Energy recovery from effluents of supercritical water oxidation reactors

1 Ene gy Reco e y om E luen s o Supe c i ical Wa e Oxida ion 1 Reac o s 2 Yoana Ga cía-Rod íguez, Fidel A. Ma o*, Alexand a Ma ín, M. Dolo es Be mejo and 3 M. José Coce o 4 5 High P essu e P ocesses G oup, Depa men o Chemical Enginee ing and 6 En i onmen al Technology. EII Sede Me gelina. Uni e si y o Valladolid. 47011 7 Valladolid, SPAIN 8 * Co esponding au ho , TEL: +34-983423169, e-mail: [email p o ec ed] 9 2 Abs ac 10 Supe c i ical Wa e Oxida ion (SCWO) eac o s can p ocess was e e luen s achie ing high 11 con e sions, bu he equi ed ex eme p essu e and empe a u e ope a ional condi ions en ail 12 high-ene gy ope a ional expendi u e. SCWO has he po en ial o be conside ed a clean ene gy 13 gene a ion p ocess, as he p ocess e luen is a high empe a u e, high p essu e s eam wi h a high 14 en halpy con en ha can be con e ed o hea and sha wo k. This ensu es he sel -sus ained 15 eac ion and can gene a e excess sha powe o d i e bo h he high-p essu e pump and he ai 16 comp esso . On he con a y, an e icien hea and powe eco e y om SCWO eac o s ou le 17 s eams using con en ional p ocedu es p esen s se e al p oblems. Fi s , Rankine cycles impose 18 indi ec hea ans e o he wo king luid and a e unable o eco e he p essu e ene gy and 19 second, di ec expansion o he e luen s en ails cos ly de elopmen o speci ic, e icien 20 expansion equipmen . 21 In his wo k, we in es iga e he op ions o ene gy eco e y o SCWO eac o s coupled wi h 22 comme cial gas u bines (GT). SCWO ou le s eams a e mainly composed o wa e , ni ogen and 23 ca bon dioxide. These ope a ing alues nea ly esemble he well-known and al eady-implemen ed 24 GT s eam injec ion p ocedu es. The empe a u e o he lue gases (app ox. 500 ºC) and he di ec 25 sha wo k usage o e s adequa e ene gy in eg a ion possibili ies o bo h eed p ehea ing and 26 comp ession. The wide ange o comme cially a ailable GT sizes enables p ocess scaling. 27 Keywo ds: SCWO, sha wo k, ene gy eco e y, gas u bine (GT), s eam injec ion, 28 simula ion. 29 3 1. In oduc ion 30 Supe c i ical Wa e Oxida ion (SCWO) is an in ensi e ene gy p ocess o elimina e 31 o ganic was es. Fo many yea s he p ocess has been de eloping echnical solu ions o 32 achie e esul s o co osion and plugins p oblems [1, 2]. Al hough i s indus ial 33 de elopmen p og esses slowly, in 2013 wo indus ial plan s o chemical weapons and 34 sludge ea men we e unde cons uc ion [3]. 35 One o he SCWO challenges is he ene gy eco e y o ge sha wo k and hea in 36 o de o ge ne ene gy [4]. Exis ing li e a u e on SCWO p ocess ocusing on clean ene gy 37 p oduc ion has been e iewed. Mos o he p ac ical de elopmen is based on eco e ing 38 he hea eleased by was e oxida ion and gene a ing s eam. Many heo e ical wo ks poin 39 ha he p ocess would be much mo e e icien i he comp ession ene gy could be 40 eco e ed as wo k. The e icien he mal and p essu e ene gy eco e y will open he 41 oppo uni y o use SCWO as an e icien and clean ene gy p oduc ion p ocesses om 42 was es o biomass [5]. 