Grooved feed extruder friction's coefficient machine
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GROOVED FEED EXTRUDER FRICTION’S COEFFICIENT MACHINE AUTHORS BRIAN CORTÉS JORQUERA CARLOS BARTOLOME GRACIA TUTOR MARTIN MÜLLER-ROSSEN DATE 16 JULY 2010 GROOVED FEED EXTRUDER & FRICTION’S COEFFICIENT MACHINE CARLOS BARTOLOME GRACIA GROOVED FEED EXTRUDER FRICTION’S COEFFICIENT MACHINE
GROOVED FEED EXTRUDER & FRICTION’S COEFFICIENT MACHINE ITRODUCTIO Nowadays, almost everything is made from plastics or derivates due to the manufacturing it, the good characteristics that all the kinds of plastics presents and the easy way to perform and get shapes which with another material would be impossible. So, we focus our work in polymers and overcoat grooved feed extruder we will see, from the first step of the pellets ready to put in the hopper, till the plastic mixed and melted prepared to make the item we need. NOTE: when in the project we mention Cortés. GROOVED FEED EXTRUDER & FRICTION’S COEFFICIENT MACHINE BRIAN CORTÉS & CARLOS BARTOLOMÉ Nowadays, almost everything is made from plastics or derivates due to the manufacturing it, the good characteristics that all the kinds of plastics presents and the easy way to perform and get shapes which with another material would be impossible. So, we focus our work in polymers and overcoat grooved feed extruder . As we proceed, we will see, from the first step of the pellets ready to put in the hopper, till the plastic mixed and melted prepared to make the item we need. NOTE: when in the project we mention we or us , it means Carlos Bartolomé and Brian GROOVED FEED EXTRUDER & FRICTION’S COEFFICIENT MACHINE BRIAN CORTÉS & CARLOS BARTOLOMÉ 2 Nowadays, almost everything is made from plastics or derivates due to the low cost to manufacturing it, the good characteristics that all the kinds of plastics presents and the easy way to perform and get shapes which with another material would be impossible. . As we proceed, we will see, from the first step of the pellets ready to put in the hopper, till the plastic , it means Carlos Bartolomé and Brian
GROOVED FEED EXTRUDER & FRICTION’S COEFFICIENT MACHINE OBJECTIVE The objective of this work is to assimilate how a grooved feed extruder works. To know every part of this machine, it functions, the different processes of the pellets that is putted in the machine, the characteristics of the most u used. The first part of the work is an intensive theory on this field, to introduce the lector in it, because is impossible to understand anything without a little knowledge. Then, the practical work: The construction of a con extruder. Due to the work that it requires, the manufacturing of the pieces are divided in different people, we were 5 persons making this task. At least it was the idea, because later, we found a lot of inconvenient that hind manufacturing that would be more or less 1 month more than our stay here. So, we adapt the process and we made some pieces for the grooved feed extruder that the other 3 guys will use later for the construction. pieces. The other practical part of our work is the construction of a ‘’machine’’ that allow to calculate the friction coefficient of different polymers. GROOVED FEED EXTRUDER & FRICTION’S COEFFICIENT MACHINE BRIAN CORTÉS & CARLOS BARTOLOMÉ The objective of this work is to assimilate how a grooved feed extruder works. To know every part of this machine, it functions, the different processes of the pellets that is putted in the machine, the characteristics of the most u sed polymers and why they are The first part of the work is an intensive theory on this field, to introduce the lector in it, because is impossible to understand anything without a little knowledge. Then, the practical work: The construction of a con veying zone of a grooved feed extruder. Due to the work that it requires, the manufacturing of the pieces are divided in different people, we were 5 persons making this task. At least it was the idea, because later, we found a lot of inconvenient that hind ered the main construction, and the time to manufacturing that would be more or less 1 month more than our stay here. So, we adapt the process and we made some pieces for the grooved feed extruder that the other 3 guys will use later for the construction. Also we made some calculations with those The other practical part of our work is the construction of a ‘’machine’’ that allow to calculate the friction coefficient of different polymers. GROOVED FEED EXTRUDER & FRICTION’S COEFFICIENT MACHINE BRIAN CORTÉS & CARLOS BARTOLOMÉ 3 The objective of this work is to assimilate how a grooved feed extruder works. To know every part of this machine, it functions, the different processes of the pellets that is sed polymers and why they are The first part of the work is an intensive theory on this field, to introduce the lector in it, because is impossible to understand anything without a little knowledge. veying zone of a grooved feed extruder. Due to the work that it requires, the manufacturing of the pieces are divided in different people, we were 5 persons making this task. At least it was the idea, because ered the main construction, and the time to manufacturing that would be more or less 1 month more than our stay here. So, we adapt the process and we made some pieces for the grooved feed extruder that the other Also we made some calculations with those The other practical part of our work is the construction of a ‘’machine’’ that allow to
GROOVED FEED EXTRUDER & FRICTION’S COEFFICIENT MACHINE METHODOLOGY We basis our work in 2 main parts: In the request of theory part we search what is needed to understand the experimental part. Also, make some calculations and compare it with the results we found. The way to make the experimental part it is goi week to manufacture all the pieces. Later, with the obtained results, compare it with the results of the theorycall calculations we made GROOVED FEED EXTRUDER & FRICTION’S COEFFICIENT MACHINE BRIAN CORTÉS & CARLOS BARTOLOMÉ We basis our work in 2 main parts: request of theory part and experimental part. In the request of theory part we search what is needed to understand the experimental part. Also, make some calculations and compare it with the results we found. The way to make the experimental part it is goi ng to the tool shop two or three time for week to manufacture all the pieces. Later, with the obtained results, compare it with the calculations we made . GROOVED FEED EXTRUDER & FRICTION’S COEFFICIENT MACHINE BRIAN CORTÉS & CARLOS BARTOLOMÉ 4 request of theory part and experimental part. In the request of theory part we search what is needed to understand the experimental part. Also, make some calculations and compare it with the results we found. ng to the tool shop two or three time for week to manufacture all the pieces. Later, with the obtained results, compare it with the
