Urban permeability: linking the market and the city through the public space

URBAN PERMEABILITY LINKING THE MARKET AND THE CITY THROUGH THE PUBLIC SPACE María Caridad Amoroso Monsalve Director: Josep Maria Fort 2016 - 2017 Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya MBarch_Contemporary Project Agradecimientos A tebo mi compañero y soporte en cada paso y a mi familia por la fuerza de sus palabras a pesar de la distancia. 4 5 ABSTRACT The public space is the stage in which the relations between the inhabitants are developed. It is important that the relationship between buildings whether public or private and the city is a permeable transition as it is in this public space in which urban life is promoted. The main goal of this thesis is to reflect on the permeability between buildings and the city. In this context, as a tool for the research it has been chosen the main topic of the Contemporary Project Master, markets; from where the hypothesis has been developed: The market is a public facility of the city in which necessary and optional activities are developed. The permeability of the market with the city’s urban tissue stimulates the social interaction of the inhabitants through the variety of activities. In this research are used the concepts of permeability and its main features as porosity, viscosity and pressure to be applied in the architectural field and define urban permeability. Then, through an exploration about maps and their intention to communicate, it has been established a way to represent the mentioned urban permeability in a graphic method to reflect how the space is linked to the city and how the inhabitants use it. Given the background, the above concepts are applied in a case study with the purpose of illustrating and understanding the urban permeability in a project in Barcelona that although it is privately owned, has a collective character in its utility. Finally, it is presented the project of the public space developed through the research which links the Galvany Market with the urban fabric of the neighborhood to which it belongs, Sant Gervasi-Galvany. Key words: urban permeability, public space, collective space, market, public facility. CONTENTS 1. INTRODUCTION 08 2. URBAN PERMEABILITY 11 2.1 Public space and Collective Space 13 2.2 The importance of the ground floor 15 2.3 Permeable city 17 2.4 Urban permeability 20 2.4.1 Porosity 21 2.4.2 Viscosity 22 2.4.3 Pressure 23 3. MAPPING THE SITUATION 27 3.1 What do we intend to communicate? 29 3.2 Representative approaches 31 3.3 Mapping the permeability 38 3.4 Case study: L’illa Diagonal Shopping Center 40 4. LINKING THE MARKET WITH THE CITY 65 4.1 The market as a public space 67 4.1.1 Markets in Barcelona 70 4.2 Linking Galvany Market with Sant Gervasi-Galvany 73 4.2.1 Understanding the context: Sarria-Sant Gervasi 74 4.2.2 Understanding the context: Galvany Market 76 4.2.3 Permeability as a design strategy 78 5. CONCLUSIONS 118 BIBLIOGRAPHY 120 8 1. INTRODUCTION The city is the platform of the urban life, but it is the public space the stage where the inhabitants relate. It is important that the relationship between the building, whether public or private, and the public space is a permeable transition, which allows the easy flow of the inhabitants and invites them to move freely. When reflecting on this building-city transition, one must think of interesting edges for people, as Gehl mentions, it is the soft edges1 that promote life in the city; therefore, the design of the ground floor level is transcendental in the urban life. “City life is a matter of quantity and quality, density alone does not necessarily produce life in the streets”2; if we want a city where activity happens, is not only about the amount of people living in it, but the quality and variety of options the city offer. The public space is where social get-to- gethers take place and the quality of urban life of the inhabitants improves, it enhances the life in the city, generating social cohesion, safety for the city, and influences the functions and uses of buildings, structuring the city life itself. It is 1 Gehl, J., 1986. “Soft Edges” in Residential Streets. Scandinavian Housing and Planning Research, I(3), pp.89-102. 2 Gehl, J. & Rogers, R., 2013. Cities for people. Washington: Island Press, p.68. important that the public spaces in the city are spaces with high levels of inclusiveness and that perform as magnets to keep the city active at several hours of the day, thus increasing safety and improving the city’s experience. City facilities such as markets are also public spaces with activities of importance in the daily lives of the people. These are facilities in which both optional and necessary activities3 are carried out, therefore they foster social interrelation and structure the life of the city. The integration of the facilities of the city with the environment is fundamental for their correct functioning, so that they fulfill their purpose with totality, accomplishing its functions as they were designed. This is why permeability4 is an important aspect in the city and its urban fabric; the place where the city and the building meet must be of quality with a variety of activities and opportunities for the people to 3 “In general, public space activities can be divided into two categories: necessary and optional. Necessary activities could include shopping, walking to and from a bus stop, or working as a parking enforcement attendant, police officer or postman. Optional activities comprise strolling or jogging, sitting on a stair step, chair or bench to rest, reading the newspaper, or simply enjoying life while walking around or seated. Activities that are necessary for some people may be freely chosen by others.” Gehl, J. & Svarre, B., 2013. How to Study Public Life. Washington: Island Press, p.17. 4 See definition of permeability in section 1.4 9 use it and live the city. As city designers we must seek the right degree of freedom of movement of the inhabitants so that they can develop the appropriation sense of their city and the social encounter happen. The hypothesis of this TFM is: the market is a public facility of the city in which necessary and optional activities are developed. The permeability of the market with the city’s urban tissue stimulates social interaction of the inhabitants through the variety of activities. Thus, the main objecti- ve is to study the permeability taking as an example a market and its context; the Galvany Market, and develop a project in the public space around the market in order to integrate it with the context. In this perspective this master’s final project is structured in three main chapters that will allow the development of this work. The first chapter is the theoretical framework, which include the study of public and collective space, the importance of the ground floor level, permeable city and finally the concepts of permeability are adapted interpreted for the aim of this work, which is to link the Galvany Market with the urban tissue. After this conceptualization, the second chapter is developed around the necessity of understanding and analyzing the permeability; this chapter includes a brief research about different types of maps which are different from the geographical maps since the permeability is more a matter of sensations and perceptions rather than an exact data. Also in order to deep in how the permeability works in one real and built project, in this chapter a case study will be analyzed, in this instance is L’illa Diagonal Shopping Center, a project located in Barcelona, which is the same city of the design project of this work. This analysis will be carried out with the concepts obtained from the first chapter and with the punctual approach of this work, permeability. Finally, this master’s final project will conclude with a design exercise of the the public space which will link the Galvany Market with the Sant Gervasi-Galvany neighborhood; therefore the third chapter will include the understanding of the markets as a public space in the city with a deeper emphasis in Barcelona; afterwards it will be carried out the analysis of the context in order to comprehend the neighborhood to develop the project. This chapter will include the maps of permeability and the architectural plans of the proposal. Lastly the master’s final project is completed with the conclusions found along the process and the recommendations for possible future research. 