43 Depending on he SCWO p ocess di e en al e na i es can be applied o hea 44 eco e y. Con en ional ubula eac o s a e hin ubes, wi h e iden plugging p oblems 45 om solid p ecipi a ion. In p ac ice, indus ial plan s wo k wi h wo eac o s, one unde 46 ope a ion and he o he unde aking he cleaning o deposi ed solids. E en isola ed ubula 47 eac o loss ene gy by he long su ace a ea, and u he mo e cleaning is a highly ene gy 48 and ime consuming s ep. These eac o s can ope a e wi h ai o oxygen, bo h al e na i es 49 wo k p ope ly. Oxygen is he mos usual oxidan o educe he ene gy consump ion o he 50 ai comp esso . The oxida ion by oxygen equi es lowe eac o olume and less wo k o 51 comp ess he liquid oxygen han he gas ai , bu he oxygen cos is he limi issue. The 52 elec ion depends on he economic balance. Fo ope a ion below igni ion empe a u e, 53 4 eac ion ime is abou se e al minu es and he eac o olume is minimized by he use o 54 oxygen. Ai is mo e con en ional oxidan bu equi es highe eac o olume associa ed 55 o ni ogen. To implemen he use o ai as oxidan he eac o olume could be minimized 56 by he use o as e kine ic and by eco e ing he ene gy associa ed o he comp ession i 57 he wo k om e luen dep essu iza ion could be e ie ed by a u bine. 58 The eac o e luen ene gy can be eco e ed by a Closed Rankine Cycle h ough 59 indi ec hea ans e o a wo king luid bu he p ocess is s ill highly ene gy demanding 60 [6]. 61 Fo ope a ion a empe a u es abo e he igni ion, supe c i ical wa e oxida ion wi h 62 hyd o he mal lame as in e nal hea sou ce allows o use ai o oxygen and he as e 63 kine ics minimizes he eac o olume. The ope a ion unde hyd o he mal lames allows 64 o al oxida ion o he was e wi hin milliseconds esidence imes, which opens he 65 possibili y o de eloping small combus o s o p oduce high-p essu e gas/ apo s eams. 66 The applica ion o hyd o he mal lames opens a wide ield o he p oduc ion o ene gy 67 om was es [7]. The cooled wall eac o de eloped a Uni e si y o Valladolid is he only 68 eac o p o o ype cu en ly in ope a ion wi h hyd o he mal lame as in e nal hea sou ce 69 ha p oduces a educed liquid e luen wi h dissol ed solids and a high-p essu e and high- 70 empe a u e e luen a 600-650 ºC and 23 MPa, ha is able o p oduce wo k and he mal 71 ene gy in a mo e e icien way ha he below igni ion ubula eac o s e luen [8]. 72 E en when he op ion o di ec expansion o he e luen is, by a , he mos 73 ene ge ically e icien , i will be no applicable in he sho e m. This is mainly due o he 74 ac ha he composi ion o he e luen (50-80% mole o wa e , ca bon dioxide and 75 ni ogen i ai is used as oxidan ) makes i no sui able o expansion in a con en ional 76 u bine. This composi ion makes he e luen one o in e media e cha ac e is ics be ween 77 5 he pu e wa e used in s eam u bine and he lue gases, p oduc s o combus ion used in 78 gas u bines. The s a ing condi ions o his mix u e, a ound 600 ºC and 23 MPa, 79 de e mine he nea -isen opic pa h needed o an e icien expansion and ou e i down 80 his pa h o an ea ly condensa ion in e ms o a ull ha nessing o he mix u e en halpy 81 con en ; depending on cou se on he speci ic composi ion o he mix u e. Thus, echnical 82 issues conce ning he expansion o wo-phase s eams p e en he e ec i e 83 implemen a ion o di ec expansion in he sho e m. Fu he mo e, he de ailed design o 84 a dedica ed, e ec i e u bine would be cos ly and would ake a long ime o be ca ied 85 ou . Mo eo e , he design o such a u bine would be highly dependen on he mass low 86 a e o he e luen s eam, no allowing o wide a ia ion wi hou loss o e iciency. 