GROOVED FEED EXTRUDER & FRICTION’S COEFFICIENT MACHINE IDEX 1. Polymer processes 1.1 Introduction 1.2 Extrusion 1.3 Function 1.4 Parts of a extruder 1.5 Types of extruder 1.6 Grooved feed extruder 1.7 Usefull plastics 1.8 Theoricall Calculations 1.8.1 Designs & Comparing Graphics 1.9 Conclusions 2. Friction’s Coefficient 2.1. Introduction 2.2. Friction’s coefficient machine 2.3. Calculation of the density of different polymers. 2.4. Parts of the friction’s coefficient machine. 2.5. Theoricall Calculations 2.6. Experimental part 2.7. Graphics 2.8. Conclusions 3. Bibliography 4. Annexes (Excel extruder) 5. Acknowledgement GROOVED FEED EXTRUDER & FRICTION’S COEFFICIENT MACHINE BRIAN CORTÉS & CARLOS BARTOLOMÉ Parts of a extruder Types of extruder Grooved feed extruder Usefull plastics Theoricall Calculations & experimental part Designs & Comparing Graphics Friction’s Coefficient Friction’s coefficient machine Calculation of the density of different polymers. of the friction’s coefficient machine. Theoricall Calculations Experimental part Annexes (Excel extruder) GROOVED FEED EXTRUDER & FRICTION’S COEFFICIENT MACHINE BRIAN CORTÉS & CARLOS BARTOLOMÉ 5
GROOVED FEED EXTRUDER & FRICTION’S COEFFICIENT MACHINE 1. POLYMER PROCESSES 1.1 ITRODUCTIO Manufacturing of plastic parts can involve one or several of the following steps: • Shaping operations resin into a final product or into a perform using extrusion or molding processes such as injection, compression molding or rotor molding. • Secondary shaping operation transformed into a fina • Material removal – machining operations, stamping, laser, drilling, etc. • Joining operations - bond ing or welding operations. Most of plastic parts are manufactured using shaping operations. Here, the material is deformed into a final shape at temperatures between room temperature and 350ºC, using wear resistant tools, dies and molds. For example, an in making between 10^6 and 10^7 parts without much wear of the tool, justifying for the high cost of the molds utilized. processes is the accuracy, sometimes with features down the microme which one can shape the finished product without the need of trimming or material removal operations. For example, when making compact disc by an injection compression molding process, it is possible to accurately produce features, that con digital information smaller than 1 diameter of several centimeters. The cycle time to produce such a part can be less than 3 seconds. In the past few years, we have seen trends where more complex m are developed that manufacture parts using various materials and components such as coextrusion of multilayer films and sheets, multi sandwiched parts of hollow products. Thermoplastics and thermoplastic e above glass transition or melting temperatures and then freezing them into their final shape by lowering temperature. At that point, the crystallization, molecular or fiber orientation and residual stress dis dominating the material properties and performance of the finished product. Similarly, thermosetting polymers and vulcanizing elastomers solidify by a chemical reaction that results in a crosslinked mo well as the residual stresses are frozen into the finished structure after cross GROOVED FEED EXTRUDER & FRICTION’S COEFFICIENT MACHINE BRIAN CORTÉS & CARLOS BARTOLOMÉ 1. POLYMER PROCESSES ITRODUCTIO Manufacturing of plastic parts can involve one or several of the following steps: Shaping operations – This involves transforming a polymer pellet, powder or final product or into a perform using extrusion or molding processes such as injection, compression molding or rotor molding. Secondary shaping operation – Here a perform such as a parison or sheet is transformed into a fina l product using thermoforming or blow molding. – This type of operation involves, 1 material removal using machining operations, stamping, laser, drilling, etc. - Here, two or more parts are assembled physically or by ing or welding operations. Most of plastic parts are manufactured using shaping operations. Here, the material is deformed into a final shape at temperatures between room temperature and 350ºC, using wear resistant tools, dies and molds. For example, an in jection mold would allow making between 10^6 and 10^7 parts without much wear of the tool, justifying for the high cost of the molds utilized. One of the many advantages of polymer molding processes is the accuracy, sometimes with features down the microme which one can shape the finished product without the need of trimming or material removal operations. For example, when making compact disc by an injection compression molding process, it is possible to accurately produce features, that con digital information smaller than 1 m, in a disc with a thickness of less th diameter of several centimeters. The cycle time to produce such a part can be less than 3 In the past few years, we have seen trends where more complex m anufacturing systems are developed that manufacture parts using various materials and components such as extrusion of multilayer films and sheets, multi - component injection molding, sandwiched parts of hollow products. Thermoplastics and thermoplastic e lastomers are shaped and formed by heating them above glass transition or melting temperatures and then freezing them into their final shape by lowering temperature. At that point, the crystallization, molecular or fiber orientation and residual stress dis tributions are an integral feature of the final part, dominating the material properties and performance of the finished product. Similarly, thermosetting polymers and vulcanizing elastomers solidify by a chemical reaction that linked mo lecular structure. Here too, the filler or fiber orientation as well as the residual stresses are frozen into the finished structure after cross GROOVED FEED EXTRUDER & FRICTION’S COEFFICIENT MACHINE BRIAN CORTÉS & CARLOS BARTOLOMÉ 6 Manufacturing of plastic parts can involve one or several of the following steps: This involves transforming a polymer pellet, powder or final product or into a perform using extrusion or molding processes such as injection, compression molding or rotor molding. Here a perform such as a parison or sheet is l product using thermoforming or blow molding. material removal using Here, two or more parts are assembled physically or by Most of plastic parts are manufactured using shaping operations. Here, the material is deformed into a final shape at temperatures between room temperature and 350ºC, using jection mold would allow making between 10^6 and 10^7 parts without much wear of the tool, justifying for the One of the many advantages of polymer molding processes is the accuracy, sometimes with features down the microme ter scale, with which one can shape the finished product without the need of trimming or material removal operations. For example, when making compact disc by an injection - compression molding process, it is possible to accurately produce features, that con tain less than 1 mm and a diameter of several centimeters. The cycle time to produce such a part can be less than 3 anufacturing systems are developed that manufacture parts using various materials and components such as component injection molding, lastomers are shaped and formed by heating them above glass transition or melting temperatures and then freezing them into their final shape by lowering temperature. At that point, the crystallization, molecular or fiber tributions are an integral feature of the final part, dominating the material properties and performance of the finished product. Similarly, thermosetting polymers and vulcanizing elastomers solidify by a chemical reaction that lecular structure. Here too, the filler or fiber orientation as well as the residual stresses are frozen into the finished structure after cross -linking.
