The recovery umbrella in the world of elite sport: Do not forget the coaching and performance staff

sports Opinion The Recovery Umbrella in the World of Elite Sport: Do Not Forget the Coaching and Performance Staff Julio Calleja-González 1,2,* , Stephen P. Bird 3,4 , Thomas Huyghe 5, Igor Jukic 6, Francesco Cuzzolin 7, Francesc Cos 8, Diego Marqués-Jiménez 9, Luka Milanovic 10, Jaime Sampaio 11 , Isaac López-Laval 12 , Sergej M. Ostojic 13, Margaret T. Jones 14 , Pedro E. Alcaraz 2,5 , Xavi Schelling 15, Anne Delextrat 2,16 , Meeta Singh 17, Jonathan Charest 18,19, Tomás T. Freitas 5,20 , Lorena Torres Ronda 21, Adam Petway 22, Daniel Medina 22, Antonio Tramullas 23, Juan Mielgo-Ayuso 24 , Nicolas Terrados 25 and Chris McLellan 3   Citation: Calleja-González, J.; Bird, S.P.; Huyghe, T.; Jukic, I.; Cuzzolin, F.; Cos, F.; Marqués-Jiménez, D.; Milanovic, L.; Sampaio, J.; López-Laval, I.; et al. The Recovery Umbrella in the World of Elite Sport: Do Not Forget the Coaching and Performance Staff. Sports 2021,9, 169. https://doi.org/10.3390/sports9120169 Academic Editor: Nicolas Babault Received: 18 November 2021 Accepted: 10 December 2021 Published: 17 December 2021 Publisher’s Note: MDPI stays neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations. Copyright: © 2021 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https:// creativecommons.org/licenses/by/ 4.0/). 1Department of Physical Education and Sports, Faculty of Education and Sport, University of the Basque Country, (UPV/EHU), 01007 Vitoria-Gasteiz, Spain 2Strength and Conditioning Society, 00118 Rome, Italy; [email protected] (P.E.A.); [email protected] (A.D.) 3School of Health and Wellbeing, University of Southern Queensland, Ipswich, QLD 4305, Australia; [email protected] (S.P.B.); [email protected] (C.M.) 4Basketball New Zealand, Wellington 6141, New Zealand 5UCAM Research Center for High Performance Sport, University of Murcia (UCAM), 30107 Murcia, Spain; [email protected] (T.H.); [email protected] (T.T.F.) 6School of Kinesiology, University of Zagreb, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia; [email protected] 7Technogym SpA, 47521 Cesena, Italy; [email protected] 8National Institute of Physical Education (INEFC), University of Barcelona, 08038 Barcelona, Spain; [email protected] 9Faculty of Education, University of Valladolid, 42004 Soria, Spain; diego.mar[email protected] 10 Faculty of Kinesiology, University of Zagreb, 10110 Zagreb, Croatia; [email protected] 11 Creative Lab Research Community, Research Center in Sports Sciences, Health Sciences and Human Development, CIDESD, University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro, 5001-801 Vila Real, Portugal; [email protected] 12 Department of Physiatry and Nursing, Faculty of Health and Sport Science, University of Zaragoza, 50009 Huesca, Spain; [email protected] 13 Faculty of Sport and Physical Education, University of Novi Sad, 21102 Novi Sad, Serbia; [email protected] 14 School of Kinesiology, George Mason University, Manassas, VA 20110, USA; [email protected] 15 Institute for Health and Sport, Victoria University, Melbourne, VIC 8001, Australia; [email protected] 16 Department of Sport, Health Sciences and Social Work, Oxford Brookes University, Oxford OX3 0BP, UK 17 Performance Sleep Medicine, Detroit, MI 48202, USA; [email protected] 18 Department of Kinesiology, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 1N4, Canada; [email protected] 19 Centre for Sleep & Human Performance, Calgary, AB T2X 3V4, Canada 20 NAR-Nucleus of High Performance in Sport, São Paulo 04753-060, Brazil 21 Spanish Basketball Federation, 28036 Madrid, Spain; lorenatorr[email protected] 22 Washington Wizards Athlete Care Department, Washington, DC 20004, USA; [email protected] (A.P.); [email protected] (D.M.) 23 Aspire Center for Excellence, Doha 29222, Qatar; [email protected] 24 Department of Health Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Burgos, 09001 Burgos, Spain; [email protected] 25 Unidad Regional de Medicina Deportiva, Avilés and Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria del Principado de Asturias (ISPA), 33401 Oviedo, Spain; [email protected] *Correspondence: [email protected] Abstract: In the field of sports science, the recovery umbrella is a trending topic, and even more so in the world of elite sports. This is evidenced by the significant increase in scientific publications during the last 10 years as teams look to find a competitive edge. Recovery is recognized to be an integral component to assist athlete preparation in the restoration of physical and psychological function, and subsequently, performance in elite team sports athletes. However, the importance of recovery in team staff members (sports coaches and performance staff) in elite sports appears to be a forgotten element. Given the unrelenting intense nature of daily tasks and responsibilities of team staff members, the elite sports environment can predispose coaches to increased susceptibility to psycho-socio physiological fatigue burden, and negatively affect health, wellbeing, and performance. Sports 2021,9, 169. https://doi.org/10.3390/sports9120169 https://www.mdpi.com/journal/sports Sports 2021,9, 169 2 of 10 Therefore, the aim of this opinion was to (1) develop an educational recovery resource for team staff members, (2) identify organizational task-specific fatigue indicators and barriers to recovery and self-care in team staff members, and (3) present recovery implementation strategies to assist team staff members in meeting their organizational functions. It is essential that we do not forget the coaching and performance staff in the recovery process. Keywords: recovery; performance; staff; fatigue 1. Introduction Recovery is a trending topic in the field of sports science [ 1 ], and even more so in the world of elite sport. This is evidenced by the significant increase [ 1 , 2 ] in scientific publications during the last 10 years as teams look to find a competitive edge during competitions. Different protocols describe specific recovery methodologies that can be employed in order to achieve more efficient recovery processes, these include (1) recovery strategies [ 2 , 3 ] —foam roll [ 4 , 5 ], massage [ 6 ], compression garments [ 7 , 8 ], stretching [ 9 ], nutrition [ 10 ], active recovery [ 11 ], sleep [ 12 ], water immersion [ 13 ], (2) combinations of recovery strategies [ 14 , 15 ], (3) sport-specific recovery characteristics—soccer [ 16 , 17 ], basketball [18,19], volleyball [20], rugby [21], and combat sports [22], and (4) emerging recovery strategies [ 23 ]. Additionally, factors, such as recovery time-periods—post-match [ 16 , 17 ] and during congested schedules [ 24 ], have also been investigated, with emerging literature examining recovery specific to female athletes [ 25 ] and youth athletes [ 26 , 27 ]. However, it is notable that the recovery of coaching and performance staff in elite sports seems to have been forgotten. This opinion delineates the elite sports organizational structure and specific performance–fatigue characteristics of team staff members and key recovery considerations. 