"Fragments of Sants" language of the urban project

Fragments of Sants language of the urban project ETSAB - MBArch Contemporary Project 2016-2017 written by Cris Skenderi MBArch - Contemporary Project 2016/2017 “Fragments of Sants” language of the urban project Prof. Aquiles Gonzales October 2017 Aldo Van Eyck . St Louis. 1962 MBARCH - CONTEMPORARY PROJECT I. An introduction II. The fragments of Sants Estacio in Barcelona II.1 History of the area of Sants Estacio II.2 Parc de l’Espanya Industrial II.3 Plaça dels Països Catalans II.4 The Estación de Barcelona Sants II.5 The future station III. Urban language: literature, vocabulary, grammar, syntax, expression III.1 The study of a unknown language III.2 The Mediterranean city vocabulary III.3 Architecture as grammar III.4 Urban syntax, a silent facade III.5 Human artistic expression of the city IV. Urban project: a bridge between architecture and the city  IV.1Thecontemporarystratificationofthecity IV.2 Phenomenology of urban environment IV.3 The city facade IV.4 To dwell in the urban project V. El turò de Sants, proposal for an urban project V.1 El turò de Sants V.2 The neighborhood library V.3 The local market V.4 Topography of Metro station V.5 The urban oasis Conclusions Bibliography List of figures 9 12 14 21 27 33 39 45 47 52 78 92 106 118 121 129 134 143 146 148 164 170 176 182 188 192 196 INDEX MBARCH - CONTEMPORARY PROJECT 9 I. AN INTRODUCTION Giovanni Battista Piranesi, composed and researched the fragment of ancient Rome. Inspired by the marble tile hung on the walls of the Forum, where the romans used to carve the map of Rome. The representation in the form of fragments made on charge of the Pope Clement XIV in 1762, shows a will of expressing through the drawing of a composition of big fragments of which the connecting part are lost. A metaphor of what is happening in Mediterranean cities and starting point to understand what kind of study is going to be enacted in this thesis, a work of reconstruction, analysis, understanding, construction and of creation. Abstract This study aims to individuate the characteristic of those projects that take place in the urban environment, to lay the foundations of a new subject free from urban planning conception and beyond architectural ones. The urban project is a technique developed in many cities of the Europe area from ancient times, and it is today the most powerful tool to model cities of the tomorrow, further, in this research, the link between past and future will be stronger and more apparent. The area of Sants Estacio is an encounter that allowed this study to begin and to find its conclusion. The big void this train station carved around itself constitutes a massive snatch in the urban tissue of the city of Barcelona, a metropolitan center famous for its robust generative urban grid, and its through this snatch that can be seen the internal movements and processes that built the area and therefore the entire city. Zooming in, in the open wound in the quarter of Sants appears evident the presence of different human traces that tried to define and build a space that was functionless and deprived of its identity. This signs of human designs constitute what is called “urban project,” they consist in plazas, parks, canopies, facades, lighthouses, stairs, slopes and much more graphic signs that all together form a various and chaotic environment for urban life. The recognition of this elements and the entire absence of a thread capable of connecting them in a continuous path of composition and design raised the question of what are actually urban projects and how are they generated in the minds of their designers. I MBARCH - CONTEMPORARY PROJECT 10 11 The fragments of urban tissue and urban projects present in Sants, let emerge the presence of a new language that follows the concepts and the contents of the urban planning practice but that are built with the tool and techniques of architecture, being in the meanwhile linked with them without exclusion. Setting the rules of composition of the unknown language, how the author calls the language of the urban project, is the main challenge of this study and supposes a knowledge of many subjects that span from philosophy and art to urban planning and architecture. All this subject talks of the system city in different points of view that give to the discussion an overall understanding of the urban settlements as a complex system of social relations and physical structures and infrastructures. The cross analysis operated in a heuristic way generates exciting results that will enable the reader to build a starting point for a wider and broader debate that could go beyond the closed system of Barcelona or the Mediterranean city and aim to set the universal rules of construction of the city. Several times in this study the past theoretical author of cities and architecture will be taken as references, and on them, by contrary or by analogy, it will construct a complex and deep concept of how humanity can be citizen and city itself at the same time. The actual and physical structure of the city will meet the civic ideology and together will retrace the path that makes Acropolis of Athens similar to the Raised Gardens of Sants and that makes death be life for a quarter like Sants. At the end, the author will propose an urban project capable to solve the area’s fragility and issues following the rules of composition set previously, not with the presumption of acting as a savior of the city of bad design but as an exercise capable to follow suggestions and inspirations taken from pioneers of the urban projects. The work was developed in ETSAB, and in the environment of the Design Department, this surely allowed it to be organized in a context of theory and practice of architecture, that is different from the author background, and that gave to him previously alien concepts as architectural school of thoughts, matter of materiality, size, scale and composition of an urban project and last, certainly most important, that every architectural theory even the most utopian must be able to be built or constructed. There’s no value behind the architectural theory that cannot be built. MBARCH - CONTEMPORARY PROJECT II. THE FRAGMENTS OF SANTS ESTACIO IN BARCELONA The fragmented parts of Sants Estacio in Barcelona, are an interesting case of fragmentation in a dense urban fabric as the Catalan city. Even the stratification of different “urban projects” in the course of time couldn’t generate a valid solution for an area Albert Viaplana had defined “a desert”. The history of Sants from Cerda to the project for the future Station by RCR studio, the early station and the following decision of locating the rails underground gave shape to the plot and the surrounding urban structure. The destruction of the factory of Sants and the events that followed the Olimpics in 1992. Parc de l’Espanya Industrial by Luis Peña Gantxegi is responsible for great of the topographic development of the area, a brief history of the park and the link we the area. Plaça dels paisos catalans the project of Viaplana and the dramatic relation with the site resolved in a silent intervention. The Station architecture development in the ages until the addiction of Viaplana, the metro station, the highspeed train and the topography of the site. The future plan for the Station of Barcelona Sants by RCR will give again new shape to the fragmented II.1 II.2 II.3 II.4 II.5 MBARCH - CONTEMPORARY PROJECT II 15 II.1 History of the area of Sants Estacio The Compañía de los Ferrocarriles de Tarragona a Barcelona y Francia (TBF), result of fusion of two companies in the 1875, presented in 1876 a project of unification of all its train station by a railway link that could go from Career de la Marina and the Career d’Aragò. This track was approved in Royal Order in 1877, but in 1878 the Municipality of Barcelona presented a legal complaint against the intervention worried for the safety of its own citizen. In 1878 the Government sent to Barcelona a representative with the duty of finding a mediation with benefits for both parts, and therefore in the same here was approved the sloped track in Career d’Arago of a train to pass in the trench between C. de Casanova and C. de la Marina, it would cross in an underground tunnel Passeig de Gracia and bridges at the pedestrian level would be built. Finally in 1882 the line is approved. The Company TBF was absorbed by Compañía de los Ferrocarriles de Madrid a Zaragoza y Alicante (MZA), in the 1899 after it will be elaborated a plan of links and upgrade with different intervention along the track inside the city of Barcelona. In 1902 it was presented a reformation project for Estació de Sants, little village annexed to Barcelona, and the year later another project for the construction of a bridge to allow the crossing from above of the railways at the eight of Carrer del Vallespir. The municipality of Barcelona, saw in the project of MZA, a great opportunity of realizing several urban plans in the quarter, proposed a changed in the project of lowering of the ground of the station and the continuity of the railway track until the trench of C. d’Aragò. The aim was to make a singular continuous connection from Estació de Sants to Passeig de Gràcia, with the inauguration of the same year of the new level of the trench to be at the same level of the station and avoiding railway crossing for the traffic. MZA accepted the changes to the project with the condition that the Municipality would pay for the eventual additional cost and in 1905 it ended with a verbal deal between the parts. Nevertheless the municipality delayed eighteen years in the approval of the necessary laws to make the intervention possible. Finally for a Royal order in 1922 the MZA overground project was approved. It was also approved the renovation of MBARCH - CONTEMPORARY PROJECT 16 17 the existing elevated crossing and the construction of new ones, ramps and stairs to regulate the slope between the natural ground and the new station. Again the project was delayed until 1927 when the lowering of the railways was complete within Av. de Roma, C. d’Aragò and the Estació de Sants. Only in 1929 the slab arrived to Sants. In 1946 R.E.N.F.E. started the planning of the total electric conversion of the train net all around the nation. The line Barcelona-Tarragona was not converted until 1956, with the definitive disappearing of the steam powered train. The absence of a necessity to expel the smoke of the steam trains brought the beginning of the works for the total covering of the route along Aragò and Roma that were concluded in 1962. The covering of the railways that continued to Plaça de Sant had to wait the crucial point of the urban plan that included the dismantlement of the factory of La Espanya Industrial. So in 1979 it was inaugurated the new passenger station of Sants, but only in 1994 finally came to the conclusion with the construction of Passeig de Sant Antoni as it is today. Stratification The morphology of the urban surrounding of Sants is an artificial morphology strictly related with the construction of the underground railway and the covering of it. To understand better the morphological composition of this urban enclave, is fundamental to take as reference the level of the railways that run under and across this area. The Institut Cartogràfic de Catalunya1 signs the level above the sea of the Carrer dels Jocs Floral at 22,7 m a place where the railways are not covered. The same plans show the level of the entrance to the station at 30,7m. Considering this quote valid the section of the station, from de “Pla Especial Urbanístic de la Estació de Sants del 31 de Marzo del 2005”2show that the railways are situated 8 meters under the slab of the station and so it can be said here to that the level of the railways is at 22,7 m above the sea. In the end the constructive section of Apeadero del Passeig de Gràcia (1902)3 locates a difference of level of 7 m between the slab-ground floor of the station and the railways, taking in consideration that a that point the level is 29,7 m we can locate again the track of the train at 22.7 m above the sea. This is the demonstration that the level remain unchanged at 22,7 from Passeig de Gràcia and Career d’arago, until the open air trench of Career dels Jocs Florals, at the end of Sants. 1. Linares Óscar.“El Entorno Urbano de La Estación de Sants Un Lugar Infra- Estructurado.”.II.4.2 2. Ibid. II.4.3 3. Ibid. II.4.5 The branch where the rails meets nowadays, make them separate and from four they become fourteen, before the high speed train they were just 8. This big space of rails established at the level of 22,7 was designed to be covered by an enormous slab, at a height of 6,5 meters above the rails and 1,5 meters thickness, with a size of 500 meters per 200 meters. This practically plan platform is so located at 30,7 meters of altitude and extents for about 100000 m². This big surface enlaces without problem with the surrounding morphology of ensanche and against the Collserola side that ends one or two meters above the slab. The complication occurs when on the side of the sea, where now is Parc de l’Espanya Industrial and where is Plaça de Joan Peiró. In the case of the park the level is 25,8 meter, so 5 meters under the level of the station that gives to the park the strong concavity and morphological depression effect. In the second case, the actual Passeig de Sant Antoni, on the mountain side is just 1,5 meters of slope while on the sea side it goes to 3 meters of difference between slab and ground floor.4 4. Ibid. II.4. MBARCH - CONTEMPORARY PROJECT 30 31 MBARCH - CONTEMPORARY PROJECT 32 33 IV V II.4 The Estación de Barcelona Sants After the analysis of the architectural surroundings and found the right value, is important not to forget the fact that this urban object still is a mere station. Sants has been during its history at least three different kinds of a train station. The first was inaugurated in 1855 close to Carrer de Riego. The second was built in 1936 over Passeig de Sant Antoni, looking at the nearby Plaça de Sants. At the end, the station as we know it, open in 1969, is located in between two plazas, Plaça de Joan Peiró and Plaça dels Països Catalans. The three stations always worked as an important urban element and as an architecture artifact that slid its position about the main railway, form which its capacity of articulating the public space. The first station of Sants 1854-193611 In 1851 the concession was granted to build a railroad linking Barcelona and Martorell, which was inaugurated at the end of November 1854. From the terminal station of Barcelona, the first stop was in a small station located at the end of the current Carrer de Riego, near the factories Vapor Vell and La Espanya Industrial. The main building of the station, in an English style, was reformed in 1902 when the first floor and with it its sloped roofs. In both cases, the stop was like a longitudinal building arranged parallel to the tracks, which ran at the same level that the streets of Sants. The station, conformed as an exempt architectural object, made of articulation between a small access point and the platforms of the station. To the exception of the term stations, all the stations constructed along the mid-century railway lines followed this spatial configuration; in fact, many railway stations serving cities close to Barcelona still maintain this spatial configuration. 11. Linares Óscar.“El Entorno Urbano de La Estación de Sants Un Lugar Infra- Estructurado.” II-3.1 MBARCH - CONTEMPORARY PROJECT 34 35 The second station Sants, 1936 -197912 The first station of Sants was demolished, and it was replaced in 1936 by a halt with platforms buried and semi-covered by cantilevers. Although these were inaugurated the 15 of February of 1936, Civil War delayed the works of the building of travelers, that was concluded in 1948. The station was configured in much the same way as the Passeig de Gràcia landing, which was built in 1902. The access building, with an elongated proportion, was placed on the tracks of the train, which were half-buried. In one of the short facades of the building was the main access to the station, which opened to Plaça de Sants, located at the old crossroads between the railroad tracks and the road from Barcelona to Sants. It is interesting to note the differences between this station and its predecessor of 1855, since the relative positions that develop between it, the roads and the public space are 12. Linares Óscar.