - There will be a warning when the battery level is low. - The materials of the casing must be resistant to chloride and other chemical substances. Delphinus: development of digital communication device for divers Final Report 41 Efficiency - There will be no communication errors or troubles with the hardware. - There will be less danger for divers, because the communication is better now. Maintenance - After every dive the user must wash and wipe down Delphinus and make sure that the contacts are dry prior to confectioning it to the charger. - Do not use any chemical product to clean Delphinus. - The device must be waterproof. The casing must be sealed. - If the battery power is getting lower the user should send the device to the technical service. - Delphinus should be not repaired by the user. - Any replacement of the components must be done by the specialist. 2.12 Part delivering (test product ) Delivery of minimum version - Programming of interface - How to ‘create’ a message before sending Hardware requirements - OLED display - Microcontroller - Memory Delphinus: development of digital communication device for divers Final Report 48 Force two: Threat of Entry Like the rivalry, the market for making a digital wireless communication device for divers is not big. It could be that the customers think it’s expensive, or do not see its necessary because they already are used to communicate underwater with hand signals. If the device could be introduced well and has a good price compared to other similar devices the demand will increase because the target group will have faith in the product. Because the target group is big, the device could be introduced to sport divers, search & rescue, diving club, movie industry and military. To all these customers the connection to buy the device are low price and easy usage. Force three: Suppliers power Based on the design there will be parts manufactured. Before starting the process of designing the problems of manufacturing already has been defined and solved. This way the supplier has not a high power during the project. Force five: Buyer power Obviously the buyer power is high. To get the buyer less power, the device should be first introduced to the military and then to rest of the target group because of the military operations in the sea. The government could be interested to help the development of communication device under water. Therefore not only Denmark but also other countries will be interested in case of expanding. Delphinus: development of digital communication device for divers Final Report 49 3.2 SWOT – analysis Strength The strength of the project is that we are a multidisciplinary teamproject. The development of the device will have different study views, electronics & programming, designing & marketing. Using the strategy to introduce it to military will give the rest of the target group awareness of the device existence. Weakness Over the years there has been some technological development taken place for an example to make pictures under water and a communication device that allows surface personnel to talk with divers in the water or vice versa (Ocean Reef M100 Portable Surface Transceiver Unit (http://www.scuba.com, 2010)) The technology possibilities to make a wireless communication device underwater is not tried often except by the competitor with UDI, because it’s difficult and its high price. If the product is still expensive nobody would buy it. Opportunities Because Seahorse is a small diving club the main focus would be on Danish sellers with the idea to expand. There has to be possibilities to add some new features or making improvement to the current features during the product lifecycle. Then there will be different target group interested. Delphinus: development of digital communication device for divers Final Report 50 Threats Threats could be any other innovation company who wants to cooperate with the military to develop a new device. If the also use the penetration strategy, this could be harmful for Seahorse. Another threat could be if the design is more focused on usability. 3.3 Market and sales strategy The market and sales strategy of the previous project will be used (Team 9 – Final report, 2009). The strategy is to operate on a business-to-business market and because nowadays people buy online it’s a good strategy to have a small business-to-consumer sale from a website. Apart from that online selling is easier, there is not much staff needed, no indoor keeping, charges, so it’s cheaper. Another reason is that you do not have a large target group at one place, they are dispersed. Because the company has not to offer different kind of products, the relation with the consumer is not important to be close. On the other hand the business-to-business requires the relationship to be close. Customers from business-to-business could buy more amount of the device in case of improvement to the device. So it is good to win the loyalty of the customers. Positioning Positioning in the market is essential. If a company does not distinguish from another, the company has to compete with everyone. The company could position in different ways like on its functions or target group. While doing research about the competitors of Seahorse it is better to position in price and design (usability). Delphinus: development of digital communication device for divers Final Report 51 Compared to the competitors if it is cheaper, the number of customers will increase. If it cannot be cheaper, the positioning strategy should be on the design. Nowadays the aspect usability gets more attention of the design. If a user has not good interaction with the product, it makes the product worthless. Promotion After releasing the product, there has to be made an advertisement to show how the product is used. Why it satisfy the requirements of divers on communicating under water. This ad will be short and will be shown to potential customers. Apart from the promotion to the business-to-business customers the product will also be promoted by: • Mouth-to-mouth advertisement: introducing the product to diving clubs there will be mouth to mouth advertisement. This will go very fast and people will also tell each other for example on diving blogs. • Demonstration to the military on how to use the product will be shown. And in commercial of the government for joining the military; the product will be used to let people see how the operation under water takes place using the product. Pricing strategy This document about pricing strategy is copied from the previous team. It copied because this group will also use their strategy. By analyzing other areas of diving products such as diving watches, a need of regular servicing of the product will be needed. Therefore it has been decided that the company’s concept is to sell the actual product at a lower price, but then producing a servicing contract with the individuals. Delphinus: development of digital communication device for divers Final Report 52 This ensures both that equipment will be up to date and working, but also ensure fixed income in the years to come. This strategic strategy is called penetration pricing, and with other words called a product service bundle pricing, which hopefully will gain percentages of the market. However the team’s focus for now is the Danish market, but will also be sell to the rest of the world via the website. This means that product servicing from large distance could occur, and needs to be taken into account. Mainly the issue will be the transport back and forth, which will have a high cost. This means that the servicing deals have to be differentiated compared to where the consumer lives, but also how many devices the consumer have purchased. The price of the servicing deal maybe needs to be adjusted later on, because knowledge of the parts wear ability has not yet been gained, and therefore could change the price remarkably. When trying to establish a quick overview of what kind of price would be reasonable for this product, the team has to bear these issues in mind:  Development and manufacturing costs of the product  Ensure a reasonable margin of income for the company.  Compared to existing products, set a lower product price to gain sale.  Introduce the monthly or yearly prescription of servicing deals. Hopefully by introducing a lower cost price compared to the competitors, but making contracts to gain income instead will be a success. But the company is not in a position to try a different approach later on. Delphinus: development of digital communication device for divers Final Report 53 Already this product has a low limited customer market, which means that the feasibility of selling such a product onto the market already has low odds of succeeding. Production Looking at the advantage and disadvantage the company will have more disadvantages if they would produce it themselves. That the reason why they don’t want to produce it. It will cost the diving club a lot and it will only survive if the sales numbers are high. So if the production is done by some company there will be (Team 9 – Final report, 2009)):  Higher production costs of the different components, because the companies producing the different parts also want to earn money.  Lower degree of the possibility to control when and how many parts are available to buy. The company would be totally dependent on the distribution chain from the other companies to this company.  Low one off costs to obtain equipment for assembling the product.  Lower number of employees.  