2. Recovery Domains Recovery is a complex, multifactorial issue. Collectively, the scientific literature reports that the primary aim of recovery methods is to accelerate the biological recovery process in shorter time periods [ 16 ]. Bird [ 3 ] described four essential recovery domains, these being neural, muscular, substrate, and psychological (Table 1). Additionally, selfperception of perceived recovery is also an important consideration, which may affect the balance between happiness and wellness in elite sports athletes [ 28 ], especially during periods of congested travel and competition. Key observations from research on recovery in team sports highlight the fatiguing effect of traveling [ 29 , 30 ] in addition to training and competing [ 31 ]. As a result, new approaches and practical applications of recovery strategies have been discussed to optimize travel and minimize its negative effects on health and performance in team sports athletes [ 32 ], with little mention of coaching and performance staff members [33]. Table 1. Essential recovery domains. Domain Recovery Strategy Examples Evidence Reference Neural Compression, Massage ↑ ↔ [6–8] Muscular Hydrotherapy, Contrast water therapy, Massage ↑↑↔ [13,14] Substrate Nutrition, Hydration ↑ ↑ [2,10] Psychological Sleep, Mindfulness ↑ ↑ [34–36] Sociological Social interactions (family-friends) ↑[37] Level of evidence: Strong = ↑, Inconsistent = ↔. However, to maximize physical and psychological function and subsequently, performance in elite team sports (National teams, Division I teams), the presence of qualified personnel who are on the front-line helping players, such as the team staff members, is essential [ 38 ]. Nowadays, in the lucrative and competitive world of professional team Sports 2021,9, 169 3 of 10 sports, team staff members are made of different profiles [ 39 ], which in turn, are organized into two pillars: Team sport coaches and Performance staff. Figure 1displays an overview of a professional team-sport organizational dynamics structure of team staff members’ roles within elite sports settings. This is a crucial consideration when managing the health and wellbeing of elite coaches and performance staff. This extends the Integrated Performance Health Management and Coaching Model proposed by Dijkstra et al. [ 40 ], providing clarity and perspective related to the complex environment of team staff members in elite sports. Sports 2022, 10, x FOR PEER REVIEW 3 of 9 However, to maximize physical and psychological function and subsequently, performance in elite team sports (National teams, Division I teams), the presence of qualified personnel who are on the front-line helping players, such as the team staff members, is essential [38]. Nowadays, in the lucrative and competitive world of professional team sports, team staff members are made of different profiles [39], which in turn, are organized into two pillars: Team sport coaches and Performance staff. Figure 1 displays an overview of a professional team-sport organizational dynamics structure of team staff members’ roles within elite sports settings. This is a crucial consideration when managing the health and wellbeing of elite coaches and performance staff. This extends the Integrated Performance Health Management and Coaching Model proposed by Dijkstra et al. [40], providing clarity and perspective related to the complex environment of team staff members in elite sports. Figure 1. Schematic of professional team organizational structure dynamics comprised of the Team Sport Staff (green shade) and Performance Staff (blue shade) centered around the Team (orange shade). Within the organizational structure, each staff provides expertise related to the attainment of specific key performance indicators. Modified from Connolly [41]. 3. Fatigue in Team Staff Members There now exists a list of characteristics differentiating expert and competent coaches [42,43], and these attributes can aid in the selection, evaluation, and professional development. Coaches, like athletes, strive to gain employment at an elite level in high-perfor- mance sports. However, Kellmann and colleagues [44] highlight that coaching in elite sports is “capricious and dependent upon winning performances and players’ satisfaction” (p.240). The high-performance sports setting is considered an uncontrollable, unpredictable, and complex environment, with coaches subjected to a multitude of internal and Figure 1. Schematic of professional team organizational structure dynamics comprised of the Team Sport Staff (green shade) and Performance Staff (blue shade) centered around the Team (orange shade). Within the organizational structure, each staff provides expertise related to specific key performance indicators. Modified from Connolly [41]. 3. Fatigue in Team Staff Members There now exists a list of characteristics differentiating expert and competent coaches [42,43], and these attributes can aid in the selection, evaluation, and professional development. Coaches, like athletes, strive to gain employment at an elite level in high-performance sports. However, Kellmann and colleagues [ 44 ] highlight that coaching in elite sports is “capricious and dependent upon winning performances and players’ satisfaction” (p. 240). The high-performance sports setting is considered an uncontrollable, unpredictable, and complex environment, with coaches subjected to a multitude of internal and external stressors (i.e., athlete performance, expectations, external scrutiny), that often result in recovery–stress imbalance [ 44 , 45 ]. This may result in coaches presenting with symptoms associated with psycho-socio physiological fatigue burden [ 46 – 49 ], which can be exacerbated by dehydration, hormonal disturbances, caloric restrictions, or sleep disturbances. Sports 2021,9, 169 4 of 10 Regarding team staff members (sports coaches and performance staff), common