Dualism as a Literary Device: An Exploration in Narratology

Facultad de Filosofía y Letras Grado en Estudios Ingleses Dualism as a Literary Device: An Exploration in Narratology Susana Molinero Jiménez Tutor: Enrique Cámara Arenas Departamento de Filología Inglesa Curso: 2023-2024 Abstract: This dissertation aims to extend idea of dualism in novels beyond the traditional conception of it. By exploring the multifaced nature of dualism, this study seeks to develop an introduction to a broader literary theory that acknowledges the diverse manifestations and purposes of dualism within literature. Through a comprehensive analysis of selected novels, this research demonstrates that dualism operates as a multifunctional mechanism, influencing the characterization in diverse ways and the essence of the narrative. By examining the multiple representation of dualism across different levels – including but not limited to moral, identity, phycological and relational dimensions – this dissertation offers a general notion into the complex interaction between dualistic elements and the narrative. Key words: Characters, Dualism, Dichotomy, Characterization, Narrative. Abstract: Este trabajo tiene como objetivo ampliar la idea del dualismo en las novelas más allá de su concepción tradicional. Al explorar la naturaleza multifacética del dualismo, este estudio pretende desarrollar una introducción a lo que podría ser una teoría literaria extendida que compilara las diversas manifestaciones y propósitos del dualismo en la literatura. A través de un exhaustivo análisis de las novelas seleccionadas, este estudio demuestra que el dualismo funciona como un mecanismo multifuncional, influenciando la caracterización de diversas maneras y la esencia de la narrativa. Con la examinación de múltiples representaciones del dualismo a diferentes niveles – incluyendo, pero no limitado a dimensiones morales, identidad, psicológica, y relacional – este estudio ofrece una noción general de la compleja interacción entre los elementos dualistas y la narrativa. Palabras clave: Personajes, Dualismo, Dicotomía, Caracterización, Narrativa. TABLE OF CONTENTS: 1. Introduction ………………………………………………………………… p. 1 1.1. Research objectives ……………………………………………………... p. 1 1.2. Methodology ……………………………………………………………. p. 1 1.3. Theoretical background ………………………………………………… p. 2 1.4. Literature review ………………………………………………………... p. 4 2. Dualism in characterization ……………………………………………….. p. 7 2.1. Characterization through dualism ………………………………………. p. 7 2.2. Examples of irreducible dualism ……………………………………….. p. 12 2.3. Beyond dualistic characterization ………………………………………. p. 16 2.4. Examples of dualistic novels ……………………........………………… p. 18 2.5. Character development through dualism ……………………………….. p. 22 3. Conclusion …………………………………………………………………... p. 23 4. References …………………………………………………………………... p. 23 Universidad de Valladolid 1 Susana Molinero Jiménez 1. Introduction 1.1.Research Objectives In this study we will explore a philosophical inquiry that has profoundly affected the realms of literature and narrative, particularly in the representation and evolution of characters in novels. The conceptualization of dichotomies has influenced the way of characterization and interpretation of characters, hence using dualism as a narrative help. Thus, our investigation will focus on a selection of representative English language novels that date from the 19th to the 20th century in order to demonstrate the premise of dualism converted into a literary device. This study aims to explore how dualism is able to influence the narrative regarding the representation of characters made by authors in diverse dimensions including moral, psychological, identity, and relational aspects. The literary theory of Eugenio Trías, Lo Bello y lo Siniestro (Trías, 2011), has been used as a point of reference in this paper. Hence, it has served as a basis for the development of the literary theory developed in the current thesis. We will try to represent dualism as a multifaced element that serves to the storyteller as a narrative mechanism shaping the personality of characters and the perception of them by the readers. We will center on written material, leaving aside any kind of cinematography media and also any type of graphic novels. The study will focus on the dualistic elements present in the characterization of the novel´s figures, affecting different levels of the narrative. In addition, this paper will provide an extended analysis of the different classification of dichotomies that can be inherent in a character. This study can serve as introduction for further investigations about the influence of dualism in narrative across the decades, and how it has affected different levels of it. 1.2.Methodology This study has examined some of the most acclaimed novels of the 19th and 20th century included – except one - on the list published in the webpage Goodreads Universidad de Valladolid 2 Susana Molinero Jiménez (Time Magazine’s All-Time 100 Novels (100 Books), 2019). This page mentioned creates a list of just Englis-written novels in which the ranking made is based on the reader´s opinion. The criteria followed for the selection of the books used in this study was taking the two most read novels on the ranking occupying first, and second position. The other two novels were selected due to their relevance to the paper´s topic – one of which is included in the list previously mentioned, tough lower in the ranking -. Hence, the corpus compiled consists of four novels, all of them written in English, one by an American writer and three by British writers. The novels selected date from 1813 to 1960. To accomplish the objective of the study mentioned above, we have collected data about dualism and studies of previous investigators. This information is explained in the theoretical background and in the literature review, respectively. This data served to investigate how it can be applied to literature. By the close reading of the four novels, we have selected instances to demonstrate and illustrate how dualism can be identified in narrative as a literary device used by authors. To create a map of information, we have used the program Obsidian to compile all the information about previous research, additional information, and annotations of the novels, therefore creating a scheme linking ideas to use on this paper. 