GROOVED FEED EXTRUDER & FRICTION’S COEFFICIENT MACHINE 1.2 EXTRUSIO During extrusion, a polymer melt is pumped through a shaping die and formed into a prof ile. This profile can be a plate, a film, a tube, or have any shape for its cross section. Ramtype extruders were first built by J. Bramah in 1979 to extrude seamless lead pipes. The first ramtype extruders for rubber were built by Henry Bewley and Richa Brooman in 1845. In 1846, a patent for cable coating was filed for trans and the first insulated wire was laid across the Hudson River for the Morse Telegraph Company in 1849. The first screw extruder was patented by Ma the purpose of wire coating. However, the screw pump can be attributed to Archimedes, and the actual invention of the screw extruder in polymer processing by A.G. DeWolfe of the United States dates to the early 1860s. The first extrus polymers was done at the Paul Troester Maschinenfabrik in Hannover, Germany in 1935. Although ram and screw extruders are both used to pump highly viscous polymer melts through passages to generate specified profiles, they are based on principles. The ram extruder is a positive displacement pump based on the pressure gradient term of the equation of motion. Here, as the volume is reduced, the fluid is displaced from one point to the other, resulting in a pressure rise. The gea polymer processing industry, also works on this principle. On the other hand, a screw extruder is a viscosity pump that works based on the pressure gradient term and the deformation of the fluid. In today’s poly mer industry, the most commonly used extruder is the single screw extruder. A single screw extruder with a smooth inside barrel surface is called conventional single screw extruder, with grooved feed zone it is called a grooved feed extruder. In some case s, an extruder can have a degassing zone, required to extract moisture, volatiles, and other gases that form during the extruding process. GROOVED FEED EXTRUDER & FRICTION’S COEFFICIENT MACHINE BRIAN CORTÉS & CARLOS BARTOLOMÉ During extrusion, a polymer melt is pumped through a shaping die and formed into a ile. This profile can be a plate, a film, a tube, or have any shape for its cross section. type extruders were first built by J. Bramah in 1979 to extrude seamless lead type extruders for rubber were built by Henry Bewley and Richa In 1846, a patent for cable coating was filed for trans -gutta- percha and cis and the first insulated wire was laid across the Hudson River for the Morse Telegraph Company in 1849. The first screw extruder was patented by Ma thew Gray in 1879 for the purpose of wire coating. However, the screw pump can be attributed to Archimedes, and the actual invention of the screw extruder in polymer processing by A.G. DeWolfe of the United States dates to the early 1860s. The first extrus ion of thermoplastic polymers was done at the Paul Troester Maschinenfabrik in Hannover, Germany in 1935. Although ram and screw extruders are both used to pump highly viscous polymer melts through passages to generate specified profiles, they are based on The ram extruder is a positive displacement pump based on the pressure gradient term of the equation of motion. Here, as the volume is reduced, the fluid is displaced from one point to the other, resulting in a pressure rise. The gea r pump, widely used in the polymer processing industry, also works on this principle. On the other hand, a screw extruder is a viscosity pump that works based on the pressure gradient term and the mer industry, the most commonly used extruder is the single screw extruder. A single screw extruder with a smooth inside barrel surface is called conventional single screw extruder, with grooved feed zone it is called a grooved feed s, an extruder can have a degassing zone, required to extract moisture, volatiles, and other gases that form during the extruding process. Fig. 1.1 : Simple extruder GROOVED FEED EXTRUDER & FRICTION’S COEFFICIENT MACHINE BRIAN CORTÉS & CARLOS BARTOLOMÉ 7 During extrusion, a polymer melt is pumped through a shaping die and formed into a ile. This profile can be a plate, a film, a tube, or have any shape for its cross section. type extruders were first built by J. Bramah in 1979 to extrude seamless lead type extruders for rubber were built by Henry Bewley and Richa rd percha and cis -hevea rubber and the first insulated wire was laid across the Hudson River for the Morse Telegraph thew Gray in 1879 for the purpose of wire coating. However, the screw pump can be attributed to Archimedes, and the actual invention of the screw extruder in polymer processing by A.G. DeWolfe ion of thermoplastic polymers was done at the Paul Troester Maschinenfabrik in Hannover, Germany in 1935. Although ram and screw extruders are both used to pump highly viscous polymer melts through passages to generate specified profiles, they are based on different The ram extruder is a positive displacement pump based on the pressure gradient term of the equation of motion. Here, as the volume is reduced, the fluid is displaced from r pump, widely used in the polymer processing industry, also works on this principle. On the other hand, a screw extruder is a viscosity pump that works based on the pressure gradient term and the mer industry, the most commonly used extruder is the single screw extruder. A single screw extruder with a smooth inside barrel surface is called conventional single screw extruder, with grooved feed zone it is called a grooved feed s, an extruder can have a degassing zone, required to extract moisture, volatiles, and other gases that form during the extruding process. Simple extruder
GROOVED FEED EXTRUDER & FRICTION’S COEFFICIENT MACHINE 1.3. FUCTIO The plasticating single screw extruder is the most common equipment in the polymer industry. It can be part of an injection molding unit and found in numerous other extrusion processes, including blow molding, film blowing and wire coating. A schematic of a plasticating or three elements is given in Fig. 1 .1 Fig 1.2: Schematic diagram of a screw section. GROOVED FEED EXTRUDER & FRICTION’S COEFFICIENT MACHINE BRIAN CORTÉS & CARLOS BARTOLOMÉ The plasticating single screw extruder is the most common equipment in the polymer part of an injection molding unit and found in numerous other extrusion processes, including blow molding, film blowing and wire coating. A schematic of a plasticating or three - zone single screw extruder, with its most important .1 . Schematic diagram of a screw section. GROOVED FEED EXTRUDER & FRICTION’S COEFFICIENT MACHINE BRIAN CORTÉS & CARLOS BARTOLOMÉ 8 The plasticating single screw extruder is the most common equipment in the polymer part of an injection molding unit and found in numerous other extrusion processes, including blow molding, film blowing and wire coating. A zone single screw extruder, with its most important