daily tasks and responsibilities, media engagements, study and work commitments, repetitive tasks, over-analysis, thinking about the sport in question, and environmental instability can serve as potential causes of mental fatigue-related issues, with experience and personality as factors of individual susceptibility [ 50 ]. Russell and colleagues [ 50 ] reported that such issues may lead to more severe consequences, such as disengagement, decreased motivation and enthusiasm, increased displays of emotion and withdrawal, changes in concentration, decreased discipline and attention to detail, as previously described in reports from the elite sporting environment, which can have a negative impact on the team staff performance if left untreated or underappreciated. In addition, this is an assumption as a lot of team staff members are ex-athletes and remain quite physically active. Additionally, the stress that competition can cause to coaching and performance personnel should be another fundamental factor to consider elevated levels of subjective stress, alpha-amylase activity, and unpleasant emotions suggest that educational programs may be useful for some coaches to manage psychological states during competition [ 51 ]. A situation of combined stress for an important championship was found to decrease the level of secretory IgA-mediated immune protection at the mucosal surface, with greater changes observed in the athletes [ 52 ]. As such, strategies to minimize the physiological impact are warranted. 4. Recovery Considerations for Team Staff Members The job description of the team staff members can be extensive and demanding [ 53 ]. To better cope with the challenges of daily work and with various fatigue sources, support team staff members need to maintain a high level of health, fitness, and mental wellbeing. Fitness, in addition to health protection, plays an important role in mental wellbeing and adaptation to demanding cognitive and social situations [ 54 ]. Like athletes, if team staff members possess high levels of health, fitness, and mental wellbeing, they may tolerate fatigue better—that is to say, when in fatigued situations (physical and/or psychological), their capacity to maintain performance will be less affected. Hence, and given the key role of team staff members’ work outputs, and potential impact on the team’s overall performance [ 44 ], to that extent, the importance of recovery, especially related to cognitive and psychological fatigue, can contribute to optimizing performance outcomes. The development of educational recovery resources for team staff members may also help address the identified barriers and improve knowledge [ 3 , 55 , 56 ]. For example, while team staff members have adequate overall sleep hygiene knowledge [ 57 ], some specific areas (e.g., sleep-wake cycle behaviors) warrant further education. Sleep hygiene education is reported to result in positive changes in sleep behavior [ 34 , 35 ]. However, changes in sleep from education in an acute setting may not be sustained following the initial intervention. The progress of instructive sleep resources for team staff members to implement with athletes may help address the identified barriers and improve sleep knowledge. This may be linked to the negative influence of travel, and possible time zone changes [ 30 , 32 ] is another area where education would be beneficial. Empirical findings and practical recommendations are highlighted on sleep, nutrition, recovery, and scheduling strategies to alleviate the negative effects of air travel on health and performance [ 30 , 31 , 58 ]. Additionally, it would be helpful to have access to a sport psychologist role to address the psychological needs of team staff members to better prepare them for the heavy and indisputable fatigue accumulation during the season [59]. It has been previously demonstrated in athletes that planned disruptions, such as location, competition simulation, punishments and rewards, physical strain, stronger competition, distractions, unfairness or restrictions, can be used to familiarize athletes with pressure, create awareness, develop personal resources, and promote team processes [ 60 ]. This is based on the ‘Challenge model of resilience’ presented by Fergus and Zimmerman [ 61 ], which suggests that exposure to some adversity can strengthen resistance against future adversity. Consequently, this may also be a consideration to prepare support staff Sports 2021,9, 169 5 of 10 members to deal with pressure under high-stakes circumstances, which they may face frequently. The response to accumulative stress challenges may be exhibited as increased postural tension. Recently, diaphragmatic breathing has been reported to reduce physiological and psychological stress [ 62 ]. The potential beneficial effects of diaphragmatic breathing and neural stretching techniques (nerve-directed stretching) [ 63 ] may reduce postural tension. The majority of coaches, regardless of their culture, seem to face difficulties in obtaining professional work and family life (work/family balance), although other coaches indicate that their family life serves as a protection for engagement in a passionate profession [ 64 ]. Nevertheless, these potentially conflicting social spheres of work/family balance require special consideration because they have a direct impact on their work performance and potentially on their athletes. Interpersonal relationships within the coaching and the performance teams may also determine the level of stress, fatigue, burnout, and need for recovery. In fact, it is known that quality relationships within a performance department reduce the possibility of injury to athletes [ 65 ]. Thus, it is quite certain that the maintenance of a balance between their professional and family commitments and good relations within and between the coaching and performance teams will generate a better mental and physical condition of the staff members of these teams. Strategies such as mindfulness may play a significant role in assisting coaches by strengthening attention and resilience [ 66 ]. Birrer and colleagues [ 36 ] outline two dimensions of mindfulness that may transfer to work/family balance, these being (1) self-regulation of attention, and (2) the attitude of openness to experience, while a sense of wellness can be promoted through mediation and creative visualization [ 67 ]. Furthermore, nonwork outlets are important contributors to fulfill work–life balance [37]. Considering job