1.3.Theoretical background In order to accomplish a better understanding of the topic presented, it is necessary to propose a theoretical background regarding dualism and address some questions that may arise regarding this topic, such as what it is or its relevance to literature. Answering these questions will facilitate the following of the paper as well as the comprehension of the proposed theory. Over the decades, scholars such as Plato, Kant, or Heguel, known for their philosophical contributions, have widely studied dualism and how it works. The basic definition that can be taken from their investigations is that dualism is the contraposition of two diametrically opposed things or entities one depending on the existence of the other and vice versa. One of the most influencing theories regarding this topic is what is called Cartesian dualism proposed by the Universidad de Valladolid 3 Susana Molinero Jiménez philosopher René Descartes who “argued that the natures of mind and body are completely different from one another and each could exist by itself” (Thibaut, 2018). This idea was widely discussed in the field of philosophy by several known authors such as Kant or Freud. However, this topic has not just been studied in the field of philosophy, but also in the areas of psychology, or literature. Due to the significant diversity of fields that studied the topic, there are several definitions of dualism that can be found. The American Psychological Association (APA) defines dualism as: “the position that reality consists of two separate substances, defined by René Descartes as thinking substance (mind) and extended substance (matter) […]. Dualistic positions raise the question of how mind and body interact in thought and behavior.” (APA Dictionary of Psychology). This definition can be considered purely from a philosophical point of view since it only considers the mind-body dualism, one of the most investigated themes by famous philosophers. Nonetheless, dualism has made his way to influence other disciplines. In this paper, we will be dealing with the relationship stablished between dualism and literature. Dualism has been reflected in literary works through centuries as we will present later on this paper. In the case of this area of study, as it is narratology, we can say that dualism is the contraposition of two diametrically opposed elements that is able to create a special effect, hence being used as a literary motif. This topic has been studied by the author Eugenio Trias, a prominent philosopher born in Barcelona, who emerged as a significant figure whose rich corpus of works greatly influenced the contemporary discourse within the realm of Literary Theory. Eugenio Trías´ (1983) theory Lo Bello y Lo Siniestro, serves as a foundation in the development of a subsequent literary theory that will be sketched in the present dissertation. His work is a deep exploration of the relationship between the literary aesthetics and the human experience. This Spanish philosopher states that beauty and sinister are not opposite but two elements that together create reality. Through philosophical reasoning and the analysis of art and literature, Trías is able to elucidate how the perception of beauty and the Universidad de Valladolid 10 Susana Molinero Jiménez characters, engaging readers into complex moral inquiries and a thoughtprovoking narrative. Identity and self-perception conflicts. This type of internal conflict delves into the psyche of the characters in an attempt to understand themselves and the perception of their own identity. This introspection often arises conflictive matters from a wide variety of sources. Characters may suffer identity crisis or existential dilemmas feeling uncertain of their true identity, their existence, or the place they belong to. Some examples of dichotomy that can be included inside this category can be self-doubt versus confidence, tradition versus change, or purpose versus nihilism, among others. These types of conflicts drive the character to do an introspection exploring their own identity leading to a personal evolution and redefinition of the self. For a better understanding of the concept, take as an example and artist that is debating between doing something creative with artistic value, or to produce something economically beneficiary that he could sell, hence questioning his identity as a real artist. The characterization takes places when the character explores the inner self and choses one of the two irreducible elements. By the time the character reaches a decision and ends with the identity crisis, the result is a character with a new personality or at least a changed personality. Psychological and emotional conflicts. Psychological