16 The image shown above is part of Cities for People’s chapter called A lively, safe sustainable and healthy city, in which Jan Gehl describes how the quantity and quality of the activities the city offers affects the pedestrian flow and the speed at which the people moves at different hours of the day. These are some of the activities which should be promoted in the ground floor activity to act as soft edges or transitional spaces in order to keep the city alive at most hours acting as forces to keep the people in the public space for an extended period of time rather than just while circulating as a neccesary activity. These activities are the opportunities to which the inhabitants should be exposed to achieve the liveness of the neighborhoods and therefore in the city. Figure 04. Soft edges, where the building meets the city. Source: Cities for people. 17 The city is where the urban activities are developed, where the interaction is promoted which improves the quality of life of the inhabitants; this built environment must enhance the opportunities maximizing the degree of options for its use. The quality of life of citizens depends on social and economic factors as well as environmental and physical-space conditions12. If the quality of life of the inhabitants is sought to be satisfactory, it is necessary to create spaces in which the inhabitants could and would want to spend their time as a part of they daily routine. As Gehl13 suggests a healthy, livable and safe city, it is the city that takes into account the citizen as a center and the public space as a priority area of the city; this leads to the encounters between the citizens in the public space. This space is public when people can freely use it without restrictions, when it is a permeable place with several possibilities of routes and access for every type of user. 12 Original quote “La calidad de vida de los ciudadanos depende de factores sociales y económicos y también de las condiciones ambientales y físico-espaciales”. Translated by author. Rueda, S., 1996. La ciudad compacta y diversa frente a la conurbación difusa. In Ministerio de Obras Públicas, T.y.M.A. Primer catálogo español de buenas prácticas. Madrid: Ministerio de Obras Públicas, Transportes y Medio Ambiente. 13 Gehl, J. & Rogers, R., 2013. Cities for people. Washington: Island Press. This permeability which in this work will be called urban permeability is essential for the success of the public space and therefore of the city; because it allows the ideal relationship between public and private space, which can not work independently but complementarily to enrich the experience of the city. “The quality of permeability can play a major role in order to make people more responsive towards their users”14, in the city is necessary to think how the permeability affects and effects the space; the right degree of permeability can enhance the public life. In this context, a city should be permeable but it should have control in order to satisfy all the citizens needs. By this I refer to create spaces which are accessible but not completely permeable because that would mean to have spaces without any control or boundaries; when the spaces needed are different in every context, function and activity. For example, the relationship between a house and the sidewalk is different from 14 El Hosseiny, O., n.d. Permeability. A key mesure for responsiveness in urban design. Case study of Cairo C.B.D. [Online] Available at: http://www.cpas-egypt. com/pdf/Omar%20El%20Hosseiny/009.pdf [Accessed 16 May 2017]. 2.3 PERMEABLE CITY 18 Figure 06. Santa Caterina Market. Source: Luigi Nifosi 19 Figure 05. Visual permeability. Source: Ian Bentley. a public facility and a side walk. In the first case, the permeability should be achieved with a certain control in order to have the contact between the public and the private but without creating dangerous situations or exposing the people; if the relation is right, the city would benefit from it. As Jane Jacobs refers to the eyes on the street15, which means that if the inhabitants of a neighborhood would keep alert on the activity happening on the street, this would be a much more safe place since it adds security and surveillance to the city; this is the permeability between the public and private (figure 05) and with some actions to control the permeability degree permeability it can create a successful model of relation between public and private spaces, as Ian Bentley mentions in his thoughts about responsible environments, “public and private places cannot work independently.. They are complementary, and people need access across the interface between them. Indeed, this interplay between public and private gives people another major source of richness and choice”16. But in the second case, the relation between the public space and the public facilities should have a higher connection increased by the permeability in the public space. If we realize that even though the side walk and the public facility are different type of spaces, they are both public where public life happens, so the boundaries should not be as strong as the first case (house and sidewalk), this relation should improve the encounter between the people, promote the activities to happen and let the pedestrian flow as needed (figure 06). In this context, a permeable city must be pursued, with strong relationships between the spaces that create it. These relations must have the level of permea- 15 Jacobs, J., 1961. The Death and Life of Great American Cities. New York: Random House. 16 Bentley, I. et al., 1985. Responsive Environments. Burlington: Architectural Press. bility which promote benefits for the city and the life of its inhabitants; with inclusive spaces, increasing activities and making the city a better, safer and pleasing place to be. 20 2.4 URBAN PERMEABILITY It is necessary to understand the epistemological definition of permeability in order to continue with this matter in this work. Permeability17 refers to the ability of a material to allow a flow to pass through without altering its internal structure; is the rate at which a pressurized liquid passes through a porous and is the ability to permit such flow. There are three features that influence the rate at which the fluid passes through the material in permeability, these are the porosity of the material and its structure, the viscosity and the pressure to which it is subjected18. If we reflect on this concept and translate it into the city we can talk about the urban permeability, which is this master’s work topic and in which the next pages will be developed around. If we think on the permeability we can identify that a similar phenomenon happens in the city; a fluid moves around a material and tries to make its way through it. I am talking about the people, the pedestrian flow which acts as the fluid in the city, moving around from one place to another. If we 17 Real Academia Española, 2014. Diccionario de la lengua española. [Online] Available at: http://dle.rae. es/?w=diccionario [Accessed 14 February 2017]. 