insecurity as an inherent stressor for coaches, it should be acknowledged and targeted within coaches’ education [ 68 ]. Besides moving away from coaching at the elite level, they unanimously mentioned that they changed their approach to coaching to make recovery possible [ 33 ]. Therefore, some of the possible means of target recovery that team staff members could use are presented in Table 2. This is an essential consideration given that recovery, as well as social support, might be important in managing stressors associated in the challenging high-performance work environments of full-time coaches. Collectively, this could have a considerable impact on immune health [69]. Sports 2021,9, 169 6 of 10 Table 2. Team staff members’ coaching domains, potential fatigue consequences, health risk, and recovery focus areas. Domain Title Primary Role Game Travel Potential Fatigue Health Risk Recovery Focus Recovery Strategies Reference Performance Coaching Head Coach Planning, preparation, coaching Sports 2022, 10, x FOR PEER REVIEW 6 of 9 Table 2. Team staff members’ coaching domains, potential fatigue consequences, health risk, and recovery focus areas. Domain Title Primary Role Game Travel Potential Fatigue Health Risk Recovery Focus Recovery Strategies Reference Performance Coaching Head Coach Planning, preparation, coaching  Travel Psychological/Emotional Asthenopia (eyestrain) Postural fatigue Sleep disorders Emotional exhaustion Social isolation Back health 1. Immune health 2. Postural re-sets 3. Sleep hygiene 4. Mindfulness Immune Health Probiotics Vitamin C Vitamin D Postural Re-sets Neural stretching Trigger point therapy Diaphragmatic breathing Sleep Hygiene Maintain a regular schedule Minimize electronic use Room temperature (18–21°) Dark (blackout curtains) Mindfulness Relaxation techniques Creative visualization Meditation Desensitization Journaling thoughts [69,70] Assistant Coach Logistical support for head coach  Head of Player Development Develop pathway to professional ↔ Head of Scouting Athlete identification, recruitment  Performance Health Management Director, Health, and Performance Health/performance initiatives  / ↔ Travel Cognitive Emotional Psychological Physical Sleep disorders Psychological exhaustion 1. Immune health 2. Sleep hygiene 3. Mindfulness [5,62,63] Head of Physical Preparation Athlete physical preparation  / ↔ Head of Rehabilitation Injury re-conditioning  Strength and conditioning coach Physical training of athletes  Nutritionist Meal plans, supplements, hydration ↔ Sports and Data Sciences Video coordinator Create/Edit/log film clips  Cognitive Asthenopia (eyestrain) Postural fatigue Eye health (CVS) Sleep disorders Carpal tunnel Back health 1. Postural re-sets 2. Sleep hygiene 3. Mindfulness [34,35,57] Performance analyst Performance analytics ↔ Sport Scientist Research innervation ↔ Biostatistician Statistical analysis ↔ Medical and Therapy Team Physician Medical diagnosing and treatment ↔ Travel Cognitive Physical Psychological exhaustion Sleep disorders 1. Sleep hygiene 2. Mindfulness [36,67] Athletic Trainer Athlete taping, injury prevention  Massage Physiotherapist Soft tissue treatment ↔ Sport Psychologist Psychological interventions ↔ Osteopath Musculoskeletal manipulation  Abbreviations: Yes = ; No = ; Sometimes = ↔; Computer vision syndrome = CVS. Travel Sleep disorders 1.Immune health Immune Health [69,70] Assistant Coach Logistical support for head coach Sports 2022, 10, x FOR PEER REVIEW 6 of 9 Table 2. Team staff members’ coaching domains, potential fatigue consequences, health risk, and recovery focus areas. Domain Title Primary Role Game Travel Potential Fatigue Health Risk Recovery Focus Recovery Strategies Reference Performance Coaching Head Coach Planning, preparation, coaching  Travel Psychological/Emotional Asthenopia (eyestrain) Postural fatigue Sleep disorders Emotional exhaustion Social isolation Back health 1. Immune health 2. Postural re-sets 3. Sleep hygiene 4. Mindfulness Immune Health Probiotics Vitamin C Vitamin D Postural Re-sets Neural stretching Trigger point therapy Diaphragmatic breathing Sleep Hygiene Maintain a regular schedule Minimize electronic use Room temperature (18–21°) Dark (blackout curtains) Mindfulness Relaxation techniques Creative visualization Meditation Desensitization Journaling thoughts [69,70] Assistant Coach Logistical support for head coach  Head of Player Development Develop pathway to professional ↔ Head of Scouting Athlete identification, recruitment  Performance Health Management Director, Health, and Performance Health/performance initiatives  / ↔ Travel Cognitive Emotional Psychological Physical Sleep disorders Psychological exhaustion 1. Immune health 2. Sleep hygiene 3. Mindfulness [5,62,63] Head of Physical Preparation Athlete physical preparation  / ↔ Head of Rehabilitation Injury re-conditioning  Strength and conditioning coach Physical training of athletes  Nutritionist Meal plans, supplements, hydration ↔ Sports and Data Sciences Video coordinator Create/Edit/log film clips  Cognitive Asthenopia (eyestrain) Postural fatigue Eye health (CVS) Sleep disorders Carpal tunnel Back health 1. Postural re-sets 2. Sleep hygiene 3. Mindfulness [34,35,57] Performance analyst Performance analytics ↔ Sport Scientist Research innervation ↔ Biostatistician Statistical analysis ↔ Medical and Therapy Team Physician Medical diagnosing and treatment ↔ Travel Cognitive Physical Psychological exhaustion Sleep disorders 1. Sleep hygiene 2. Mindfulness [36,67] Athletic Trainer Athlete taping, injury prevention  Massage Physiotherapist Soft tissue treatment ↔ Sport Psychologist Psychological interventions ↔ Osteopath Musculoskeletal manipulation  Abbreviations: Yes = ; No = ; Sometimes = ↔; Computer vision syndrome = CVS. Psychological/Emotional Emotional exhaustion 2.Postural re-sets Probiotics Head of Player Development Develop pathway to professional ↔Asthenopia (eyestrain) Social isolation 3.Sleep hygiene Vitamin C Head of Scouting Athlete identification, recruitment Sports 2022, 10, x FOR PEER REVIEW 6 of 9 Table 2. Team staff members’ coaching domains, potential fatigue consequences, health risk, and recovery focus areas. Domain Title Primary Role Game Travel Potential Fatigue Health Risk Recovery Focus Recovery Strategies Reference Performance Coaching Head Coach Planning, preparation, coaching  Travel Psychological/Emotional Asthenopia (eyestrain) Postural fatigue Sleep disorders Emotional exhaustion Social isolation Back health 1. Immune health 