Better solution for a market that is limited. So it is better to produce the product by other companies. If the number of customers increase it is better for the company to produce it by their own. But it is not expected to increase very well, because of the small group and because of the price of the product. The best option would be to produce it in China, so the cost are low. Delphinus: development of digital communication device for divers Final Report 54 4 Design 4.1 Morphological chart Delphinus: development of digital communication device for divers Final Report 55 Display • Bendable  Advantages: The product must be fit on the forearm so it would be a great goal if the display could be bended to  Disadvantages: This kind of display is a recent technology and it is not enough developed. It is impossible to find an appropriate bendable display for Delphinus on the actual market. For that reason the price would be higher. • Flat  Advantages: There are lots of displays on the market, so we have a large range of displays with different characteristics and sizes to choose the most suitable for our device. It is cheaper.  Disadvantages: It is not bendable. Shape • Square & flat  Advantages: It is a simple shape. The manufacture of the housing would be easier.  Disadvantages: Edges can be dangerous for the user. They must be avoided. The display is not protected from possible external damages. • Square & bended  Advantages: Is it compact. This shape fits properly the internal components.  Disadvantages: It would be better combined with a bendable display. • Rounded & flat  Advantages: It is a simple shape. The manufacture of the housing would be easier.  Disadvantages: It takes more space than the square shape. The device must be as small as possible. Edges must be avoided. • Rounded & bended Delphinus: development of digital communication device for divers Final Report 56  Advantages: This shape fits properly the internal components.  Disadvantages: It takes more space than the square shape. The device must be as small as possible. Internal components • Beside de display  Advantages: The thickness of the device is thinner.  Disadvantages: It is longer. • Under the display  Advantages: The product is shorter  Disadvantages: It is thicker Position • Position 1  Advantages: It is more comfortable for the divers when they are using touching the screen.  Disadvantages: It is less comfortable for the divers when they are moving underwater. • Position 2  Advantages: The screen is more protected from shocks.  Disadvantages: The muscles of the forearm could be in tension. Strap • Buckle  Advantages: It is a versatile system to adjust a product.  Disadvantages: The materials are not suitable. It is not easy for the user to close the buckle on its own. • “Belt” Delphinus: development of digital communication device for divers Final Report 57  Advantages: It is user friendly  Disadvantages: The material of the strap is not flexible enough. • Click buckle  Advantages: User friendly. There is a large range of sizes on the market.  Disadvantages: • Velcro  Advantages: It would be the easiest and fastest way to fit the device.  Disadvantages: This material doesn’t work well underwater for a long time. The straps would have been replaced in a short-term. Sealed • System 1  Advantages: Easier and lower costs of manufacture  Disadvantages: It is not waterproof • System 2  Advantages: waterproof  Disadvantages: The thickness must be at least 4 mm • System 3  Advantages: it is a improved version of system 2  Disadvantages: The thickness must be at least 4 mm • System 4  Advantages: it is a improved version of system 2  Disadvantages: The thickness must be at least 5 mm Delphinus: development of digital communication device for divers Final Report 64 3_ Bottom casing 4_ Screw ring Quantity 1 General dimensions (mm) 124 x 89 x 16 Material ABS (thermoplastic) Manufacturing process Injection molding Quantity 1 General dimensions ø4 x 2 Material PU rubber (elastomer)/ Silicone (elastomer) Manufacturing process Injection molding Delphinus: development of digital 5_ “O-ring” The following components aren’t produced by the manufacturer company. 6_ Display 7_ Battery development of digital communication device for divers 65 The following components aren’t produced by the manufacturer company. Quantity Material Manufacturing process Quantity External dimensions (mm) 103,5 x 67 x 2,05 Type Quantity Type Dimensions (mm) communication device for divers Final Report The following components aren’t produced by the manufacturer company. 1 PU rubber (elastomer)/ Silicone (elastomer) Injection molding 1 103,5 x 67 x 2,05 AMOLED 1 Li-Ion 61,5 x 34,5 x 4,85 Delphinus: development of digital 8_ Screen Protector 9_Touchscreen 10_ Microcontroller 11_Strap development of digital communication device for divers 66 Quantity Dimensions (mm) Quantity Type Dimensions (mm) Quantity Model Quantity Type Length (mm) communication device for divers Final Report 1 97 x 55 x 0,5 1 5- wide resistive 97 x 55 x 0,5 1 ATMEGA16L 2 Click buckle 60 Delphinus: development of digital 12_ Screw 13_ Mainboard development of digital communication device for divers 67 Quantity Dimensions ISO rule Quantity Dimensions 116 x 81 x 2 communication device for divers Final Report 6 M2x10 1207 1 116 x 81 x 2 Delphinus: development of digital 4.3.2 General dimensions development of digital communication device for divers 68 dimensions communication device for divers Final Report Delphinus: development of digital 4.3.3 Logo development of digital communication device for divers 69 communication device for divers Final Report Delphinus: development of digital communication device for divers Final Report 70 4.4 CE marking CE is an acronym for the French phrase "Conformite Europeene" and is similar to the UL or CSA marks of North America. Unlike UL or CSA which require independent laboratory testing, the CE mark can be applied by the manufacturer through a "self certifying" procedure that verify that products are designed to the appropriate standards. The European Union has issued 24 directives related to the CE mark. Before manufacturers and exporters can CE-mark their products and legally sell them to, or within, the European common market, they must be in compliance with the applicable CE Marking Directive. • The CE mark states that the manufacturer complies the product to be within applicable EU directives. Note! The CE Marking is not a safety mark and must not be confused with a certificate. CE marking will never be granted by a third party test house or a certification body. 1) The manufacturer is responsible for non-compliance and liable for any damage caused by the product. If the manufacturer (or his authorized representative) is not based within the EU, the importer is responsible for the product in Europe. If a product is not in compliance with the directives, it may be restricted, prohibited from sale or even withdrawn from the market. Reference: (2010, http://www.engineeringtoolbox.com/ce-marking-d_453.html) Delphinus: development of digital communication device for divers Final Report 71 General principles of the CE marking 1. The CE marking shall be affixed only by the manufacturer or his authorized representative. 2. The CE marking shall be affixed only to products to which its affixing is provided for by specific Community harmonization legislation, and shall not be affixed to any other product. 3. By affixing or having affixed the CE marking, the manufacturer indicates that he takes responsibility for the conformity of the product with all applicable requirements set out in the relevant Community harmonization legislation providing for its affixing. 4. The CE marking shall be the only marking which attests the conformity of the product with the applicable requirements of the relevant Community harmonization legislation providing for its affixing. 5. The affixing to a product of markings, signs or inscriptions which are likely to mislead third parties regarding the meaning or form of the CE marking shall be prohibited. Any other marking may be affixed to the product provided that the visibility, legibility and meaning of the CE marking is not thereby impaired. 6. Member States shall ensure the correct implementation of the regime governing the CE marking and take appropriate action in the event of improper use of the marking. Member States shall also provide for penalties for infringements, which may include criminal sanctions for serious infringements. Those penalties shall be proportionate to the seriousness of the offence and constitute an effective deterrent against improper use. Reference: (2010, http://www.ce-marking.org/what-is-ce-marking.html) Delphinus: development of digital communication device for divers Final Report 72 4.5 IP code The IP Code (or International Protection Rating, sometimes also interpreted as Ingress Protection Rating) consists of the letters IP followed by two digits and an optional letter. As defined in international standard IEC 60529, it classifies the degrees of protection provided against the intrusion of solid objects (including body parts like hands and fingers), dust, accidental contact, and water in electrical enclosures. The standard aims to provide users more detailed information than vague marketing terms such as waterproof. The digits (characteristic numerals) indicate conformity with the conditions summarized in the tables below. Where there is no protection rating with regard to one of the criteria, the digit is replaced with the letter X. 4.5.1 Solids, first digit The first digit indicates the level of protection that the enclosure provides against access to hazardous parts (e.g., electrical conductors, moving parts) and the ingress of solid foreign objects. Level Object size protected against Effective against 0 — No protection against contact and ingress of objects 1 >50 mm Any large surface of the body, such as the back of a hand, but no protection against deliberate contact with a body part 2 >12.5 mm Fingers or similar objects 3 >2.5 mm Tools, thick wires, etc. 4 >1 mm Most wires, screws, etc. 5 Dust protected Ingress of dust is not entirely prevented, but it must not enter in Delphinus: development of digital communication device for divers Final Report 73 sufficient quantity to interfere with the satisfactory operation of the equipment; complete protection against contact 6 Dust tight No ingress of dust; complete protection against contact 4.5.2 Liquids, second digit Protection of the equipment inside the enclosure against harmful ingress of water. Level Protected against Testing for Details 0 Not protected — — 1 Dripping water Dripping water (vertically falling drops) shall have no harmful effect. Test duration: 10 minutes Water equivalent to 3- 5mm rainfall per minute 2 Dripping water when tilted up to 15° Vertically dripping water shall have no harmful effect when the enclosure is tilted at an angle up to 15° from its normal position. Test duration: 10 minutes Water equivalent to 3- 5mm rainfall per minute 3 Spraying water Water falling as a spray at any angle up to 60° from the vertical shall have no harmful effect. Test duration: 5 minutes Water Volume: 0.7 Delphinus: development of digital communication device for divers Final Report 80 UBRRL = (unsigned char)ubrr; /* Enable transmitter */ UCSRB = (1<<TXEN); /* Set frame format: 8data, 1stop bit */ UCSRC = (1<<URSEL)|(3<<UCSZ0); } void USART_Transmit( unsigned char data ) { /* Wait for empty transmit buffer */ while ( !