“El Entorno Urbano de La Estación de Sants Un Lugar Infra- Estructurado.” II-3.2 VI VII reversed. In the older case, the building is arranged parallel to the tracks and at the same height, and the transition between the public space, the station as a filter and the platforms are developed along the transverse axis, perpendicular to the tracks. The burial of the tracks allows the building of the 1936 station to be arranged parallel to the tracks, but in this case, it is located above them and not on one of its sides. In this way, the transition between the public space, the station, and the platforms takes place along the longitudinal axis, the same axis of the tracks, but located at a higher elevation. The third station of Sants, 197913 The 1936 station, designed and built during the time of steam trains, would be out of date in the 1960s, when electric trains were imposed, which did not require open stations. In the Plan of Rail Links of Barcelona, approved in 1967, it was decided that the new railway station of Sants where the new main station in the Catalan capital be built, to replace in its functions the Estació del Nord and Estació de França, the 13. Linares Óscar.“El Entorno Urbano de La Estación de Sants Un Lugar Infra- Estructurado.” II-3.3 VIII IX MBARCH - CONTEMPORARY PROJECT 36 37 two most important stations of the city so far. In 1969 began the works of which would be the present and underground Estació Central de Ferrocarril de Sants. While the works lasted a provisional station of a single plant located on the bridge of the Carrer of the Vallespir worked. The Estació de Sants was entered into service in phases throughout the decade of the seventies until October 30, 1979, was finally inaugurated. The building is constituted as a huge slab of 150 by 135 meters (about 20,000 square meters of a surface), greater than a block of the extension. Unlike the previous seasons, this huge deck was prepared to accommodate other uses complementary to the station’s own, both on the ground floor and on its deck. Currently, the ground floor has a large number of shops and cafes and, since 1992, there is a hotel built on the roof. The ground floor of the station, 6.5 meters high, is permeable to both the passage and the views in the direction of the tracks, so that the squares on the side and side are connected. In this sense, it represents a step further concerning its predecessor of the Plaça de Sants, since the burial and integral covering of the tracks allow to open the station longitudinally. Thus, despite their substantially square proportions, the organization of the station expresses the longitudinally of the tracks in the articulation of the public spaces housed side and side. In a transverse sense, however, this permeability is practically non-existent. This is probably because, until very recently, the Passeig de Sant Antoni (and with it all the traffic that circulates through it) unfolded when arriving at the station, wrapping it tangentially by its north and south facades. In the northern part the pedestrian has been expelled: currently, you can only walk along the Carrer de Viriat, which gives access to the bus station. It should be borne in mind that, as can be seen in the photographs, until very recently the plots of Viriat and Puigarí were still built. On the other hand, on the south side, its tangential relationship with the Parc de l’Espanya Industrial gives it a more or less natural character of the pedestrian walk, although it is a widening of the sidewalk. Currently, the construction of an underground car park in this section prevents rolling traffic (which is concentrated in the section north, aggravating its situation) and power instead of the pedestrian circulation. Comparison of the spatial articulation between the Estació de Sants and the Sagrada Familia The Sagrada Familia is located in an apple of atypical dimensions, 133x113 meters, the result of the mismatch existing in the Carrer de la Marina to side and side of the Diagonal. Gaudí chose to orient the main facade (the Glory Facade) towards the sea so that the total length of the building was restricted to 113 meters. This decision, because in the transversal sense neither the building nor the public space was so restricted, it promoted a transverse development of great wealth. Thus, as in the Estació de Sants, through the permeability of the cruise of the cathedral are articulated two squares, the Plaça de la Sagrada Familia (the public space corresponding to the Passion Facade) and the Plaça de Gaudí ( the public space corresponding to the Façade of the Birth). The strength of this permeability has been enough to architecturally and architecturally structure the cathedral and its surroundings to this day, but it should not be forgotten that the main façade of the cathedral is the Glory Facade, whose pillars are currently being built in the Carrer of Mallorca. Gaudí planned to provide this facade with its public space and, although its future formalization is diffuse and not concrete, the mere possibility of its existence allows comparison with the Parc de l’Espanya Industrial. Both urban spaces would share three characteristics: their relative situation concerning the other two places, their different character concerning them and their construction moment. As to its relative situation concerning the other two places, it can be seen that in both cases this third urban space is located in the south part of the axis perpendicular to the axis that joins both squares, be they those of Sants or those of the Sacred Family. As regards their character, in both cases this third space has its entity and is detached from the other two, which do dialogue between them. In the case of Sants, it is configured as a park and not as a square, both because of its size and because of its depressed situation. In the case of the cathedral it seems that everything indicates that if the Sagrada Familia is finally opened up to the Diagonal, both the size and the character of this new space would be very different from the other two places. At the time of construction, in both cases, we would be talking about the appearance of this third urban space after the building with which it is linked. Until the works of the current Estació de Sants in 1979 were completed, the construction of the Parc de l’Espanya Industrial, completed in 1985, was not considered. Something similar, although more dilated in time, would occur in the Sagrada Familia, once finished the first phase of the construction of the Glory Facade, it is possible to address the need to propose and formalize its urban space. MBARCH - CONTEMPORARY PROJECT 39 II.5 The future station In 2004 a competition was called for the enlargement of the current station and the management of its surroundings. The “Special Urban Plan - Sants Station,” finally approved by the Barcelona City Council on March 8, 2005, already includes the winning proposal of the team formed by RCR Arquitectes and MAP Arquitectes. In addition to the renovation of the station and its services, it is planned to expand the building with the use of offices, as well as new car parks and a new bus station. This will mean a considerable increase, on the slab covering the ground floor of the station, its surface and its dimensions, going from the current 155x135 meters to 230x160 meters. With these new measures, the station will increase its occupancy in a plant to the extent permitted by the surrounding road, losing the substantially square proportion of the current building and growing above all in the direction of the tracks. According to Ramon Vilalta, “for the Ajuntament de Barcelona it is as if the Estació de Sants did not exist; our partners have always been in Madrid. “ This lack of concern on the part of the city council seems to affect only the building itself since shortly after the contest was resolved the ordering of the environment be transferred to Barcelona Regional, a company linked to the local administration. The R. Vilalta explains the project has been raised in response to the peculiar nature of the station environment. As concerns volume, the extension is presented as a quiet proposal that serves both the existing building and its surroundings.10 On the one hand, the heights proposed in the enlargement are sensitive to those established by the current Hotel Barceló, both at its base and in its maximum height. On the other hand, the highest volume is located on the seaside, adjacent to the Parc de la Espanya Industrial, in order not to stress even more the relationship between the perimeters of the environment and the new station on the mountainside, recognizing the scale of the park itself. Facing the fragmentation and the complexity of the perimeter of the environment, a very quiet volume has been chosen, following the new perimeter of the building a mere rectangular layout, solved with a combination of glass and steel that will provide a formal and material unity to all 14. Linares Óscar.“El Entorno Urbano de La Estación de Sants Un Lugar Infra- Estructurado.” II-3.4 MBARCH - CONTEMPORARY PROJECT 40 41 contour. The fact that the subsurface of the station environment is almost entirely perforated has forced to solve the enlargement without being able to count on new supports, so that a structural solution has been adopted in the bracket. This structural need only emphasizes the permeability of a ground floor, which the authors of the project intended. This new permeability is based on three decisions: the formalization of a dematerialized perimeter in the zero level, the reduction of the occupation of the commercial surface in the vestibule and the strengthening of the transversal axis of the station. Regarding the dematerialization of the zero level, it should be noted that the absence of pillars already commented on adds the proposal of a station without doors. No doubt, this bet would have allowed an absolute and total permeability at street level, but finally, it has not been possible due to its technical unfeasibility. Regarding the commercial area, there is no doubt that the X trade is vital for the economic management of a station of this size, but in turn difficult the permeability intended by the authors of the project on the ground floor. Thus, throughout the development of the project, there has been a progressive reduction of the commercial area. From the articulation of the public space, there is a great difference between the current station and the project of the future station. While the former only allows the permeability of open space in the longitudinal sense (connecting the squares located side and side of the building following the direction of the tracks), the expansion project raises the access to the building from its four sides, resulting a plant low in the form of a Greek cross that enhances the spatial permeability in both longitudinal and transverse directions. This organization through the two axes can be perceived in the cutting of the floor and the roof of the new proposal, which follows the longitudinal guideline of the tracks. However, the solution adopted for the formalization of the roof, through slats disposed of in a longitudinal direction, allows the user to be oriented within the station itself. Against an isotropic roof, we have opted for an anisotropic surface that recognizes the protagonist of the sense of the routes without obviating the introduction of a second axis. Although this new organization in the form of a Greek cross would allow some equivalence of the public spaces articulated around the station, it seems that the existing urban differences between them will only be emphasized. As for the places arranged along the longitudinal axis, the proposed management reflected in the Special Plan of 2005 bets to emphasize the current asymmetry between both locations. The Plaça dels Països Catalans will be annexed to the building, constituting itself as the access point to the station, while Plaça de Joan Peiró would continue to be isolated by the road. As for the two spaces arranged on the transverse axis, although both are green spaces, neither can be said to be equivalent since their topographic relation with the station is very different. While on the mountainside the lands resulting from the demolition of small industrial buildings and reclassified as green zone can guarantee a quota access to the station, on the seaside the Parc de la Espanya Industrial is five meters depressed, being compromised its accessibility from the station. The extension of the current station will undoubtedly mean, on the one hand, a significant increase in scale and size, as well as a certain compression of the interstitial spaces that currently exist between the station and the built perimeter. MBARCH - CONTEMPORARY PROJECT 42 43 Future Spaces There is a project of RCR Arquitectes of reform and extension of the current station. The project is expected to move from a station of 155x135 meters, with a surface in the plant of almost 21,000 m2, to an enlarged station of 232x160 meters, with an area of about 37,000 m2. Although the dimensions do not double, the floor surface almost reaches the ratio of 2 to 1. This fact will undoubtedly change the relationship between the perimeter of the enclave and the station.15 The first consequence is obvious: the perimeter of the environment and the perimeter of the station will approach so that the interstitial space will be subjected to much more pressure than at present. The paved spaces that now exist on both sides of the station and which are owned by RENFE will be invaded by enlargement. In this way, the Plaça dels Països Catalans will finally be annexed to the station and will no longer be a square delimited in its entire perimeter by the road, a fact that will allow it to be constituted as the access point to the station. In contrast, Plaça de Joan Peiró will not suffer the same fate, since the plans of the special plan of 2005 show a fragmented square and surrounded by the road. In this way, the differences between the two places will be maintained or emphasized: the dimensional differences between the two will continue to exist, and the urban primacy of the east square on the west will be reinforced by its new relationship with the station. We can talk about the main square and a secondary one. As regards the mountain range, the land gained to the old industrial buildings will be allocated to green space, under which will build the new buried bus station. This will eliminate the marquee that performs the functions of the bus stop, located between the Passeig de Sant Antoni and the 15. Linares Óscar.