2. Postural re-sets 3. Sleep hygiene 4. Mindfulness Immune Health Probiotics Vitamin C Vitamin D Postural Re-sets Neural stretching Trigger point therapy Diaphragmatic breathing Sleep Hygiene Maintain a regular schedule Minimize electronic use Room temperature (18–21°) Dark (blackout curtains) Mindfulness Relaxation techniques Creative visualization Meditation Desensitization Journaling thoughts [69,70] Assistant Coach Logistical support for head coach  Head of Player Development Develop pathway to professional ↔ Head of Scouting Athlete identification, recruitment  Performance Health Management Director, Health, and Performance Health/performance initiatives  / ↔ Travel Cognitive Emotional Psychological Physical Sleep disorders Psychological exhaustion 1. Immune health 2. Sleep hygiene 3. Mindfulness [5,62,63] Head of Physical Preparation Athlete physical preparation  / ↔ Head of Rehabilitation Injury re-conditioning  Strength and conditioning coach Physical training of athletes  Nutritionist Meal plans, supplements, hydration ↔ Sports and Data Sciences Video coordinator Create/Edit/log film clips  Cognitive Asthenopia (eyestrain) Postural fatigue Eye health (CVS) Sleep disorders Carpal tunnel Back health 1. Postural re-sets 2. Sleep hygiene 3. Mindfulness [34,35,57] Performance analyst Performance analytics ↔ Sport Scientist Research innervation ↔ Biostatistician Statistical analysis ↔ Medical and Therapy Team Physician Medical diagnosing and treatment ↔ Travel Cognitive Physical Psychological exhaustion Sleep disorders 1. Sleep hygiene 2. Mindfulness [36,67] Athletic Trainer Athlete taping, injury prevention  Massage Physiotherapist Soft tissue treatment ↔ Sport Psychologist Psychological interventions ↔ Osteopath Musculoskeletal manipulation  Abbreviations: Yes = ; No = ; Sometimes = ↔; Computer vision syndrome = CVS. Postural fatigue Back health 4.Mindfulness Vitamin D Performance Health Management Director, Health, and Performance Health/performance initiatives Sports 2022, 10, x FOR PEER REVIEW 6 of 9 Table 2. Team staff members’ coaching domains, potential fatigue consequences, health risk, and recovery focus areas. Domain Title Primary Role Game Travel Potential Fatigue Health Risk Recovery Focus Recovery Strategies Reference Performance Coaching Head Coach Planning, preparation, coaching  Travel Psychological/Emotional Asthenopia (eyestrain) Postural fatigue Sleep disorders Emotional exhaustion Social isolation Back health 1. Immune health 2. Postural re-sets 3. Sleep hygiene 4. Mindfulness Immune Health Probiotics Vitamin C Vitamin D Postural Re-sets Neural stretching Trigger point therapy Diaphragmatic breathing Sleep Hygiene Maintain a regular schedule Minimize electronic use Room temperature (18–21°) Dark (blackout curtains) Mindfulness Relaxation techniques Creative visualization Meditation Desensitization Journaling thoughts [69,70] Assistant Coach Logistical support for head coach  Head of Player Development Develop pathway to professional ↔ Head of Scouting Athlete identification, recruitment  Performance Health Management Director, Health, and Performance Health/performance initiatives  / ↔ Travel Cognitive Emotional Psychological Physical Sleep disorders Psychological exhaustion 1. Immune health 2. Sleep hygiene 3. Mindfulness [5,62,63] Head of Physical Preparation Athlete physical preparation  / ↔ Head of Rehabilitation Injury re-conditioning  Strength and conditioning coach Physical training of athletes  Nutritionist Meal plans, supplements, hydration ↔ Sports and Data Sciences Video coordinator Create/Edit/log film clips  Cognitive Asthenopia (eyestrain) Postural fatigue Eye health (CVS) Sleep disorders Carpal tunnel Back health 1. Postural re-sets 2. Sleep hygiene 3. Mindfulness [34,35,57] Performance analyst Performance analytics ↔ Sport Scientist Research innervation ↔ Biostatistician Statistical analysis ↔ Medical and Therapy Team Physician Medical diagnosing and treatment ↔ Travel Cognitive Physical Psychological exhaustion Sleep disorders 1. Sleep hygiene 2. Mindfulness [36,67] Athletic Trainer Athlete taping, injury prevention  Massage Physiotherapist Soft tissue treatment ↔ Sport Psychologist Psychological interventions ↔ Osteopath Musculoskeletal manipulation  Abbreviations: Yes = ; No = ; Sometimes = ↔; Computer vision syndrome = CVS. /↔Travel Sleep disorders 1.Immune health Postural Re-sets Neural stretching Trigger point therapy Diaphragmatic breathing [5,62,63] Head of Physical Preparation Athlete physical preparation Sports 2022, 10, x FOR PEER REVIEW 6 of 9 Table 2. Team staff members’ coaching domains, potential fatigue consequences, health risk, and recovery focus areas. Domain Title Primary Role Game Travel Potential Fatigue Health Risk Recovery Focus Recovery Strategies Reference Performance Coaching Head Coach Planning, preparation, coaching  Travel Psychological/Emotional Asthenopia (eyestrain) Postural fatigue Sleep disorders Emotional exhaustion Social isolation Back health 1. Immune health 2. Postural re-sets 3. Sleep hygiene 4. Mindfulness Immune Health Probiotics Vitamin C Vitamin D Postural Re-sets Neural stretching Trigger point therapy Diaphragmatic breathing Sleep Hygiene Maintain a regular schedule Minimize electronic use Room temperature (18–21°) Dark (blackout curtains) Mindfulness Relaxation techniques Creative visualization Meditation Desensitization Journaling thoughts [69,70] Assistant Coach Logistical support for head coach  Head of Player Development Develop pathway to professional ↔ Head of Scouting Athlete identification, recruitment  Performance Health Management Director, Health, and Performance Health/performance initiatives  / ↔ Travel Cognitive Emotional Psychological Physical Sleep disorders Psychological exhaustion 1. Immune health 2. Sleep hygiene 3. Mindfulness [5,62,63] Head of Physical Preparation Athlete physical preparation  / ↔ Head of Rehabilitation Injury re-conditioning  Strength and conditioning coach Physical training of athletes  Nutritionist Meal plans, supplements, hydration ↔ Sports and Data Sciences Video coordinator Create/Edit/log film clips  Cognitive Asthenopia (eyestrain) Postural fatigue Eye health (CVS) Sleep disorders Carpal tunnel Back health 1. Postural re-sets 2. Sleep hygiene 3. Mindfulness [34,35,57] Performance analyst Performance analytics ↔ Sport Scientist Research innervation ↔ Biostatistician Statistical analysis ↔ Medical and Therapy Team Physician Medical diagnosing and treatment ↔ Travel Cognitive Physical Psychological exhaustion