( UCSRA & (1<<UDRE)) ); /* Put data into buffer, sends the data */ UDR = data; } int main( void ) { USART_Init ( MYUBRR ); DDRD = 0xFF; //Port D outputs //Send data USART char data = 0x01; //Serial 8bit RGB (DE) PORTD = 0x0E; //Pin 14 Low Level --> NCS;NRESET, SCL USART_Transmit (data); //SDA PORTD = 0x0F; //Pin 14 High Level --> NCS; } Delphinus: development of digital communication device for divers Final Report 81 Last code is made to configure USART settings. As it was said in programming chapter, we used USART to fix the display mode. There, it is explained in detail. Display datasheet. The attached file is called displaySheet.pdf. It contains Bolymin bl043acrnb$ documentation. Connector datasheet. The connector specifications are included in the document fh26-71s- 0.3shw.pdf. Delphinus: development of digital 6 Process of making adaptor Our aim is to make a proper PCB with 71 small lines for OLED 1. First step is to do a draw, and we did in INKSCAPE. INKSCAPE is a application. It is distributed under a 2. Nex t we had to make a printout on transparent paper (we've had a big problems with resolution of printer) . 3. Than it should be exposed for 300 sec. on UV. Overexpose is better than underexpose. After that we could see yellowish color paths: development of digital communication device for divers 82 Process of making adaptor Our aim is to make a proper PCB with 71 small lines for OLED connector: First step is to do a draw, and we did in INKSCAPE. INKSCAPE is a application. It is distributed under a free software license, the GNU GPL t we had to make a printout on transparent paper (we've had a big problems with Than it should be exposed for 300 sec. on UV. Overexpose is better than underexpose. After that we could see yellowish color paths: communication device for divers Final Report connector: First step is to do a draw, and we did in INKSCAPE. INKSCAPE is a vector graphics editor GPL . t we had to make a printout on transparent paper (we've had a big problems with Than it should be exposed for 300 sec. on UV. Overexpose is better than underexpose. Delphinus: development of digital 4. After that we put board to the bath with NaOH 1,5% for about 40s.: 5. The last step is to put it to pcb etching container with bubbles: The hardest thing was to print 71 lines 0.12 mm thick and with distance between them 0,3mm. Our printers didn't have e lines with the same size in INKSCAPE were on the paper thicker than the others. There will be probably better if we used the plastic paper to print on it. development of digital communication device for divers 83 After that we put board to the bath with NaOH 1,5% for about 40s.: The last step is to put it to pcb etching container with bubbles: The hardest thing was to print 71 lines 0.12 mm thick and with distance between them 0,3mm. Our printers didn't have e nough good resolution to make a satisfactory printout. Some of the lines with the same size in INKSCAPE were on the paper thicker than the others. There will be probably better if we used the plastic paper to print on it. communication device for divers Final Report After that we put board to the bath with NaOH 1,5% for about 40s.: The hardest thing was to print 71 lines 0.12 mm thick and with distance between them 0,3mm. nough good resolution to make a satisfactory printout. Some of the lines with the same size in INKSCAPE were on the paper thicker than the others. There will be Delphinus: development of digital communication device for divers Final Report 84 7 Software design 7.1 Applications used We were programming in Microsoft Visual Studio 2010. StarUML application was used to make UML diagrams. 7.1.1 Code of simulation application We would like to present a code of simulation application, which can be wisely utilized. We won’t give many comments here –it should be clear enough for those who know c# language. However we think it’s not a good place to explain c# basis. 7.1.2 MainWindow.xaml file: <Window x:Class="EPS.MainWindow" xmlns="http://schemas.microsoft.com/winfx/2006/xaml/presentation" xmlns:x="http://schemas.microsoft.com/winfx/2006/xaml" Title="EPS: Experimental State Diagram Simulation" Height="400" Width="600"> <Grid> <Grid.ColumnDefinitions> <ColumnDefinition Width="1*" /> <ColumnDefinition Width="3*" /> </Grid.ColumnDefinitions> <Grid Name="ButtonGrid" Grid.Column="0"> <Grid.RowDefinitions> <RowDefinition Height="1*" /> <RowDefinition Height="1*" /> <RowDefinition Height="1*" /> <RowDefinition Height="1*" /> <RowDefinition Height="1*" /> <RowDefinition Height="1*" /> <RowDefinition Height="1*" /> <RowDefinition Height="1*" /> <RowDefinition Height="1*" /> <RowDefinition Height="1*" /> </Grid.RowDefinitions> Delphinus: development of digital communication device for divers Final Report 85 <Label Name="stateName" Margin="3" Grid.Row="0" FontSize="11" FontFamily="Times New Roman" FontWeight="Bold" Foreground="#FFFF8000" VerticalAlignment="Center" HorizontalAlignment="Center"/> <Label Name="simulateLabel" Margin="3" Grid.Row="1" FontSize="12" FontFamily="Times New Roman" FontWeight="Bold" Foreground="#FF008080" VerticalAlignment="Center" HorizontalAlignment="Center">Simulate</Label> <Button Name="button1" Margin="5" Grid.Row="2" Click="ButtonClick"></Button> <Button Name="button2" Margin="5" Grid.Row="3" Click="ButtonClick"></Button> <Button Name="button3" Margin="5" Grid.Row="4" Click="ButtonClick"></Button> <Button Name="button4" Margin="5" Grid.Row="5" Click="ButtonClick"></Button> <Button Name="button5" Margin="5" Grid.Row="6" Click="ButtonClick"></Button> <Button Name="button6" Margin="5" Grid.Row="7" Click="ButtonClick"></Button> <Button Name="button7" Margin="5" Grid.Row="8" Click="ButtonClick"></Button> <Button Name="button8" Margin="5" Grid.Row="9" Click="ButtonClick"></Button> </Grid> <Grid Name="DisplayGrid" Grid.Column="1" Margin="10"></Grid> </Grid> </Window> Delphinus: development of digital communication device for divers Final Report 86 7.1.3 MainWindow.xaml.cs file: using System.Collections.Generic; using System.Windows; using System.Windows.Controls; namespace EPS { public partial class MainWindow { public State State; public Dictionary<string, State> Transitions; // name of action available, name of destination state public MainWindow() { InitializeComponent(); Transitions = new Dictionary<string, State>(); FillTransitions(); ProceedTransition("Init"); } #region fill all transitions private void FillTransitions() { Transitions.Add("Init", new InitialState()); // from the start Transitions.Add("Recover message", new RecoveringMessageState()); // from InitialState Transitions.Add("Message found", new ReadyToReadState()); // from RecoveringMessageState Transitions.Add("Message not found", new StandbyState()); // from RecoveringMessageState Transitions.Add("Critical energy alert", new FinalState()); // from StandbyState Transitions.Add("Receive message", new ReadyToReadState()); // from StandbyState Transitions.Add("Danger signal", new AlertState()); // from StandbyState & ReadyState Transitions.Add("S.O.S. signal", new AlertState()); // from StandbyState & ReadyState Transitions.Add("Touch the screen", new ReadyState()); // from StandbyState Delphinus: development of digital communication device for divers Final Report 87 Transitions.Add("Turn-off signal", new FinalState()); // from StandbyState Transitions.Add("Turn-off and save", new SavingMessageState()); // from ReadyToReadState & ShowMessageState Transitions.Add("Low energy - save", new SavingMessageState()); // from ReadyToReadState & ShowMessageState Transitions.Add("Allow to read", new ShowMessageState()); // from ReadyToReadState Transitions.Add("Close message", new ReadyState()); // from ShowMessageState Transitions.Add("Turn-off", new FinalState()); // from SavingMessageState & ReadyState & ChoosingASignState & ChoosingADiverState & ReadyToSendState Transitions.Add("Sleep / timeout", new StandbyState()); // from ReadyState Transitions.Add("Interruption", new SavingState()); // from ReadyState & ChoosingASignState & ChoosingADiverState & ReadyToSendState Transitions.Add("Start sending", new ChoosingASignState()); // from ReadyState Transitions.Add("Low energy - sleep", new StandbyState()); // from ReadyState & ChoosingASignState & ChoosingADiverState & ReadyToSendState Transitions.Add("Choose sign", new ChoosingADiverState()); // from ChoosingASignState Transitions.Add("Cancel sending", new ReadyState()); // from ChoosingASignState & ChoosingADiverState & ReadyToSendState Transitions.Add("Choose diver", new ReadyToSendState()); // from ChoosingADiverState Transitions.Add("Confirm sending", new ReadyState()); // from ReadyToSendState Transitions.Add("Read after saving", new ReadyToReadState()); // from SavingState Transitions.Add("Cancel alert", new ReadyState()); // from AlertState Transitions.Add("Confirm alert", new ReadyState()); // from AlertState Transitions.Add("Start again", new InitialState()); // from FinalState } #endregion Delphinus: development of digital communication device for divers Final Report 88 #region buttonClick event handlers void ProceedTransition(string text) { State = Transitions[text]; stateName.Content = State.GetType().Name; FillButtons(State.GetActionsAvailable()); State.ChangeScreen(DisplayGrid); } private void ButtonClick(object sender, RoutedEventArgs e) { ProceedTransition(((Button)sender).Content.ToString()); } #endregion #region filling buttons private static void FillButton(string s, Button btk) { if (string.IsNullOrEmpty(s)) { btk.Content = ""; btk.Visibility = Visibility.Hidden; return; } btk.Content = s; btk.Visibility = Visibility.Visible; } public void FillButtons(List<string> actions) { if (actions.Count < 1) MessageBox.Show("No actions found !"); FillButton(actions.Count >= 1 ? actions[0] : null, button1); FillButton(actions.Count >= 2 ? actions[1] : null, button2); FillButton(actions.Count >= 3 ? actions[2] : null, button3); FillButton(actions.Count >= 4 ? actions[3] : null, button4); FillButton(actions.Count >= 5 ? actions[4] : null, button5); FillButton(actions.Count >= 6 ? actions[5] : null, button6); FillButton(actions.Count >= 7 ? actions[6] : null, button7); FillButton(actions.Count >= 8 ? actions[7] : null, button8); if (actions.Count >= 9) MessageBox.Show("Too less buttons !"); } #endregion } } Delphinus: development of digital communication device for divers Final Report 89 7.1.4 State.cs file: using System.Collections.Generic; using System.Windows.Controls; using System.Windows.Media; namespace EPS { #region state public class State { protected List<string> ActionsAvailable = new List<string>(); protected State() { ActionsAvailable.Clear(); } public List<string> GetActionsAvailable() { return ActionsAvailable; } public virtual void ChangeScreen(Grid g) { //MessageBox.Show(this.GetType().Name); g.Background = new SolidColorBrush(Color.FromArgb(255, 255, 255, 255)); g.Children.Clear(); } } #endregion #region initial state public class InitialState : State { public InitialState() : base() { ActionsAvailable.Add("Recover message"); } public override void ChangeScreen(Grid g) { base.ChangeScreen(g); g.Background = new SolidColorBrush(Color.FromArgb(255, 128, 128, 0)); } } #endregion 3 Document No.: 1. Purpose: This documentation defines general product specification for OLED module supplied by BOLYMIN. The information described in this technical specification is tentative. Please Contact BOLYMIN’s representative while your product is modified. 2. General Description:  Driving Mode: Active Matrix  Color Mode: Full Color (16M color)  Driver IC: HX5116, COG Assembly Interface: 8bit serial RGB and 24bit parallel RGB interface  Application: Portable DVD, PMP, GPS, Photo Frame etc. 3. Mechanical Data: No. Items Specification Unit 1 Diagonal Size 4.3 Inch 2 Resolution 480 RGB x 272 3 Pixel Pitch H: 0.198 V: 0.198 um 4 Active Area 95.0 x 53.8 mm 5 Outline Area 103.5 x 67 mm 6 Thickness 2.05 mm 7 Weight TBD g 4. Maximum ratings: Symbol Parameter Value Unit VCC Logic Supply Voltage -0.3 to +3.6 V VCI Analog Supply Voltage -0.3 to +3.6 V Tstg Storage Temperature -40 to +85 к Table 7.1 Maximum ratings Maximum ratings are those values beyond which damages to the device may occur. Functional operation should be restricted to the limits in the Electrical Characteristics tables or Pin Description section. Unused outputs must be left open. 4 Document No.: 5. Electrical Characteristic: 5.1 DC Characteristic DC Characteristics (Unless otherwise specified, Voltage Referenced to VSS = 0V, VCC = 1.5 to 3.6V, TA= -20 to 70C) Parameter Symbol Test condition Min. Typ. Max. Unit System power supply pins of the logic block VCC - 1.5 - 3.6 V Booster Reference Supply Voltage Range VCI - 3.0 - 3.6 V DDVDH Output Voltage 1 DDVDH Set CP1X=0 4.9 5.1 5.3 V DDVDH Output Voltage 2 DDVDH Set CP1X=1 5.8 6.0 6.2 V VGAM1OUT Output Voltage 1 VGAM1OUT Set CP1X=0 4.7 4.8 4.9 V VGAM1OUT Output Voltage 2 VGAM1OUT Set CP1X=1 5.7 5.8 5.9 V Gate driver High Output Voltage VGH - +3 - +8 V Gate driver Low Output Voltage VGL - -8 - -3 V OLED Diode Refer Voltage ARREF - -8 - +8 V Logic High Output Voltage VOH Iout=-400ȝA 0.8 * VCC - VCC V Logic Low Output Voltage VOL Iout=400ȝA 0 - 0.2 * VCC V Logic High Input voltage VIH 0.8 * VCC - VCC V Logic Low Input voltage VIL - 0 - 0.2 * VCC V Logic Input Current IIL/IIH No pull up or pull low -1 - 1 μA Pull high resistance RH Pull up pins 600 900 1200 Kȍ Pull low resistance RL Pull low pins 600 900 1200 Kȍ High Output Current IOH S1~S107, Vo=4.9V vs. 4V 50 - - μA Low Output Current IOL S1~S107, Vo=0.1V vs. 1V - - -50 μA Output leakage Current IOZ - -1 - 1 μA Output voltage offset VOS S1~S107, Vo=0.1V~DDVDH-0.1V ±10 mV Output voltage deviation VOD S1~S107, Vo=0.1V~DDVDH-0.1V ±10 mV Analog standby current ISTB VCI=3.0V, Stand by mode - 10 uA Analog operating current IVCI VCI=3.0V, S1~S160 no load - 20 mA Logic Pins Input Capacitance CIN - - 5 7.5 pF 5 Document No.: 5.2 AC Characteristic 5.2.1 AC Electrical Characteristics 6 Document No.: Clock and Data input waveforms Define the HSYNC to VSYNC timing for RGB mode 7 Document No.: 5.2.2 480RGB X 272 serial RGB interface 5.2.2 480RGB X 272 parallel RGB interface 8 Document No.: Serial RGB Horizontal Data Format Parallel RGB Horizontal Data Format Digital RGB Vertical Data Format 9 Document No.: 6. Electro-Optical Characteristic: Items Symbol Min Typ. Max Unit Remark Operating Luminance L 170 200 230 Cd/m2(1)(5) Power Consumption Pon 700 950 mW 30% pixels on (1) Maximum Current Icc 220 302 mA (1) Response Time Tres 50 uS (2) CIEx (White) Wx 0.26 0.31 0.36 - (5) CIEy (White) Wy 0.28 0.33 0.38 - (5) CIEx (Red) Rx 0.62 0.66 0.70 - (5) CIEy( Red) Ry 0.30 0.34 0.38 - (5) CIEx (Green) Gx 0.25 0.29 0.33 - (5) CIEy( Green) Gy 0.62 0.66 0.70 - (5) CIEx (Blue) Bx 0.11 0.15 0.19 - (5) CIEy( Blue) By 0.12 0.16 0.20 - (5) Viewing Angle VA 160 170 Degree (3) Contrast CR 5000:1 10000:1 (4) Operation Lifetime LTop 20000 Hrs (1)(6) Note: Measuring surrounding: dark room Surrounding temperature: 25oC 1. Test condition: ʳʳ a. AR_VDD= 5.2V +/-0.03V, AR_VSS= -4.8V +/-0.03V b. IC Initial Register Setting: 24-bit parallel RGB (DE) Index_out(0x04); Parameter_out(0x23); //set display mode 24-bit parallel RGB (DE) Index_out(0x05); Parameter_out(0x82); //set display mode Index_out(0x07); Parameter_out(0x0F); //set driver capability Index_out(0x34); Parameter_out(0x18); //set display timing Index_out(0x35); Parameter_out(0x28); //set display timing Index_out(0x36); Parameter_out(0x16); //set display timing Index_out(0x37); Parameter_out(0x01); //set display timing Index_out(0x02); Parameter_out(0x02); //OTP On Index_out(0x0A); Parameter_out(0x79); //VGHVGL=+/-6V 10 Document No.: Index_out(0x09); Parameter_out(0x26); //VGAM1OUT=5.0V Index_out(0x10); Parameter_out(0x07); //set R slop Index_out(0x11); Parameter_out(0x08); //set G slop Index_out(0x12); Parameter_out(0x07); //set B slop Index_out(0x13); Parameter_out(0x00); //set R_0 Index_out(0x14); Parameter_out(0x01); //set R_10 Index_out(0x15); Parameter_out(0x02); //set R_36 Index_out(0x16); Parameter_out(0x01); //set R_80 Index_out(0x17); Parameter_out(0x02); //set R_124 Index_out(0x18); Parameter_out(0x02); //set R_168 Index_out(0x19); Parameter_out(0x03); //set R_212 Index_out(0x1A); Parameter_out(0x06); //set R_255 Index_out(0x1B); Parameter_out(0x00); //set G_0 Index_out(0x1C); Parameter_out(0x02); //set G_10 Index_out(0x1D); Parameter_out(0x00); //set G_36 Index_out(0x1E); Parameter_out(0x01); //set G_80 Index_out(0x1F); Parameter_out(0x02); //set G_124 Index_out(0x20); Parameter_out(0x03); //set G_168 Index_out(0x21); Parameter_out(0x03); //set G_212 Index_out(0x22); Parameter_out(0x05); //set G_255 Index_out(0x23); Parameter_out(0x00); //set G_0 Index_out(0x24); Parameter_out(0x03); //set B_10 Index_out(0x25); Parameter_out(0x06); //set B_36 Index_out(0x26); Parameter_out(0x07); //set B_80 Index_out(0x27); Parameter_out(0x06); //set B_124 Index_out(0x28); Parameter_out(0x05); //set B_168 Index_out(0x29); Parameter_out(0x05); //set B_212 Index_out(0x2A); Parameter_out(0x08); //set B_255 Index_out(0x06); Parameter_out(0x03); //set display on AR_VDD= +5.2V AR_VSS= -4.8V 8-bit serial RGB (DE) Index_out(0x04); Parameter_out(0x21); //set display mode 8-bit serial RGB (DE) Index_out(0x05); Parameter_out(0x82); //set display mode Index_out(0x07); Parameter_out(0x0F); //set driver capability Index_out(0x34); Parameter_out(0x48); //set display timing Index_out(0x35); Parameter_out(0x78); //set display timing 11 Document No.: Index_out(0x36); Parameter_out(0x42); //set display timing Index_out(0x37); Parameter_out(0x01); //set display timing Index_out(0x02); Parameter_out(0x02); //OTP On Index_out(0x0A); Parameter_out(0x79); //VGHVGL=+/-6V Index_out(0x09); Parameter_out(0x26); //VGAM1OUT=5.0V Index_out(0x10); Parameter_out(0x07); //set R slop Index_out(0x11); Parameter_out(0x08); //set G slop Index_out(0x12); Parameter_out(0x07); //set B slop Index_out(0x13); Parameter_out(0x00); //set R_0 Index_out(0x14); Parameter_out(0x01); //set R_10 Index_out(0x15); Parameter_out(0x02); //set R_36 Index_out(0x16); Parameter_out(0x01); //set R_80 Index_out(0x17); Parameter_out(0x02); //set R_124 Index_out(0x18); Parameter_out(0x02); //set R_168 Index_out(0x19); Parameter_out(0x03); //set R_212 Index_out(0x1A); Parameter_out(0x06); //set R_255 Index_out(0x1B); Parameter_out(0x00); //set G_0 Index_out(0x1C); Parameter_out(0x02); //set G_10 Index_out(0x1D); Parameter_out(0x00); //set G_36 Index_out(0x1E); Parameter_out(0x01); //set G_80 Index_out(0x1F); Parameter_out(0x02); //set G_124 Index_out(0x20); Parameter_out(0x03); //set G_168 Index_out(0x21); Parameter_out(0x03); //set G_212 Index_out(0x22); Parameter_out(0x05); //set G_255 Index_out(0x23); Parameter_out(0x00); //set G_0 Index_out(0x24); Parameter_out(0x03); //set B_10 Index_out(0x25); Parameter_out(0x06); //set B_36 Index_out(0x26); Parameter_out(0x07); //set B_80 Index_out(0x27); Parameter_out(0x06); //set B_124 Index_out(0x28); Parameter_out(0x05); //set B_168 Index_out(0x29); Parameter_out(0x05); //set B_212 Index_out(0x2A); Parameter_out(0x08); //set B_255 Index_out(0x06); Parameter_out(0x03); //set display on AR_VDD= +5.2V AR_VSS= -4.8V 12 Document No.: 2. Response Time test condition 100% 90% 10% T r Tf Time 3. Viewing angle test condition: 4. Contrast Luminance with all pixels white CR = Luminance with all pixels black 5. Optical tester: CA210 6. Brightness of 30% power consumption. Operating Life Time is defined when the luminance has decayed to less than 50% of the initial measured luminance before life test. ӿ=270 Vss(GND) 1 0.3mm Contact Pitch, 1mm above the board, Flexible Printed Circuit ZIF Connectors FH26 Series 2004.8 16.8mm ■Features 1. Extremely light weight The typical version, with all 51 contacts loaded, weights only 0.1 grams. 