“El Entorno Urbano de La Estación de Sants Un Lugar Infra- Estructurado.” II-4.4 XI Carrer de Viriat. With this, both roads will be merged, and the name of the Carrer de Viriat will be maintained so that the Passeig de Sant Antoni will no longer be an unpaved walk. As for the sea side, it seems that the transverse permeability of the ground floor of the building should lead to a reconsideration of the relationship between the park and the station. On the one hand, it seems that the possibility of accessing the park by the middle of the Passeig de Sant Antoni should encourage the possibility of a more direct connection with the park, at the same level, since otherwise the fiveheight will definitely constitute a barrier that will make difficult the easy pedestrian connection between this side of the station and the park. On the other hand, the possibility of accessing the park from the midpoint of the lateral façade will question the alleged effectiveness, as a visual reference point and access point to the park, to the sculpture/slide located at the confluence of the Carrer del Doctor Triadó and the Passeig de Sant Antoni. In a way, the Parc de l’Espanya Industrial will be the public space that will suffer most from the new spatial articulation that will mean the reform of the station, since it will be compromised the justification of its configuration in plan and the exaltation of the topographical difference through of the stand. MBARCH - CONTEMPORARY PROJECT III. URBAN LANGUAGE: LITERATURE, VOCABULARY, GRAMMAR, SYNTAX, EXPRESSION The understanding of a new language suppose a methodology that can separate the different pattern of composition. The urban project is a unexplored field and trying to define its theory goes through the process of understanding the media of expression. In this master I have learned the importance and the characteristic of an urban project and whats its main theory is about. I’ve also recognized a certain pattern of expression that recurs in scheme similar to the language one. The definition of a vocabulary is the first step for a “translation” in this with the help of the text Generic city of Rem Koolhaas will be collected a series of word that specifiy and describe the city languages. Architecture of the city is a book of Aldo Rossi that describes and investigates the city with an architectural view on functionality and space arrangement, then will be discussed the controversial aspect of the book and celebrated the fundamental rules. The syntax of this language is perpetuated in the style of Ermetismo, as the urban projects are always singular statement in a large context they want to express their own idea by architectural punctual intervention. The urban projects of Viaplana in Barcelona translated this in a proper architectural tool of expression. In the works of Kokoschka, Boccioni, de Chirico and Mondrian, the metropolis becomes a linguistic expression. Form does not want to be autonomous; does not claim any superiority over the real. It is not closed in itself and is not even perfectly fulfilled. It wants to coincide with the distractions and strokes of the city. III.1 III.2 III.3 III.4 III.5 MBARCH - CONTEMPORARY PROJECT 47 After analyzing the archaeology of “urban projects” in the area of Sants Estacio, is it necessary to find the tool of urban space composition? Some can say it is architecture on a larger scale other that is just infrastructure with a fancy side, but what appears clear is that neither of the two definitions can be applied or take in consideration, nor exist a term with a meaning that can be defined it without being imprecise. The “school of Barcelona” established and still do as an urban project, in the sense of Oriol Bohigas, professor, and minister of culture, a figure capable of understanding the potential power of this tool and that used it, well without any doubt, in the regeneration of Barcelona for the 1992 Olympics. The art of “urban project” was operated throughout times with a certain recurrence and never failed to create a debate or a case study, of which were the correct and incorrect ways of designing a space for everyone, a space that endures times and a space that is cheap. Different attempts and final results are nowadays objects of analysis and study. But while years of research in architecture, allowed us to call this art a “subject” the urban project did not meet the requirements and ended in being a side effect of urban planning. Again urban planning since Ildefons Cerdà became a subject and produced a significant number of studies and researches. The urban project is not taught in schools either on books and considered as a deviation from the essential matter of building even if a high number of architectural firms successfully produced urban projects. So except some precisely addressed monographs, the subject remained unknown and undiscovered by the academic ambient. So here we are with a series of developed projects and a bunch of intentions, but no information on the processes that lead to good urban designs, neither on the characterization of those spaces. The message is delivered and lays on the final result of the designed space, even if not always it is evident. We can so understand the spirit and the message but how this language can be unknown? Isn’t architecture? Isn’t it urban planning? III.1 The study of a unknown language MBARCH - CONTEMPORARY PROJECT 48 49 No. Parks are not gardens and streets are not corridors, and light posts are not appliqués, etc… In fact, later in this thesis, it will be stated the contrary but before it is better to go deep in the problem and understand the path that led to the definition of an urban project as an urban subject. If we accept the compromise that urban project practice is a hybrid between architecture and urban planning we have to admit that it cannot be entirely known by one of the two and so remains an unknown field or more correctly an undefined subject. “Man acts as though he were the shaper and master of language, while in fact language remains the master of man.” -Martin Heidegger. Poetry, Language, Thought. (1971) “Language is a process of free creation; its laws and principles are fixed, but the manner in which the principles of generation are used is free and infinitely varied. Even the interpretation and use of words involves a process of free creation.” - Noam Chomsky. “Language and Mind.” (1968) “By a generative grammar I mean simply a system of rules that in some explicit and well-defined way assigns structural descriptions to sentences. Obviously, every speaker of a language has mastered and internalized a generative grammar that expresses his knowledge of his language. This is not to say that he is aware of the rules of the grammar or even that he can become aware of them, or that his statements about his intuitive knowledge of the language are necessarily accurate.” -Noam Chomsky. “Aspects of the Theory of Syntax” (1969) So it is the most valuable tool and media for our entire society. More important is the matter of understanding and studying it, to master it and to develop our culture. As well the urban project is a language that speaks to the majority of society and in a direct way to all of them who inhabit it. Those spaces are indeed designed to fulfill the most of needs and to welcome all kinds of city users, citizens, passengers, tourist, homeless, workers, students,…, and for this reason, entire cities are shaped and defined and therefore judged by the “quality” of their urban projects. So the long term impact of this projects cannot be underestimated and we the increasing number of cities and dwellers that are going to inhabit them there’s a pressing need for a “Study of the unknown language” The criteria that are going to be used are the ones applied to the study of any written language. Imagine indeed being in front of a book page written in a language that one can understand and use in an “oral” intuitive way (through the design) but of which one doesn’t know the rules of compositions. This page, in this thesis, is, of course, the page of Sants taken from the book of Barcelona and the tracks on the stratification of urban projects are the graphemes that carry the significance and the message. To understand this language is opportune to individuate in the first place the vocabulary, more precisely those words that are recognizable and that are possible to be interpreted and used in other languages (e.g., architecture or urban plan). Then it will lead to the creation of a primary common ground shared by different subjects on which can be installed the collection of terms of the new unknown language. Later the rules of composition of this terms are going to be evaluated and analyzed, and inevitably it will be discovered they are submitted to a proper system of standards called, in language studies, the grammar. For the unknown language, the urban project, the grammar can be identified in the creation of a material structure of buildings and infrastructures that go under a way more complex subsystem of rules that are proper of architecture subject. Under this disciplined order cities can discover their identities and develop towards bigger aims, most important this rules aim to be global therefore universal for every city regardless the location and the history so that every book has to follow a particular system to be readable. To whom may ask if there are cities that can not be readable, the answer is yes. These group of terms and rules create an already quite defined system of composition of urban development, but it has not to be forgotten the importance of the settings of this system. What was written until now may seem an analysis of what the city is and not how the city exists, and so that a well-designed algorithm with the right settings could be able to use vocabulary and grammar to create the perfect city? In fact, language is not based on listed single sentences and to create more complex concept it needs larger quantities of phrases distributed in a hierarchic order and is this order called syntax that regulates the creation of socalled discourses. In the unknown language, the syntactic development is hidden in the architectural practice and the hands of the architecture firm, but it still does not belong to architecture subject. The choice of particular terms and the following order of them leads to the creation of a narrative discourse that MBARCH - CONTEMPORARY PROJECT 62 63 of gravity the seconds are satellites. Tourism is a business and typical food is becoming a brand, every eatery from the past assumes the look of what in the present is considered folklorist, the connection with the past is merely representative. Centers are the Specific correspondent of the waterfront, sometimes include it in them, they are the border between the Generic and the relatively new. The specific city has particular quarters but all of them want to join the Generic tourism. Program /ˈprəʊɡram/ NOUN 1. A planned series of future events or performances. “a program of the most exciting traditional festivities” 1.1 A set of related measures or activities with a particular longterm aim. “Barcelona’sSmartCityprogrambeganoverthirtyyearsago” The only activity is shopping. No program can help the Generic city because we decide so, library, baths, university do not receive the same space. The hotel is the generic accommodation and constitutes the most common block. It is the perfect topology, general and repetitive it even includes a great number of facilities, as shopping, abandoned the office building scheme of thirty years ago that characterized cities like New York. Nobody exits the hotel, it is a voluntary arrest, there is no competitor, the guest stays inside the hotel because there is no other valuable option. “A city of ten million all locked in their rooms” Public life is the only aim for the specific city. All the program is aimed to increase the livability of the public space, road, and streets, plazas, underground stops every facility is both served and serves the public realm. Hotels grow on functional areas to be capable to connect with fertile grounds of the turban tissue as public interest space, monuments, transportation hub, nature…etc. No underground stop is integrated with buildings, no bridge is private all eateries invades the public spaces with their tables. A city of few million all dwelling the streets. Architecture /ˈɑːkɪtɛktʃə/ NOUN 1. The art or practice of designing and constructing buildings. “schools of architecture and design” 1.1 The style in which a building is designed and constructed, especiallywithregardtoaspecificperiod,place,orculture.  “Post-modernarchitecture’” 2. The complex or carefully designed structure of something. “the architecture of a city” 2.1 The conceptual structure and logical organization of a computer or computer-based system. An explosion of beige, the Generic is a summa of an interesting and boring building, as in all cities. All the urban architecture has a relation with Mies Van der Rohe, but it hard to find what Koolhaas defines the Mies box at the contrary a great diversity of style. The Generic refuses the formal rigidity and enjoys the beautiful because that’s what this city is by definition. The eternal variation is made by the 10000 architectural offices each with vibrant inspiration. Those firms build the architecture of the Generic city every Monday. The curtain wall becomes a glue, a transparent malleable connection that pervades every facade and seals entire blocks in a hermetic oxygen tent. The Generic is no longer the overdeveloped, the extreme temperatures rate mimic the extreme condition of nature, boilings roads and freezing buildings. Architecture is air-conditioning, a hollow conditioned bag with an immense variety of facades. The Generic is the urban alter-ego of Merzbau of Schwitter, it is, in fact, the Merzcity. This great exhibition of facade designs is eclectic and ephemeral, not more consistent than a conceptual shadow, hollow for the 51%. One-half of the Generic blocks is atrium, a classical void that gives physicality, the city stands on the vacuum. The style is democratic and so post-modern, anyone can do it and helps modernization. Koolhaas quotes Gorky when speaks about Coney Island of “varied boredom”, the author considers this affirmation as an oxymoron: “Variety cannot be boring. Boredom cannot be varied.” The Generic city with his infinite variety is banalized and made it a normal variety. The specific city has 15000 architectural offices and is smaller than the Generic. Much more dense urbanization and highly competitive environment made the urban project not only an infrastructure but a place to dwell. In the optic of an increase of urban density, shared spaces become a need and architect MBARCH - CONTEMPORARY PROJECT 64 65 must design them. The facade is not the only tool of building spaces, the common ground floor is the living-room of the public realm. The activities around the public space make the hollow valuable and in connection with what is on the other side of the facade. Developing quarters of a Specific city are generic, built on the void, as in the Barcelonian quarter Poble Nou were the Cerdà grid is partially built and most of his character is given by its dynamic facades. In the Specific city democratic means also meritocratic, competitions are the tool of democracy, recognizing the political act of designing an urban space above another. The logic of formal composition destroys unprincipled architecture and eliminates banalization, the Generic is always banal. The oxymoron does not exist. Varied boredom is referred to two aspects of the generic city development, varied architectures on a boring urban scheme. Coney Island is a general banal urban project. XIII Geography /ˈdʒɒɡrəfi/ NOUN […]1.1 The nature and relative arrangement of places and physical features. “the geography of Rome” The Generic city is moving towards the equator, is embracing the tropical weather, there people are better, less anxious, more even-tempered, less hostile, more pleasant. Proof that the same connection between architecture and behavior happens with the city and its people. The weather is more powerful than fear of doom, a substitute of ethic and religion, the tool of control people’s mood. In the specific less is given to indetermination, it can afford to not program. People behavior is regulated by social activities and by the design of shared spaces, the Specific cannot wait for the weather. A historical fight against nature produced in these city caves, parks, hills, channels and underground mazes. The Specific changes the geography by layering and digging to survive the weather. Identity /ʌɪˈdɛntɪti/ NOUN 1. The fact of being who or what a person or thing is. “he knows the identity of the citizen” 1.1 The characteristics determining who or what a person or thing is. “they wanted to develop a more distinctive city identity” The identity of the Generic city is a mantra. A symbol of its territory becomes iconography and is largely spread over the territory. It can be a mountain or a port it will become the logo of the city. The historic city has a heritage of iconography, from banners and flag to food and architecture. The brand of its own identity, the city is characterized by its characters and enter a loop of auto-standardization. Touristic cities use to feed tourist with identity and those ones that were not touristic crave for iconographic architecture, public buildings are created with the intention of growing the land mark, to add a shape to the skyline. MBARCH - CONTEMPORARY PROJECT 66 67 History /ˈhɪst(ə)ri/ NOUN 1. The study of past events, particularly in human affairs. “medieval European history” 1.1 The past considered as a whole. “letters that have changed the course of history” 2. The whole series of past events connected with a particular person or thing. “the history of the city” 2.1 An eventful past. “underground rail transportation has an important history” 2.2 A past characterized by a particular thing. “the city has a history of expansion” All the cities have grown through a process of consolidation. The change made on the spot, things are improved. For this reason, archeology is a profession of digging layer after layer. The Generic city is never improved like an eternal sketch is abandoned. The new is not layered but takes place on somewhere else. The archaeology of the 20th century requires unlimited plane flights, not a shovel. The historic