Sleep disorders 1. Sleep hygiene 2. Mindfulness [36,67] Athletic Trainer Athlete taping, injury prevention  Massage Physiotherapist Soft tissue treatment ↔ Sport Psychologist Psychological interventions ↔ Osteopath Musculoskeletal manipulation  Abbreviations: Yes = ; No = ; Sometimes = ↔; Computer vision syndrome = CVS. /↔Cognitive Psychological exhaustion 2.Sleep hygiene Head of Rehabilitation Injury re-conditioning Sports 2022, 10, x FOR PEER REVIEW 6 of 9 Table 2. Team staff members’ coaching domains, potential fatigue consequences, health risk, and recovery focus areas. Domain Title Primary Role Game Travel Potential Fatigue Health Risk Recovery Focus Recovery Strategies Reference Performance Coaching Head Coach Planning, preparation, coaching  Travel Psychological/Emotional Asthenopia (eyestrain) Postural fatigue Sleep disorders Emotional exhaustion Social isolation Back health 1. Immune health 2. Postural re-sets 3. Sleep hygiene 4. Mindfulness Immune Health Probiotics Vitamin C Vitamin D Postural Re-sets Neural stretching Trigger point therapy Diaphragmatic breathing Sleep Hygiene Maintain a regular schedule Minimize electronic use Room temperature (18–21°) Dark (blackout curtains) Mindfulness Relaxation techniques Creative visualization Meditation Desensitization Journaling thoughts [69,70] Assistant Coach Logistical support for head coach  Head of Player Development Develop pathway to professional ↔ Head of Scouting Athlete identification, recruitment  Performance Health Management Director, Health, and Performance Health/performance initiatives  / ↔ Travel Cognitive Emotional Psychological Physical Sleep disorders Psychological exhaustion 1. Immune health 2. Sleep hygiene 3. Mindfulness [5,62,63] Head of Physical Preparation Athlete physical preparation  / ↔ Head of Rehabilitation Injury re-conditioning  Strength and conditioning coach Physical training of athletes  Nutritionist Meal plans, supplements, hydration ↔ Sports and Data Sciences Video coordinator Create/Edit/log film clips  Cognitive Asthenopia (eyestrain) Postural fatigue Eye health (CVS) Sleep disorders Carpal tunnel Back health 1. Postural re-sets 2. Sleep hygiene 3. Mindfulness [34,35,57] Performance analyst Performance analytics ↔ Sport Scientist Research innervation ↔ Biostatistician Statistical analysis ↔ Medical and Therapy Team Physician Medical diagnosing and treatment ↔ Travel Cognitive Physical Psychological exhaustion Sleep disorders 1. Sleep hygiene 2. Mindfulness [36,67] Athletic Trainer Athlete taping, injury prevention  Massage Physiotherapist Soft tissue treatment ↔ Sport Psychologist Psychological interventions ↔ Osteopath Musculoskeletal manipulation  Abbreviations: Yes = ; No = ; Sometimes = ↔; Computer vision syndrome = CVS. Emotional 3.Mindfulness Strength and conditioning coach Physical training of athletes Sports 2022, 10, x FOR PEER REVIEW 6 of 9 Table 2. Team staff members’ coaching domains, potential fatigue consequences, health risk, and recovery focus areas. Domain Title Primary Role Game Travel Potential Fatigue Health Risk Recovery Focus Recovery Strategies Reference Performance Coaching Head Coach Planning, preparation, coaching  Travel Psychological/Emotional Asthenopia (eyestrain) Postural fatigue Sleep disorders Emotional exhaustion Social isolation Back health 1. Immune health 2. Postural re-sets 3. Sleep hygiene 4. Mindfulness Immune Health Probiotics Vitamin C Vitamin D Postural Re-sets Neural stretching Trigger point therapy Diaphragmatic breathing Sleep Hygiene Maintain a regular schedule Minimize electronic use Room temperature (18–21°) Dark (blackout curtains) Mindfulness Relaxation techniques Creative visualization Meditation Desensitization Journaling thoughts [69,70] Assistant Coach Logistical support for head coach  Head of Player Development Develop pathway to professional ↔ Head of Scouting Athlete identification, recruitment  Performance Health Management Director, Health, and Performance Health/performance initiatives  / ↔ Travel Cognitive Emotional Psychological Physical Sleep disorders Psychological exhaustion 1. Immune health 2. Sleep hygiene 3. Mindfulness [5,62,63] Head of Physical Preparation Athlete physical preparation  / ↔ Head of Rehabilitation Injury re-conditioning  Strength and conditioning coach Physical training of athletes  Nutritionist Meal plans, supplements, hydration ↔ Sports and Data Sciences Video coordinator Create/Edit/log film clips  Cognitive Asthenopia (eyestrain) Postural fatigue Eye health (CVS) Sleep disorders Carpal tunnel Back health 1. Postural re-sets 2. Sleep hygiene 3. Mindfulness [34,35,57] Performance analyst Performance analytics ↔ Sport Scientist Research innervation ↔ Biostatistician Statistical analysis ↔ Medical and Therapy Team Physician Medical diagnosing and treatment ↔ Travel Cognitive Physical Psychological exhaustion Sleep disorders 1. Sleep hygiene 2. Mindfulness [36,67] Athletic Trainer Athlete taping, injury prevention  Massage Physiotherapist Soft tissue treatment ↔ Sport Psychologist Psychological interventions ↔ Osteopath Musculoskeletal manipulation  Abbreviations: Yes = ; No = ; Sometimes = ↔; Computer vision syndrome = CVS. Psychological Nutritionist Meal plans, supplements, hydration ↔Physical Sports and Data Sciences Video coordinator Create/Edit/log film clips Sports 2022, 10, x FOR PEER REVIEW 6 of 9 Table 2. Team staff members’ coaching domains, potential fatigue consequences, health risk, and recovery focus areas. Domain Title Primary Role Game Travel Potential Fatigue Health Risk Recovery Focus Recovery Strategies Reference Performance Coaching Head Coach Planning, preparation, coaching  Travel Psychological/Emotional Asthenopia (eyestrain) Postural fatigue Sleep disorders Emotional exhaustion Social isolation Back health 1. Immune health 2. Postural re-sets 3. Sleep hygiene 4. Mindfulness Immune Health Probiotics Vitamin C Vitamin D Postural Re-sets Neural stretching Trigger point therapy Diaphragmatic breathing Sleep Hygiene Maintain a regular schedule Minimize electronic use Room temperature (18–21°) Dark (blackout curtains) Mindfulness Relaxation techniques Creative visualization Meditation Desensitization Journaling thoughts [69,70] Assistant Coach Logistical support for head coach  Head of Player Development Develop pathway to professional ↔ Head of Scouting Athlete identification, recruitment  Performance Health Management Director, Health, and Performance Health/performance initiatives  / ↔ Travel Cognitive Emotional Psychological Physical