2. Easy solderability on the PC board The soldering leads are on 0.6 mm pitch, exiting on front and back of the connector. 3. Conductive traces on the PCB can run under the connector No exposed contacts on the bottom of the connector. 4. Easy FPC insertion and reliable electrical connection Proven Flip LockR actuator allows easy insertion of FPC. Tactile sensation when fully closed confirms complete electrical and mechanical connection. 5. Accepts standard thickness FPC 0.2mm thick standard Flexible Printed Circuit board can be used. This is the only ultra-low profile ZIF connector allowing the use of standard FPC. 6. Board placement with automatic equipment Flat top surface and packaging on the tape-and-reel allows use of vacuum nozzles. Standard reel contains 5,000 connectors. ■Applications Mobile phones, PDA's, digital cameras, digital video cameras, LCD connections, plasma displays (PDP), camera modules and other compact devices requiring Flexible Printed Circuit connections using high reliability ultra-small profile connectors. ●Space saving(51 pos. shown) ●Can be mounted over conductive traces. Metal fittings do no protrude outside of the connector body No exposed contacts on the bottom of the connector 1.0mm 3.2mm FPC ActuatorActuatorActuator FPC ●Operation (3) Close the actuator (4) FPC connected (3) Close the actuator (4) FPC connected (3) Close the actuator (4) FPC connected (3) Close the actuator (4) FPC connected (3) Close the actuator (4) FPC connected (3) Close the actuator (4) FPC connected (3) Close the actuator (4) FPC connected (3) Close the actuator (4) FPC connected (3) Close the actuator (4) FPC connected (3) Close the actuator (4) FPC connected (3) Close the actuator (4) FPC connected (3) Close the actuator (4) FPC connected (3) Close the actuator (4) FPC connected (3) Close the actuator (4) FPC connected (3) Close the actuator (4) FPC connected (3) Close the actuator (4) FPC connected (3) Close the actuator (4) FPC connected (1) Actuator open (2) Insert FPC (1) Actuator open (2) Insert FPC (1) Actuator open (2) Insert FPC (1) Actuator open (2) Insert FPC (1) Actuator open (2) Insert FPC (1) Actuator open (2) Insert FPC (1) Actuator open (2) Insert FPC (1) Actuator open (2) Insert FPC (1) Actuator open (2) Insert FPC (1) Actuator open (2) Insert FPC (1) Actuator open (2) Insert FPC (1) Actuator open (2) Insert FPC (1) Actuator open (2) Insert FPC (1) Actuator open (2) Insert FPC (1) Actuator open (2) Insert FPC (1) Actuator open (2) Insert FPC (1) Actuator open (2) Insert FPC q w e r 2 Terminal type: SHW(SMT horizontal mounting) Plating specifications Blank: Tin-lead plated (05) : Gold flash plated --------------- --------------- Temperature: -55 ç/+15çto +35ç/+85ç/+15çto +35ç Time: 30 /2 to 3 /30 /2 to 3 (Minutes) 5 cycles Reflow: At the recommended temperature profile Manual soldering: 350ç+/-10çfor 5±1 seconds 1 mA 10 cycles 50 M ohms min. No flashover or insulation breakdown. 100 V DC 90 V AC /one minute 100 m ohms max. * Including FPC conductor resistance Contact resistance: 100 m ohms max. No damage, cracks, or parts dislocation. No electrical discontinuity of 1µs or more. Contact resistance: 100 m ohms max. No damage, cracks, or parts dislocation. Frequency: 10 to 55 Hz, single amplitude of 0.75 mm, 10 cycles, 3 directions. No electrical discontinuity of 1µs. min. Contact resistance: 100 m ohms max. No damage, cracks, or parts dislocation. Acceleration of 981 m/s2, 6 ms duration, sine half-wave waveform, 3 cycles in each of the 3 axis Contact resistance: 100 m ohms max. Insulation resistance: 50 M ohms min. No affect on appearance or performance. 96 hours at temperature of 40±2ç and humidity of 90% to 95%. Contact resistance: 100 m ohms max. Insulation resistance: 50 M ohms min. No damage, cracks, or parts looseness. No deformation of components affecting performance. ■Materials ■Ordering information FH26 - 51S - 0.3 SHW (05) 1 3 42 5 Series name: FH26 No. of contacts: 13, 21, 23, 25, 27, 33, 35, 39, 41, 45, 51, 57, 71 Contact pitch: 0.3mm 1 2 3 4 5 Part Contacts Metal fitting Insulator Actuator LCP PA Phosphor bronze Color: Black Color: Dark brown Tin-lead plated (Note 3) Tin plated (Lead free) UL94V-0 Material Finish Remarks ■Specifications Rating Current rating 0.2A DC Voltage rating 30V AC Operating temperature range -55 ç to +85 ç (Note 1) Operating humidity range Relative humidity 90% max. (No condensation) Storage temperature range -10 ç to +50 ç (Note 2) Storage humidity range Relative humidity 90% max. Recommended FPC : Thickness: = 0.2±0.03mm tin-lead plated (Note 3) 4. Durability (Insertion/ withdrawal) 5. Vibration 6. Shock 7. Humidity (Steady state) 8. Temperature cycle 9. Resistance to soldering heat 3. Contact resistance 1. Insulation resistance 2. Withstanding voltage Item Specification Conditions Note 1: Includes temperature rise caused by current flow. Note 2: The term "storage" refers to products stored for long period of time prior to mounting and use. Operating Temperature Range and Humidity range covers nonconducting condition of installed connectors in storage, shipment or during transportation. Note 3: When FPC is gold plated, the connector contacts must be also gold plated: Specify the (05) plating code. 3 B 0.6 0.3 C 0.6 (0.12) (1.25) (0.3) 3.2 0.5 11 0.1 0.1 1 0.3 A (0.12) Number of contacts indicator (D: FPC insertion slot dimension) E 3.2 ■Connector Dimensions Notes The coplanarity of each terminal lead within specified dimension is ±0.1 mm. Packaged on tape and reel only. Check packaging specification. 1 2 All dimensions: mm Embossed tape reel packaging (5,000 pieces/reel). Order by number of reels. Part Number FH26-13S-0.3SHW FH26-21S-0.3SHW FH26-23S-0.3SHW FH26-25S-0.3SHW FH26-27S-0.3SHW FH26-33S-0.3SHW FH26-35S-0.3SHW FH26-39S-0.3SHW FH26-41S-0.3SHW FH26-45S-0.3SHW FH26-51S-0.3SHW FH26-57S-0.3SHW FH26-71S-0.3SHW CL580-0209-3 CL580-0207-8 CL580-0203-7 CL580-0208-0 CL580-0204-0 CL580-0210-2 CL580-0205-2 CL580-0201-1 CL580-0206-5 CL580-0211-5 CL580-0200-9 CL580-0212-8 CL580-0202-4 13 21 23 25 27 33 35 39 41 45 51 57 71 5.4 7.8 8.4 9.0 9.6 11.4 12.0 13.2 13.8 15.0 16.8 18.6 22.8 3.0 5.4 6.0 6.6 7.2 9.0 9.6 10.8 11.4 12.6 14.4 16.2 20.4 3.6 6.0 6.6 7.2 7.8 9.6 10.2 11.4 12.0 13.2 15.0 16.8 21.0 4.23 6.63 7.23 7.83 8.43 10.23 10.83 12.03 12.63 13.83 15.63 17.43 21.63 4.9 7.3 7.9 8.5 9.1 10.9 11.5 12.7 13.3 14.5 16.3 18.1 22.3 CL No. Number of Contacts A B C D E 4 (0.55:Metal mask)(0.65:Metal mask) (0.23:Metal mask) (0.2) (0.45) 2.15±0.05 0.8±0.05 0.2±0.05 (0.23:Metal mask) 0.95±0.05 0.6±0.05 0.5±0.05 0.4±0.05 (0.3:Metal mask) (0.7:Metal mask) 0.6±0.05 0.3±0.05 (3.6) 0.65±0.05 0.3±0.03 Outline of the connector B±0.05 C±0.05 0.3±0.05 0.6±0.070.6±0.07 0.5min. (0.2)(0.07) 0.6±0.02 B±0.03 0.3±0.07 H C±0.03 3.5 MIN.(Stiffener) 2.5±0.3 F±0.05 0.3±0.07 R0.2 MAX 0.3±0.1 0.3±0.02 0.2±0.03 1±0.1 1.1±0.1 2.1±0.1 2.25±0.1 0.3+0.04 -0.03 0.3+0.04 -0.03 0.1±0.02 (2.5) (0.5) (0.15) (0.2) 1 Ａ Ｂ 1±0.1 1.1±0.1 0±0.03 (Lead plated 0.1 MAX) BRecommended PCB mounting pattern and metal mask dimensions BRecommended FPC Dimensions Detail H Overlap between covering film layer and stiffener. 