city is layered and in perpetual research of new layer and consolidation. New buildings connect with the underground, the ground, and the above ground, like pieces of a puzzle every new part has to shape itself to fit in the pre-existent void. The city itself digs and stacks new elements to the composition, only what is valuable survives the natural urban selection and when it does the city develops artificial morphology. It works as an agglomerative infrastructure that is dwelled wherever there are free spaces. Infrastructure /ˈɪnfrəstrʌktʃə/ NOUN The basic physical and organizational structures and facilities (e.g. buildings, roads, power supplies) needed for the operation of a society or enterprise. “the infrastructures of a country” Infrastructure becomes a weapon. A highly competitive requirement, it is used as a strategic tool of prediction. In the generic city is not connecting parts creating a whole or satisfying any needs it creates impasse and enclave. In the Specific is highly required and often cause of congestion. High density does not allow malfunctioning or delay it must work as possible as a clockwork. It has to embrace digital era to be fully used and equipped with the nowadays most important resource, information. There is no competition only cooperation for the greater good, the construction of a universal interface for the citizen as a user. The infrastructure is the door to civic life and shared public realm, it is inhabited in a parasitic way as well as the infrastructures itself is a parasite of the city. Swallowers and producers of human flow the infrastructures are arteries of the urban tissue. Culture /ˈkʌltʃə/ NOUN 1. The arts and other manifestations of human intellectual achievement regarded collectively. “the city popular culture” 2. The ideas, customs, and social behavior of a particular people or society. “people from many different cultures” Only the redundant counts. The world is surrounded by Saturn’s ring of trends and there’s no more need of hunting the facilities. Everything is served, any demand is supplied in a universal satisfaction of necessities, like pornography satisfies any perversion with the use of the most insolent and clean font: Helvetica. (this same font) The Specific has a long consolidated culture, based on history and migrations, by influences of more cultures, it is linked to the bordering and inspired by the furthest ones. Ports and train stations brought diversity that poisoned the pure culture. There is trend in the historic city, it penetrates the heritage and wears a mask of classical architecture, but slowly digests the typical. Globalization of culture is a process independent from any program of aspirations. “The city is no longer. We can leave the theater now…” For Koolhaas, the discussion over the city dies with the indetermination of the Generic city. It is assembled for one week and the week later is on-air on another part of the planet. Its own existence as multiple and repetitive makes it unimportant, a product of consumption that becomes waste then replaced. Nothing more real than a Hollywood movie. MBARCH - CONTEMPORARY PROJECT 68 69 Mediterranean /ˌmɛdɪtəˈreɪnɪən/ NOUN 1.TheMediterraneanSeaorthecountriesborderingit. “feta is made throughout the eastern Mediterranean” 2. A native of a Mediterranean country. “an admiring audience of Mediterraneans” The Specific city can be any mediterranean city, every description will be the exact contrary of what the generic city is for Koolhaas. Is it important at this point to understand what the generic city really is, the ever-changing stadium, the constant mutation and the vagueness are stages that Specific cities have assumed during time. Generic is a temporary condition of a new city, is the condition of proto-city that comes at the beginning of an urban development, time will consume and erase the unnecessary, the useless, the notfunctional, the ugly, the offensive, the dangerous, the private. A Mediterranean city is part of a network of culture and geography that produced similar urban outcomes but that in a primordial stage consisted of a group of belligerent and power-hungry general republic-cities. No historic city can be created without a generic city past. Poeme sur la Mediterranee I  Au vide regard des vitres, le matin rit De toutes ses dents qu’il a bleues et brillantes, Jaunes, vertes et rouges ; aux balcons se bercent les rideaux. Des jeunes filles au bras nus étendent du linge. Un homme, sur une fenêtre, la lunette à la main.   Matin clair aux émaux de la mer  Perle latine aux liliales lueurs :  Méditerranée.  II  Midi sur la mer immobile et chaleureuse M’accepte sans cris : un silence et un sourire.  Esprit latin, Antiquité, un voile de pudeur sur le cri torturé ! Vie latine qui connaît ses limites, Rassurant passé, oh ! Méditerranée ! Encore sur tes bords des voix triomphent qui se sont tues,  Mais qui affirment parce qu’elles t’ont niée !   Enorme et si légère, Tu assures et satisfais et murmures l’éternité de tes minutes,  Oh ! Méditerranée ! et le miracle de ton histoire  Tu l’enfermes tout entier Dans l’explosion de ton sourire.  Inaliénable vierge, à chaque heure son être se conçoit dans des êtresdéjà faits.  Sa vie renaît en nos douleurs. Elle s’envole ! et de quelles cendres - en lumineux phénix !  Méditerranée ! ton monde est à notre mesure, L’homme à l’arbre s’unit et en eux l’Univers se joue la comédie  En travesti du Nombre d’Or De l’immense simplicité sans heurts jaillit la plénitude,  Oh ! nature qui ne fais pas de bonds ! De l’olivier du Mantouan, de la brebis à son berger, Rien que l’innombrable communion de l’immobilité. Virgile enlace l’arbre, Mélibée mène paître.  Méditerranée ! Blond berceau bleu où balance la certitude, Si près, oh ! Si près de nos mains, Que nos yeux l’ont caressé et nos doigts l’ont délaissé.  MBARCH - CONTEMPORARY PROJECT 70 71 III  Au soir qui vient, la veste sur l’épaule, il tient la porte ouverte - Léché des reflets de la flamme, l’homme entre en son bonheur et se dissout dans l’ombre. Ainsi ces hommes rentreront en cette terre, sûrs d’être prolongés,  Epuisés plutôt que lassés du bonheur d’avoir su. Aux cimetières marins, il n’est qu’éternité. Là, l’infini se lasse aux funèbres fuseaux. La terre latine ne tremble pas. Et comme le tison détonant tournoie dans le masque immobile d’un cercle, Indifférente, l’inaccessible ivresse de la lumière paraît.   Mais à ses fils, cette terre ouvre les bras et fait sa chair de leur chair, Et ceux-ci, saturés, se gorgent de la secrète saveur de cette transformation - lentement la savourent à raison qu’ils la découvrent.  IV   Et bientôt, encore et après, les dents, les dents bleues et brillantes. Lumière! Lumière! c’est en elle que l’homme s’achève. Poussière de soleil, étincellement d’armes,  Essentiel principe des corps et de l’esprit, En toi les mondes se polissent et s’humanisent, En toi nous nous rendons et nos douleurs s’élèvent -   Pressante Antiquité Méditerranée, oh ! mer Méditerranée ! Seuls, nus, sans secrets, tes fils attendent la mort. La mort te les rendra, purs, enfin. Albert Camus, 193320 yellow, green, red, two young women, the sea, the reassuring past, your history, our pains, the man and the tree unite, nature, blonde blue cradle, the shadow, the maritime cemeteries, the light, own children, land, taste, death. 20. http://www.bonheurdelire. com/2015/12/lire-de-la-poesie- de-a-a-z-50-50-camus-poete. html Mediterraneo Quizá porque mi niñez sigue jugando en tu playa, y escondido tras las cañas duerme mi primer amor, llevo tu luz y tu olor por donde quiera que vaya, y amontonado en tu arena guardo amor, juegos y penas. Yo, que en la piel tengo el sabor amargo del llanto eterno, que han vertido en ti cien pueblos de Algeciras a Estambul, para que pintes de azul sus largas noches de invierno. A fuerza de desventuras, tu alma es profunda y oscura. A tus atardeceres rojos se acostumbraron mis ojos como el recodo al camino... Soy cantor, soy embustero, me gusta el juego y el vino, Tengo alma de marinero... ¿Qué le voy a hacer, si yo nací en el Mediterráneo? Y te acercas, y te vas después de besar mi aldea. Jugando con la marea te vas, pensando en volver. Eres como una mujer perfumadita de brea que se añora y que se quiere que se conoce y se teme. si un día para mi mal viene a buscarme la parca. Empujad al mar mi barca con un levante otoñal y dejad que el temporal desguace sus alas blancas. Y a mí enterradme sin duelo entre la playa y el cielo... MBARCH - CONTEMPORARY PROJECT 72 73 En la ladera de un monte, más alto que el horizonte. Quiero tener buena vista. Mi cuerpo será camino, le daré verde a los pinos y amarillo a la genista... Cerca del mar. Porque yo nací en el Mediterráneo… Joan Manuel Serrat, 1971 my childhood, your light, sorrows, taste, eternal crying, blue, misadventures, red, tide, a woman, the deathly fate, without pain, mountain, green, the pines, yellow, the brooms, the sea, was born. Colour /ˈkʌlə/ NOUN 1.The property possessed by an object of producing different sensationsontheeyeasaresultofthewayitreflectsoremitslight Past /pɑːst/ ADJECTIVE 1.Gone by in time and no longer existing. Suffering /ˈsʌf(ə)rɪŋ/ NOUN 1. The state of undergoing pain, distress, or hardship. Death /dɛθ/ NOUN 1. The action or fact of dying or being killed; the end of the life of a person or organism. Belong /bɪˈlɒŋ/ VERB 1.tohaveanaffinityforaspecifiedplaceorsituation. Nature /ˈneɪtʃə/ NOUN 1. The phenomena of the physical world collectively, including plants, animals, the landscape, and other features and products of the earth, as opposed to humans or human creations. Phenomenology /fəˌnɒmɪˈnɒlədʒi/ NOUN 1. The science of phenomena as distinct from that of the nature of being. 1.1 An approach that concentrates on the study of consciousness and the objects of direct experience.21 21. ALL the definition are taken from the Oxford Dictionary. https://en.oxforddictionaries. com/ MBARCH - CONTEMPORARY PROJECT Koolhaas - Generic City MBARCH - CONTEMPORARY PROJECT Mediterranean city MBARCH - CONTEMPORARY PROJECT GRAMMAR XIV MBARCH - CONTEMPORARY PROJECT 81 XV III.3 Grammar of the urban project “Il significato degli elementi permanenti nello studio della città può essere paragonato a quello che essi hanno nella lingua; è particolarmente evidente come lo studio della città presenti delle analogie con quello della linguistica soprattutto per la complessità dei processi di modificazione e per le permanenze.22” Introduction After the Second World war European cities showed to their citizen their most delicate side, their nudity. Shattered by bombs, the urban tissue was snatched and teared apart, it created voids and corpses of building became windows of the backstage of the city. Pieces of bathroom, bedrooms, living rooms and kitchen were exposed to those who survived, the human enactment lost its stage and the intimate domesticity belongs to everybody. The city started from that moment a process of deconstruction and analysis of its own true nature, it acquired the status of complex structure where architecture took the role of component. Aldo Rossi, in his book L’architettura della città, named the architecture and infrastructure that take place in the city as, urban artifacts. This definition for sure led to an enormous heritage of urban studies on the matter, and for sure is the primordial root of the expression “urban project”. Urban facts indeed are characterized by architectural elements, as long as they are deeply linked with the city tissue, the city itself should be defined by the same elements. When describing what urban artifacts are made of, the italian architect starts welding together architectural issue and psychological studies. He as never before, abandons the categorization methodology for an analogical scientific approach, it takes two different aspects and by creating borders he is able to draw the shape of the new matter, Rossi matched architectural psychology and psychology of masses together in the consequential birth of an architecture of masses of psychology of the city. 22. Rossi Aldo, “L’architettura della città”. p. 13. MBARCH - CONTEMPORARY PROJECT 94 95 XVIII XIX III.4 Urban syntax, a silent facade Syntax 1. The arrangement of words and phrases to create well-formed sentences in a language. “the syntax of English” 2.The structure of statements in a computer language31. Languages and computer so share the same mechanism and structure, the matter of communicating a message requires a structure of development. In every language the syntax is the tool to regulate rhythm and intensity of the message, a great analogy is the relation of the editing and cinematography as for the syntax with grammar. Both editing and syntax are instruments to organizing in a structure a certain number of elements, if considered the elements of a city as frame of a movie is easy to start a direct connection between urban development and city development. Hermetic Syntax Albert Viaplana and Pinon are two great authors of architectural research, innovations and experimentation, the studio never failed to develop new content and fresh debate. Following the Democratization of the country and the approval of the Urban Plan of Barcelona, the studio competed in several public competitions and contributed the creation of urban projects. Formalist and abstract the duo was concerned in the definition of functionless public spaces, capable of being the stage for public life. 31. Oxford dictionary. https:// en.oxforddictionaries.com/ definition/syntax MBARCH - CONTEMPORARY PROJECT 97 “Nuestros dibujos han influido mucho, más que nuestras obras. Creo que los proyectos se parecen más a nuestros dibujos que no a nuestras obras realizadas. Y en cambio nuestro propósito al elegir la forma de dibujar (que ha sido algo meditado, algo voluntario) fue hacer un dibujo anónimo, que podía hacerlo cualquiera, un dibujo sin trazos (estoy hablando del dibujo lineal, del dibujo que se hace con tiralíneas, con escuadras, no el boceto). Era un dibujo donde todo era muy objetivo, muy frío, se colocaban las líneas mínimas, con los letreros también adecuados y que nunca pasaban más allá de la información mínima precisa para entender el proyecto.”32 For Albert Viaplana, the architecture that he makes are closer to the drawings and the sketches of the project than to an actual architecture. He experimented new languages by abstracting, taking the elements of architecture and translating them in a graphic gesture. The formalization and the expression of the idea of space as a stage for human life, is clear in the drawings that do not show more than the minimum. The idea of architecture that borns from a drawing is expressed clearly in the definitive product, this bond is strong and persist in all the elements. Viaplana and Piñon had clear a concept that the city is based on perception as the drawing are based on perception of depth . The power of lines and points is in the capacity of producing tridimensional and create a morphology. The studio was really close to the concept of locus33, and always considered their work as a dialogue with the place. The artifact is considered as a part of the future context and the research is focused in the communication with the 32. Albert Viaplana. A:Avizanda.1990. in Nacenta B., E. “L’ofici i l’art en l’obra d’Albert Viaplana: últim quart del segle XX.” p.88 33. See Chap.III.3 XX MBARCH - CONTEMPORARY PROJECT 98 99 surroundings, the studio found a strategy in the use of an abstract and hermetic language34. An example of dialogue, and therefore syntax, is given by the project of Santa Monica in 1985 at La Rambla de Barcelona. From the ancient convent, at that time destroyed, the studio started a dialogue with the final part of the crowded street, by giving hints and direction to discover architecture in a new way. The project is based on the ambient, by designing the arrival to the locus for a gradual discovery or immediate. “...hay un entrar en la arquitectura que nunca es una sola entrada, sino que son múltiples entradas según la situación y según los días, según el personaje…35” The space as a stage is far from concept of Renaissance or Hauffmanian designs, is based instead in the management of individual centers of attractions to create movement and therefore events. The experience of architecture assumes a temporal view that molds the design process, timing and rhythm are the definitive syntactic tools to control the complexity of timespace. Grammar as space, syntax as time CCCB, 1990 - 1993 This urban artifact of Viaplana-Piñon links directly with the consideration made in