conflicts conform a part of the internal conflicts that deal with the character´s mind and heart working on reconciling his/her emotions, thoughts, and desires. The center of the conflict is on immediate feelings or reactions in specific situations. The character struggles with inner emotional battles and mental challenges as it can be fear versus courage, hope versus despair or rationality versus emotion. Take as an example the character of Sarah who has been offered a promotion that means a salary increase, but the new job is in another city and would suppose leaving her family. This character has an inner conflict of rationality versus emotion. The characterization would occur when the character decides between one of the two irreducible elements. Relational and social conflicts. This internal conflict focuses on character’s tension in their interactions and relationships with others. Relational and social Universidad de Valladolid 11 Susana Molinero Jiménez conflicts are motivated from an external element – usually another character – that provokes conflictive emotions or sensations inside the character. Those opposed emotions could be love versus hate, loyalty versus betrayal, desire versus duty, freedom versus constrain, or interest versus altruism. Authors often use this type of conflict to highlight the complexities of human relations. An example of this conflict could be the hypothetical character of Michael. He has a coworker who has always supported and helped him; however, Michael eventually finds out that his mate is sending confidential information to another company. This character faces the dichotomy of loyalty versus betrayal. The struggle usually leads the character to a development when having to choose between the two opposed realms. External conflict. Aside from the inner conflicts, we can find another category called external conflicts. This form of characterizations is motivated by the interaction between characters, each one representing contrasting ideologies, personalities, or roles within the narrative. Examples of this category could include characters with opposing goals, ideologies, or clashes between two different cultural backgrounds. These conflicts drive the plot and create tension in the narrative. Also, by the juxtaposition of characters with opposing features, authors make a characterization of them and encourage the development of the narrative theme. Within external conflicts, it can be made a distinction of two types of characterization. Man versus man. Inside the external conflicts we can find the conflict of man versus man which involves the opposition of two characters of the narrative. The manifestation of the conflict is usually through opposing emotions, different ideologies, goals, desires, or values. The key aspect is that one character embodies one of the parts and the other character embodies the opposite. A stereotypical example could be the physical confrontation between the hero and the villain where the hero embodies the good side and the villain the bad side. The characterization of the individuals is made through the representation of opposite realms. The conflict often, but not always, leads to character development since they navigate through their differences and learn from their interaction. Universidad de Valladolid 12 Susana Molinero Jiménez Man versus element. Another category inside the external conflicts is man versus element. This type of characterization refers to the conflict between the man and forces that are out of his/her control as it can be society or fate. The conflict between man and society arises when the character tries to go against what is socially stablished as it can be norms, laws, or even cultural expectations. Take as an example the hypothetical character of Lucy who is expected to get married soon as her cultural tradition stipulates, but she doesn’t want to get married and prefers to travel the world by herself. This character must face a conflict between her and the society. The conflict of man versus fate occurs when the character arises against what is predetermined to him/her or to an uncontrollable circumstance. The conflict challenges the characters´ limits, resilience and capacity of adaptation delving into a development and transformation of the character. This narrative technique of using dualism as a form of characterization is employed by authors to add a further complexity and depth to the characters creating a multi-faceted element. It is essential to highlight that characters can embody more than one conflict at the same time, creating a more complex characterization of this narrative element as we will see in the following section of the paper. 2.2.Examples of irreducible dualism As explained in the previous section, conflicts can be used as a method to characterize the different individulas in a novel. This study proposes a classification of that dualistic characterization that includes both inner conflicts and external conflicts. Internal conflicts encompass moral and ethical conflicts, identity and self-perception conflicts, psychological and emotional conflicts, and relational and social conflicts. External conflicts, on the other hand, involve man versus man and man versus element conflicts. In this section, we will exemplify the theory by presenting and analyzing three well-known novels. These examples aim to show how characterization can be developed through irreducible dichotomies embodied by characters. By examining these novels, we will reach a Universidad de Valladolid 13 Susana