18 Daily, J.W. & Harleman, D.R.F., 1975. Dinámica de los fluidos con aplicaciones en ingenieria. México: Trillas. see it this way, the membrane the membrane that allows the course of the flow in the city is the public space19 and it is the same one that relates the buildings to the environment. Thus this public space must be the link which allows the inhabitants to move through the urban tissue and its buildings, between the public and private spaces with a quality experience, giving importance to the structure of the context and the function of the buildings around it. Humans are in a constant movement, from home to work, to school, to the park, to the market, etc. and this movement we do it in the city so the spaces must be permeable to allow it to happen. It is also necessary to think that relationships in the city require types of permeability, as Ian Bentley20 suggests, physical access to the private is often limited, but visual permeability can enrich the public space, of course depends on the context in which used, for example from a sidewalk does not need to see the bathroom of a house but if we walk looking at a vitrine, we are probably drawn to stop. 19 Transitional space, collective space, soft edges 20 In (Bentley et al., 1985) there is a section where they discuss about the permeability between the public and the private space. 21 2.4.1 POROSITY The first feature which influence the permeability is porosity (figure 07), which is the measure of void spaces in a material between its molecules21. It can be considered as the relation of the empty space in the total volume. The pores are the holes which let the fluid pass through the material, the more quantity of pores in a material the higher the porosity, which leads in the more amount of fluid to pass. If we relate this concept to the public space in the city, the porosity is a measure which involves the space of free movement of the people, it is affected by many factors such as the disposition of the elements which block the transit of people or by the elements which restrict the access to a certain place. It is im- 21 Daily, J.W. & Harleman, D.R.F., 1975. Dinámica de los fluidos con aplicaciones en ingenieria. México: Trillas. portant to understand that the porosity allows the pedestrian flow to move but only if combined with the other features (viscosity and pressure) the space completes its function, because we don’t seek to create spaces only for circulation but also interesting spaces which invite the users to stay and interact. Claudio Coletta22 refers to porosity as a continuous exchange between the public and private realm, which has the power to describe the experience between the people and the public space. It is worth to mention that the “pores are not simply openings – they are more like ‘intelligent’ filters, constantly at work and alert”23, therefore the porous degree will affect the experience of the space and the degree of permeability it has. 22 Coletta, C., 2016. Urban Plots, Organizing Cities. Taylor & Francis. 23 Ibid, p.43. Figure 07. Porosity and urban porosity. porosity urban porosity viscosity urban viscosity pressure force urban pressure area 22 2.4.2 VISCOSITY Viscosity (figure 08) is the second feature which influence the permeability and as the epistemological definition says it is a physical property of materials that emerges from collisions of fluid particles that will move at different speeds, causing a resistance to movement24. A fluid with low viscosity such as water flows easily because the molecular fiction is inferior compared with a higher viscosity fluid like honey which moves significantly slower due to its composition. Taking in account that the fluid in the urban permeability is considered the people, the viscosity will be the collision of the human flow with the space causing a resistance. It is related in the public space with the presence of the topographic variation and the elements used to save these changes of level like steps and ramps. Also the collision happens when there is 24 Real Academia Española, 2014. Diccionario de la lengua española. [Online] Available at: http://dle.rae. es/?w=diccionario [Accessed 14 February 2017]. a complexity in the built environment, with elements which alter the linear movement of the people and create a sort of labyrinth in the space forcing them to make a turn or a movement in a different way. Although an ideal fluid is considered to the fluid with no viscosity in the city and the public space is different. A space with no viscosity could end up in a linear and monotonous place which clearly reduces the attractiveness for the people. Therefore, viscosity should be present in the design of the space to create interesting environments which keep the users active and alert of what is going to happen; also the layout in the plans could guide the flow as necessary or desired. If the viscosity of a fluid is too great, the friction between the layers would be too; which means that they could not move, in the same way in public space, if the slopes of the routes exceed those needed, people would not choose this route because of its inability to move through it. Figure 08. Viscosity and urban viscosity. porosity urban porosity viscosity urban viscosity pressure force urban pressure area 23 2.4.3 PRESSURE Finally, the last feature which influence in permeability is pressure (figure 09). The concept of pressure refers to the result of compressing or squeezing something; it is a physical magnitude that measures the projection of a force in a perpendicular direction per unit area, that is, when the fluid is forced through the membrane25. In case of the urban permeability, we must reflect on what forces the fluid (people) to move through the membrane. Among other factors, the variety of activities is what invites and forces the users to move, it could be compared to a magnet which pulls the people to where desired. The variety of uses then is the force which attract the people and keep the space active and dynamic. Therefore, the importance of the variety of uses in the ground floor is essential in the design of the public realm creating as what Jan 25 Georgia State University, 2000. Index to Hyperphisics. [Online] Available at: http://hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu. edu/hbase/hframe.html [Accessed 13 May 2017]. Gehl refers to soft and active edges in the city, which are the link in the buildings to the public space. This edges are also vital to keep the public space alive, since the activities which they promote are could expand and make use of the public realm, making the people appropriate of the space and use it as their needs make them to. Figure 09. Pressure and urban pressure. porosity urban porosity viscosity urban viscosity pressure force urban pressure area 24 Accessible spaces for the people in the city are those that offer activities for the people to happen and the interactions between them as well. If these spaces were totally permeable, there would not be any privacy, and in the private space such as housing the privacy is required. One can then think of the level of permeability or the type of permeability required, as is the case of a clothing store in which the front window must be visually permeable to attract and display its products at the same time as the access will be permeable physically for clients to enter. However, the relationship between public and private space and between public facilities and public space is a matter that must be