the previous chapter about the importance of a section capable of connecting and dialogue with every part of the context. In a dense urban context, the building is capable of bringing the cityscape inside the court, through a reflecting glass facade that as a periscope reaches far away images36. The locus of this architecture becomes a huge part of the city no more restricted to the surroundings, but with a universal urban context that reaches the sea, thanks to a simple fold of the glass wall right above the end of the court facades. The use of glass is again a great generator of complex relation between the inside and the outside, the pause that this architecture takes in such intimate place, creates a periodic game between inside and outside. The two colors of the glass, one darker and more reflecting and the other lighter and more transparent, play with the movement of the shadow during the day and letting see the inside from the outside always following different patterns. A thin transparent separation separates the events outside in public and the events in the interiors, and the confront with each other. The interiors flows are designed by a complex section that connects every floor through ramp and elevators, it starts 34. Nacenta B., E. “L’ofici i l’art en l’obra d’Albert Viaplana: últim quart del segle XX.” p.96 35. Albert Viaplana. A:Avizanda.1990. in Nacenta B., E. “L’ofici i l’art en l’obra d’Albert Viaplana: últim quart del segle XX.” p.116 36. Ibid. pag 155 from the underground passage and continuously grows to the last floor, El Mirador. The artifact is a unique volume that resolves every kind of circulation issue and makes the visitor travel following a certain path with a particular rhythm when on top the visitor looks down at those who are going up and at those who are in the court below. Sants syntax “Los elementos no están unidos geométricamente, no están unidos por elementos tangibles, están unidos por toda una historia que llevan cada uno de ellos, que llevan dentro. Hay un especie de halo de cada elemento y las relaciones se establecen a través de esta presencia, de este halo que los envuelve. * ...entenderlo des de aquí, des de la presencia, hace que la geometría es una ayuda mínima coyuntural para trabajar, pero la situación de un elemento respecto al otro no tiene nada que ver con la geometría. La geometría tiene que desaparecer o llega a desaparecer fatalmente en cuanto introduces este concepto. * silence MBARCH - CONTEMPORARY PROJECT 100 101 ...es de las cosas que me interesa transmitir a los estudiantes, la introducción de este concepto para superar el paralex, la escuadra, la geometría, simplemente para ponerlas en su justo lugar.37” Plaça dels Paisos Catalans, in 1990, is the excellence in the demonstration of a syntactic hermeticism in the development of an urban project. In what Albert Viaplana defined a desert there was a necessity to recover a large part of unbuilt urban space, and the studio decided to apply all the abstracts quality of their design for a project without a program, one of the first steps in the establishment of the new language. 37. Albert Viaplana. Ibid. pag 174 XXI It is of great importance the relationship between the designer, and the place, the absence of a locus creates enormous challenges and related responsibilities. “L’ús del subsòl dels carrers és d’una densitat extraordinària, tant pel que afecta les estructures sanitàries com el transport públic. ...Només cal veure els greus errors de cota -gairebé impossibles de corregirprovocats pel metro i el ferrocarril en la zona de la plaça de les Glòries Catalanes i a l’entorn de l’estació de Sants, en les quals els enginyers varen traçar les línies a llur conveniència sense preveure que per sobre havia de funcionar tota una ciutat.38” Albert Viaplana will admit the difficulties spent on the design of such an abandoned space, for the architect the concept of a waiting point in the desert under a canopy is also the translation of a conceptual waiting for something more to happen. The transparent and silent roof becomes the hall of the city that as a domestic room finds its meaning in the inhabitant. “Nosotros pensamos que la arquitectura ya está en el lugar, que nosotros solamente tenemos que descubrirla. Y para descubrirla hemos de hablar con el propio lenguaje del lugar, o sea con el propio lenguaje de la arquitectura. Entonces nosotros... le proponemos interrogantes y él responde o calla. Y de todas estas preguntas y respuestas sale al final el proyecto. Ocurre que al principio del proyecto descubrimos algo que está allí, y que está ligado al terreno como si entonces quisiéramos hacer aflorar la arquitectura del lugar. Esta arquitectura que a pesar de que la hacemos nosotros tenemos la ilusión de que ya existía…39” In the years of the project for Plaça dels Paisos Catalans ended also the collaboration between the studio Viaplana/ Piñon and the architect Enric Miralles that had been for the previous decade a source of great urban practice and architectural experimentation. The importance of this collaboration will lead further to the Chapter IV on the analysis of the work of the firm EMBT as a contemporaneous approach to the urban space. The project for Sants is indeed full of references to the work of the young Miralles, the area, in fact, follows the usual syntax of the Catalan studio, as seen before in the competition for Parc de l’Escorxador, practically a blank page with invisible and overlapping lines describe a poetic and silent composition. The main difference is the presence of continuous direct links with domesticity and interior design, the Plaça, not having an axial distribution, assumes the role of an interior space free from internal borders and the existence of singular objects determines the experience. 38. Bohigas, Oriol, Quaderns d'arquitectura i urbanisme. 1985. p.90 39. Albert Viaplana. A:Avizanda.1990. in Nacenta B., E. “L’ofici i l’art en l’obra d’Albert Viaplana: últim quart del segle XX.” p.178 MBARCH - CONTEMPORARY PROJECT 102 103 This deconstruction of the architectural elements will be present later on many projects by the studio EMBT and will become the identity of the practice. “s’articulen uns itineraris desllorigats -els fanals, els bancs, els brolladors d’aigua- i un munt d’interferències gràfiques40” The graphic interference Bohigas is talking about, are the architectural elements that the studio several times showed in its design, lines that never acquire solidity even when built they remain simple bi-dimensional. The power of the numerous urban designs came from this immateriality of shape that states out loud that the space created is nothing more close to the drawing that generated it. In the project for the Hotel of Sants in 1992, the studio Viaplana-Piñon was challenged with the design of a hotel over the platform of Sants Estaciò, in between of the plaza that the same studio designed two years before. The project aims to create a locus in an area that was defined a desert, for its extensive laceration of the urban tissue due to the construction of underground railways. The artifact shows the same facade to both plazas, consist of three volumes arrange to be perceived as two. The followed module is a grid of 1x1 meters on both of the only two materials chosen for cladding, stone, and glass. The syntactic example is clear now, three architectural elements (volumes) of which, one with total glass cladding. The positioning of the glass volume in the middle, assumes the role of syntactic gesture, of pause in a sentence. The reflection of the sky on the glass establishes a hermetic break making disappear the cityscape “Los proyectos pretendían establecer criterios de sintaxis formal que pudieran extenderse más allá de la realización concreta.” “…A nivel de detalle, se estableció un modelo de relación entre tres elementos comunes en la urbanización de la ciudad: los semáforos, el vado de los pasos de peatones y las papeleras. La eficacia funcional de este modesto intento de sintaxis ha entrado a formar parte de la práctica de la ciudad de Barcelona.41” The urban furniture is so the definitive instrument to control wider parts of the city through the repetition of essential elements. The pedestrian crossing, the trash bins, and the traffic lights could be the punctuation of the urban syntax, the criteria of the composition of a language by giving shape 40. Bohigas, Oriol, Quaderns d'arquitectura i urbanisme. 1985. p. 223 41. Rafael de Càceres Zurita (1944-). Per.ode 1988-1993: Coordinador de Projectes i Obres de l'Ajuntament de Barcelona, in Nacenta B., E. “L’ofici i l’art en l’obra d’Albert Viaplana: últim quart del segle XX.” p.196 to the conceptual simplification of the furniture. Surfaces and solids are a direct synthesis of the domestic object, and they help the citizens to create meaning. In the Rambla de Mar case, the urban impact of the big scale meets the intimacy of urban furniture and leave the creation of the corridor to the simple wavy lines that contain the lighting. At this moment the studio showed a remarkable sensibility for the contextualization of an artifact on the sea, the function of finalizing a downhill path that starts from Gracia and ends in Port Vell. The urban connection is resolved in a unique gesture, solved in the detail of a “fence” bench that exercises a double function of protecting and seating. This way of tracing the limit of such a long route with a detail describes perfectly the work of conceptualization and practice. One element divides the space in different travel times of pedestrians, in a metamorphosis sometimes a resting area, some others a dynamic human highway.42 The syntax of Viaplan/Piñon could create experiences before architecture, a composition based on intuition and strong relation with the locus of the place where the project will take action. Behind this process, there is a connection of architectural experiences that for Albert Viaplana, is the essence itself of the artifacts while daily experiences bond them, in the way that finally becomes hard to discern which experience comes first. In an interview with Viaplana, Lahuerta reflects about his work: “el lloc, l’actor, les coses que succeeixen... l’arquitectura, per tant, és un esdeveniment43” “Event” is a key word, in the meaning of extraordinary, unique, distinct, special not for mere existence but for the value that architecture confers to it. In the same interview, Viaplana dates back the origin of this term to the reading in 1997 of Thomas Bernhard “Acontecimientos y relatos,” a collection of events written in the form of short texts of surprising and effective stories. The “events” of the author may seem unfinished sketches, but they are definitive short poems, entirely developed experiences in minimal doses. In this book, Viaplana used to draw his interpretations in the blank space at the end of each narration, every sketch as a printed idea44. 42. Ibid. p. 211 43. Lahuerta, Juan José, 1998. Conversazione con Albert Viaplana. Casabella, 1998, n.m. 655, p. 8-11 44. Nacenta B., E. “L’ofici i l’art en l’obra d’Albert Viaplana: últim quart del segle XX.” p. 226 MBARCH - CONTEMPORARY PROJECT 104 105 The definitive proof of the use of a particular design syntax comes at last with the declared relation between the Catalan architect and the Austrian writer, the analogy goes by itself, and the urban projects become shorts stories then become experiences. Bernhard with a gloomy and bitter view of the world considers the city as a scene, in an interview with the author Armin Eichholz underlines the focus of perception of the urban event on the physical appearance and the visual experience: “…basically you work as a playwright and your most recent book is no exception: you view the city as a scene. Only you approach it, […], as a tableau of horror. You viewSalzburgas a “lethal town,” as a “museum of death,” as a “perfidious façade,”…45” 45. A Translation of "Morgen Salzburg" (Thomas Bernhard interviewed by Armin Eichholz on July 24 and 25, 1976) XXII syntax MBARCH - CONTEMPORARY PROJECT 106 107 EXPRESSION MBARCH - CONTEMPORARY PROJECT 109 XXIII III.5 Human artistic expression of the city Evolved form of writing for images, cinema has profoundly influenced contemporary sensibility and has contributed to the redefinition of the statute of literature, painting, and architecture, creating a sort of cine-disease. 46 That is, a widespread “cinematic”, which radically altered the ways of creation and those of fruition. 47In recalling the media’s power of cinema, arts cripple their identity. They tend to contaminate more and more. They encircle every abstract definition of the poetic gesture. They violate the correspondence between interiority and exteriority. They favor the proliferation of prospects, attendance, and voices. They are pushed to a sequential, intermittent and discontinuous deciphering of the visible. Attentive to small things and great scenarios, they show the metropolis as a cosmogony: “plural, diffractive, discreet, color touch or timbre, phrase or bent mass, lightning, smell, song or step suspended, birth of a world.” 48“With its streets and its buildings, the great city not only hosts events and figures, but it is the same event and figure. It is not a character that presents has a single face. It is a polyphony, which contains heterogeneous and dissonant shades. An architecture with precarious shape, overwhelming the individual. A global order that arises from infinite individual decisions and “local interactions.”49Asymmetric, characterized by overlays, contrasts, and infinite combinations, asks to be documented by images that blend close-ups and backgrounds, destroy stays, disagree on orders, exhibit unconcealed routes, take the paths of the case. In particular, consider the works of many painters of the first half of the twentieth century - such as Boccioni, de Chirico, and Mondrian - who, in the footsteps of filmmaking and film re-imaging, perceive the metropolis as a destructive force and, together, vital. Art, for them, is not the area left in the shadow of becoming phenomena. It is reflected in the overwhelming poetry of modernity. Mirror of a universe that has become more and more shattered and conflicting. Cognitive tool, to grasp the deep meaning of reality, of which contradictory faces are being investigated. Benjamin writes: “Perhaps the daily view of a moving 46. V. Majakovskij, Cinema e cinema (1922), a cura di A. Bruciamonti, Viterbo, Stampa Alternativa, 2006, pp. 32-36 47. P. Montani, Lingua immaginaria che noi parliamo, “la Repubblica”, 2006 48. J.L. Nancy, Essere singolare plurale (1996), introduzione di R. Esposito in dialogo con J.L. Nancy, Torino, Einaudi, 2001, pp. 23-24 49. S. Johnson, “Complessità urbana e intreccio romanzesco”, in F. Moretti (a cura di), Il romanzo, Vol. I, Torino, Einaudi, 2001, p. 730 MBARCH - CONTEMPORARY PROJECT 110 111 crowd was for some time a show to which the eye had to get used to. [...] One can perhaps suppose that, once he came to this task, he took every opportunity to show himself in possession of the newly acquired faculty. Impressionist painting technique, which captures the image from the chaos of color spots, would be a reflection of experiences familiar to the eye of the inhabitants of a large city.”50 From Impressionism onwards, in fact, artists of different guidelines choose to design an absurd odyssey. Often they refer to the heterogeneity that can be seen on the streets of the metropolis. They paint works that are offered as unfinished poems - resemble the source they originate from. Tearing fabrics, which try to embrace cracking sets. Cartographies that exacerbate dissociation. Although with different accents, Kokoschka and Boccioni, Kandinsky and Mondrian, Fontana and Richter seem to make quite an old German adjective: Stadtluft macht frei (“The air of the city makes it free”). In their paintings, they assume the deflated syntax of the metropolis. They repeat urban unpredictability, as syncopated connection of individuals and places. They want to prolong the thrill of a landscape. Influenced (also) by simultaneous cinematic performances, these artists propose to invent the style of the city. There is no uncommon confusion of events in the unit. To manifest the intensification of nervous life, they deny any organic vision. They violate symmetries. The rigid compositional rules dissolve. Disabled bricoleurs use a broken grammar of film origin to shape a language tense to face unexpected bombings, irritating noises, and invasion of heterogeneous things. Sometimes, they transform their works into a riot of streams and bodies. Arenas on which icons are deposited often picked up by the tail of the eye. Attractive episodes flow like loves consumed in a moment. Various figures spin the perceptual field as fake advertising. There are also enchanting situations before which artists act a bit like the protagonist of Joyce’s Ulysses. Take a look, and you go further. “It is the way to do metropolitan: the way to not be overwhelmed by the great world that is concentrated in the big city.” 51 In confronting the metropolis, painters want to return the sense of multiplicity: they set up screens on which multiple images are projected. They abandon a sort of stream of consciousness, an artifice of joyful matrix that allows you to record every little stimulus. A stratagem, which “makes the possibility of perhaps more typical 20th-century ideology”. 