Molinero Jiménez broader understanding of how conflicts can drive the character and enrich the narrative. Moral and Ethical Conflicts, and External conflict (Man vs. Society): Atticus Finch in "To Kill a Mockingbird" The novel To Kill a Mockingbird written by Harper Lee in the 1960s, has been extensively analyzed for its many layers of interest in fields as literature and narrative. Scholars such as Shackelford (1996) have examined aspects of the novel including the feminine voice. The present paper focuses the analysis on the use of dualism as a method of characterization. One of the central characters in this Southern Gothic novel is Atticus Finch, the father of the narrator, Scout, and her brother, Jem. Atticus embodies a moral and ethical conflict, which rises when the character is forced to make moral judgements. As a lawyer, Atticus defends a black man who was falsely accused of a crime, a risky decision given the novel´s setting in a 1960s Alabama village. Atticus´ steady commitment to justice and equality despite de societal prejudices of the time, shows the ethical challenges he faces along the novel. The characterization of Atticus occurs when he faces a moral dilemma, wherein he has to decide whether to follow his values or to leave them aside in order to avoid the risk of defending that man. His personality is progressively discerned throughout the novel as he struggles with this ethical challenge. Characters can embody more than one conflict at the same time creating a complex and multifaceted character. In the novel, Atticus Finch faces the social opinion of his neighbors having to hear critics, or even threats from whom he considered friends. This character encounters with an external conflict that we call man versus society. The 1960s was a time of great segregation between black and white people, but there were few citizens that defended the rights of the black people creating friction between the two trains of thought. There is a clear representation in To Kill a Mockingbird (Lee, 1960) of the two sides making a contraposition of the ideologies. Atticus represents the change, and the reasoning, whereas the society represents the past, traditions, and archaic ideas. In the following example it is clearly represented the struggle of Atticus when talking to her daughter Scout: Universidad de Valladolid 14 Susana Molinero Jiménez “If you shouldn’t be defendin‘ him, then why are you doin’ it?” “For a number of reasons,” said Atticus. “The main one is, if I didn’t I couldn’t hold up my head in town, I couldn’t represent this county in the legislature, I couldn’t even tell you or Jem not to do something again.” […] “Why?” “Because I could never ask you to mind me again. Scout, simply by the nature of the work, every lawyer gets at least one case in his lifetime that affects him personally. This one’s mine, I guess. You might hear some ugly talk about it at school, but do one thing for me if you will: you just hold your head high and keep those fists down. No matter what anybody says to you, don’t you let ‘em get your goat. Try fighting with your head for a change… it’s a good one, even if it does resist learning.” (Lee, 1960, pp.78) Hence, it can be seen that there is a double characterization of Atticus. He acquires the characteristic of a fair man through the moral conflict and the image of advocate of values through the conflict with society. Relational and Social Conflicts, and External Conflict (Man vs. Society): Winston Smith in "1984" The novel 1984 (Orwell, 1949) is one of the most known novels written by George Orwell published in 1949. The author makes an exploration of the conflictive nature inside character of Winston Smith. This is the main character of this dystonia novel who lives in an oppressive world governed by the Party with Big Brother as the leader. The character plans on rebel against the regime but the idea ends up frustrated. Winston Smith faces the relational and social conflict of freedom versus constrain. He debates himself whether rebel against that oppressive regime or to live under the dictatorial rule of Big Brother. This internal issue provokes a doubt inside the character. The conflict serves to characterize Winston and discern his personality through his reaction to the events and his responses. The following example serves to see how Winston has a conflict in his mind remembering better times and comparing them to the current way of living: Universidad de Valladolid 15 Susana Molinero Jiménez “To the future or to the past, to a time when thought is free, when men are different from one another and do not live alone—to a time when truth exists and what is done cannot be undone: From the age of uniformity, from the age of solitude, from the age of Big Brother, from the age of doublethink—greetings!” (Orwell, 1949, pp.35) This example could also serve to elucidate the external conflict that Winston Smith faces. The main character intends to rebel against that regime; he goes against the society that surrounds him. He is dealing with the external conflict of man versus society. The author presents two different dichotomies that are used to make the characterization of Winston. The contraposition made by freedom versus constrain represents the character as coward since he is initially unable to make up his mind. Later he decides to try and live in freedom having an evolution of the character. The opposition encountered in the novel of man versus society represents Winston as loyal to his values but at the end society wins over him. Identity and self-perception