GROOVED FEED EXTRUDER & FRICTION’S COEFFICIENT MACHINE Table 1.1 presents typical extruder dimensions and relationships common in single screw extruders, using the notation presented in Fig.1.2. Table 1.1: Typical Extruder Dimensions and Relationsh L/D Length to diameter ratio D Standard diameter US (inches) Europe(mm) φ φφ φ Helix angle h: Channel depth in the metering section β ββ β: :: : Compression ratio δ δδ δ: Clearance between the screw flight a nd the barrel : Screw speed Vb: Barrel Velocity (relative to screw speed) = π ππ π D The plasticating extruder can be divided into three main zones: The solids conveying zone The melting or transition zone The metering or pumping zone The tasks of a plasticating extruder are to: Transport the solid pellets or pow Compact the pellets and move them down the channel Melt the pellets Mix the polymer into a homogeneous melt Pump the melt through the die GROOVED FEED EXTRUDER & FRICTION’S COEFFICIENT MACHINE BRIAN CORTÉS & CARLOS BARTOLOMÉ Table 1.1 presents typical extruder dimensions and relationships common in single screw extruders, using the notation presented in Fig.1.2. Typical Extruder Dimensions and Relationsh ips Length to diameter ratio 20 or less for feeding or melt extruders 25 for blow molding, film blowing , and injection molding. 30 or higher for vented extruders or high output extruders. Standard diameter 0.75, 1. 0, 1.5, 2, 2.5, 3.5, 4.5, 6, 8, 10, 12, 14, 16, 18, and 24. 20, 25, 30, 35, 40, 50, 60, 90, 120, 150, 200, 250, 300, 350, 400, 450, 500. 17.65º for a square pitch screw where Ls=D .ew trend: 0.8<Ls/D<1.2 Channel depth in the metering (0.05-0.07) D for D<30mm (0.02-0.05) D for D>30 mm Compression ratio h feed = β h 2 to 4 Clearance between the screw nd the barrel 0.1 mm for D<30 mm 0.15 mm for D>30 mm 1-2 rev/s (60- 120 rpm) for a large extruders 1-5 rev/s (60- 300 rpm) for small extruders Barrel Velocity (relative to D 0.5 m/s for most polymers 0.2 m/s for unplasticized PVC 1.0 m/s for PE-LD The plasticating extruder can be divided into three main zones: The solids conveying zone The melting or transition zone The metering or pumping zone The tasks of a plasticating extruder are to: Transport the solid pellets or pow der from the hopper to the screw channel Compact the pellets and move them down the channel Mix the polymer into a homogeneous melt Pump the melt through the die GROOVED FEED EXTRUDER & FRICTION’S COEFFICIENT MACHINE BRIAN CORTÉS & CARLOS BARTOLOMÉ 9 Table 1.1 presents typical extruder dimensions and relationships common in single 20 or less for feeding or melt extruders 25 for blow molding, film blowing , and injection 30 or higher for vented extruders or high output 0, 1.5, 2, 2.5, 3.5, 4.5, 6, 8, 10, 12, 14, 16, 20, 25, 30, 35, 40, 50, 60, 90, 120, 150, 200, 250, 17.65º for a square pitch screw where Ls=D 120 rpm) for a large extruders 300 rpm) for small extruders der from the hopper to the screw channel
GROOVED FEED EXTRUDER & FRICTION’S COEFFICIENT MACHINE Die: A die is a specialized tool shape material using a press are used to create. Products made with dies range from simple pieces used in advanced technology. 1.5 TYPES OF A EXTRUDER 1.5.1 DIFFERET TYPES OF EXTRUDERS Table 1.2: Types of extru d SCREW EXTRUDER Continuous Single screw extruders Multi screw extruders DISK OR DRUM EXTRUDES Continuous Viscous drag extruders Elastic melt ex RECIPROCATIG EXTRUDERS Discontinuous Ram extruders Reciprocating single screw extruders GROOVED FEED EXTRUDER & FRICTION’S COEFFICIENT MACHINE BRIAN CORTÉS & CARLOS BARTOLOMÉ tool used in manufacturing industries to cut or press . Like molds , dies are generally customized to the item they are used to create. Products made with dies range from simple paper clips pieces used in advanced technology. TYPES OF A EXTRUDER DIFFERET TYPES OF EXTRUDERS d er Single screw extruders Melt fed Plasticating Single stage Multi stage Compounding Multi screw extruders Twin screw extruders Gear pumps Planetary gear extruders Multi (>2)screw extruders Viscous drag extruders Spiral disk Drum extruder Dispack extruder Stepped disk extruder Elastic melt ex truders Screwless extruder Screw or disk type melt extruder Ram extruders Melt fed extruder Plasticating extruder Capillary rheometer Reciprocating single screw extruders Plasticating unit in injection molding machines Compounding extruders such as the Kenader GROOVED FEED EXTRUDER & FRICTION’S COEFFICIENT MACHINE BRIAN CORTÉS & CARLOS BARTOLOMÉ 16 or , dies are generally customized to the item they paper clips to complex Twin screw extruders Planetary gear extruders Multi (>2)screw extruders Stepped disk extruder Screw or disk type melt extruder Plasticating extruder Capillary rheometer Plasticating unit in injection Compounding extruders such as
GROOVED FEED EXTRUDER & FRICTION’S COEFFICIENT MACHINE 1.5.2 SIGLE SCREW EXTRUDER Introduction Single screw extrusion is one of the main type of polymer processing operation. The principal function of a single screw extruder is to build up pressure in the po so that the polymer can be extruded through the die. Most of the single screw extruders are plasticating which mean that the solid resin balls or powders melt in the screw due to the pressure. However, some single screw system can be used for mi screw extruder is useful when pure Extrusion Process Single screw extruder basically consist of a screw, barrel, drive mechanism, resin feed arrangement and controls. The constantly turning screw moves the res heated barrel where it is heated to proper temperature and blended into a homogeneous melt. A turbulent back pressure is build up which pushes the melt out of the extruder in the shape of the die. The resin sometimes is not completely melted extrusion screw. The barrier screw in designed to counter this problem. Sometimes, additional flights are attached to the transition section so as to separate molten and solid plastic to different channels. As the solid pellet moves forwar thus melts and flows into the liquid channel. Thus the solid channel narrow gradually and the liquid channel widens. The ability of a screw to manufacture products of good quality with high productivity and lo w cost is called its performance. At the design stage of an extrusion process, evaluation of screw performance is very important. The deformation measure or stretching which materials undergo due to the regular flows inside a conventional screw channel inc reases linearly with the extruder channel length. Extrusion screw design has been improving over the years, with new innovations and ideas. Nowadays, single screws are available that have a secondary flights that improve GROOVED FEED EXTRUDER & FRICTION’S COEFFICIENT MACHINE BRIAN CORTÉS & CARLOS BARTOLOMÉ SIGLE SCREW EXTRUDER Single screw extrusion is one of the main type of polymer processing operation. The principal function of a single screw extruder is to build up pressure in the po so that the polymer can be extruded through the die. Most of the single screw extruders are plasticating which mean that the solid resin balls or powders melt in the screw due to the pressure. However, some single screw system can be used for mi xing also. Single screw extruder is useful when pure polymer like HDPE is used. Single screw extruder