52 Similar to what is happening in the urban landscape of our time, in works of art inspired by metropolis every segment is decisive, but also relative. The eye slides on the things she encounters on her journey. Learn to see and not to see - understand and not understand. With the help of the insignificant, interpreters of everyday banality, these artists build open architectures in multiple 50. W. Benjamin, Angelus Novus, (1955), a cura di R. Solmi, Torino, Einaudi, 1995, p. 108 51. F. Moretti, Opere mondo, Torino, Einaudi, 2003, p. 128 52. Ibid. p. 134 directions. They look at the cities, and discover the unexpected - unconnected events. They make crosses: they divide far-off areas, and connect them. Under the surface of the custom, they reveal correspondences. They consider the metropolis not as a place inhabited by elements placed next to each other, but as a space not univocal or stable, but crippled by movements and conflicts: “Space is a place practiced.” Able to intuit games between real estate orders and erratic accelerations, personalities such as Kokoschka, Boccioni, de Chirico and Mondrian make their works similar to a “spoken grammar”, between calls and connections. They propose a rhetorical rhetoric of temporality. They analyze and reinvent the figures of the present, which act as powerful metaphors. Suggested (also) by movie memories, they want to represent and reproduce the accelerations that shake the city’s fabric, whose essence resides not in a firm dimension but in a trajectory: it does not hide but is dispersed on the surface; He does not dwell in things, but hears out of them. The most difficult challenge: to transmit shock. That, now, devoid of any aura, “matures itself to build up as a structure.” These stunts must become living matter. Switch to the pictures - and change their identity. In the works of Kokoschka, Boccioni, de Chirico and Mondrian, the metropolis becomes a linguistic expression. Form does not want to be autonomous; does not claim any superiority over the real. It is not closed in itself and is not even perfectly fulfilled. It wants to coincide with the distractions and strokes of the city. They embrace insuperable differences. They move their lives into works. They try to give way to city conflicts. They move the details, placing them in a connection framework. They never turn away from the immediate miseries they find before their eyes. They prefer to curl over the details, replicating their irreducible fragmentation. In their works, silhouettes, lines and colors run and are suspended in multiplied sequences. In this way, they end up becoming the most acute interpreters of “negative thinking”, understood as the theoretical scope of the great city. Poets of a dispersion made of fragile things and details without expressions, expressionist and cubist, futurist and metaphysical, abstract and neoplasticist, informal, neo-dadaist, avoid consolation. They do not want to weaken the urban variety. In their paintings, they project precarious topography. They seem to film a ceaseless derailment. They rely on original devices to evoke scenarios in perpetual mutation. They provide architectures and individuals in a precarious balance. Max Ernst wrote: “It must be seen immediately that the city is an agglomeration, a contemporary desert, looking for where it can only be found, in the fleeting dust of existence.” 53 But the metropolis is also something else. Materials waiting to be molded by us: to palpitation, to communicate. In themselves, they do not exist. 53. C. Magris, Alfabeti, Milano, Garzanti, 2009, pp. 245-248 MBARCH - CONTEMPORARY PROJECT 112 113 And they do it through the look that looks and the soul that lives them. These are structures that often exert considerable pressure on the rules of artistic language. They often suggest compositive hypotheses. They act as syntactic correlations, which dictate a certain way of arranging the figures on the surface. They are active forces, which determine a specific type of representation. They encourage a precise construction. They print their tracks on assembly techniques, on chromatic interlaces, on linear combinations. “To have that specific form, you need that particular place-the road, the big city.”54 Think of many 20th-century artworks that tend to hire and redesign the labyrinths of the metropolis. In the modern age,in fact, geography seems to creep into the folds of style. It is a foundation, a privileged device: in many cases, what is painted, filmed or talked about is closely geared to the context that is intended to portray. The work originates from the city: and sometimes it comes to identify itself. It no longer looks like a sparkling ice sheet with a thousand illusory reflections, on which you can skilfully dance, between pyrotechnics and dizzying acrobatics. However, like a maze of winding roads and unprecedented paths. Often, he refers to the uncertainties of an urban context where nothing can be planned anymore. It welcomes and expresses the many visions that characterize our crossings. It absorbs what is out; it is conditioned. Moreover, in turn, brings the outside out into their jerseys. Applying some typically cinematic arrangements, many painters no longer resort to unique visual strategies; they 54. F. Moretti, Atlante del romanzo europeo, Torino, Einaudi, 1997, p. 74 XXIV do not even relate to strong iconographic models; nor aspire to create world-images. They know that cities can never be said fully, but they must only be deciphered. They choose, therefore, to assemble different experiences in “relational systems,” marked by the constant use of analogous procedures. They resonate and connect. They miss what flows in the center of the optical field to portrays partial frames. They capture pieces of territory. Indigenous to fragments perhaps insignificant. Accompany temporary frames, to evoke marvelously incomplete contexts. Experience an infinity of multiple and simultaneous shooting. They tend to adhere to the urban flow, flowing fast. They go between historical ruins and rubble, absorbing cracks and collisions. Urban labyrinths fuel the same rhythms of many of their paintings, which become open, crumbled, impossible to stem, always on the point of dissolving. Their canvases seem to emanate from large cities, of which they do not have compact shapes, but only visual moments: slips (futurists), dissonances (metaphysics), abstract articulations (constructivists). The work is no longer a replication of something other than the surrounding context: it is permeated since there is nothing out there, nature or culture. It is no longer a representation of something external. However, it is “repetition without differences.” Body between the bodies, which disseminate in the metropolis space. 55 55. Trione, Vincenzo, 2014 “Effetto città. Arte cinema modernità.” Bompiani. XXV MBARCH - CONTEMPORARY PROJECT 126 127 plantings of shrubs and ground cover, chosen according to a highly selective colour palette. The elevations present in the topography, reinforced by the density and the strategic position of the tree groves, favour the creation of spaces in which the passers-by lose the feeling of being in a city and are immersed in a natural environment.57 All this elements especially the greenery collaborates in the definition of hills and mountain like landscape, it may be interesting at this point try to analyze what are the parts that are making this intervention profoundly architecture and less urban. Taking in consideration the Acropolis in Athena can be useful to understand how much topography is related with human culture and psychology with the morphology of the city. Those elements are strictly connected in nature and as Adolf Loos said the connection between a simple shape as the tumulus and architecture is profound and permanent. The main similarities between the Park of Sants and the Parthenon are the idea of building over the built and to regulate all the movements of the users in a conscious way and so to design the travel. The orientation in relation with the sun and the slopes lost all the sacral meaning but still nowadays are centered on the people who lives the city, in a sort of eloquence this intervention are usually political message that served in both of case of giving an exclusive an symbolical position. In fact in a pure western culture where vertical asset of mind expresses the majority of concepts, becomes quite obvious that an elevated position is a direct symbol of sacred or superior. The choice of putting a park above the railways instead of putting them underground may be not intentional and just economical, but indeed gives the chance for an intense and vivid case study on the matter of contemporary urban morphology. That’s the first step in the recognition of a meaning in the language of the urban project as a language that is generated by the citizen and the civic sense. How come still nowadays people are psychologically influenced by the city and its shape, in a instinctive way from the childhood. An example to understand this relation can be the city of Milano built on a huge plane at the foot of the Alps, does not present any hill but the “Monte Stella” and “Parco Lambro” hills are two point references for the population and for their children that for sure recognize the value of such spots in a very spontaneous and clear way, worth more than thousands words on the topic. 57. http://www.archdaily. com/801120/raised-gardens- of-sants-in-barcelona-sergi- godia-plus-ana-molino- architects Parthenon and Prepartheon According to Leake, the Preparthenon must have been smaller than the Parthenon, and certainly older than Persian Wars. What Leake started was continued by Ross, in 1835, with excavations in the West and South of the Parthenon, which revealed the following: 1. A large quantity of rough drum in the East across an area that stretches up to the Southern wall, together with tools and other items specific to stonework -such as paint pots in containerswhich we know to have been useful for making various notes and for checking the perfection of flat areas. 2. For its greatest part, the foundation of the Parthenon is much older than the temple. This part is independent and constitutes the originally visible pedestal of the older temple. 3. From the dimensions of the pedestal (31,4 x 76,8 m) one can infer that that temple must also have been very large and rather oblong in figure. 4. At the East of the Parthenon the gigantic podium does not fit in with the Classical temple, but protrudes by about 5 metres from the line of the first marble step. 5.To seat the Classical temple the original podium had to be extended a little to the north. That extension was made using similar material -stones from Piraeusbut without caring much about elaborate appearance. Obviously, the new designs called for extended leveling of the ground via artificial landfills up to the level of the axon of the temple, while the older designs provided that all around the temple the ground would be much lower and that the upper section of the podium would be visible and thus elaborate.58 58. Manolis Korres. Topographic Issues of the Acropolis XXXVI MBARCH - CONTEMPORARY PROJECT 129 IV.2 Phenomenology of urban environment Is now required a new step in the study of the unknown language, the mos maiorum or better the set of moral rules and psychological asset that bring the language to have some shared meanings and expressions, that in the spoken language can be called the common sense. Often the mind is an enemy of the body and this is an important statement that will affect every aspect of the human life. Architects minds are capable for example to create design that adapt to human process as needs and emotions or to impose a unilateral view and concept of the environments. The Darwinian selection is a process valid and active also in architecture subject, and basically is the competition between ideas in the mind and the process of selection that happens in society within the consumers. In both cases the process is determined by criteria of humans needs and aesthetics perception. The way a “Meme”, (An element of a culture or system of behaviour passed from one individual to another by imitation or other non-genetic means59), is passed throughout time by different generations, can explain the coexistence of such disparate criteria and why sometimes is comfort of human needs and sometimes aestethic reasons that make survive an architecture above another. To design is an activity focused on solving problems and human intelligence: “allows both the generation of possible alternative solutions and selection among them to take place mentally. That neatly summarizes our intellectual advantage over other animals: our imagination is a profoundly useful virtual reality simulator.”60 So a more intelligent and trained mind will be more efficient in these mental process of generation and selection. The designer’s mind is so impacted by a great amount of memetic architectural possibilities, taken sometimes from various sources, eventually unconscious ones. Then the mutation part comes from issue of adapting these memes and to put inside them testimonies of architect design identity. 