1 All dimensions: mm Part Number FH26-13S-0.3SHW FH26-21S-0.3SHW FH26-23S-0.3SHW FH26-25S-0.3SHW FH26-27S-0.3SHW FH26-33S-0.3SHW FH26-35S-0.3SHW FH26-39S-0.3SHW FH26-41S-0.3SHW FH26-45S-0.3SHW FH26-51S-0.3SHW FH26-57S-0.3SHW FH26-71S-0.3SHW CL580-0209-3 CL580-0207-8 CL580-0203-7 CL580-0208-0 CL580-0204-0 CL580-0210-2 CL580-0205-2 CL580-0201-1 CL580-0206-5 CL580-0211-5 CL580-0200-9 CL580-0212-8 CL580-0202-4 13 21 23 25 27 33 35 39 41 45 51 57 71 3.0 5.4 6.0 6.6 7.2 9.0 9.6 10.8 11.4 12.6 14.4 16.2 20.4 3.6 6.0 6.6 7.2 7.8 9.6 10.2 11.4 12.0 13.2 15.0 16.8 21.0 4.2 6.6 7.2 7.8 8.4 10.2 10.8 12.0 12.6 13.8 15.6 17.4 21.6 CL No. Number of Contacts B C F 5 BPackaging Specification ●Embossed Carrier Tape Dimensions (Tape width of 24mm max.) ●Embossed Carrier Tape Dimensions (Tape width of 32mm min.) Unreeling direction Flat surface, for placement with automatic equipment (1.6) (0.3) 4±0.1 2±0.15 8±0.1 1.75±0.1 J±0.1 G±0.3 (K) (1.25) (4.55) (3.05) Ø1.5 +0.1 0 Flat surface, for placement with automatic equipment Unreeling direction (1.6) (0.3) 1.75±0.1 J±0.1 G±0.3 H±0.1 (K) (1.25) (4.55) (3.05) Ø1.5 +0.1 0 1.5 +0.1 0 1.7 +0.15 0 All dimensions: mm Part Number FH26-13S-0.3SHW FH26-21S-0.3SHW FH26-23S-0.3SHW FH26-25S-0.3SHW FH26-27S-0.3SHW FH26-33S-0.3SHW FH26-35S-0.3SHW FH26-39S-0.3SHW FH26-41S-0.3SHW FH26-45S-0.3SHW FH26-51S-0.3SHW CL580-0209-3 CL580-0207-8 CL580-0203-7 CL580-0208-0 CL580-0204-0 CL580-0210-2 CL580-0205-2 CL580-0201-1 CL580-0206-5 CL580-0211-5 CL580-0200-9 13 21 23 25 27 33 35 39 41 45 51 16 16 16 16 16 24 24 24 24 24 24 7.5 7.5 7.5 7.5 7.5 11.5 11.5 11.5 11.5 11.5 11.5 5.6 8.0 8.6 9.2 9.8 11.6 12.2 13.4 14.0 15.2 17.0 16.5 16.5 16.5 16.5 16.5 24.5 24.5 24.5 24.5 24.5 24.5 CL No. Number of Contacts G J K L 5, 000 pieces per reel. All dimensions: mm Part Number FH26-57S-0.3SHW FH26-71S-0.3SHW CL580-0212-8 CL580-0202-4 57 71 32 44 28.4 40.4 14.2 20.2 18.8 23.0 32.5 44.5 CL No. Number of Contacts G H J K L 6 (L)(2) Ø13±0.5 (Ø380) (Ø80) Lead section (400mm min.)End section Mounting section Connectors Top cover tape Embossed carrier tape Blank section Blank section (10 pockets min.) (10 pockets min.) Unreeling direction ●Reel Dimensions 7 BRecommended Temperature Profile HRS test conditions Solder method :Reflow, IR/hot air (Nihon Den-netsu Co., Ltd.'s Part Number: SENSBY NR-2) Environment: :Room air Solder composition: :Paste, 63%Sn/37%Pb (Senju Metal Industry, Co., Ltd.'s Part Number: OZ63-201C-50-9) Test board : Glass epoxy 25mm ∞ 50mm ∞ 0.8mm thick Land dimensions :0.3mm∞0.65mm,0.3mm∞0.8mm Metal mask :0.23∞0.55∞0.1mm thick, 0.23∞0.65∞0.1mm thick The temperature profiles are based on the above conditions. In individual applications the actual temperature may vary,depending on solder paste type, volume/thickness and board size/thickness. Consult your solder paste and equipment manufacturer for specific recommendations. HRS test conditions Solder method :Reflow, IR/hot air (Nihon Den-netsu Co., Ltd.'s Part Number: SENSBY NR-NR-2) Environment :Room air Solder composition :Paste, 96.5%Sn/3.0%Ag/0.5%Cu (Senju Metal Industry, Co., Ltd.'s Part Number: M705-221CM5-42-10.5) Test board : Glass epoxy 25mm ∞ 50mm ∞ 0.8mm thick Land dimensions :0.3mm ∞ 0.65mm, 0.3mm ∞ 0.8mm Metal mask :0.23 ∞ 0.55 ∞ 0.1mm thick, 0.23 ∞ 0.65 ∞ 0.1mm thick The temperature profiles are based on the above conditions. In individual applications the actual temperature may vary, depending on solder paste type, volume/thickness and board size/thickness. Consult your solder paste and equipment manufacturer for specific recommendations. Start （℃） Time(Seconds) 60 25℃ （60sec.） 20sec.to 30sec. （30sec.） 60sec.to90sec. Preheating Soldering 0 50 100 150 150℃ 160℃ 240℃ 200℃ 5sec.max. 200 250 120 Temperature ●Using Typical Solder Paste MAX250℃ Start （℃） Time(Seconds) 60 25℃ （60sec.） （60sec.） 90sec.to120sec. Preheating Soldering 0 50 100 150 150℃ 200℃ 230℃ 200 250 120 Temperature ●Using Lead-free Solder Paste 8 BRecommended FPC Construction 1. Using Single-sided FPC Material Name Covering film layer. Cover adhesive Surface treatment Copper foil Base adhesive Base film Reinforcement material adhesive Stiffener Polyamide 1 mil thick. Tin-lead plated Cu 1/2oz Thermosetting adhesive Polyamide 1 mil thick Thermosetting adhesive Polyamide 3 mil thick Total 25 25 5 35 25 25 40 75 205 Material Thickness (µm) 2. Using Double-sided FPC Material Name Back side Covering layer film Cover adhesive Surface treatment Through-hole copper Copper foil Base adhesive Base film Base adhesive Copper foil Cover adhesive Covering layer film Reinforcement material adhesive Stiffener Polyamide 1 mil thick Tin-lead plated Cu Cu 1/2oz Thermosetting adhesive Polyamide 1 mil thick Thermosetting adhesive Cu 1/2oz Thermosetting adhesive Polyamide 1 mil thick Thermosetting adhesive Polyamide 1 mil thick Total 25 25 5 15 18 18 25 18 18 25 25 25 25 199 Material Thickness (µm) ● To prevent release of the FPC due to it's bending, use of double sided FPC with copper foil on the back side is NOT RECOMMENDED. ●Contact FPC manufacturer for specific details. Back side Connecting side Connecting side 9 BOperation and Precautions Operation 1.FPC insertion procedure. Connector installed on the board. Lift up the actuator. Use thumb or index finger. 1 2.FPC removal Lift up the actuator. Carefully withdraw the FPC. 1 Fully insert the FPC in the connector parallel to mounting surface, with the exposed conductive traces facing down. 2 Rotate down the actuator until firmly closed. It is critical that the inserted FPC is not moved and remains fully inserted. 3 FPC conductor surface (Bottom side) 10 Precautions Exercise care when handling connectors. Follow recommendations given below. PC board flexing SPC board connector mounting area The connectors are straight within 0.1 mm max. Make sure that the PC board connector mounting area flatness can accept the connector terminals without causing any failure of the solder joints. SHandling before mounting on PCB Insertion of the FPC or operation of the actuator prior to mounting on the PCB is NOT RECOMMENDED. SPC Board handling Exercise caution when handling boards with the connectors installed. Do not apply any forces affecting soldered joints. Precautions When Inserting or Coupling FPC Pay attention to the following points when inserting FPC. SActuator operation Do not apply excessive force when opening the actuator prior to FPC insertion. When opening make sure that the force is applied only to the actuator itself, avoiding touching of the contacts. Connector PCB Damage Assure free rotation of the actuator 1 Axis of rotation 2Axis of rotation Damage to the contacts Actuator Page 1 of 5 Acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS) No warranty is given for the accuracy of this data. Values marked * are estimates. CES Edupack 2010 (C) Granta Design Ltd Description The material ABS (Acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene) is tough, resilient, and easily molded. It is usually opaque, although some grades can now be transparent, and it can be given vivid colors. ABS-PVC alloys are tougher than standard ABS and, in self-extinguishing grades, are used for the casings of power tools. Composition (summary) (CH2-CH-C6H4)n Image Caption The picture says a lot: ABS allows detailed moldings, accepts color well, and is non-toxic and tough enough to survive the worst that children can do to it. General properties Density 1.01e3 - 1.21e3 kg/m^3 Price 1.47 - 1.79 EUR/kg Mechanical properties Young's modulus 1.1 - 2.9 GPa Shear modulus 0.319 - 1.03 GPa Bulk modulus 3.8 - 4 GPa Poisson's ratio 0.391 - 0.422 Yield strength (elastic limit) 18.5 - 51 MPa Tensile strength 27.6 - 55.2 MPa Compressive strength 31 - 86.2 MPa Elongation 1.5 - 100 % strain Hardness - Vickers 5.6 - 15.3 HV Fatigue strength at 10^7 cycles 11 - 22.1 MPa Fracture toughness 1.19 - 4.29 MPa.m^0.5 Mechanical loss coefficient (tan delta) 0.0138 - 0.0446 Thermal properties Glass temperature 87.9 - 128 °C Maximum service temperature 61.9 - 76.9 °C Minimum service temperature -123 - -73.2 °C Thermal conductor or insulator? Good insulator Page 2 of 5 Acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS) No warranty is given for the accuracy of this data. Values marked * are estimates. CES Edupack 2010 (C) Granta Design Ltd Thermal conductivity 0.188 - 0.335 W/m.°C Specific heat capacity 1.39e3 - 1.92e3 J/kg.°C Thermal expansion coefficient 84.6 - 234 µstrain/°C Electrical properties Electrical conductor or insulator? Good insulator Electrical resistivity 3.3e21 - 3e22 µohm.cm Dielectric constant (relative permittivity) 2.8 - 3.2 Dissipation factor (dielectric loss tangent) 0.003 - 0.007 Dielectric strength (dielectric breakdown) 13.8 - 21.7 1000000 V/m Optical properties Transparency Opaque Refractive index 1.53 - 1.54 Processability Castability 1 - 2 Moldability 4 - 5 Machinability 3 - 4 Weldability 5 Durability: water and aqueous solutions Water (fresh) Excellent Water (salt) Excellent Soils, acidic (peat) Excellent Soils, alkaline (clay) Excellent Wine Excellent Durability: acids Acetic acid (10%) Excellent Acetic acid (glacial) Unacceptable Citric acid (10%) Excellent Hydrochloric acid (10%) Excellent Hydrochloric acid (36%) Limited use Hydrofluoric acid (40%) Limited use Nitric acid (10%) Excellent Nitric acid (70%) Unacceptable Phosphoric acid (10%) Excellent Phosphoric acid (85%) Excellent Sulfuric acid (10%) Excellent Sulfuric acid (70%) Excellent Durability: alkalis Sodium hydroxide (10%) Excellent Sodium hydroxide (60%) Excellent Durability: fuels, oils and solvents Amyl acetate Unacceptable Benzene Unacceptable Carbon tetrachloride Unacceptable Chloroform Unacceptable Crude oil Excellent Diesel oil Excellent Lubricating oil Excellent Page 3 of 5 Acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS) No warranty is given for the accuracy of this data. Values marked * are estimates. CES Edupack 2010 (C) Granta Design Ltd Paraffin oil (kerosene) Excellent Petrol (gasoline) Excellent Silicone fluids Excellent Toluene Unacceptable Turpentine Unacceptable Vegetable oils (general) Excellent White spirit Excellent Durability: alcohols, aldehydes, ketones Acetaldehyde Unacceptable Acetone Unacceptable Ethyl alcohol (ethanol) Unacceptable Ethylene glycol Excellent Formaldehyde (40%) Excellent Glycerol Excellent Methyl alcohol (methanol) Unacceptable Durability: halogens and gases Chlorine gas (dry) Unacceptable Fluorine (gas) Excellent O2 (oxygen gas) Unacceptable Sulfur dioxide (gas) Unacceptable Durability: built environments Industrial atmosphere Acceptable Rural atmosphere Excellent Marine atmosphere Excellent UV radiation (sunlight) Poor Durability: flammability Flammability Highly flammable Durability: thermal environments Tolerance to cryogenic temperatures Unacceptable Tolerance up to 150 C (302 F) Acceptable Tolerance up to 250 C (482 F) Unacceptable Tolerance up to 450 C (842 F) Unacceptable Tolerance up to 850 C (1562 F) Unacceptable Tolerance above 850 C (1562 F) Unacceptable Geo-economic data for principal component Annual world production * 5.6e6 - 5.7e6 tonne/yr Reserves * 1.48e8 - 1.5e8 tonne Primary material production: energy, CO2 and