87 The e o e, a comme cial gas u bine is p oposed, whe e he eac o ou le s eam is 88 injec ed in o a e he combus o . Be o e he injec ion, his s eam is mixed wi h he 89 combus ion gases, his me hod allows he ene gy eco e y using a con en ional 90 equipmen (expande u bine sec ion) because his doesn’ change in excess he 91 expanding lue gases s eam p ope ies. 92 2. Ma e ial and me hods 93 2.1. Pilo Plan desc ip ion 94 The simpli ied PFD (P ocess Flow Diag am) o he cooled wall eac o acili y placed 95 a Uni e sidad de Valladolid is shown in Figu e 1. The plan can be used o oxidize 96 a ious compounds wi h ai as oxidan in an aqueous en i onmen . The maximum 97 ope a ing p essu e is 30 MPa a empe a u es be ween 400°C and 700°C wi h a maximum 98 ea men capaci y o 25 kg/h o eed. 99 The main equipmen o his pilo plan is he eac o . This de ice has h ee inle lines 100 and wo ou le lines [8]: he eed line, en e ing a he bo om o he eac o essel and 101 6 p oceeding down-up inside o a ubula injec o o he op o he eac o , consis o a 102 pumpable mix u e o wa e and uel which is p essu ized and p ehea ed elec ically; ai 103 line is in oduced a he bo om o he eac o a e comp ession, hea ing and mixing wi h 104 he eed; and he hi d inle line consis s o an auxilia y downwa d low o wa e a he 105 op o he eac o in ended o p o ec he eac o wall om high empe a u e. The liquid 106 p oduc s line lea es he eac o om he bo om and is mainly composed o wa e and 107 sal s; and he apo line lows om he op o he eac o and is mainly composed o wa e 108 apo , ni ogen and ca bon dioxide wi h composi ion depending on he na u e o he uel 109 was e. The ou le lines a e cooled and dep essu ized. 110 The eac ion chambe consis s o a e ical ube. I is su ounded and con ained in a 111 p essu e essel. Be ween he p essu e essel and he eac ion chambe he down low o 112 cooling wa e keeping he empe a u e o he p essu e s anding wall unde 400°C. The 113 eed is p emixed wi h ai and en e s he eac ion chambe h ough a ubula injec ion lance 114 [9]. Usually he hyd o he mal lame is p oduced abo e he lance, a he op o he eac ion 115 chambe , whe e he maximum empe a u e is de ec ed [9]. To p ehea he eac o a he 116 s a up o he p ocess he e a e wo elec ical hea e s. The oom empe a u e cooling 117 wa e en e s a he op end o he eac o lowing down be ween he walls o he eac ion 118 chambe and p essu e essel. A he bo om end i o ms a pool o liquid wa e whe e i 119 mixes wi h he eac ion p oduc s and can sol e sal s o a oid la ge sal deposi s inside he 120 eac ion chambe . 121 Da a om his acili y a e used as he base o his wo k [8]. 122 123 124 125 7 2.2. Ene gy In eg a ion 126 As s a ed abo e, he use o supe c i ical wa e as eac ion media equi es ex eme 127 p essu e and empe a u e ope a ional condi ions en ailing high-ene gy ope a ional 128 expendi u e. Liquid wa e can be comp essed using a pump wi h a o dable ene gy cos s. 129 The use o supe c i ical luids makes necessa y o supply hea o high quali y (≈ 400ºC). 130 Because o his, i is necessa y o s udy easonable solu ions which a e able o sol e his 131 pa o he p ocess wi h a iable e iciency. One solu ion could be he in eg a ion o 132 supe c i ical p ocesses wi h ene gy p oduc ion in cogene a ion o Combined Hea and 133 Powe (CHP) cycles. Cogene a ion is de ined as he simul aneous p oduc ion o a ious 134 o ms o ene gy –being he mos equen hea and sha wo k, i.e., powe – om one 135 powe sou ce. The implemen a ion o CHP p ocesses is o en joined o he use o gas 136 u bines (GT). Nowadays, he mos ex ended uel used in gas u bines is na u al gas. This 137 kind o in e nal combus ion u bines own se e al ad an ages o e s eam u bines and 138 diesel engines, such as, highe yields, be e lexibili y and highe e iciency [10]. 