Sleep disorders Psychological exhaustion 1. Immune health 2. Sleep hygiene 3. Mindfulness [5,62,63] Head of Physical Preparation Athlete physical preparation  / ↔ Head of Rehabilitation Injury re-conditioning  Strength and conditioning coach Physical training of athletes  Nutritionist Meal plans, supplements, hydration ↔ Sports and Data Sciences Video coordinator Create/Edit/log film clips  Cognitive Asthenopia (eyestrain) Postural fatigue Eye health (CVS) Sleep disorders Carpal tunnel Back health 1. Postural re-sets 2. Sleep hygiene 3. Mindfulness [34,35,57] Performance analyst Performance analytics ↔ Sport Scientist Research innervation ↔ Biostatistician Statistical analysis ↔ Medical and Therapy Team Physician Medical diagnosing and treatment ↔ Travel Cognitive Physical Psychological exhaustion Sleep disorders 1. Sleep hygiene 2. Mindfulness [36,67] Athletic Trainer Athlete taping, injury prevention  Massage Physiotherapist Soft tissue treatment ↔ Sport Psychologist Psychological interventions ↔ Osteopath Musculoskeletal manipulation  Abbreviations: Yes = ; No = ; Sometimes = ↔; Computer vision syndrome = CVS. Cognitive Eye health (CVS) 1.Postural re-sets Sleep Hygiene Maintain a regular schedule Minimize electronic use Room temperature (18–21◦) Dark (blackout curtains) [34,35,57] Performance analyst Performance analytics ↔Asthenopia (eyestrain) Sleep disorders 2.Sleep hygiene Sport Scientist Research innervation ↔Postural fatigue Carpal tunnel 3.Mindfulness Biostatistician Statistical analysis ↔Back health Medical and Therapy Team Physician Medical diagnosing and treatment ↔Travel Psychological exhaustion 1.Sleep hygiene Mindfulness Relaxation techniques Creative visualization Meditation Desensitization Journaling thoughts [36,67] Athletic Trainer Athlete taping, injury prevention Sports 2022, 10, x FOR PEER REVIEW 6 of 9 Table 2. Team staff members’ coaching domains, potential fatigue consequences, health risk, and recovery focus areas. Domain Title Primary Role Game Travel Potential Fatigue Health Risk Recovery Focus Recovery Strategies Reference Performance Coaching Head Coach Planning, preparation, coaching  Travel Psychological/Emotional Asthenopia (eyestrain) Postural fatigue Sleep disorders Emotional exhaustion Social isolation Back health 1. Immune health 2. Postural re-sets 3. Sleep hygiene 4. Mindfulness Immune Health Probiotics Vitamin C Vitamin D Postural Re-sets Neural stretching Trigger point therapy Diaphragmatic breathing Sleep Hygiene Maintain a regular schedule Minimize electronic use Room temperature (18–21°) Dark (blackout curtains) Mindfulness Relaxation techniques Creative visualization Meditation Desensitization Journaling thoughts [69,70] Assistant Coach Logistical support for head coach  Head of Player Development Develop pathway to professional ↔ Head of Scouting Athlete identification, recruitment  Performance Health Management Director, Health, and Performance Health/performance initiatives  / ↔ Travel Cognitive Emotional Psychological Physical Sleep disorders Psychological exhaustion 1. Immune health 2. Sleep hygiene 3. Mindfulness [5,62,63] Head of Physical Preparation Athlete physical preparation  / ↔ Head of Rehabilitation Injury re-conditioning  Strength and conditioning coach Physical training of athletes  Nutritionist Meal plans, supplements, hydration ↔ Sports and Data Sciences Video coordinator Create/Edit/log film clips  Cognitive Asthenopia (eyestrain) Postural fatigue Eye health (CVS) Sleep disorders Carpal tunnel Back health 1. Postural re-sets 2. Sleep hygiene 3. Mindfulness [34,35,57] Performance analyst Performance analytics ↔ Sport Scientist Research innervation ↔ Biostatistician Statistical analysis ↔ Medical and Therapy Team Physician Medical diagnosing and treatment ↔ Travel Cognitive Physical Psychological exhaustion Sleep disorders 1. Sleep hygiene 2. Mindfulness [36,67] Athletic Trainer Athlete taping, injury prevention  Massage Physiotherapist Soft tissue treatment ↔ Sport Psychologist Psychological interventions ↔ Osteopath Musculoskeletal manipulation  Abbreviations: Yes = ; No = ; Sometimes = ↔; Computer vision syndrome = CVS. Cognitive Sleep disorders 2.Mindfulness Massage Physiotherapist Soft tissue treatment ↔Physical Sport Psychologist Psychological interventions ↔ Osteopath Musculoskeletal manipulation Sports 2022, 10, x FOR PEER REVIEW 6 of 9 Table 2. Team staff members’ coaching domains, potential fatigue consequences, health risk, and recovery focus areas. Domain Title Primary Role Game Travel Potential Fatigue Health Risk Recovery Focus Recovery Strategies Reference Performance Coaching Head Coach Planning, preparation, coaching  Travel Psychological/Emotional Asthenopia (eyestrain) Postural fatigue Sleep disorders Emotional exhaustion Social isolation Back health 1. Immune health 2. Postural re-sets 3. Sleep hygiene 4. Mindfulness Immune Health Probiotics Vitamin C Vitamin D Postural Re-sets Neural stretching Trigger point therapy Diaphragmatic breathing Sleep Hygiene Maintain a regular schedule Minimize electronic use Room temperature (18–21°) Dark (blackout curtains) Mindfulness Relaxation techniques Creative visualization Meditation Desensitization Journaling thoughts [69,70] Assistant Coach Logistical support for head coach  Head of Player Development Develop pathway to professional ↔ Head of Scouting Athlete identification, recruitment  Performance Health Management Director, Health, and Performance Health/performance initiatives  / ↔ Travel Cognitive Emotional Psychological Physical Sleep disorders Psychological exhaustion 1. Immune health 2. Sleep hygiene 3. Mindfulness [5,62,63] Head of Physical Preparation Athlete physical preparation  / ↔ Head of Rehabilitation Injury re-conditioning  Strength and conditioning coach Physical training of athletes  Nutritionist Meal plans, supplements, hydration ↔ Sports and Data Sciences Video coordinator Create/Edit/log film clips  Cognitive Asthenopia (eyestrain) Postural fatigue Eye health (CVS) Sleep disorders Carpal tunnel Back health 1. Postural re-sets 2. Sleep hygiene 3. Mindfulness [34,35,57] Performance analyst Performance analytics ↔ Sport Scientist Research innervation ↔ Biostatistician Statistical analysis ↔ Medical and Therapy Team Physician Medical diagnosing and treatment ↔ Travel Cognitive Physical Psychological exhaustion Sleep disorders 1. Sleep hygiene 2. Mindfulness [36,67] Athletic Trainer Athlete taping, injury prevention  Massage Physiotherapist Soft tissue treatment ↔ Sport Psychologist Psychological