59. Oxford Dictionary. https:// en.oxforddictionaries.com/ 60. Salingaros, N. A. and Mikiten, T. M. “Darwinian Processes and Memes in Architecture: A Memetic Theory of Modernism”. MBARCH - CONTEMPORARY PROJECT 130 131 The Darwinian process that happens in the mind of the designer is so the most relevant and less assumable concept, but strictly related again with the process happening in softwares and computers algorithms. Minimalists styles are for this reason more likely to be spread, reducing the numbers of informations to elaborate allows to increase the speed of processing informations and reduces the chances of failing in the selection act. The reason why the minimalist design survived to the Darwinian process of the consumers society is the immediate and direct visual perception of the environment, the Corbusianism that transformed the cityscapes and architecture perception is the direct actor of this change. So becomes now clear how the words of Adolf Loos: “ When we come across a mound in the wood, six feet long and three feet wide, raised in a pyramidal form by means of a spade, we become serious and something in us says: somebody lies buried here. This is architecture.61” are nowadays more accurate than ever, he constantly state in great par of his writing about the importance of an architectural language unveiled and stripped of its 61. Loos, Adolf. “Ornament and Crime” XXXVII symbolism. An architecture for everybody should carry less informations and more simple memes. This discourse can be now relinked with the previous chapter about a psycho morphological perception of the space, not only related by weather conditions or landscape but from the perception and recognition of certain memes. Architecture and cities undergo the same processes of creation of design but on bigger scales, is there an obvious bigger number of variability but also a hidden structure of development caused by the long permanence of same cultures, or shared tradition, that for example the diffusion of Greek culture in the Roman empire brought the agora to every European city, and still nowadays plazas are the very big difference between European cities and the rest. Or better in the case of Barcelona we can see the presence of a school tradition that thought times carried a basic nucleus of architectural conception and that mutated partially for any reproduction until it found the right, or the evolutionary, mutation of informations. At this point can be clear how minimalism and more properly modernist style could through an analogy with biological process of natural selection, survive and had a large success in displace of other traditional styles of architecture. Psychology of a city Cities as well carry an amount of information about spaces and memetic that are both selected by humans and influencing human behavior in the urban environment. This again concerns the traveling in urban space and the relative perception of the city based on the speed of travel, in whole human history people walked for transportation. The loss of this kind of transportation, for a faster and more collective one, influenced important aspect in the lives of citizen included health issues and raise of diseases due to pollution and lack of movement. The behavioral psychologist James Sallis, studied how city design can influence mobility and health of its dwellers and stated that this issues cannot be randomized there are city designed for pedestrian and there are not. His studied stated that there is an active and direct relation between activity and the citizens that live in walkable cities, to those who are not: “Every older city is walkable, period. If they were built before cars they had to be.”62 The urban spaces should not be only beautiful in their only presence but also in the structure of design space and in the 62. Semeniuk, Ivan. “The city state: How urban design affects our health” MBARCH - CONTEMPORARY PROJECT 132 133 traveling on such of space. This process of design of walkable cities can be controlled and designed by building mixeduse places. To avoid building residential areas separate from commercial areas, build communities and quarters on the base that every places is in a walking distance. The priority becomes nowadays more than ever to build pedestrian, bicyclist and public transit, because people who use this kind of transport are healthier. This walkability can also produce wealth as more walkable areas, more sidewalks and paths, more trees are economic benefits, such the increase value of lands and the reducing of the cost for infrastructure in a less sprawl urban development. Connecting with chapter III.3 that talks about syntax of the urban project we can understand in this chapter how the dialogue between designer and user is on pure and simple forms as they can affect in an immediate way the perception of space and its livability. Memetic structure or simply as shapes are capable since from the early beginning, as drawings, to regulate psychological and therefore physical aspects of urban life. Not only Loos and Salingros are architects who believe in the capability of shapes of influencing the perception, these are themes at center of cultural research of the Bauhaus started from the concept of Gestalt-psychology and futurism, as we can seen in the drawings of Boccioni in chapter III.5 expression of a city that lives in the fourth dimension, in his painting the compositions therefore are based on memetic representation of architectural and urban environments to be able to work on a different level of abstraction, something similar will happen in the school of Barcelona where a particularly talented architect will reinterpret the domestic memes in an urban context in matter of 4th dimension. XXXVIII MBARCH - CONTEMPORARY PROJECT 135 IV.3 The city facade The power of a tool such as the facade gives to civic designers great power in the articulation of the cityscape and its perception. This matter has been at the center of architectural debate, from theory of dressing to ornament and crime, right to Situationist and to the school of Las Vegas, to end up on the perceptions of Eisenman and Meier, Viaplana and to end Miracles. Gottfried Semper definition of theory of dressing will have large influence on the future architects in every kind of variation, from Wagner to Loos. The theory strictly linked with Bottischer theory of architecture on the relation between inside and outside, detecting a nucleus of architecture and an external form, or better between nucleus and external cladding of the architecture as a silk or fabric.63 A great number of architects shared views of the Semperianism but no one of them declined it in the same way. As can be seen in competition for Chicago Tribune for example, how Loos choses a different idea of dressing, as just the shape of the extreme act of modern classicism inhabiting the decorum element. For Otto Wagner, the facade is a fabric that can change following the expression of the artist side of architecture, the applied arts for every time (“Die zest ihre kunst”), different from Loos where the Theory of a fabric without ornament that has to be taken apart from the interior, the clad is different from the cladding, the architect expresses his skills in the organization of space not on ornament that’s for craftsmen. In this he will be contradictory but is strong the way in which he focus majority of his work properly in the cladding aspects, claiming an immortal style of not being notice, of a modernity liberated from need of ornament and symbolism . He wants to free the modern man from a language of hierarchy of the ornament but still belongs to the Semperian idea of the cladding, covering the nucleus without necessarily showing the structure. He wants to get rid of symbolism to bring social disintegration of the status quo, modern means to not catch attention, to be similar a populist aesthetic socialism in the superhomo, the holder of truth in this case Loos himself. The Semperianism was also for LeCorbusier and Mies Van der Rohe, the key to develop their own theory of architecture a process that influenced almost all the contemporaneous 63. Quitzsch, Heinz., Gottfried. Semper, and Ludovica. Scarpa. “La Visione Estetica Di Semper”. MBARCH - CONTEMPORARY PROJECT 136 137 Mies Viaplana Viaplana Miralles LeCorbusier Loos Mies Viaplana Viaplana Miralles LeCorbusier Loos MBARCH - CONTEMPORARY PROJECT 138 139 architectural movements, from Destjil to German Expressionism and Italian Rationalism, to end up in New York with the exhibit of New York Fives architecture at MoMa in 1969 by Philipp Johnson. Peter Eisenman and Richard Meier are the most logical and effective evolution of the memetic concept of the theory of Semper, for Eisenmann the facade becomes the place where existence of architecture itself resides, the strong link between the drawing and the construction and so between the meaning and the existence: “I would say my projects are “modernist” not only in a modernist style but also philosophically and critically, in the sense of Nietzsche, Heidegger, Derrida, and others. So when I built House II with a wall system that could support the house and a column system that could support the house, there is a sense of redundancy with the two systems. When you have this redundancy, the walls are either structural or signs. Is it possible, as in language, to separate out the sign and the wall to have what could be called “free floating signifiers”? This is where the world starts to become more complex in my work, and more problematic in terms of meaning” 64 Another leading role in the architectural debate was taken by the Catalan school of Barcelona, where Albert Viaplana and Enric Miralles experimented a serious of technique of representation along with techniques of construction. As for Viaplana can be seen the chapter III.4, it is important to consider the work of Miralles for its importance in the innovation process in the concept of the city. He explores an ambiguous territory between the domains of sculpture, architecture, urbanism and landscape design. The underlying image is a sort of ‘force field,’ a web of social relations traced as a multitude of nodes, focal points, and paths. The order is also topographical, in the sense that it enhances the main, partially hidden, directions that exist in each place. These can operate at various scales and can be seen as strata of different geographical or historical traces: valleys, riverbeds, roads, parcels, terraces, contours, walls, buildings, etc. The idea is that the new ‘building’ articulate with these latent forces and bring them to the point of maximum tension while fostering interactions between people. There is a certain image of ritual, travel, ascension, mixing, and exchange. If not the image, at least the ‘idea’ of a collective scenario is omnipresent: a current descendant, perhaps, of the Russian decorations and ‘social condensers’ of the twenties, in which the interconnected planes served the same stage and auditorium time. Miralles and Pinós try to transform, rather than recycle, their sources of inspiration in the beginnings of the Modern 64. Peter Eisenman. Architecture, Syntax, and the Emergence of a Subjectivity. Movement. They read and reflect a lot, but do not try to promote their work with a smokescreen of literary theory or modern philosophy badly digested. Nor do they follow the path of some of the deconstructive architects in pursuit of a highly affected form of cultural cynicism and hopelessness. His attitude towards experience is poetic and intuitive; its architecture is affirmative, even restorative, in front of nature. Drawings are essential in their method, but they are not substitutes for the three-dimensional (indeed fourdimensional) realities of architecture. His method of incision and intervention feeds considerably on what already exists and on the ‘ordinary’ sediments of everyday culture. In fact, its architecture is made to enhance the actions of man; to promote the enjoyment of light, space, and sights; and to attract the physical sense of movement. There are a whole ethic and a vision of the world; it is not merely another among the meaningless formalism. Miralles’ extraordinary virtuosity as a draftsman is beyond doubt, but the publication of these plans can lead to a misunderstanding of what they represent. These mental maps that constitute Miralles’ drawings are like hieroglyphs full of hidden ideas and meanings, but they are also musical scores for the orchestration of human activities with the terrain. The materials and the structure are implicit in the lines, as are light, space, views and detail. The intertwined lines and wavy figures of the most elaborate drawings indicate how much has been learned from Le Corbusier and Klee, and perhaps even Miró. Of course, some of the techniques derive from Viaplana. Superimposed lines of different thicknesses create transparencies that are a kind of shorthand of the spatial stratification of the finished buildings of Miralles and Pinós. The ideal is the maximum of tension with the minimum of means. The hope is that the dense clusters of ideas on paper translate into an architecture of equally vital forms, materials, and spaces. The architectural language of Miralles is rooted in a particular attitude towards structure: that ideas presuppose specific materials. Evidently, the spatial effects of suspended volumes and floating slabs depend on reinforced concrete brackets, while the ample lights are favored by a variety of trusses and steel reinforcements. It is also evident that they enjoy the slight coarseness produced by local contractors. Indeed, a concrete wall made in present-day Catalonia causes a very different feeling from one made, for example in Zurich; similarly, the welds have a virtually artisanal character in comparison with their French or North American counterparts. As for the articulation of basic ideas, much emphasis is placed on finding the correct tectonic expression in joints and connections, primarily when it is intended to express a feeling of weightlessness.65 65. “Mapas mentales y paisajes sociales”, William J. R. Curtis. Enric Miralles y Carme Pinós. 1988-1991 MBARCH - CONTEMPORARY PROJECT 140 141 XXXIX MBARCH - CONTEMPORARY PROJECT 143 IV.4 To dwell in the urban project The urban project and its nature in between architecture and cities can be a last time analyzed in its more deep and intimate meaning, its nature of locus and connection. Since are not existing the essays and dissertations on the philosophical characters of the public space it can be useful again the use of an analogy with a common subject in the theoretical discussion, the bridge. In a short story of Franz Kafka of 1916, whose protagonist, a small bridge on mountainous highlands, waits patiently to do his job: to allow the traveler to cross the abyss. When he finally comes, “he beat me with the iron tip of his stick, then lifted up the flaps of my dress and put it in the back of my dress. He stuck the tip of the stick into my thick hair and kept it for a long time. [...] Then suddenly [...] he jumped to feet in the middle of my body. [...] And I turned to see it. The bridge that turns!” The collapse of the bridge is at the same time the fulfillment of its end and the revealing of its intrinsically dangerous nature: “Once thrown, a bridge can not stop being a bridge without falling.”66  For philosophers such as Friedrich Nietzsche and Martin Heidegger, the Bridge is a key figure to be used as a central element in their thinking. For Nietzsche, “the greatness of man is to be a bridge and not a purpose,” as he writes in Zarathustra; a transition, a sunset announcing its overcoming, the superman. For Heidegger, Building, Living, Thinking, Bridge is instead the meeting of Quadrature: Heaven, Earth, Divine and Mortals. “The bridge is one thing, it joins Quadrature, but brings it together in the sense that it accords Quadrature a place. [...] But only what is a place itself can give a place. The place does not already exist before the bridge. “ The latter is therefore the image of harmony. Harmony, however, can rarely be embodied by the Royal Bridges-most of bridges figures. The bridge slopes “light and powerful” above the river. It not only connects two banks of the river. It not only links two existing shores. The link established by the bridge - first and foremost - makes the two shores appear as shores. It is the bridge that properly opposes each other .... The bridge brings 66. https://genius.com/Franzkafka-the-bridge-annotated MBARCH - CONTEMPORARY PROJECT 144 145 XL together land as a region around the river. ... The bridge of the city connects the castle district to the cathedral square, the access gate to the capital starts cars and wagons to the villages of the district. The old, unobtrusive stone bridge crossing a small stream leads to the chariot of the crop that goes from country to village, and leads timber loads from the country trail to the main road. The highway bridge is a network of large traffic currents, straight from the calculation and from the principle of maximum speed. In each of these cases, and in ever-different ways, the bridge leads up and down the hesitant or hasty routes of men, allowing them to always reach other shores .... Our thinking is always accustomed to estimating too little the essence of the thing. ... The bridge is something of a particular type. The site does not already exist before the bridge. Certainly even before the bridge is there, there are many spaces along the river that can be occupied by something. One of them becomes at some point a place, and this by virtue of the bridge. So the bridge does not come to a place that is already there, but the place originates only from the bridge.67 As Heidegger said, the bridge is not merely a means of passing from one shore to the other of a watercourse: it is a ‘place’ because it is the result of human ingenuity, capable of creating something that did not exist before recognizable as indispensable to the main activity of any individual, that is to live. But this infrastructure has many distinct meanings, interrelated but not always assimilable. For example, wandering through a workmanship on the one hand means favoring the viability of a path and therefore the very life of the communities that depend on it, on the other this equipment is also the on-site symbol of the authority that built it: it is its emblem, the tangible sign of its presence. It is the image of power. But not only: it is also an expression of the possibilities achieved by the technique and progress of society. The main shared point with the bridge an the public space or urban project, are their nature of connection and of object of use, both in fact born as infrastructure. The relation between the power that created the object is in the bridge of Heidegger clear and is also present in the urban project as it is always connected with the political power that created it. Finally the link of the two elements comes with the nature of their existence, a bridge originates places as it becomes to be and it is itself a place, as well the urban project is a generator of places as soon it starts being and becoming a place it self. Its condition of in between spaces is therefore its primary quality. 