basically consist of a screw, barrel, drive mechanism, resin feed arrangement and controls. The constantly turning screw moves the res heated barrel where it is heated to proper temperature and blended into a homogeneous melt. A turbulent back pressure is build up which pushes the melt out of the extruder in the shape of the die. The resin sometimes is not completely melted The barrier screw in designed to counter this problem. Sometimes, additional flights are attached to the transition section so as to separate molten and solid plastic to different channels. As the solid pellet moves forwar d it melts due to shear against the wall and thus melts and flows into the liquid channel. Thus the solid channel narrow gradually and the liquid channel widens. The ability of a screw to manufacture products of good quality with high productivity w cost is called its performance. At the design stage of an extrusion process, evaluation of screw performance is very important. The deformation measure or stretching which materials undergo due to the regular flows inside a conventional screw reases linearly with the extruder channel length. Extrusion screw design has been improving over the years, with new innovations and ideas. Nowadays, single screws are available that have a secondary flights that improve F i g 1 . 8 : Single extruder GROOVED FEED EXTRUDER & FRICTION’S COEFFICIENT MACHINE BRIAN CORTÉS & CARLOS BARTOLOMÉ 17 Single screw extrusion is one of the main type of polymer processing operation. The principal function of a single screw extruder is to build up pressure in the po lymer melt so that the polymer can be extruded through the die. Most of the single screw extruders are plasticating which mean that the solid resin balls or powders melt in the screw due xing also. Single Single screw extruder basically consist of a screw, barrel, drive mechanism, resin feed arrangement and controls. The constantly turning screw moves the res in through the heated barrel where it is heated to proper temperature and blended into a homogeneous melt. A turbulent back pressure is build up which pushes the melt out of the extruder in the shape of the die. The resin sometimes is not completely melted in the basic The barrier screw in designed to counter this problem. Sometimes, additional flights are attached to the transition section so as to separate molten and solid plastic to different d it melts due to shear against the wall and thus melts and flows into the liquid channel. Thus the solid channel narrow gradually The ability of a screw to manufacture products of good quality with high productivity w cost is called its performance. At the design stage of an extrusion process, evaluation of screw performance is very important. The deformation measure or stretching which materials undergo due to the regular flows inside a conventional screw reases linearly with the extruder channel length. Extrusion screw design has been improving over the years, with new innovations and ideas. Nowadays, single screws are available that have a secondary flights that improve
GROOVED FEED EXTRUDER & FRICTION’S COEFFICIENT MACHINE speed by enabling faster melting. of accessories like automatic gravimetric feeders, vent vacuum units, heat and pressure controllers, heat exchangers, melt pumps, static and dynamic mixers, microprocessor control systems, as well as and products. Fig 1.9: Schematic of a single screw extruder (Reifenhäuser) 1.5.3 TWI SCREW EXTRUDER Introduction Twin screw extruder is the classic machine used for the plastic extrusion pr two or more ingredients are mixed or compounded. The process is best suited when extruding reactive polymeric materials. Twin screw extruder is particularly useful in the production of rigid PVC and wood fiber blends. In this method two screw ro or against each other and have special mixing feature such as kneading block and forward and reverse capabilities, etc. Fig 1.10: Schematic of a twin GROOVED FEED EXTRUDER & FRICTION’S COEFFICIENT MACHINE BRIAN CORTÉS & CARLOS BARTOLOMÉ speed by enabling faster melting. Single screw extruder is available with different types of accessories like automatic gravimetric feeders, vent vacuum units, heat and pressure controllers, heat exchangers, melt pumps, static and dynamic mixers, microprocessor with a wide range of screw geometries for different materials Schematic of a single screw extruder (Reifenhäuser) TWI SCREW EXTRUDER Twin screw extruder is the classic machine used for the plastic extrusion pr two or more ingredients are mixed or compounded. The process is best suited when extruding reactive polymeric materials. Twin screw extruder is particularly useful in the production of rigid PVC and wood fiber blends. In this method two screw ro or against each other and have special mixing feature such as kneading block and forward and reverse capabilities, etc. twin screw extruder GROOVED FEED EXTRUDER & FRICTION’S COEFFICIENT MACHINE BRIAN CORTÉS & CARLOS BARTOLOMÉ 18 Single screw extruder is available with different types of accessories like automatic gravimetric feeders, vent vacuum units, heat and pressure controllers, heat exchangers, melt pumps, static and dynamic mixers, microprocessor with a wide range of screw geometries for different materials Twin screw extruder is the classic machine used for the plastic extrusion pr ocess when two or more ingredients are mixed or compounded. The process is best suited when extruding reactive polymeric materials. Twin screw extruder is particularly useful in the production of rigid PVC and wood fiber blends. In this method two screw ro tates with or against each other and have special mixing feature such as kneading block and
GROOVED FEED EXTRUDER & FRICTION’S COEFFICIENT MACHINE Types of Machines Diverse range of screw extruder are manufacture f Machine with sophisticated features are available at reasonable rates. Customized twin screw extruders are also manufactured as per the requirement of customers in different industries. Machines are available that are designe drives of extruder and haul off resulting in high output at low screw speed and less consumption of power, easy operation, etc. New and advanced range of twin screw extruder are supplied in the market. One such innovative product is the conical twin screw extruder for dual conduit pipe that is capable of producing twin pipe out of one mould. And hi extruders that are the most important due to their various applications in industries and serious ness economic. This type includes single Advantages In a twin screw or multi screw extruder there are two screws. Even is a modestly sized extruders, these screws are highly efficient pla stic per hour. The flexibility of twin screw extrusion equipment allows this operation to be designed specifically for the formulation being processed. For example, the two screws may be corotating or counterrotating, intermeshing or non a ddition, the configurations of the screws themselves may be varied using forward conveying elements, reverse conveying elements, kneading blocks, and other