conflicts, and Relational and social conflicts: Elizabeth Bennet in "Pride and Prejudice" The final example for this section would be the acclaimed novel Pride and Prejudice (Austen, 1813) by the author Jane Austen. The main character of this novel is Elisabeth Bennet who delves into diverse conflicts along the story that reveal the complexity of the character. Elisabeth challenges the conventional expectation placed upon women at the time by refusing to marry for convenience. Elisabeth´s internal struggle between tradition and change is evident when she debates whether to marry Mr. Collins, a man she does not love, to secure her family´s future, or to wait for a marriage based on love. This identity conflict juxtaposes the traditional expectation of convenience marriages with the ideal of marrying for love. Furthermore, Elisabeth´s interaction with Mr. Darcy (another character of the story) illustrates a further conflict in which the character is entangled; she is involved into a relational and social conflict regarding the thin line that separates love and hate. Initially, Elisabeth perceives Mr. Darcy as arrogant evoking a sense of despise. As the story unfolds, she discovers a new facet of the character leading Universidad de Valladolid 16 Susana Molinero Jiménez to a gradual transformation of feelings. The following example extracted from the novel illustrates the moment that Elisabeth starts to discover the new facet of Mr. Darcy and changing her mind: “Can such abominable pride as his have ever done him good?” “Yes. It has often led him to be liberal and generous, to give his money freely, to display hospitality, to assist his tenants, and relieve the poor. Family pride, and FILIAL pride --for he is very proud of what his father was – have done this. Not to appear to disgrace his family, to degenerate from the popular qualities, or lose the influence of the Pemberly House, is a powerful motive. He has also BROTHERLY pride, which, with SOME brotherly affection, makes him a very kind and careful guardian of his sister, and you will hear him generally cried up as the most attentive and best of brothers.” (Austen, 1813, pp.115) The characterization of Elisabeth Bennet is tied to these conflicts presented creating a complex and multifaceted character. The identity and self-perception conflict gives Elisabeth the image of being an independent woman and true to her values which gives a sense of strength along with modern ideas. Through the presentation of the relational and social conflict she is characterized as a person capable of growth and change. 2.3.Beyond dualistic characterization In literature, dualistic characterization involves the depiction of characters by contrasting traits or forces, such as good versus evil, love versus hate, or fear versus courage. This technique allows authors to represent characters with different layers of complexities giving them a multifaceted nature. However, the interplay of these dualisms often extends beyond a simple opposition. Many narratives delve deeper than merely presenting opposing forces, exploring how these conflicts can coexist and evolve withing the narrative. The concept of dualistic characterization resides on the tension created between opposing forces. Characters are often portrayed by internal or external conflicts, making their dual nature visible. Through this opposition readers are able to Universidad de Valladolid 17 Susana Molinero Jiménez discern traits of the character´s personality during the struggle created by those opposing forces. The conflicts suppose an essential part driving the narrative and deepening in the understanding of the character’s inner world. Yet, literature can go beyond the presentation of dualisms. The confrontation between dualistic elements can lead to a point in which the opposing sides are, in a certain way, “reconciled”. The conflict between two opposing forces not always ends with the triumph of one side over the other; rather, it encompasses a partial integration of both into a cohesive relationship. This concept can be illustrated with the dichotomy of good versus evil. In any presentation of dichotomies, there is a fight between the two sides, in this case the good and the evil. If we are dealing with an internal conflict, the character would be dealing with an inner struggle debating himself/herself between opposing forces. In some cases, one of them will ultimately prevail, leading to a clear characterization. However, in other instances, this resolution is not as simple, leading to a more complex portrayal. Referring back to the famous line by William Shakespeare “To be or not to be” (Shakespeare, 1603), it exemplifies the irreducible nature of dichotomies, illustrating that one element cannot coexist simultaneously with its opposite. But what if the dualistic characterization could reach the “To be AND not to be”? In narrative, a character can embody two irreducible elements simultaneously, such as good and evil. These opposing forces have the capacity of influence each other creating a complex internal conflict. For instance, in the dichotomy of good and evil, a character experiencing this internal conflict may opt for decisions that are neither entirely good nor entirely evil. Instead, their actions might embody a blend of both. Let´s consider the hypothetical character of Chris as an example. He is a politician that advocates for social justice gaining admiration for his honorable ideas. However, behind this idealistic facade, he employs manipulative tactics to secure his political