67. Sharr, Adam. “Heidegger for Architects”. 158 West-East SECTION ROAD METRO STATION MARKET MBARCH - CONTEMPORARY PROJECT TRAIN STATION PARK ROAD PARKING 160 MBARCH - CONTEMPORARY PROJECT N 162 4 3 2 1Neighborhood Library A library of the quarter, built on the side of the faculty of Biblioteconomia of Barcelona, will enlarge the archive of the university and at the same be a link with the city, the Turò the Sants will born and raise from culture and youth, the main connection are in fact the bridge, the slope and the hook crossing the wall. Local Market The weekly flea market that takes places in Sants every Sunday is something beyond its temporary physical shape, it is culture and tradition of the quarter. For this quality it deserves to be more than an activity and it makes the industrial archeology its house, to link past and present assuring a long and continuous construction of identity. Sants Metro Station (L5) Nowadays the blue line of Barcleona’s metrotrain system, stops in Sants in an usual and traditional underground approach. The aim of the new station is to create underground topography and to show to the city what is happening in this place, the relevance of Sants as an hub of transportation is expressed by the metal roof of the new metro station. And the topography continues outside on the roof itself leading to the top of the station. Parks and oasis As the other hills of Barcelona are characterized by green and quiet peaks capable to stay outside of the urban chaotic environment, as well the “Turò de Sants” needed in its peak the presence of an oasis to give it identity and at the same time to link conceptually with a wider system of parks and oasis. MASTERPLAN MBARCH - CONTEMPORARY PROJECT 2 1 3 4 164 MBARCH - CONTEMPORARY PROJECT V.2 The neighborhood library The concept of the library is of two volumes that turns around a central hub and by this they are able to constitute the main connection between the university, the city and the hill of Sants. The underground spaces are addressed to the function of reading, consulting and archiving books, and the double height allows light to enter from the glass facade North-oriented. The floors above ground are formed by the entrance both from the school and from the city, while the upper floor host the gardens for reading and the main entrance of three floors of convention centers linked by the bridge to the station and to the hotel of Sants. The library represent the importance of the section in a urban architecture and the outside spaces decomposes facades. 166 North-South ELEVATION and SECTION PARK LIBRARY MBARCH - CONTEMPORARY PROJECT PARK CONFERENCE HALLS ARCHIVE 168 -3.5 +0 EXPLODED PLANS MBARCH - CONTEMPORARY PROJECT +11.5 +8.5 +5 170 MBARCH - CONTEMPORARY PROJECT V.3 Local Market The local market is located in an industrial archeology testimony of the past of the area, a past that even if disappeared is the strong generator of the all area and still lives in the void of the Parc de l’Espanya Industrial. It is important the relation with the shapes and their history and for this reason the volume of the former factory is emptied and filled with a more ephemeral function while the vertical opening that face the station are extruded in a gesture of tension toward the station and the past. All around it are present paths and pavements that layer one above the other in the meaning of bridges that connect the different areas of the urban intervention. 172 EXPLODED PLAN MBARCH - CONTEMPORARY PROJECT PREVIOUS IDENTITY 174 North-South SECTION MBARCH - CONTEMPORARY PROJECT East-West SECTION 176 V.4 Sants Metro Station The metro station, present an atypical design, when usually this kind of infrastructure is relegated to the underground environment. The new station will be an open space that spans from the level of the railways to the open and light roofs, with a continuous paths that raises and connects the metro with the hill of Sants. Several events happen in this space, an horizontal connection allows the direct access to the train station, while the car traffic is confined in underground passage. The presence of trees and embankments of ground that lead the rise to the hill are symptoms of the contemporary stratification. MBARCH - CONTEMPORARY PROJECT MBARCH - CONTEMPORARY PROJECT 190 In the very end the phenomenological aspect of the city facade meant as something that goes beyond the building facade, brought to the analysis of the work of Miralles, artist and architect of the school of Barcelona, and of his capability of decomposing elements of domestic environments in urban contexts. So is a city a house? should it be? The debate on the figure of the bridge in philosophy was useful in the understanding of the role of the urban project as non-place that creates locus and therefore becomes locus itself. The architect now has all the tools to design an urban space basing his/her proposal on section, facade, morphology and perception and asking to design itself what is locus. All this work was made within the strong conviction that mankind is natural and that whatever its collective knowledge produces it still belongs to a natural environment and follows its rules, cities are common nest and for this reason they must be domestic shared spaces. Design and dwelling the urban spaces is a natural process of adaptation to new environments created by humankind itself, and for this reason the subject of urban project needs to take a leap of faith and dive in multidisciplinary fields in order to shape the cities of tomorrow. MBARCH - CONTEMPORARY PROJECT 192 193 Bibliography I. The fragments of Sants Estacio in Barcelona -Bohigas, Oriol. 1983. “Plans I Projectes per a Barcelona 1981-1982. [2a ed]”. Barcelona : Ed. Ajuntament de Barcelona, Area d’Urbanisme. http://cataleg.upc.edu/record=b1024544~S1*cat Bohigas, Oriol, 1985. “Quaderns d’arquitectura i urbanisme”, 1985, n.m. 165, p. 230. http://www.raco.cat/index.php/QuadernsArquitecturaUrbanisme/article/ view/204456/299562 -Cárdenas, Gómez, and Tamara. 2013. “Anàlisi de Reforma Urbana Sobre La Coberta I Espais Annexes de L’accés Ferroviari a L’estació de Sants.” http://oden.cbuc.cat/mendeley/enviaamendeley.php?bibid=. b1441360&inst=UPC&llen=cat -Guallart, Vicente., Carles. Bàrcena Roig, and R. Gratacòs Batlle. 2015. “Plans I Projectes per a Barcelona, 2011-2015” Barcelona : Ajuntament de Barcelona. http://cataleg.upc.edu/record=b1464904~S1*cat. -Olimpíada Cultural., Carme, and Institut Municipal de Promoció Urbanística (Barcelona). 1990. “Barcelona : La Ciutat I El 92”. Barcelona : Institut Municipal de Promoció Urbanística. http://cataleg.upc.edu/record=b1070238~S1*cat -Soley, Ramón, Teresa Navas i Ferrer, and Francesc Caballé. 2017. “Atlas de Barcelona Història de Barcelona a Través de Mapes I Plànols de La Ciutat Fins L’any 1900” Ramon Soley. http://oden.cbuc.cat/mendeley/enviaamendeley.php?bibid=. b1485893&inst=UPC&llen=cat -Torre, Linares de la, and Óscar. 2010. “El Entorno Urbano de La Estación de Sants Un Lugar Infra-Estructurado.” http://oden.cbuc.cat/mendeley/enviaamendeley.php?bibid=. b1392411&inst=UPC&llen=cat II. Urban language: literature, vocabulary, grammar, syntax, expression -Benjamin, Walter. 1955. “Angelus Novus”, a cura di R. Solmi. Torino. Einaudi. -Koolhaas, Rem. 1995. “Generic Cities.” In S,M,L,Xl, 1376. -Lahuerta, Juan José. Viaplana, Albert, Helio Piñón, and CRC-Galería de Arquitectura. 1986. “A. Viaplana, H. Piñón, Cinco Y Cuatro : Publicado Con Motivo de La Exposición Celebrada En Enero Y Febrero de 1987 En Barcelona”. Barcelona : CRC-Galería de Arquitectura. http://cataleg.upc.edu/record=b1005546~S1*cat -Lahuerta, Juan José, 1998. Conversazione con Albert Viaplana. Casabella, 1998, n.m. 655, p. 8-11 - Magris, C. 2009. “Alfabeti”.Milano. Garzanti. - Majakovskij, V. 1922.. “Cinema e cinema”, a cura di Bruciamonti.Viterbo.StampaAlternativa2006 - Montani, P. 2006. “Lingua immaginaria che noi parliamo”. “la Repubblica”. - Moretti, F. 1997. “Atlante del romanzo europeo”. Torino. Einaudi. -Nacenta Bisquert, Ester. 2015. “L’ofici i l’art en l’obra d’Albert Viaplana : últim quart del segle XX.” Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya. http://www.tdx.cat/handle/10803/321109. - Nancy, J.L. 2001. “Essere singolare plurale”, introduzione di R. Esposito in dialogo con J.L. Nancy. Torino. Einaudi. -Nathalie, Roelens, 2014. “ Calvino e le “città metafisiche” di Giorgio de Chirico “, 2014. http://italies.revues.org/4466 -Johnson, S. in F. Moretti. 2001. “Il romanzo”, Vol. I. Torino. Einaudi. MBARCH - CONTEMPORARY PROJECT 194 195 -Robertson, Douglas. 2013. A Translation of “Morgen Salzburg” (Thomas Bernhard interviewed by Armin Eichholz on July 24 and 25, 1976) http://shirtysleeves.blogspot.com.es/2013/12/a-translation-of-morgen- salzburg-thomas.html -Rossi, Aldo. 1995. “L’architettura Della Città”. Torino : Città studi. http://cataleg.upc.edu/record=b1248488~S1*cat. -Rossi, Aldo, and Alberto. Ferlenga. 1999. “Aldo Rossi : Tutte Le Opere. Milano : Electa.” http://cataleg.upc.edu/record=b1168678~S1*cat. -Sassen, Saskia. 2001. “The Global City: New York, London, Tokyo”. Edited by Princeton University Press. -Trione, Vincenzo, 2014 “Effetto città. Arte cinema modernità.” Bompiani. -Viaplana, Albert, and Helio Piñón. 1996. “Obra : Viaplana-Piñón. Barcelona : Col.legi d’Arquitectes de Catalunya”. http://cataleg.upc.edu/record=b1114996~S1*cat III. Architecture and the city, link of the fundamental concepts -Ansari, Iman in conversation with Peter Eisenman.2013 “Architecture, Syntax, and the Emergence of a New Subjectivity” https://www.an-onymous.com/peter-eisenman/ -Biraghi, Marco. 2013. “Necessità dei ponti”. Doppiozero. http://www.doppiozero.com/materiali/architettura/necessita-dei-ponti -Kafka, Franz. 1931 “The Bridge” https://genius.com/Franz-kafka-the-bridge-annotated -Manolis Korres. 2010 “Topographic Issues of the Acropolis” http://www.eie.gr/archaeologia/En/chapter_more_3.aspx -Miralles Moya , Enric; Curtis, William J.R.; Josep María; Quetglas, Josep; Lahuerta, Juan José. 1991 “Enric Miralles y Carme Pinós. 1988-1991” En Construcción. Editorial El Croquis,. Madrid -Loos, Adolf. 1908. “Ornament and Crime.” Programs and Manifestoes on 20th-Century Architecture. http://www2.gwu.edu/~art/Temporary_SL/177/pdfs/Loos.pdf -Q&A Dr. James Sallis, 2013 “The city state: How urban design affects our health” Ivan Semeniuk. The Globe and Mail http://www.theglobeandmail.com/news/national/the-city-state-how-urban- design-affects-our-health/article7616817/ -Quitzsch, Heinz., Gottfried. Semper, and Ludovica. Scarpa. 1991. “La Visione Estetica Di Semper”. Milano : Jaca Book. http://cataleg.upc.edu/record=b1159243~S1*cat - Salingaros, N. A. and Mikiten, T. M., 2002. “Darwinian Processes and Memes in Architecture: A Memetic Theory of Modernism”. Journal of Memetics - Evolutionary Models of Information Transmission, 6. http://cfpm.org/jom-emit/2002/vol6/salingaros_na&mikiten_tm.html -Semeniuk, Ivan. 2013 “The city state: How urban design affects our health” https://beta.theglobeandmail.com/news/national/the-city-state-how-ur- ban-design-affects-our-health/article7616817/?ref=http://www.theglobeandmail.com -Sergi Godia + Ana Molino architects” 2016. “Raised Gardens of Sants in Barcelona”. ArchDaily http://www.archdaily.com/801120/raised-gardens-of-sants-in-barcelona-ser- gi-godia-plus-ana-molino-architects -Sharr, Adam. 2007. “Heidegger for Architects”. New York : Routledge. http://cataleg.upc.edu/record=b1310877~S1*cat -Vinnitskaya, Irina 2013. “The Psychology of Urban Planning”.ArchDaily. http://www.archdaily.com/325492/the-psychology-of-urban-planning/ MBARCH - CONTEMPORARY PROJECT 196 197 List of figures I Giovanni Battista Piranesi, Framm.ti di Marmo della Pianta di Roma antica, 1756. https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/Piranesi-1004.jpg/496px-Pira- nesi-1004.jpg II Sants Estacio in Barcelona https://totbarcelona.files.wordpress.com/2010/02/img_1809.jpg III Donostia, Ganchegui https://www.metalocus.es/sites/default/files/styles/sin_estilo/public/metalocus_fpganche- gui_04_0.jpg?itok=Oayalq7T IV-V Sants Estacio 1906 (Torre, Linares de la. 2010) VI-VII Sants Estacio 1979 Ibid. VIII-IX Sants Estacio 1997 Ibid. X-XI RCR renders of the project approved in 1994 Ibid. XII World Urbanization Prospects, The 2014 Revision. Published by the UN XIII Kurt Schwitters, Merzbau, 1933 http://www.tate.org.uk/sites/default/files/images/kurt_schwitters_merzbau_03_0.jpg XIV Gabriele Basilicio, La città dei Morti di Aldo Rossi. http://www.edilportale.com/Upload/31777_07.jpg XV Palazzo Perego, Milano. http://www.milanostoriadiunarinascita.it/2017/02/02/palazzo-perego-milano-1943/ XVI Gabriele Basilico, San Lorenzo, Milano. https://i.pinimg.com/originals/3b/7f/f4/3b7ff405ac36056477cfdc7baa980355.jpg XVII Gabriele Basilico, Foro Romano http://www.istantidigitali.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/03/Gabriele-Basilico-Fotografie-Mo- stra-10.jpg XVIII Computer Hardware Architecture http://www.infotechnology.com/__export/1480949284000/sites/revistait/img/online/2016/12/05/hardware_crop1480949284343.png_667465578.png IXX Competition for Parc de L’Escorxador in Barcelona (Nacenta Bisquert, Ester. 2015) XX Viaplana Pinon, Santa Monica, 1985. Ibid. XXI Viaplana Pinon, Plaza Paisos Catalans, 1996. Ibid. XXII Viaplana Pinon, Rambla de Mar Ibid. XXIII Boccioni, La città che sale https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/fe/Umberto_Boccioni_001.jpg XXIV Oskar Kokoschka, The Harbour of Marseille, 1925 https://i.pinimg.com/originals/02/a8/c5/02a8c52181fbda22ca63afe540daaf02.jpg XXV Max Ernst, The entire city, 1935. https://uploads0.wikiart.org/images/max-ernst/the-entire-city-1935.jp XXVI Boccioni, La strada entra nella casa https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Umberto_Boc- cioni%2C_1911%2C_The_Street_Enters_the_House%2C_oil_on_canvas%2C_100_x_100.6_ cm%2C_Sprengel_Museum.jpg/1200px-Umberto_Boccioni%2C_1911%2C_The_Street_En- ters_the_House%2C_oil_on_canvas%2C_100_x_100.6_cm%2C_Sprengel_Museum.jpg XXVII Boccioni, Quarta dimensione https://www.cittanuova.it/wp-content/uploads/2017/02/Boccioni-foto-2.jpg XXVIII Oskar Kokoschka, L’église Notre-Dame à Bordeaux, 1925. https://i.pinimg.com/originals/c5/b1/31/c5b131b5510b54db4c8ea1901469be9b.jpg XXIX De Chirico, Il grande metafisico,1917 http://lacapannadelsilenzio.it/wp-content/uploads/2015/12/de-chirico-8.jpg XXX De Chrico, L’Enigma del Tempo http://www.arabeschi.it/uploads/triscari_spignoli_r_fig2.jpg XXXI Raffaello Sanzio, Incendio di Borgo https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/b6/Incendio_di_borgo_01.jpg XXXII De Chirico, Le mauvais génie d’un roi, 1915 https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/1/1f/Giorgio_de_Chirico%2C_1914-15%2C_Le_ mauvais_g%C3%A9nie_d%E2%80%99un_roi_%28The_Evil_Genius_of_a_King%29%2C_oil_ on_canvas%2C_61_%C3%97_50.2_cm%2C_Museum_of_Modern_Art%2C_New_York.jpg XXXIII Adrià Goula. Raised Gardens of Sants. http://www.archdaily.com/801120/raised-gardens-of-sants-in-barcelona-sergi-godia-plus-a- na-molino-architects XXXIV Section of the Acropolis andreasangelidakis.blogspot.com MBARCH - CONTEMPORARY PROJECT 198 199 XXXV Gabriele Basilico. Campidoglio https://i.pinimg.com/736x/ab/0e/bd/ab0ebdc3bc14caabf5f0579de50c8d17--photography-col- lage-santa-maria.jpg XXXVI Richard Serra, Tilted Arc, 1981 https://placesjournal.org/article/a-mound-in-the-wood/ XXXVII Anthony Kelly. The Pyramids of Giza https://www.flickr.com/photos/62337512@N00/2991372519/ XXXVIII Laszlo Moholy-Nagy, Sans titre, 1925 – 1926 Reproduction of a work 1 https://thecharnelhouse.org/2015/08/19/laszlo-moholy-nagy-and-his-vision/#jp-carou- sel-27913 XXXIX Parc dels Colors in Mollet del Vallès, Spain, by Enric Miralles and Benedetta Tagliabue http://kvadratinterwoven.com/media/image-section/image-id/large/4-dm-32-258.jpg XL Millau Viaduct. Norman Foster https://twistedsifter.files.wordpress.com/2011/06/worlds-tallest-bridge-millau-viaduct-fran- ce-17.jpg?w=800&h=1071 On the cover Christo,Running Fence, Sonoma and Marin Counties, California, 1972-76 http://christojeanneclaude.net/__data/9f9fc92359d82e49f39073b2e2b93a08.jpg All the images not numbered are produced by the author. MBARCH - CONTEMPORARY PROJECT 200 201 A special thanks to my tutor Aquiles Gonzales and to Eduard Bru for the inspiring words.