interventions ↔ Osteopath Musculoskeletal manipulation  Abbreviations: Yes = ; No = ; Sometimes = ↔; Computer vision syndrome = CVS. Abbreviations: Yes = Sports 2022, 10, x FOR PEER REVIEW 6 of 9 Table 2. Team staff members’ coaching domains, potential fatigue consequences, health risk, and recovery focus areas. Domain Title Primary Role Game Travel Potential Fatigue Health Risk Recovery Focus Recovery Strategies Reference Performance Coaching Head Coach Planning, preparation, coaching  Travel Psychological/Emotional Asthenopia (eyestrain) Postural fatigue Sleep disorders Emotional exhaustion Social isolation Back health 1. Immune health 2. Postural re-sets 3. Sleep hygiene 4. Mindfulness Immune Health Probiotics Vitamin C Vitamin D Postural Re-sets Neural stretching Trigger point therapy Diaphragmatic breathing Sleep Hygiene Maintain a regular schedule Minimize electronic use Room temperature (18–21°) Dark (blackout curtains) Mindfulness Relaxation techniques Creative visualization Meditation Desensitization Journaling thoughts [69,70] Assistant Coach Logistical support for head coach  Head of Player Development Develop pathway to professional ↔ Head of Scouting Athlete identification, recruitment  Performance Health Management Director, Health, and Performance Health/performance initiatives  / ↔ Travel Cognitive Emotional Psychological Physical Sleep disorders Psychological exhaustion 1. Immune health 2. Sleep hygiene 3. Mindfulness [5,62,63] Head of Physical Preparation Athlete physical preparation  / ↔ Head of Rehabilitation Injury re-conditioning  Strength and conditioning coach Physical training of athletes  Nutritionist Meal plans, supplements, hydration ↔ Sports and Data Sciences Video coordinator Create/Edit/log film clips  Cognitive Asthenopia (eyestrain) Postural fatigue Eye health (CVS) Sleep disorders Carpal tunnel Back health 1. Postural re-sets 2. Sleep hygiene 3. Mindfulness [34,35,57] Performance analyst Performance analytics ↔ Sport Scientist Research innervation ↔ Biostatistician Statistical analysis ↔ Medical and Therapy Team Physician Medical diagnosing and treatment ↔ Travel Cognitive Physical Psychological exhaustion Sleep disorders 1. Sleep hygiene 2. Mindfulness [36,67] Athletic Trainer Athlete taping, injury prevention  Massage Physiotherapist Soft tissue treatment ↔ Sport Psychologist Psychological interventions ↔ Osteopath Musculoskeletal manipulation  Abbreviations: Yes = ; No = ; Sometimes = ↔; Computer vision syndrome = CVS. ; No = Sports 2022, 10, x FOR PEER REVIEW 6 of 9 Table 2. Team staff members’ coaching domains, potential fatigue consequences, health risk, and recovery focus areas. Domain Title Primary Role Game Travel Potential Fatigue Health Risk Recovery Focus Recovery Strategies Reference Performance Coaching Head Coach Planning, preparation, coaching  Travel Psychological/Emotional Asthenopia (eyestrain) Postural fatigue Sleep disorders Emotional exhaustion Social isolation Back health 1. Immune health 2. Postural re-sets 3. Sleep hygiene 4. Mindfulness Immune Health Probiotics Vitamin C Vitamin D Postural Re-sets Neural stretching Trigger point therapy Diaphragmatic breathing Sleep Hygiene Maintain a regular schedule Minimize electronic use Room temperature (18–21°) Dark (blackout curtains) Mindfulness Relaxation techniques Creative visualization Meditation Desensitization Journaling thoughts [69,70] Assistant Coach Logistical support for head coach  Head of Player Development Develop pathway to professional ↔ Head of Scouting Athlete identification, recruitment  Performance Health Management Director, Health, and Performance Health/performance initiatives  / ↔ Travel Cognitive Emotional Psychological Physical Sleep disorders Psychological exhaustion 1. Immune health 2. Sleep hygiene 3. Mindfulness [5,62,63] Head of Physical Preparation Athlete physical preparation  / ↔ Head of Rehabilitation Injury re-conditioning  Strength and conditioning coach Physical training of athletes  Nutritionist Meal plans, supplements, hydration ↔ Sports and Data Sciences Video coordinator Create/Edit/log film clips  Cognitive Asthenopia (eyestrain) Postural fatigue Eye health (CVS) Sleep disorders Carpal tunnel Back health 1. Postural re-sets 2. Sleep hygiene 3. Mindfulness [34,35,57] Performance analyst Performance analytics ↔ Sport Scientist Research innervation ↔ Biostatistician Statistical analysis ↔ Medical and Therapy Team Physician Medical diagnosing and treatment ↔ Travel Cognitive Physical Psychological exhaustion Sleep disorders 1. Sleep hygiene 2. Mindfulness [36,67] Athletic Trainer Athlete taping, injury prevention  Massage Physiotherapist Soft tissue treatment ↔ Sport Psychologist Psychological interventions ↔ Osteopath Musculoskeletal manipulation  Abbreviations: Yes = ; No = ; Sometimes = ↔; Computer vision syndrome = CVS. ; Sometimes = ↔; Computer vision syndrome = CVS. Sports 2021,9, 169 7 of 10 5. Conclusions The health, wellbeing, and performance of team staff members is of utmost importance in elite sport high-performance organizations, given that their work outputs and capabilities are essential to successful team operation. For these functions to be optimized, recovery strategies targeting the identified fatigue consequences of team staff members should be implemented based on individual fatigue indicators. To assist with the implementation of recovery strategies for coaching and performance staff, integration requires education, individualization, and personalization [3]. Finally, we highlighted that the concepts and practical suggestions related to the recovery of team staff members working in elite sport settings presented in this paper may transfer to staff working within sports schools, sports academies, and/or government sports institutions. Successful implementation will assist team staff members in meeting their organizational functions. Therefore, it is essential that we do not forget the coaching and performance staff in the recovery process. Author Contributions: S.P.B. designed the graphic. All authors have contributed expert opinion to the manuscript. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript. Funding: This research received no external funding. Institutional Review Board Statement: Not applicable. Informed Consent Statement: Not applicable. Data Availability Statement: No data presented in this study. Acknowledgments: No acknowledgements are to be made for assistance in the preparation of this article. 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