considered when designing the contemporary project, since it is in this link where the city experiences can be improved. Although urban permeability improves the public space experience, it is necessary that all three components are present in the public space. It should not be sought for spaces that are permeable in their totality, but spaces which let pass the right flow of people and that promote the encounters to happen between them. That is why all components are essential to create a permeable public space. Porosity is necessary to promote pedestrian flow but is also necessary to stop it and create the mentioned relationships. Viscosity is responsible for causing interest for users, that friction it creates is what helps the space to be interesting, with breaks and ups and downs that maintain the effect of a surprise or doubt of what is coming next in the space. Finally, the pressure helps the public space to be alive, offering people a variety of activities is what promotes them to stay and therefore to interact, these activities in addition to being beneficial for people, are also helpful for the city, because thanks to these activities happening at different hours and directed to a variety of users the city becomes safer while the public space is active. 25 32 Figure 12. El mapa mas cool del mundo. Source: Zachary Jones 33 Figure 13. Wolrd currency worth. Source: Rede Brasileira de História da Geografia e Geografia Histórica. countries. But even though in the same typographic map category the World Currency Worth map (figure 13) could be placed, it has a different layout and intention. This map shows in words the names of the currencies of the countries of the world, it is important to indicate that the author choses to create variations in order to express what he needs. As you can see although in the coolest map of the world, there are words repeated (chévere, bacan), they are all in the same size and with the same typography. In the case of the map World Currency Worth the author wanted to show which he considers the most important such as the dollar, real, yuan; increasing the size and with more intensity in the typography. These are examples of the intentions of the authors, as they express reality from their perspective with real geographical situations but under their interpretation. However, it is not necessary to have real data like the geographical locations we have seen in the previous example; only the imagination is needed to transmit what desired; this is what David Honnorat has done in his map of The Best Movies Of All Time (figure 14), in which he represents in a subway map model what he considers the best films categorized into subway lines according to the genre to which they belong30. 30 Lois, C., 2015. El mapa como metáfora o la espacialización del pensamiento. Terra Brasilis (Nova Série). 34 Figure 14. The best movies of all time map Source: Vodkaster. 35 Figure 15. New York’s thresholds of smell. Source: Katy Mclean. Figure 16. Scents of Glasglow.. Source: Katy Mclean. Katy Mclean, an artist and designer creates a different type of maps which includes matters of the perception about a place or as she refers ‘sensory maps of cities’. Its maps represent the scents of the city; it focuses on the human perception of the urban environment. The data is collected from her own experience in some maps but she also organizes group walks, smell sketching and uses the graphic design to capture the memories of the places in her maps. The artist considers that the smell of the city gives a deeper look in the neighborhoods as seen in the case of New York Map or Glasglow Scent Map (figure 15-16). McLean seeks to represent through maps an experience or the feeling that the place produces, and the routes are shown as the understanding of the relationship of people with the physical environment, scenario of daily routine; her technique could be 36 Figure 17. Paris and the Parisian agglomeration, Chombart de Lauwe, 1952. Source: Cartografía Russafa. similar to the situationist’s psychogeography31 principles, with their revolutionary ideas of the re-elaboration of the daily life of the city, in which the maps were created adrift, starting from the knowing of the place with the perceptions obtained after. One of the situationist’s map is The map of Paris and the Parisian agglomeration 31 A type of cartography influenced by the emotions of the city on the individuals. The maps of the situationists are unfamiliar to the administrative boundaries and are characterized by an emotional description of space (figure 17), in which it is shown the trace of the movement made by a student for one year, because Chambart de Lawe argued that the neighborhoods are determined by the representation of the inhabitants and found a way to illustrate this agglomeration through An inhabitant of Paris and her routine32. 32 Facultad de Bellas Artes de San Carlos de Valencia, 2011. Cartografía Russafa. Mapa relacional de identidades urbanas. [Online] Available at: https://cartografiarussafa. wordpress.com/2-los-mapas-como-experiencia/ [Accessed 17 May 2017]. 37 Figure 18. Avex 04 by Derek Lerner. Source: Derek Lerner. The artist Derek Lerner draws in maps the relation of the forces of the man’s creation and the natural systems from an aerial point of view with a fictitious interpretation of the sum of layers of elements, symbols and signs, also with the combination of color palettes. He focuses on showing the human impact on the environment with compositions that show how destructive the human can be with their surroundings as well as the beauty they can create33. It also seeks to show how the elements of each composition multiply and extend to others elements by showing the complexity of systems (figure 18-19). 33 Robert Henry Contemporary, 2016. Robert Henry Contemporary. [Online] Available at: http://www.roberthenrycontemporary.com/artists/derek-lerner [Accessed 16 May 2017]. Figure 19. Asvirus 068 by Derek Lerner. Source: Derek Lerner. 38 A map is a representation of the space; it projects three-dimensional spaces in a two-dimensional plane and, although in some cases it is considered that the most successful may be the most accurate maps, are the author’s intentions, preferences and experiences what validate all maps. In this context we can reflect that even though the ways of communicating information can be considered infinite it depends on who wants to communicate and what information how it will look for the best way to reach the reader. But why did I need to focus on maps for my TFM?... When I started to develop the case study of L’illa Diagonal Shopping Center -which is in the next section- I found myself developing the initial maps before focusing on this topic, and I draw maps differently where the permeability could not be identified very easily rather it could be seen as a pavement plan or a zoning plan, which would not have been the best representation of a characteristic which is more of perception and sensation in the place rather than a building plan. Therefore, since the aim of this master’s final work is to represent the urban permeability in the space, as the public space expands through the city and buildings; the intention then is to show through the maps the experience that the users live in the place in terms of permeability. A form of representation is developed in a very personal manner which includes the most important aspects of permeability: porosity, viscosity and pressure interpreted in a singular and graphical perspective (figure 20) which when combined the three layers equals the permeability of the place. It is thus possible to identify the relationship that creates the permeability