139 Besides, i is a compac engine, wi h lowe manpowe ope a ing needs and eady 140 a ailabili y [11]. Also, he gas u bine engine is u he ecognized o i s be e 141 en i onmen al pe o mance mani es ed in cu bing o ai pollu ion and educing he 142 g eenhouse e ec [12]. Fo all hese ad an ages i is p o ed ha o e he las wo decades, 143 GT has seen emendous de elopmen and ma ke expansion. Gas u bines ep esen ing 144 only wen y pe cen o he powe gene a ion ma ke wen y yea s ago, hey now claim 145 app oxima ely o y pe cen o new capaci y addi ions [13]. 146 The SCWO p ocess p oduces a high p essu e eac o ou le s eam, being hese mainly 147 composed o wa e , ni ogen and ca bon dioxide and can be he mally in eg a ed i he e 148 is a necessi y o hea in o he pa s o he p ocess. I he e a e no o he hea equi emen s, 149 8 i is possible o use he excess hea o implemen a s eam injec ion in he gas u bine, 150 which will imp o e he e iciency o he global p ocess. This mechanism links he p ocess 151 o SCWO wi h he cogene a ion p ocess. S eam injec ion is a echnique which can 152 inc ease he abili y o a plan o gene a e ex a powe wi hou bu ning ex a uel and 153 equi ing mode a e capi al in es men . Fu he mo e a dec ease in NOx emissions om 154 he gas u bine is p oduced and also he elec ic gene a ion e iciency o he simple and 155 egene a i e cycles is imp o ed [14]. S eam Injec ed Gas Tu bines (STIG) sys ems 156 ope a e as an enhancemen o he B ay on cycle. High quali y s eam is used o inc ease 157 he powe ou pu and imp o e ope a ing e iciency o he basic B ay on cycle. The 158 de ini e place a which his s eam is injec ed di e s acco ding o he design o he 159 pa icula gas u bine; howe e mainly, high p essu e s eam is injec ed in o he high- 160 p essu e sec ions o he gas u bine ia he combus o uel nozzles [11]. In i s mos basic 161 o m, s eam injec ion wo ks by inc easing he global mass low a e h ough he gas 162 u bine wi hou inc easing he mass o ai o be comp essed. This inc ease in he expanded 163 mass low gene a es an inc ease in he o a ional o que and powe ou pu . S eam injec ion 164 echnology o e s a clea imp o emen o e he B ay on cycle while p o iding a ully 165 lexible ope a ing cycle [15]. 166 One o he key pa ame e s ha mus be conside ed o he design o a SCWO sys em 167 o ene gy p oduc ion is he choice o he oxidan . F om he eac ion poin o iew, using 168 ai o oxygen shows no in luence on he con e sion o he eed oxidized [16]. Ai is he 169 cheapes ma e ial, bu i con ains a la ge amoun o ni ogen ha has o be p essu ized, 170 and ha ac s as a diluen ha educes he empe a u e o e luen s and, he e o e, i s 171 he mal quali y. On he o he hand, c yogenic liquid oxygen ca ies no diluen s, and ai 172 comp esso s could be eplaced by low consump ion c yogenic pumps. Fu he mo e, pu e 173 9 oxygen does no need o be p ehea ed up o eed injec ion empe a u e. Howe e , he cos 174 and ene gy consump ion o p oducing pu e oxygen could a ec he iabili y o he 175 p ocess. An in e media e op ion is he use o oxygen-en iched ai [4]. 176 2.3. Analyzed schemes and me hods 177 In his esea ch, di e en possibili ies o ene gy eco e y om he uppe s eam o 178 he SCWO cooled wall eac o a e explo ed. This s eam is gaseous and mainly composed 179 o wa e , ni ogen and ca bon dioxide. Ene ge ic e iciencies a e s udied and compa ed 180 using a simula ion so wa e. Also, he mass and ene gy balances a e calcula ed o he 181 p oposed schemes. 