water Embodied energy, primary production * 91 - 102 MJ/kg CO2 footprint, primary production * 3.27 - 3.62 kg/kg Water usage * 108 - 324 l/kg Eco-indicator 95 400 millipoints/kg Eco-indicator 99 352 millipoints/kg Material processing: energy Polymer molding energy * 21.8 - 26.2 MJ/kg Polymer extrusion energy * 8.43 - 10.1 MJ/kg Page 4 of 5 Acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS) No warranty is given for the accuracy of this data. Values marked * are estimates. CES Edupack 2010 (C) Granta Design Ltd Polymer machining energy (per unit wt removed) * 1.99 - 2.19 MJ/kg Material processing: CO2 footprint Polymer molding CO2 * 1.74 - 2.1 kg/kg Polymer extrusion CO2 * 0.675 - 0.808 kg/kg Polymer machining CO2 (per unit wt removed) * 0.159 - 0.176 kg/kg Material recycling: energy, CO2 and recycle fraction Recycle Embodied energy, recycling * 38 - 43 MJ/kg CO2 footprint, recycling * 1.39 - 1.5 kg/kg Recycle fraction in current supply 0.5 - 1 % Downcycle Combust for energy recovery Heat of combustion (net) * 37.6 - 39.5 MJ/kg Combustion CO2 * 3.06 - 3.22 kg/kg Landfill Biodegrade Toxicity rating Non-toxic A renewable resource? Environmental notes The acrylonitrile monomer is nasty stuff, almost as poisonous as cyanide. Once polymerized with styrene it becomes harmless. ABS is FDA compliant, can be recycled, and can be incinerated to recover the energy it contains. Recycle mark Supporting information Design guidelines ABS has the highest impact resistance of all polymers. It takes color well. Integral metallics are possible (as in GE Plastics' Magix.) ABS is UV resistant for outdoor application if stabilizers are added. It is hygroscopic (may need to be oven dried before thermoforming) and can be damaged by petroleum-based machining oils. ASA (acrylic-styrene-acrylonitrile) has very high gloss; its natural color is off-white but others are available. It has good chemical and temperature resistance and high impact resistance at low temperatures. UL-approved grades are available. SAN (styrene-acrylonitrile) has the good processing attributes of polystyrene but greater strength, stiffness, toughness, and chemical and heat resistance. By adding glass fiber the rigidity can be increased dramatically. It is transparent (over 90% in the visible range but less for UV light) and has good color, depending on the amount of acrylonitrile that is added this can vary from water white to pale yellow, but without a protective coating, sunlight causes yellowing and loss of strength, slowed by UV stabilizers. All three can be extruded, compression molded or formed to sheet that is then vacuum thermo-formed. They can be joined by ultrasonic or hot-plate welding, or bonded with polyester, epoxy, isocyanate or nitrile-phenolic adhesives. Technical notes ABS is a terpolymer - one made by copolymerizing 3 monomers: acrylonitrile, butadiene and styrene. The acrylonitrile gives thermal and chemical resistance, rubber-like butadiene gives ductility and strength, the styrene gives a glossy surface, ease of machining and a lower cost. In ASA, the butadiene component (which gives poor UV resistance) is replaced by an acrylic ester. Without the addition of butyl, ABS becomes, SAN - a similar material with lower impact resistance or toughness. It is the stiffest of the thermoplastics and has excellent resistance to acids, alkalis, salts and many solvents. Page 5 of 5 Acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS) No warranty is given for the accuracy of this data. Values marked * are estimates. CES Edupack 2010 (C) Granta Design Ltd Typical uses Safety helmets; camper tops; automotive instrument panels and other interior components; pipe fittings; home-security devices and housings for small appliances; communications equipment; business machines; plumbing hardware; automobile grilles; wheel covers; mirror housings; refrigerator liners; luggage shells; tote trays; mower shrouds; boat hulls; large components for recreational vehicles; weather seals; glass beading; refrigerator breaker strips; conduit; pipe for drain-waste-vent (DWV) systems. Tradenames Claradex, Comalloy, Cycogel, Cycolac, Hanalac, Lastilac, Lupos, Lustran ABS, Magnum, Multibase, Novodur, Polyfabs, Polylac, Porene, Ronfalin, Sinkral, Terluran, Toyolac, Tufrex, Ultrastyr Links Reference ProcessUniverse Producers Page 1 of 5 Polyethylene (PE) No warranty is given for the accuracy of this data. Values marked * are estimates. CES Edupack 2010 (C) Granta Design Ltd Description The material POLYETHYLENE, (-CH2-)n, first synthesized in 1933, looks like the simplest of molecules, but the number of ways in which the - CH2 - units can be linked is large. It is the first of the polyolefins, the bulk thermoplastic polymers that account for a dominant fraction of all polymer consumption. Polyethylene is inert, and extremely resistant to fresh and salt water, food, and most water-based solutions. Because of this it is widely used in household products, food containers like Tupperware and chopping boards. Polyethylene is cheap, and particularly easy to mold and fabricate. It accepts a wide range of colors, can be transparent, translucent or opaque, has a pleasant, slightly waxy feel, can be textured or metal coated, but is difficult to print on. Composition (summary) (-CH2-CH2-)n Image Caption PE is widely used for containers and packaging. General properties Density 939 - 960 kg/m^3 Price 1.13 - 1.24 EUR/kg Mechanical properties Young's modulus 0.621 - 0.896 GPa Shear modulus * 0.218 - 0.314 GPa Bulk modulus 2.15 - 2.25 GPa Poisson's ratio * 0.418 - 0.434 Yield strength (elastic limit) 17.9 - 29 MPa Tensile strength 20.7 - 44.8 MPa Compressive strength 19.7 - 31.9 MPa Elongation 200 - 800 % strain Hardness - Vickers 5.4 - 8.7 HV Fatigue strength at 10^7 cycles 21 - 23 MPa Fracture toughness * 1.44 - 1.72 MPa.m^0.5 Mechanical loss coefficient (tan delta) * 0.0446 - 0.0644 Thermal properties Melting point 125 - 132 °C Glass temperature -25.2 - -15.2 °C Maximum service temperature * 90 - 110 °C Minimum service temperature * -123 - -73.2 °C Page 2 of 5 Polyethylene (PE) No warranty is given for the accuracy of this data. Values marked * are estimates. CES Edupack 2010 (C) Granta Design Ltd Thermal conductor or insulator? Good insulator Thermal conductivity 0.403 - 0.435 W/m.°C Specific heat capacity * 1.81e3 - 1.88e3 J/kg.°C Thermal expansion coefficient 126 - 198 µstrain/°C Electrical properties Electrical conductor or insulator? Good insulator Electrical resistivity 3.3e22 - 3e24 µohm.cm Dielectric constant (relative permittivity) 2.2 - 2.4 Dissipation factor (dielectric loss tangent) * 3e-4 - 6e-4 Dielectric strength (dielectric breakdown) 17.7 - 19.7 1000000 V/m Optical properties Transparency Translucent Refractive index 1.5 - 1.52 Processability Castability 1 - 2 Moldability 4 - 5 Machinability 3 - 4 Weldability 5 Durability: water and aqueous solutions Water (fresh) Excellent Water (salt) Excellent Soils, acidic (peat) Excellent Soils, alkaline (clay) Excellent Wine Excellent Durability: acids Acetic acid (10%) Excellent Acetic acid (glacial) Excellent Citric acid (10%) Excellent Hydrochloric acid (10%) Excellent Hydrochloric acid (36%) Excellent Hydrofluoric acid (40%) Excellent Nitric acid (10%) Excellent Nitric acid (70%) Acceptable Phosphoric acid (10%) Excellent Phosphoric acid (85%) Excellent Sulfuric acid (10%) Excellent Sulfuric acid (70%) Excellent Durability: alkalis Sodium hydroxide (10%) Excellent Sodium hydroxide (60%) Excellent Durability: fuels, oils and solvents Amyl acetate Excellent Benzene Acceptable Carbon tetrachloride Acceptable Chloroform Limited use Crude oil Acceptable Diesel oil Excellent Page 3 of 5 Polyethylene (PE) No warranty is given for the accuracy of this data. Values marked * are estimates. CES Edupack 2010 (C) Granta Design Ltd Lubricating oil Excellent Paraffin oil (kerosene) Excellent Petrol (gasoline) Excellent Silicone fluids Acceptable Toluene Acceptable Turpentine Excellent Vegetable oils (general) Excellent White spirit Excellent Durability: alcohols, aldehydes, ketones Acetaldehyde Excellent Acetone Acceptable Ethyl alcohol (ethanol) Excellent Ethylene glycol Excellent Formaldehyde (40%) Excellent Glycerol Excellent Methyl alcohol (methanol) Excellent Durability: halogens and gases Chlorine gas (dry) Acceptable Fluorine (gas) Limited use O2 (oxygen gas) Unacceptable Sulfur dioxide (gas) Excellent Durability: built environments Industrial atmosphere Excellent Rural atmosphere Excellent Marine atmosphere Excellent UV radiation (sunlight) Fair Durability: flammability Flammability Highly flammable Durability: thermal environments Tolerance to cryogenic temperatures Unacceptable Tolerance up to 150 C (302 F) Acceptable Tolerance up to 250 C (482 F) Unacceptable Tolerance up to 450 C (842 F) Unacceptable Tolerance up to 850 C (1562 F) Unacceptable Tolerance above 850 C (1562 F) Unacceptable Geo-economic data for principal component Annual world production 6.8e7 - 6.9e7 tonne/yr Reserves * 1.66e9 - 1.88e9 tonne Primary material production: energy, CO2 and water Embodied energy, primary production 76.9 - 85 MJ/kg CO2 footprint, primary production 1.95 - 2.16 kg/kg Water usage * 38.1 - 114 l/kg Eco-indicator 95 330 millipoints/kg Eco-indicator 99 287 millipoints/kg Material processing: energy Polymer molding energy * 13.4 - 14.8 MJ/kg Page 4 of 5 Polyethylene (PE) No warranty is given for the accuracy of this data. Values marked * are estimates. CES Edupack 2010 (C) Granta Design Ltd Polymer extrusion energy * 5.28 - 5.82 MJ/kg Polymer machining energy (per unit wt removed) * 1.98 - 2.18 MJ/kg Material processing: CO2 footprint Polymer molding CO2 * 1.07 - 1.18 kg/kg Polymer extrusion CO2 * 0.422 - 0.465 kg/kg Polymer machining CO2 (per unit wt removed) * 0.158 - 0.174 kg/kg Material recycling: energy, CO2 and recycle fraction Recycle Embodied