between the environment and the human being. The base data is obtained from the architectural project and the urban fabric as a base, but interpreting the concepts mentioned in such a way as to obtain graphs of the situation of permeability in the place through. This is interpreted as urban permeability, an experience and perception to which users are exposed in their public life. 3.3 MAPPING THE PERMEABILITY 39 Figure 20. Mapping permeability. The porosity is represented by purple dots in different scales which mean the existing possibility to use the space by the pedestrian, through which they can move in different levels and the dots grow as the possibilities of encounter grow resulting in clusters of pedestrian relations. The viscosity is represented in two manners, the zigzag which means the topography change through ramps or slopes in the area and the lines drawn in the setbacks of the architectural configuration which lead to a turn or forced movement of the people through the space. The pressure is represented through small squares with different colors with the intention to show the variety of activities with different colors, also how the experience is enhanced when they overlap creating new sensations - colors in the space. 40 3.4 CASE STUDY: L’ILLA DIAGONAL SHOPPING CENTER The case study of the project L’illa Diagona Shopping Center (figure 21-22) by Rafael Moneo and Manuel de Solá-Mora- les is developed in this section; this project has been chosen because it is a space that is integrated in the city, no matter what day or time it is, pedestrian access is an option despite the fact that the commercial activity is not open which means that it is not an isolated private facility in respect to the environment but a collecti- ve space that maintains the activity in the city. As Kris Scheeerlinck mentions Rafael Moneo and Manuel de Solá-Morales “decided to show it was possible to make a building that would embody bigness -they laid out a plan to make a building as if it were one giant building block, part of the Cerdà-grid and absorb collective life at the smallest scale simultaneously”34, which is easy to see when one walk through the space, a continuity of ramps, openings in the facades and wall leading routes which make the pedestrian the most important part of the project. The L’illa Diagonal Shopping Center is part of the L’illa Diagonal Block35, a project 34 Scheerlinck, K., 2013. Collective Spaces Streetscape Territories. Ghent, Brussels: Dag Boutsen, p. 43 35 GRC Studio, 2014. GRC studio. [Online] Available at: http://www.grcstudio.es/portfolio/p-l-o-t-_-03-illa-dia- gonal/ [Accessed 2 February 2017]. which consists on the urbanization of a block located in the northwest of the city between the streets Déu i Mata, Numància, Entença and Av. Diagonal (figure 23), through five volumes located in the perimeter and around a central free space. The land was located in a peripheral area of the city between two models of planning so the team of architects seeks to integrate these differences using a compact block with various activities in front of the Av. Diagonal and relating through the existing topographic slope towards the south with the continuous blocks of the neighborhood of Les Corts. The proposal which includes a complex of mixed uses that integrates offices, hotel, commercial, dwellings and leisure zone achieves a set of volumes that integrates with the important Av Diagonal and the district of Les Corts (figure 24). 41 Figure 21. L’illa Diagonal. Source: Centro Vasco de Arquitectura. Figure 22. L’illa Diagonal. Source: Javier Ortega. 48 Figure 30. Pedestrian flow. 49 Figure 31. Porosity map in the ground floor 50 Figure 32. Viscosity map in the ground floor 51 Figure 33. Pressure map in the ground floor 52 Figure 34. Permeability map in the ground floor 53 Figure 35. Porosity map in the first underground level 54 Figure 36. Viscosity map in the first underground level 55 Figure 37. Pressure map in the first underground level 56 Figure 38. Pedestrian flow map in the first underground level 57 Figure 39. Permeability map in the first underground level LINKING THE MARKET WITH THE CITY 66 Cover image of the chapter: Sant Gervasi - Galvany Source: maps.stamen Back cover image of the chapter: Galvany Market and its surroundings. Source: maps.stamen Finally, with the previous chapters as background, this chapter continues with the application of the concepts assembled in the beginning of the research; which includes a design exercise as tool for the research. This exercise seeks to illustrate and use the urban permeability as a part of the designing process. Since markets have been one of the main interests of this master, it has been sought that the exercise of this work is linked to these facilities as well. This chapter presents a study of markets as public spaces with a highlighting on the markets in Barcelona as scenarios of other activities; a brief analysis is then presented on the neighborhood where the project is carried out (Sant Gervasi - Galvany) and on the market to which it is linked (Galvany Market). This chapter concludes with the maps of permeability as design tools and the architectural plans of the public space that links the Galvany Market with the neighborhood. 67 4.1 THE MARKET AS A PUBLIC SPACE The markets are facilities of public access that have fulfilled a very important function throughout the history in the cities. As we know, they are the space where the trade of all types of products is done, depending on the type of market39 that it is, but they do not only cover the function of being the stage for trade, they are also scenario of the social activity in the city (figure 45). “The market has been the heart of the city, the foundation of urban life”40, they can be one of the tools that transform the neighborhoods and the city because they change the flows of people; that is to say that the markets, besides having an economic function in the city, have a social function where it can happen a variety of activities like the encounter, conversation, festivals, workshops, etc. By the role that the markets play for the inhabitants they mean a bond to the city and they can generate a sense of belonging with the neighborhood since it is the place where they are related through social, cultural, solidarity activities, etc., promoting the 39 There are different types of markets depending on what they sell as fresh markets, flower markets, flea markets or second hand markets, etc. 40 Arnas, G. et al., 2012. The markets of the Mediterranean. Management Models and Good Practices. Barcelona: Institut Municipal de Mercats de Barcelona, p.12. civic values in the citizens 41. But for markets to fulfill their full function in the city, it is considered they should be integrated spaces, with areas that invite people and opportunities to use them in addition to commercial activities (figure 46). As mentioned in Urban markets: heart, soul and motor of cities, markets must fulfill a variety of aspects in order to achieve their purpose in the city, not only of commerce but also as social and economic cohesion; among these aspects is that markets should be “where people see friends and meet and greet their neighbors, stimulating the dynamism of the neighborhood - even beyond market opening hours” 42, which leads to reflect that markets are a common ground that play an important role in stimulating the vitality of neighborhoods, which are a highly sociable place and should promote social cohesion (figure 47). In the recommendations for the markets improvement they remark the creation of attractive markets with amenity values and inviting spaces to stay, in order to convert the market in a place for residents to meet and socialize not only 41 Ajuntament de Barcelona, 2015. Mercats. L’experiència de Barcelona. Barcelona: Institut de Mercats de Barcelona. 