designs in order to achieve particular mixing characteristics. Fig 1.11: Schematic of a sin gle twin GROOVED FEED EXTRUDER & FRICTION’S COEFFICIENT MACHINE BRIAN CORTÉS & CARLOS BARTOLOMÉ Diverse range of screw extruder are manufacture f rom premium quality materials. Machine with sophisticated features are available at reasonable rates. Customized twin screw extruders are also manufactured as per the requirement of customers in different industries. Machines are available that are designe d to be easily synchronized with drives of extruder and haul off resulting in high output at low screw speed and less consumption of power, easy operation, etc. New and advanced range of twin screw extruder are supplied in the market. One such product is the conical twin screw extruder for dual conduit pipe that is capable of producing twin pipe out of one mould. And hi - tech machine is the kneading extruders that are the most important due to their various applications in industries and ness economic. This type includes single - screw and multi In a twin screw or multi screw extruder there are two screws. Even is a modestly sized extruders, these screws are highly efficient devices capable of process several tons of stic per hour. The flexibility of twin screw extrusion equipment allows this operation to be designed specifically for the formulation being processed. For example, the two screws may be corotating or counterrotating, intermeshing or non - intermeshing. In ddition, the configurations of the screws themselves may be varied using forward conveying elements, reverse conveying elements, kneading blocks, and other designs in order to achieve particular mixing characteristics. gle twin extruder. GROOVED FEED EXTRUDER & FRICTION’S COEFFICIENT MACHINE BRIAN CORTÉS & CARLOS BARTOLOMÉ 19 rom premium quality materials. Machine with sophisticated features are available at reasonable rates. Customized twin screw extruders are also manufactured as per the requirement of customers in different d to be easily synchronized with drives of extruder and haul off resulting in high output at low screw speed and less New and advanced range of twin screw extruder are supplied in the market. One such product is the conical twin screw extruder for dual conduit pipe that is tech machine is the kneading extruders that are the most important due to their various applications in industries and screw and multi -screws. In a twin screw or multi screw extruder there are two screws. Even is a modestly sized devices capable of process several tons of stic per hour. The flexibility of twin screw extrusion equipment allows this operation to be designed specifically for the formulation being processed. For example, the two intermeshing. In ddition, the configurations of the screws themselves may be varied using forward conveying elements, reverse conveying elements, kneading blocks, and other designs in
GROOVED FEED EXTRUDER & FRICTION’S COEFFICIENT MACHINE Application Twinscrew extruders are applicable in industries because of their high capacity. Extruders with twinscrew and short distance between screws have high capacity and good thermal and mechanical stress. Twin screw machines a RPVC pipes, RPVC dual conduit pipe, PVC profile and PVC compounding. These machines has high output and low power consumption features. 1.5.4 RAM EXTRUDER Introduction A ram extruder is an extruder where, instead of extrusion scr used . The ram extruder was the earliest extruder to be used in the plastics industry. This typical process is applied for producing profiles, sleeves, rod, block, tubing, lining sheet bars, etc. The ram extrusion process is very ef which are not extruded successfully using screw extruder. Process In this process plastic material in powder form is gravity fed into a chamber. In the extrudating chamber the resin powder is heated on sintering t molecular weight polyethylene, becomes gelatinous as it melts so it can be extruded with this type of processes. A hydraulic ram pushes the resin materials like PTFE, UHMW, etc. from the chamber to the die. The die actually gives the desired plastic like a rod, tube or a profile shape with the requisite internal or outer diameter. When the material comes out of the die, it moves the length of the conveyor. The profiles can be manufactured endlessly and cut by the continuo length. GROOVED FEED EXTRUDER & FRICTION’S COEFFICIENT MACHINE BRIAN CORTÉS & CARLOS BARTOLOMÉ screw extruders are applicable in industries because of their high capacity. screw and short distance between screws have high capacity and good thermal and mechanical stress. Twin screw machines a re used for manufacturing RPVC pipes, RPVC dual conduit pipe, PVC profile and PVC compounding. These machines has high output and low power consumption features. A ram extruder is an extruder where, instead of extrusion scr ew, a ram or plunger is used . The ram extruder was the earliest extruder to be used in the plastics industry. This typical process is applied for producing profiles, sleeves, rod, block, tubing, lining sheet bars, etc. The ram extrusion process is very ef fective for specific materials like PTFE which are not extruded successfully using screw extruder. In this process plastic material in powder form is gravity fed into a chamber. In the extrudating chamber the resin powder is heated on sintering t emperature. Ultra high molecular weight polyethylene, becomes gelatinous as it melts so it can be extruded with this type of processes. A hydraulic ram pushes the resin materials like PTFE, UHMW, etc. from the chamber to the die. The die actually gives the desired plastic like a rod, tube or a profile shape with the requisite internal or outer diameter. When the material comes out of the die, it moves the length of the conveyor. The profiles can be manufactured endlessly and cut by the continuo us extruding of each Fig 1.12: Schematic of a ram screw extruder GROOVED FEED EXTRUDER & FRICTION’S COEFFICIENT MACHINE BRIAN CORTÉS & CARLOS BARTOLOMÉ 20 screw extruders are applicable in industries because of their high capacity. screw and short distance between screws have high capacity and re used for manufacturing RPVC pipes, RPVC dual conduit pipe, PVC profile and PVC compounding. These ew, a ram or plunger is used . The ram extruder was the earliest extruder to be used in the plastics industry. This typical process is applied for producing profiles, sleeves, rod, block, tubing, lining sheet fective for specific materials like PTFE In this process plastic material in powder form is gravity fed into a chamber. In the emperature. Ultra high molecular weight polyethylene, becomes gelatinous as it melts so it can be extruded with this type of processes. A hydraulic ram pushes the resin materials like PTFE, UHMW, etc. from the chamber to the die. The die actually gives the shape of the desired plastic like a rod, tube or a profile shape with the requisite internal or outer diameter. When the material comes out of the die, it moves the length of the conveyor. us extruding of each screw extruder .