energy, recycling 32.3 - 35.7 MJ/kg CO2 footprint, recycling 0.819 - 0.907 kg/kg Recycle fraction in current supply 7.5 - 9.5 % Downcycle Combust for energy recovery Heat of combustion (net) * 44 - 46.2 MJ/kg Combustion CO2 * 3.06 - 3.22 kg/kg Landfill Biodegrade Toxicity rating Non-toxic A renewable resource? Environmental notes PE is FDA compliant - indeed it is so non-toxic that it can be embedded in the human body (heart valves, hip-joint cups, artificial artery). PE, PP and PVC are made by processes that are relatively energy-efficient, making them the least energy-intensive of commodity polymers. The ethylene from which it is made at present is an oil derivative, but PE can be produced from renewable resources - from alcohol derived from the fermentation of sugar or starch, for instance. Its utility per kilogram far exceeds that of gasoline or fuel-oil (and its energy is stored and still accessible), so that production from oil will not disadvantage it in the near future. Polyethylene is readily recyclable if it has not been coated with other materials, and - if contaminated - it can be incinerated to recover the energy it contains. Recycle mark Supporting information Design guidelines PE is commercially produced as film, sheet, rod, foam and fiber. Drawn PE fiber has exceptional mechanical stiffness and strength, exploited in geo-textile and structural uses. PE is a good electrical insulator with low dielectric loss, so suitable for containers for microwave cooking. It has poor resistance to aromatics and chlorine; it is slow burning in fire. PE is cheap, easy to form, biologically inert and recyclable; it is one of the materials of the next 20 years. Technical notes Page 5 of 5 Polyethylene (PE) No warranty is given for the accuracy of this data. Values marked * are estimates. CES Edupack 2010 (C) Granta Design Ltd Low density polyethylene (LDPE), used for film and packaging, has branched chains which do not pack well, making it less dense than water. Medium (MDPE) and High (HDPE) density polyethylenes have longer, less branched chains, making them stiffer and stronger; they are used for containers and pipes. Modern catalysis allows side-branching to be suppressed and molecular length to be controlled precisely, permitting precise tailoring both of the processing properties critical for drawing, blow molding, injection molding or extrusion and the use-properties of softening temperature, flexibility and toughness. Linear low-density polyethylene (LLPDE) is an example. In its pure form it is less resistant to organic solvents, but even this can be overcome by converting its surface to a fluoro-polymer by exposing it to fluorine gas. Treated in this way (when it known is known as 'Super PE') it can be used for petrol tanks in cars and copes with oil, cleaning fluid, cosmetics and that most corrosive of substances: cola concentrate. Very low density polyethylene (VDLPE) is similar to EVA and plasticized PVC. Typical uses Oil container, street bollards, milk bottles, toys, beer crate, food packaging, shrink wrap, squeeze tubes, disposable clothing, plastic bags, paper coatings, cable insulation, artificial joints, and as fibers - low cost ropes and packing tape reinforcement. Tradenames Alathon, Aquathene, Bapolene, Dowlex, Eltex, Empee, Eraclene, Ferrene, Fortiflex, HiVal, Hid, Kemcor, Lacqtene, Lupolen, Marlex, Nortuff, Novapol, Paxon, Petrothene, Polyfort, Rigidex, Sclair, Stamylyn, Statoil, Unival, Zemid Links Reference ProcessUniverse Producers Page 1 of 2 Injection molding No warranty is given for the accuracy of this data. Values marked * are estimates. CES Edupack 2010 (C) Granta Design Ltd Description The process No other process has changed product design more than INJECTION MOLDING. Injection molded products appear in every sector of product design: consumer products, business, industrial, computers, communication, medical and research products, toys, cosmetic packaging and sports equipment. The most common equipment for molding thermoplastics is the reciprocating screw machine, shown schematically in the figure. Polymer granules are fed into a spiral press where they mix and soften to a dough-like consistency that can be forced through one or more channels ('sprues') into the die. The polymer solidifies under pressure and the component is then ejected. Thermoplastics, thermosets and elastomers can all be injection molded. Co-injection allows molding of components with different materials, colors and features. Injection foam molding allows economical production of large molded components by using inert gas or chemical blowing agents to make components that have a solid skin and a cellular inner structure. Process schematic Figure caption Injection molding: polymer granules are heated and forced by the screw through a nozzle into the die. Shape Circular prismatic Non-circular prismatic Solid 3-D Hollow 3-D Physical attributes Mass range 0.001 - 25 kg Range of section thickness 0.4 - 6.3 mm Tolerance 0.07 - 1 mm Roughness 0.2 - 1.6 µm Surface roughness (A=v. smooth) A Process characteristics Primary shaping processes Page 2 of 2 Injection molding No warranty is given for the accuracy of this data. Values marked * are estimates. CES Edupack 2010 (C) Granta Design Ltd Discrete Economic attributes Relative tooling cost very high Relative equipment cost high Labor intensity low Economic batch size (units) 1e4 - 1e6 Cost modeling Relative cost index (per unit) * 13.5 - 36.9 Parameters: Material Cost = 7.41EUR/kg, Component Mass = 1kg, Batch Size = 1e3, Overhead Rate = 81.5EUR/hr, Capital cost * 2.43e4 - 5.47e5 EUR Material utilization fraction * 0.6 - 0.9 Production rate (units) * 60 - 1e3 /hr Tooling cost * 2.43e3 - 2.43e4 EUR Tool life (units) * 1e4 - 1e6 Supporting information Design guidelines Injection molding is the best way to mass-produce small, precise, polymer components with complex shapes. The surface finish is good; texture and pattern can be easily altered in the tool, and fine detail reproduces well. Decorative labels can be molded onto the surface of the component (see In-mold Decoration). The only finishing operation is the removal of the sprue. Technical notes Most thermoplastics can be injection molded, although those with high melting temperatures (e.g. PTFE) are difficult. Thermoplastic-based composites (short fiber and particulate filled) can be processed providing the filler loading is not too large. Large changes in section area are not recommended. Small re-entrant angles and complex shapes are possible, though some features (e.g. undercuts, screw threads, inserts) may result in increased tooling costs. The process may also be used with thermosets and elastomers. The most common equipment for molding thermoplastics is the reciprocating screw machine, shown schematically in the figure. Polymer granules are fed into a spiral press where they mix and soften to a dough-like consistency that can be forced through one or more channels ('sprues') into the die. The polymer solidifies under pressure and the component is then ejected. Typical uses Extremely varied. Housings, containers, covers, knobs, tool handles, plumbing fittings, lenses, etc. The economics Capital cost are medium to high, tooling costs are usually high - making injection molding economic only for large batch sizes. Production rate can be high particularly for small moldings. Multi-cavity molds are often used. Prototype moldings can be made using single cavity molds of cheaper materials. Typical products. Housings, containers, covers, knobs, tool handles, plumbing fittings, lenses. The environment Thermoplastic sprues can be recycled. Extraction fans may be required for volatile fumes. Significant dust exposures may occur in the formulation of the resins. Thermostatic controller malfunctions can be hazardous. Links Reference MaterialUniverse Page 1 of 2 Flexible adhesives No warranty is given for the accuracy of this data. Values marked * are estimates. CES Edupack 2010 (C) Granta Design Ltd Description The process Structural adhesives are those that are used to perform some mechanical function, though they may have a secondary role as a sealant. Many are rigid, giving a stiff bond (see the record for Rigid Adhesives); but flexible adhesives also play an important role in design. They are classified by their chemical composition. Flexible adhesives are typified by polyurethanes include and isocyanate-based adhesives, with lap shear strengths of about 8 MPa. They bond well to a wide range of materials, are tough and flexible, have good resistance to water and solvents, and perform well from -50 °C to 80 °C. Silicones (SIL) are synthetic polymers in which silicon replaces carbon as the major chain element. Most are two-part systems, their chemistry gives them exceptional flexibility and chemical stability. They are flexible, have useful properties from -115°C- 260 °C, good resistance to water and UV and IR radiation. Process schematic Figure caption Adhesives are applied by spraying or with a dispenser Materials to be joined Metals Polymers Composites Glasses Ceramics Natural materials Dissimilar materials Joint geometry Lap Sleeve Scarf Page 2 of 2 Flexible adhesives No warranty is given for the accuracy of this data. Values marked * are estimates. CES Edupack 2010 (C) Granta Design Ltd Physical attributes Range of section thicknesses 0.01 - 10 mm Unequal thicknesses Function Electrically conductive Thermally conductive Watertight/airtight Demountable Economic attributes Relative tooling cost low Relative equipment cost low Labor intensity low Supporting information Typical uses Flexible adhesives are widely used in the aerospace, automotive, construction, furniture and footwear industries, in packaging, and in the refrigeration industry (due to their excellent properties at low temperatures). Links Reference MaterialUniverse