42 URBACT, 2015. Urban marjets: heart, soul and motor of cities. Barcelona: IMMB European Union, p.18. 68 social & economic cohesion stimulate town center neighborhood liveness high sociable point MARKET trade amenity value beyond opening hours URBACT recommendations places to stay socialize promote interaction coexist activities social & economic cohesion stimulate town center neighborhood liveness high sociable point MARKET trade amenity value beyond opening hours URBACT recommendations places to stay socialize promote interaction coexist activities Figure 45. The importance of the market. Source: URBACT Figure 47. Markets offer opportunities for economic development. Source: URBACT Figure 46. Recommendations for market success. Source: URBACT on market working hours but after the market is closed as well, contributing the social interaction and the security in the neighborhood; also, the surrounding space of the market should be accesible where cultural events or other neighborhoud related activities could happen. (figure 48). Therefore, it is considered that the area surrounding the market should be attractive for residents to arrive, stay, spend time, buy and socialize, even after they close the market where spaces are provided to hang out and observe the interaction between Market and the city43. 43 Ibid. 69 Figure 48. Party at the Ninot Market. Source: Pau Fabregas. 70 “Markets are one of the sectors that make Barcelona a more human city”44, they are reference elements of the city’s neighborhood and have been of significant importance along the history. In Barcelona, markets have been scenario of various activities other than the trade itself such as town festivities where citizens and tourists enjoy the events within these public spaces like the ‘castells’45 at the Sants market (figure 49). The remodeling of the Barcelona markets has contributed to the improvement of the urban life of both residents and visitors, as well as boosting the commerce of the markets 44 Raimond Blasi, President of the Institut Municipal de Mercats de Barcelona in Arnas, G. et al., 2012. The markets of the Mediterranean. Management Models and Good Practices. Barcelona: Institut Municipal de Mercats de Barcelona. 45 “Castells –a Catalonian word that means castles– are a cultural phenomenon particular to Catalonia and consist of erecting human towers.” Colla Castellers de Barcelona, 2014. What exactly are castells or human tower? [Online] Available at: http://www.castellersdebarcelona.cat/international/what-exactly-are-castells-or-human-towers/ [Accessed 02 June 2017]. and the shops in the surrounding area. It is in this way that the markets generate social cohesion in the neighborhoods of the city, the public space is strengthened and increases the interrelations of the inhabitants (figure 50). The importance of pedestrian in the remodeling process of the markets has led to the pedestrianization of some streets in the surrounding of the market which benefits and increases the activity in restaurants and shops in the area such as in Mercado de la Libertad in the Gracia neighborhood (figure 51). 4.1.1 MARKETS IN BARCELONA Figure 49. Castelliers in Sants Market. Source: Jordi Casañas. 71 Figure 51. Mercat de la Libertat. Source: barcelonacheckin.com Figure 50. Social event organized in St John Market in the Old Town, City of Wroclaw. Source: PIANOFORTE 72 73 In this context and in order to carry out a design exercise for this master’s degree project, it has been pertinent to look for a market in Barcelona that, according to the concepts presented in this work, is not connected to the urban fabric of the city. The case selected to work is the Galvany Market (figure 52), which currently has a perimeter wall that isolates the market in relation to the neighborhood Sant Gervasi-Galvany. Although the design exercise of this work is to link the market with the city through the public space, it is considered necessary an understanding of the context in which the design of this public space will be immersed and also of the Galvany market since it is the public facility to which this context is going to be linked. Figure 52. Mercat Galvany. Source: Reproducao 4.2 LINKING THE GALVANY MARKET WITH SANT GERVASI - GALVANY 80 Figure 62. This strategy has been applied in Auckland’s Shared Space programme turns streets into places. Before and after Elliott Street in Auckland transformed to shared street. Source: Vienncouver. Figure 63. Strategy of eliminating the walls and keeping the platform. GSPublisherVersion 0.2.100.100 GSPublisherVersion 0.2.100.100 Figure 64. Circulation scheme before and after. Source: Google maps. 81 space because it acts as a meeting point, place of play, area to walk but without impeding the car circulation but giving the vehicle a secondary role in relation to pedestrians (figure 62). This action increases the area of public space for pedestrians and the creation of activities; In addition, the entrance to the Galvany Market can be improved and characterized avoiding the existing blockades of the vehicles. The project also proposes the elimination of the existing walls that isolate the Galvany Market (figure 63), maintaining the existing platform they currently limit and using it to create a permeable market square, which is elevated in comparison to the Carrer dels Madrazo but at the same level of market entrance, being visually permeable in the part of the Carrer dels Madrazo and physically permeable towards the accesses in Carrer d’Amigó and Santaló. This square can be the space for festivals, temporary markets, concerts, exhibitions, etc., in addition urban furniture is located that acts as a limit but without being a barrier to the permeability, this furniture is a longitudinal bench along the Carrer dels Madrazo and its intersections from which you can see what happens in the market and in the neighborhood. When implementing this square, the possibilities of circulation within the block where the Galvany Market is located increase significantly (figure 64). In addition, it will be the lobby of the market and of the proposed activities that are explained in the next section. Due to the topography difference between the Carrer de Calaf and Carrer dels Madrazo, which includes a difference of one floor, the space it generates has been used to locate the shops that activate the public space, increasing the pressure as attractive force of the people into the space. These are located at the bottom of the Carrer de Calaf and face the square where the terraces of these shops are placed which are also directly linked to the Market through the side doors. By keeping the platform-plaza that is lower with respect to the Carrer de Calaf’s level, the pedestrian walkway becomes a balcony of the market from which you have views that are currently blocked by the perimeter wall (figure 65-66). Finally, as connectors that also add viscosity to the space, a staircase is located on each side of the project located parallel to the Carrer d’Amigó and Santaló, which connect the platform-plaza and the access to the market with the pedestrian walkway. Carrer de Calaf commercial area platform / square Figure 65. Schematic section Carrer de Calaf and the relation with the square. 