GROOVED FEED EXTRUDER & FRICTION’S COEFFICIENT MACHINE Types of Machines There are two types of ram extrusions extrusion. Whatever be the type of ram extru performing, sintering and cooling are all the same. But the extrudates quality depends on various parameter like the design of the extruder, powder properties, extrusion rate, pressure and temperature. Nowadays, high q uality mechanically engineered extrusion machines are available in the market that are highly innovative in its application. Fully automated systems are also available. Advanced range of machines ensures precision both in the pressing procedure and in the sinter zone. By adjusting the pressure and speed of the ram extruder every individual profile can be extruded perfectly. Also, temperature controls are also provided. The two main types of screw machines, co sc rew rotations in the barrels and these are shown below. The development of the conical screw extruder was driven by the need for large thrust bearing at the rear of the machine. This is achieved by using a larger diameter screw at the rear of t he extruder, allowing for the use of a larger thrust bearing, and therefore greater output before thrust bearing failure can occur. GROOVED FEED EXTRUDER & FRICTION’S COEFFICIENT MACHINE BRIAN CORTÉS & CARLOS BARTOLOMÉ There are two types of ram extrusions - the vertical ram extrusion and the horizontal ram extrusion. Whatever be the type of ram extru sion, the resin feed, compaction or performing, sintering and cooling are all the same. But the extrudates quality depends on various parameter like the design of the extruder, powder properties, extrusion rate, uality mechanically engineered extrusion machines are available in the market that are highly innovative in its application. Fully automated systems are also available. Advanced range of machines ensures precision both in the pressing sinter zone. By adjusting the pressure and speed of the ram extruder every individual profile can be extruded perfectly. Also, temperature controls The two main types of screw machines, co -rotating and contrarotating, have different rew rotations in the barrels and these are shown below. The development of the conical screw extruder was driven by the need for large thrust bearing at the rear of the machine. This is achieved by using a larger diameter screw at he extruder, allowing for the use of a larger thrust bearing, and therefore greater output before thrust bearing failure can occur. GROOVED FEED EXTRUDER & FRICTION’S COEFFICIENT MACHINE BRIAN CORTÉS & CARLOS BARTOLOMÉ 21 the vertical ram extrusion and the horizontal ram sion, the resin feed, compaction or performing, sintering and cooling are all the same. But the extrudates quality depends on various parameter like the design of the extruder, powder properties, extrusion rate, uality mechanically engineered extrusion machines are available in the market that are highly innovative in its application. Fully automated systems are also available. Advanced range of machines ensures precision both in the pressing sinter zone. By adjusting the pressure and speed of the ram extruder every individual profile can be extruded perfectly. Also, temperature controls rotating, have different The development of the conical screw extruder was driven by the need for large thrust bearing at the rear of the machine. This is achieved by using a larger diameter screw at he extruder, allowing for the use of a larger thrust bearing, and therefore
GROOVED FEED EXTRUDER & FRICTION’S COEFFICIENT MACHINE 1.6 GROOVED FEED EXTRUDER W e focus our project on introduce you in this field. 1.6.1 G ROOVED FEED EXTRUDER The driving force the conveying process is the frictional force at the barrel surface. The frictional force can be affected by adjusting the barrel temperature in the first one or two temperature zones. Howe ver, the effect of barrel temperature is usually small. Another method of increasing barrel temperature is to machine grooves into the barrel surface; this has strong effect on the feeding characteristics of the extruder. The grooves typically run in the a xial direction with a length of several screw diameters. The barrel around the grooved section has to be cooled to avoid plastic from melting in the grooved section; the plastic can degrade if melt collects in the grooves. There are a number of advantages The output of grooved feed extruders is less dependent on pressure. The stability of the extrusion process tends to improve. The output of grooved feed extruders tends to be higher than that of smooth bore extruders. Grooved feed extruders allow extrusion of some very high molecular wei plastics, such as very high As always, there are some disadvantages as well, such as: The grooved barrel section has to be cooled well enought to avo melting of the plastic in the grooves; this reduces energy efficiency and adds to the complexity of the extruder. The stresses that occur in the grooved region can be quite high, making the grooves susceptible to wear. The grooves have to be m material to avoid high rates of wear. The pressures that occur in the grooved section can be quite high, in the range of 70 to 140 MPA (10.000 to 20.000 psi). The barrel has to be designed to withstand these high pressures. The screw design rules for grooved feed extruders are quite different from the rules for smooth bore extruders. Thus, grooved feed extruders require special screw designs. The use of conventional screw designs in grooved feed extruder can lead to a number of p wear, etc. With a grooved barrel section, the motor load increases and with it, the torsional load on the extruder screw. GROOVED FEED EXTRUDER & FRICTION’S COEFFICIENT MACHINE BRIAN CORTÉS & CARLOS BARTOLOMÉ GROOVED FEED EXTRUDER e focus our project on grooved feed extruder . There is here some information to ROOVED FEED EXTRUDER The driving force the conveying process is the frictional force at the barrel surface. The frictional force can be affected by adjusting the barrel temperature in the first one or two ver, the effect of barrel temperature is usually small. Another method of increasing barrel temperature is to machine grooves into the barrel surface; this has strong effect on the feeding characteristics of the extruder. The grooves xial direction with a length of several screw diameters. The barrel around the grooved section has to be cooled to avoid plastic from melting in the grooved section; the plastic can degrade if melt collects in the grooves. There are a number of advantages associated with grooved feed extruders, including: The output of grooved feed extruders is less dependent on pressure. The stability of the extrusion process tends to improve. output of grooved feed extruders tends to be higher than that of smooth bore Grooved feed extruders allow extrusion of some very high molecular wei plastics, such as very high molecular weight PE As always, there are some disadvantages as well, such as: The grooved barrel section has to be cooled well enought to avo melting of the plastic in the grooves; this reduces energy efficiency and adds to the complexity of the extruder. The stresses that occur in the grooved region can be quite high, making the grooves susceptible to wear. The grooves have to be m ade out of a wear resistant material to avoid high rates of wear. The pressures that occur in the grooved section can be quite high, in the range of 70 to 140 MPA (10.000 to 20.000 psi). The barrel has to be designed to withstand these high