182 Fo ca ying ou hese s udies, Aspen Plus V8.0 so wa e is used. This so wa e can 183 be used o a wide a ie y o simula ion chemical enginee ing asks, om pa allel p ocess 184 moni o ing o ope a ion modes explo a ion o g ass oo design. The app oach adop ed in 185 his wo k is o de elop an Aspen simula ion low-shee ha alida es agains expe imen al 186 uns o he pilo plan and hen apply his lowshee o explo e di e en p ocess se ups 187 o he eco e y o ene gy om he op eac o e luen . In o de o model he 188 he modynamic beha io o he mix u es he Peng-Robinson he mo package wi h 189 Bos on-Ma hias (PRBM) modi ica ions was used. 190 The ini ial alues used in his simula ion a e expe imen al da a which we e ob ained 191 om he pilo plan e e ed abo e. 192 The eed consis s o solu ions o lac ose in wa e (mass ac ion: 87% H2O and 13% 193 C12H22O11) a oom condi ions (20ºC and 1 ba ) wi h a mass low a e o 13.5 kg/h. The 194 mass low a e o cooling wa e necessa y is 5.6 kg/h a 20ºC and 1 ba . 195 In o he eac o he nex eac ion happens: 196 𝐶12𝐻22𝑂11 +12𝑂2 → 12𝐶𝑂2+11𝐻2𝑂 197 16 Di e en inal al e expansion p essu es can ha e a signi ican in luence in sha 340 wo k eco e y, bu his is di icul o assess due o s ong dependencies o he maximum 341 allowable alue o his p essu e on he speci ic equipmen (GT) and injec ion de ails. 342 Case 0 is he mos basic con igu a ion, he e isn’ gas injec ion, and being o his 343 eason he ne wo k p oduced he lowes . Wi h his con igu a ion, hea in eg a ion is 344 achie ed o jus p ehea inle s eam. Ene gy in eg a ion is imp o ed wi h gas injec ion in 345 case 1. 346 In case 2, 3 and 4 he high p essu e is used o inc ease ene gy p oduc ion using an 347 ejec o . The simula ion so wa e employed doesn' include an ejec o o je -s eam uni , 348 and o his eason a simpli ied con igu a ion was used. 349 I in e media e p essu e is high, he ne wo k is highe , he e o e, case 4 is be e han 350 case 2 and case 3. These cases a e imp o ed whi he case 5. All he ou le p essu e eac o 351 is used o he ejec o . 352 And inally, he e iciencies ob ained (Table 7) in e e y cases a e o e 25 % and going 353 o up 34.6 % in case 5. 354 Acknowledgemen s 355 Y.G.R. & A.M. hanks o MS3 o PhD inancial suppo . M.D.B. hanks 356 MINECO o RyC ellowship (RYC-2013-13976) & MINECO p ojec CTQ2013- 357 44143-R o inancial suppo . 358 17 Re e ences 359 360 [1] G. B unne , Hyd o he mal and supe c i ical wa e p ocesses, in, Else ie , Hambu g, 2014, pp. 361 2-666. 362 [2] M.D. Be mejo, M.J. Coce o, Supe c i ical wa e oxida ion: A echnical e iew, AIChE J., 52 363 (2006) 3933-3951. 364 [3] P.A. 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Smi h, The e ec s o mixing and 396 oxidan choice on labo a o y-scale measu emen s o supe c i ical wa e oxida ion kine ics, 397 Indus ial and Enginee ing Chemis y Resea ch, 41 (2002) 624-631. 398 399 400 401 402 403 404 405 406 407 408 409 19 Tables 410 Table 1 411 Tempe a u e (ºC) P essu e (ba ) Mass low (kg/h) Pa ial mola low (kmol/h) Feed 20 1 13.5 0.005 C12H22O11 0.652 H2O Ai Reac o 20 1 10 0.073 O2 0.274 N2 Reac o Inle (Feed and Ai Reac o ) 400 230 23.5 0.073 O2 0.274 N2 0.005 C12H22O11 0.652 H2O Cooling Wa e 35.4 230 5.6 0.311 H2O Lowe Reac o Ou le 700 230 9.469 0.526 H2O Uppe Reac o Ou le 700 230 19.631 0.011 O2 0.274 N2 0.062 CO2 0.494 H2O Ai Tu bine 20 1 80.9 0.589 O2 2.215 N2 Na u al Gas 20 15.6 1.349 0.003 CO2 0.076 CH4 Gas Tu bine Flue Gases 583.8 1 82.249 0.438 O2 2.215 N2 0.079 CO2 0.151 H2O Cooled Gas Tu bine Gases 192 1 82.249 