82 Figure 66. Schematic section platform above Carrer dels Madrazo. Carrer dels Madrazoplatform / square Although the intention of this work is not about the renewal of the Galvany market as it would be the subject of another research, it proposes a minimal intervention in the entrances from the square increasing the visual permeability and creating active edges that attract the people to enter to through corten steel and glass frame that allows the interior - exterior visual connection. Being the Galvany Market a building classified as an artistic monument and considered one of the most important markets of the city for its aesthetic value, the project seeks to enhance its protagonism with respect to the context, releasing the barriers that currently cover it and leaving it for the contemplation from the city. In the next section the permeability maps are presented using the same methodology as in the case study. But in the case of the project it has been developed a current situation map and a proposal map of the porosity, viscosity, pressure and permeability, in order to understand how the area is working and also the desired permeability as a tool for the design. This procedure has been resourceful to compare and take decisions for the project. Together with this maps, it will be presented a close up of the Galvany’s market block where the public space project is developed in order to see how the permeability aspects have been part of the design process. And finally in order to show how the space is conformed a perspective of the project is shown which will allow a good understanding of the decisions taken; the idea is to illustrate how the people could use the space if the permeability would change in the area. It is important to say that the process mentioned in this section has not been a linear sequence, but rather a back and forth sequence in which both the design process and the illustration of the permeability maps have been affected by each other. In addition, it is necessary to understand that the decisions made for the design and the maps are only a personal interpretation of the urban permeability in the area, which can be approached differently according to different interpretations but nevertheless the presented concepts could be maintained. 83 If the existing circulations of the area are analyzed, it can be observed that besides the people who enter to buy in the market, it works in a tangential form to the Galvany’s block due to the walls which do not allow access to the Market neither physically nor visually from most of the area (figure 67). Also it can be seen that the pedestrians are only able to walk through the existing sidewalks and the crossings are limited to the corners of every block (figure 68). It should be noted that in order to develop the pedestrian flow map (figure 69) it has been considered that the market is open, given the case it would not be open, people would move only around the block and could not access to the block in any way. Pedestrian flow Figure 68. Pedestrian crossings.Figure 67. Walk outside of the market. 84 Moragas Park Galvany Market Turó Park Figure 69. Current pedestrian flow map. 85 Moragas Park Galvany Market Turó Park Figure 70. Proposal pedestrian flow map. 86 Figure 71. Pedestrian flow proposal in the public space. 87 In the proposal (figure 70) of the pedestrian flow map the idea is to increase the number of options for the people to move around the area so it will enhance the experience in the pedestrians. While opening the market to the public space also the paths of connection between the all the sides of the market grow making of the Galvany Market also a space of circulation which makes it more crowded benefiting the sellers (figure 71). Also, with this decision the possibilities grow not only inside the Galvany’s market block but also along the connection between Moragas and Turó Park therefore the commercial facilities of the zone will boost their opportunities to sell. 88 In terms of porosity, the most porous areas as it can be observed in the current map are the public spaces of the zone which are the Moragas and Turó Park; but also the sidewalks are porous spaces because is where the people can circulate. Also it has been found that the interior of the Galvany Market is a porous space where the users can move freely while the market is open, leading to a ‘big pore’ where people gather and get together. Even though is only open some hours a day, in these time the market is a walkable area that people use as a meeting point and shopping, however as it can be observed the porosity decrea- Figure 72. Parking of the Galvany Market. Porosity 89 Figure 73. Parking outside the Galvany Market. ses towards the outside because the open space which could be considered ‘free’ since its not built on is currently destined to the parking (figure 72). In the surrounding area happens the same, the priority is given to the vehicle over the pedestrian (figure 73) with wide spaces used for parking while having narrow sidewalks for walking. As a result (figure 74) it could be understood that there are three main ‘big pores’ in the zone which are isolated from the others only joined through sidewalks . 96 Moragas Park Galvany Market Turó Park Figure 80. Current viscosity map. 97 Moragas Park Galvany Market Turó Park Figure 81. Proposal viscosity map. 98 Figure 82. Proposal viscosity in public space. 99 In the proposal viscosity map (figure 82) the aim is to take advantage of the change of levels in the topography and create elements which will add stickiness to the project, also take advantage of this situation to implement a new built area for commercial facilities which will add liveness to the project in different hours and also make use of the terraces in the open public space. In adittion by releasing the space off the market walls, will lead to the creation of a more sinous space with turns and change of directions which encourage the people to make use of the space comparing to the existing walls which keep the users outside of it (figure 82-83). Figure 83. Viscosity in the public platform/square around the Galvany Market. 100 Finally, the variety of activities on the ground floor is present around the market and all along the area which contribute to the vitality of the neighborhood as do the shops inside the market (figure 84-85); but it is important to mention that the block of the Galvany Market has no activity in the ground floor area other than inside of the market, which lead to a break in the commercial activities of the market with respect to the surroundings, as it can be perceived there is a blank area where there are no uses that act as forces and attract people, also since the market activities have a time schedule, they do not offer a continous vitality to the neighborhood all day but mostly in the mornings (figure 86). The importance of the ground floor activity has been discussed before and is worth to mention Figure 84. Commercial activity around the market. Pressure 101 Figure 85. Commercial activity around the market. that it is what keeps the city alive and adds safety to the neighborhood. While having the Galvan’s Market walls as linear spaces with no activity do not add any feature to the place while the market is closed, they could become dark areas with no visibility which is not favorable for the inhabitants. In the surroundings of the market the existing restaurants or coffee shops do not have the space to open terraces on the outside due to the narrow sidewalks and the space destined to parking which also blocks the visuals to the commercial facilities. 102 Moragas Park Galvany Market Turó Park Figure 86. Current pressure map. 103 Moragas Park Galvany Market Turó Park Figure 87. Proposal pressure map. 104 Figure 88. Proposal pressure in the public space. 