position and status. In this case, we can see a character who genuinely intends to benefit the citizens, but he reaches power though morally dubious means. This duality illustrates the complex interplay between his honorable intentions and ethically questionable actions, or in simple means, the dichotomy of good versus evil. Therefore, dichotomies are not just irreducible elements but also interconnected forces. The concept of `yin and yang´ represents this idea. Rather than seeing Universidad de Valladolid 18 Susana Molinero Jiménez dichotomies as separate and opposing realms, yin and yang presents them as complementary forces that exist in a dynamic relationship. The yin represents one aspect, while the other represents its opposite. However, these are not static forces since they are able to interact and influence each other. In the context of good versus evil, for example, there can be good traits in what is considered to be evil and vice versa. This interrelation suggests that there is a trace of each force in its opposite. Hence, characters are not determined to be just binary figures but a blend of traits that come from a dichotomy. Let´s consider the imaginary character of Anthony. He is a politician that has attained a significant position in the government. After two years of working there, one of his colleagues, Andrea, discovers that he is embezzling money from the government funds. However, when his colleague is about to denounce him, she learns that Anthony has been using the stolen money to help people in need throughout the town. This action comes in response to the current governor´s neglect, allowing citizens to suffer from starvation. In this example, his yin – darkness, corruption, etc. - would be the violation of the law, while his yang – light, morality, etc. - would be his compassionate nature. This example serves to illustrate how one action at the same time good and evil, applying the concept of yin and yang. 2.4.Examples of dualistic novels As a continuation of the previous section, the characterization through the presentation of dualisms involves the depiction of conflicts – internal or external – within the characters. This technique transcends the mere opposition of forces, delving into their coexistence and influence. Authors employ this technique to provide the narrative of tension and to reveal the dual nature of characters. In the following paragraph we will present three different novels that will serve as example to elucidate the theory presented. Each novel contains a key character that represents the idea of dualistic characterization and how the conflicting forces can influence each other. With the analysis of two characters, we will reach a broader understanding of the function between opposing forces and the effects on literature. Universidad de Valladolid 19 Susana Molinero Jiménez Exploration of dualistic characterization in Scout Finch in To Kill a Mockingbird The previously mentioned novel To Kill a Mockingbird by Harper Lee is loaded with characters that are worth of analysis. In this paragraph we are going to deal with the character of Scout Finch, the young daughter of Atticus Finch (mentioned in section 2.2.) and the narrator of the story. At the beginning of the narrative, Scout is a little girl who lives in Maycomb a town that holds a society shaped by social prejudices and racial ideas. The character of Scout evolves as she grapples with the complexities of innocence and growth. Her innocence serves as a shield to be protected from the social turmoil happening in the town due to the racial segregation happening in the south. As she grows up, she experiments a process of maturation becoming aware of the social injustice and the racial prejudices that surrounds her. This character confronts an irreducible dichotomy (explained in section 2.1.) that suppose an internal conflict: innocence versus maturity. However, as she matures, she gains a new perspective of the world, and it makes her realize some dichotomies that embodies the yin yang theory. Her relationship with her enigmatic neighbor, Boo Radley, challenges her perception of good and evil. Initially, during her early childhood, Scout thought Boo Radley to be sinister and reclusive. However, as she grows up, she realizes that Boo was really a warmhearted man who was just victim of the rumors and gossip around the neighborhood. The following example, extracted from the novel, serves to illustrate the moment Scout starts her process of understanding: […] “You’re right. We’d better keep this and the blanket to ourselves. Someday, maybe, Scout can thank him for covering her up.” “Thank who?” I asked. “Boo Radley. You were so busy looking at the fire you didn’t know it when he put the blanket around you.” My stomach turned to water and I nearly threw up when Jem held out the blanket and crept toward me. “He sneaked out of the house—turn ‘round—sneaked up, an’ went like this!” (Lee. 1960, pp. 74) This realization encourages Scout to look beyond the superficial judgements, understanding that what appears to be bad or evil, may hide some goodness in it. Universidad de Valladolid 26 Susana Molinero Jiménez Seymour Benjamin Chatman. 1978. Story and Discourse: Narrative Structure in Fiction and Film. Cornell University Press, Ithaca, N.Y. Goldberg, L. R. (1990). An Alternative “Description of Personality”: The Big-Five Factor Structure. Journal of Personality and Social Psychologs, 59(6), 1216–1229. Matt Morrison. 2010. Key concepts in creative writing. 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