0.438 O2 2.215 N2 0.079 CO2 0.151 H2O 412 413 20 Table 2 414 Tempe a u e (ºC) P essu e (ba ) Mass low (kg/h) Pa ial mola low (kmol/h) Injec ed S eam 676.1 15.6 19.631 0.011 O2 0.274 N2 0.062 CO2 0.494 H2O Gas Tu bine Flue Gases 539.9 1 101.889 0.449 O2 2.489 N2 0.140 CO2 0.645 H2O Cooled Gas Tu bine Flue Gases 235.7 1 101.889 0.449 O2 2.489 N2 0.140 CO2 0.645 H2O 415 416 21 Table 3 417 Tempe a u e (ºC) P essu e (ba ) Mass low (kg/h) Pa ial mola low (kmol/h) Ejec o Inle (Val e Ou le ) 680.7 50 19.631 0.011 O2 0.274 N2 0.062 CO2 0.494 H2O Ai Comp esso Tu bine 20 1 77.552 0.565 O2 2.123 N2 Ai Ejec o 20 1 3.358 0.024 O2 0.092 N2 Ejec o Ou le 611.1 15.6 22.989 0.036 O2 0.366 N2 0.062 CO2 0.494 H2O Gas Tu bine Flue Gases 523.3 1 101.889 0.449 O2 2.489 N2 0.140 CO2 0.645 H2O Cooled Gas Tu bine Flue Gases 227.5 1 101.889 0.449 O2 2.489 N2 0.140 CO2 0.645 H2O 418 419 22 Table 4 420 Tempe a u e (ºC) P essu e (ba ) Mass low (kg/h) Pa ial mola low (kmol/h) Ejec o Inle (Val e Ou le ) 686.8 100 19.631 0.011 O2 0.274 N2 0.062 CO2 0.494 H2O Ai Comp esso Tu bine 20 1 75.929 0.553 O2 2.079 N2 Ai Ejec o 20 1 4.981 0.036 O2 0.136 N2 Ejec o Ou le 584.1 15.6 24.612 0.048 O2 0.410 N2 0.062 CO2 0.494 H2O Gas Tu bine Flue Gases 519.6 1 101.889 0.449 O2 2.489 N2 0.140 CO2 0.645 H2O Cooled Gas Tu bine Flue Gases 223.5 1 101.889 0.449 O2 2.489 N2 0.140 CO2 0.645 H2O 421 422 23 Table 5 423 Tempe a u e (ºC) P essu e (ba ) Mass low (kg/h) Pa ial mola low (kmol/h) Ejec o Inle (Val e Ou le ) 692.3 150 19.631 0.011 O2 0.274 N2 0.062 CO2 0.494 H2O Ai Comp esso Tu bine 20 1 75.089 0.547 O2 2.056 N2 Ai Ejec o 20 1 5.821 0.042 O2 0.159 N2 Ejec o Ou le 571 15.6 25.451 0.054 O2 0.433 N2 0.062 CO2 0.494 H2O Gas Tu bine Flue Gases 517.6 1 101.889 0.449 O2 2.489 N2 0.140 CO2 0.645 H2O Cooled Gas Tu bine Flue Gases 221.5 1 101.889 0.449 O2 2.489 N2 0.140 CO2 0.645 H2O 424 425 426 427 428 429 430 431 432 433 434 435 436 24 Table 6 437 Tempe a u e (ºC) P essu e (ba ) Mass low (kg/h) Pa ial mola low (kmol/h) Ai Comp esso Tu bine 20 1 74.290 0.541 O2 2.034 N2 Ai Ejec o 20 1 6.620 0.048 O2 0.181 N2 Ejec o Ou le 559.1 15.6 26.251 0.059 O2 0.455 N2 0.062 CO2 0.494 H2O Gas Tu bine Flue Gases 515.8 1 101.889 0.449 O2 2.489 N2 0.140 CO2 0.645 H2O Cooled Gas Tu bine Flue Gases 219.5 1 101.889 0.449 O2 2.489 N2 0.140 CO2 0.645 H2O 438 439 440 441 442 443 444 445 446 447 448 449 450 451 452 25 Table 7 453 Case 0 Case 1 Case 2 Case 3 Case 4 Case 5 Ejec o Inle P essu e (ba ) - - 50 100 150 230 Ai Ejec o (mass ac ion) (%) - - 4.150 6.156 7.194 8.183 Ou le combus o empe a u e (ºC) 1041.4 950.1 939.3 934.1 931.4 928.8 Gas Tu bine Flue Gases Tempe a u e (ºC) 583.8 530.9 523.3 519.6 517.6 515.8 Cooled Gas Tu bine Flue Gases Tempe a u e (ºC) 192 235.7 227.5 223.5 221.1 219.5 Ene gy consump ion by comp esso - u bine (kW) 9.874 9.873 9.463 9.265 9.163 9.065 Ene gy p oduc ion by u bine (kW) 12.674 15.333 15.189 15.120 15.084 15.050 Ene gy consump ion by eed pump (kW) 0.330 0.330 0.330 0.330 0.330 0.330 Ene gy consump ion by cooling wa e pump (kW) 0.142 0.142 0.142 0.142 0.142 0.142 Ene gy consump ion by ai comp esso 2.328 2.328 2.328 2.328 2.328 2.328 Ne wo k (kW) 0 2.660 2.926 3.055 3.121 3.185 Ne wo k om u bine (kW) 2.800 5.460 5.726 5.855 5.921 5.985 Imp o emen pe cen age wi h espec o case 0 (%) 95 104.5 109.107 111.464 113.75 Imp o emen pe cen age wi h espec o p e ious case (%) 95 4.872 2.253 1.127 1.081 E iciency (%) 0 28.934 31.828 33.231 33.949 34.645 454