105 While in the proposal pressure map (figure 87) the variety of activities increases in the market block area with the creation of the commercial area an dalso with the open space which is the opportunity for new activities to happen, such as festivals, flea outdoor markets, etc. Also, the commercial passage in the end of Carrer de Calaf will increase the pressure in the area. With the decisions mentioned, the vitality of the area will be improved as well as the opportunities for encounters, also the existing break between activities is now connected and the people could experience a continuity in the space while walking, buying and having another kind of activities (figure 88-89). Figure 89. Porosity through the pedestrian walkaway which links Turó and Moragas Park. 112 Finally, while researching about urban permeability a project has been developed in order to understand the concepts and materialize them as part of the process. The drawings of the public space that links Galvany Market with Sant Gervasi - Galvany neighborhood are presented in the next pages. As it has been mentioned in the previous sections, the process has been a back and forth between designing and researching using both as tools to complement each other. In the neighborhood scale floor plan (figure 96), it can be seen the connection between the two parks (Moragas and Turó) through the Carrer de Calaf which as has been shown before it is converted to a pedestrian walkway to improve the public space and create more opportunities for pedestrians. 113 GSPublisherVersion 0.0.100.100 Figure 96. Neighborhood scale: floor plan. scale: 1:2500 Moragas Park Turó Park 114 The block scale floor plan (figure 97) presents the design of the public space around the Galvany Market, which includes part of the pedestrian walkway in Carrer de Calaf and the shared streets in Carrer d’Amigó, Santaló and dels Madrazo. Also the platform/square created around the market as a open public space which connects it with the urban tissue and is the opportunity for more activities in the area. In the sections (figures 98- 103) it can be seen how the topography changes are solved and used to create more viscosity in the project while increasing activities and connections. 115 GSPublisherVersion 0.0.100.100 Figure 97. Block scale: public space design in the Galvany’s Market block. Scale:1:750. b a b a 116 Figure 98. Section a-a. Scale:1:750 Figure 99. Section D01. Scale:1:300 Figure 100. Section D02. Scale:1:300 D01 D02 117 Figure 101. Section b-b. Scale:1:750 Figure 102. Section D03. Scale:1:300 Figure 103. Section D05. Scale:1:300 D03 D04 118 In order to develop the final work of the Master Contemporary Project, it was sought an approach related or linked to the main subject of the master, markets. With being Barcelona a vanguard city at urban and architectonic level, its model of markets has a significant impact in the city. The existing markets and their variety in the contexts in which they are immersed is a remarkable phenomenon at city level. The model of the market plan in which the Ajuntamient has worked and continues to do so is a project that integrates people with their neighborhoods and neighborhoods among them, therefore it is a plan that acts at different scales, from human to city scale. Based on the reflection made on the importance of public space and collective space in the city and the markets as catalytic equipment of urban activity it has been able to generate a proposal of architectural design for the public space adjacent to the Galvany Market located in the neighborhood Sant Gervasi - Galvany in Barcelona. The proposal seeks to create cohesion between the equipment (Galvany Market), and the city (Sant Gervasi – Galvany); using the public/collective space as the permeable membrane which allows the adequate passage of pedestrian flow and city activities. The objectives were fulfilled throughout the development of each of the chapters of this work. A conceptual framework was developed on the urban permeability and the public space as a city element in which it was considered the public and collective space concepts and the importance of the treatment given at the ground level and its activities in the city. In addition, as mentioned in the topic of this master’s final project, the urban permeability, it was studied as a transition between the building and the city and in the urban fabric, adapting the existing concepts, which include porosity, viscosity and pressure. After this the case study was developed in the project L’illa Diagonal Shopping center, a project of high architectural value and of great importance in the city; integrated in the context, with permeable spaces which facilitate and promote the movement of pedestrians through and inside the project which was an excellent tool to understand the permeability and its effect. As mentioned at the beginning of this section, markets are important facilities in the development of the city, so it was also studied the role they play in the cities, but especially in Barcelona. Then, with the development of the last chapter, information relevant to this work on the Sant Ger- 5. CONCLUSION 119 vasi - Galvany neighborhood was gathered including a briefly study about the neighborhood’s and the market history with the purpose of understanding and achieving a better contextualization. The analysis of the intervention area at the urban level was carried out in terms of permeability and a closer approach was taken to the intervention block in which the project has been developed. It can not be said that starting from this the design of the project was developed, because it was a process that was carried out throughout the investigation, it was a joint progression in which it advanced and moved back at the same time that the theory was developed; a process that has been effective since the doubts that the project raised could be solved through the investigation. Finally, after this research/proposal, it is considered that a better integration of the Galvany market has been achieved with the Sarriá-Sant Gervasi neighborhood and with the city of Barcelona. The variety of activities has increased and the possibilities of pedestrian traffic have been enriched; this improves the quality of life of pedestrians and increases the experience in the city which leads to confirm the presented hypothesis of this work: The permeability of the market with the city’s urban tissue stimulates social interaction of the inhabitants through the variety of activities. It is important to mention that the project design exercise presents a public space design proposal but this is not the only solution, the idea of this work is to pose a possibility to approach the project; but the same situation can represent another totally different solution with a different approach without ceasing to be valid. It has been sought to find concepts that can contribute to the design and architecture of the city and that can be useful in future projects with different contexts, taking into account that urban permeability should and can be applied at different levels and in diverse types of projects and cities. The work completed generates unresolved opportunities that were not within the scope of the project but are of great validity and importance. Among these is the renovation of the Galvany Market; the application of the concepts developed in this work on permeability in another context with a different program. These projects can be a contribution to the academic debate on contemporary project, public space and architecture at different scales. 120 BIBLIOGRAPHY Ajuntament de Barcelona, 2015. Mercats. L’experiència de Barcelona. Barcelona: Institut de Mercats de Barcelona. Ajuntament de Barcelona, 2017. barcelona.cat. 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