pressures. screw design rules for grooved feed extruders are quite different from the rules for smooth bore extruders. Thus, grooved feed extruders require special screw designs. The use of conventional screw designs in grooved feed extruder can lead to a number of p roblems, such as overheating of the plastic, screw, With a grooved barrel section, the motor load increases and with it, the torsional load on the extruder screw. GROOVED FEED EXTRUDER & FRICTION’S COEFFICIENT MACHINE BRIAN CORTÉS & CARLOS BARTOLOMÉ 22 . There is here some information to The driving force the conveying process is the frictional force at the barrel surface. The frictional force can be affected by adjusting the barrel temperature in the first one or two ver, the effect of barrel temperature is usually small. Another method of increasing barrel temperature is to machine grooves into the barrel surface; this has strong effect on the feeding characteristics of the extruder. The grooves xial direction with a length of several screw diameters. The barrel around the grooved section has to be cooled to avoid plastic from melting in the grooved section; the plastic can degrade if melt collects in the grooves. associated with grooved feed extruders, including: The output of grooved feed extruders is less dependent on pressure. The stability output of grooved feed extruders tends to be higher than that of smooth bore Grooved feed extruders allow extrusion of some very high molecular wei ght The grooved barrel section has to be cooled well enought to avo id premature melting of the plastic in the grooves; this reduces energy efficiency and adds to The stresses that occur in the grooved region can be quite high, making the ade out of a wear resistant The pressures that occur in the grooved section can be quite high, in the range of 70 to 140 MPA (10.000 to 20.000 psi). The barrel has to be designed to screw design rules for grooved feed extruders are quite different from the rules for smooth bore extruders. Thus, grooved feed extruders require special screw designs. The use of conventional screw designs in grooved feed extruder roblems, such as overheating of the plastic, screw, With a grooved barrel section, the motor load increases and with it, the torsional
GROOVED FEED EXTRUDER & FRICTION’S COEFFICIENT MACHINE Conventional extruders without grooved barrel sections can generally be modified t take advantage of the improved feeding with grooves. Most extru feed throat housing that is water cooled to make sure the heat from the extruder barrel does not heat the region around the feed opening. Th a grooved liner; in many cases this is a rather straightforward modification. Considering that most extruder stability problems originate in the solids conveying zone, a grooved feed throat can have a strong positive effect on extruder performance. Fig. 1.1.3: Typical conventional and grooved feed extruder pressure distributions in a 45 mm diameter extruder. We should remember that conveying can be improved not only by increasing the barrel friction, but also by reducing the screw fricti screw temperature, and by the screw material. Screw design features that reduce screw friction are: single flighted geometry (avoid multiple flights) large flight radius large helix angle Reducing screw fric tion can o This can be done by coring the screw and circulating a heat transfer fluid inside the screw, usually oil. Another method of heating the screw is to put a cartridge heater inside the screw. Power to the heater can the shank of the screw. Finally, the surface friction of the screw can be reduced by GROOVED FEED EXTRUDER & FRICTION’S COEFFICIENT MACHINE BRIAN CORTÉS & CARLOS BARTOLOMÉ Conventional extruders without grooved barrel sections can generally be modified t take advantage of the improved feeding with grooves. Most extru ders have a separate housing that is water cooled to make sure the heat from the extruder barrel does not heat the region around the feed opening. Th e feed throat can be equipped, a grooved liner; in many cases this is a rather straightforward modification. Considering that most extruder stability problems originate in the solids conveying zone, a grooved feed throat can have a strong positive effect on extruder performance. Typical conventional and grooved feed extruder pressure distributions in a 45 mm diameter extruder. We should remember that conveying can be improved not only by increasing the barrel friction, but also by reducing the screw fricti on. This can be done by screw design, screw temperature, and by the screw material. Screw design features that reduce screw single flighted geometry (avoid multiple flights) large flight radius large helix angle tion can o ften be achieved by internal screw heating. This can be done by coring the screw and circulating a heat transfer fluid inside the screw, usually oil. Another method of heating the screw is to put a cartridge heater inside the screw. Power to the heater can be supplied throught a slipring assembly at the shank of the screw. Finally, the surface friction of the screw can be reduced by GROOVED FEED EXTRUDER & FRICTION’S COEFFICIENT MACHINE BRIAN CORTÉS & CARLOS BARTOLOMÉ 23 Conventional extruders without grooved barrel sections can generally be modified t o ders have a separate housing that is water cooled to make sure the heat from the extruder barrel e feed throat can be equipped, with a grooved liner; in many cases this is a rather straightforward modification. Considering that most extruder stability problems originate in the solids conveying zone, a grooved Typical conventional and grooved feed extruder pressure We should remember that conveying can be improved not only by increasing the barrel on. This can be done by screw design, screw temperature, and by the screw material. Screw design features that reduce screw ften be achieved by internal screw heating. This can be done by coring the screw and circulating a heat transfer fluid inside the screw, usually oil. Another method of heating the screw is to put a cartridge heater ring assembly at the shank of the screw. Finally, the surface friction of the screw can be reduced by
GROOVED FEED EXTRUDER & FRICTION’S COEFFICIENT MACHINE applying a coating to the screw or a surface treatment. The following coatings and surface treatments have been used: PTFE im pregnated nickel plating PTFE/chrome plating titaniumnitride boronnitride tungstendisulfide(WS2) Catalytic surface conversion (e.g. J The advantage of a low friction coating extends beyond improved conveying along the screw. It reduces the tendency and makes it easier to clean the screw. These coating can also be used for extrusion dies, particularly the inside surfaces of the die channel in contact with the plastic melt. The advantages here are reduced pressure drop in the die, improved surface quality of the extruded product, and reduced tendency of material to build up at the die exit. The last problem is often referred to as die drool or beard formation. Extruders with a grooved feed sect 1969, and are called grooved feed extruders. To avoid excessive pressures that can be lead to barrel or screw failure, the length of the grooved barrel section must be not exceed 3.5D. A schematic diagram of the presented in Fig. 1.4. The key factors that propelled the development and refinement of the grooved feed extruder were processing problems, excessive melt temperature, and reduced productivity caused high visc high molecular weight polyethylenes and polypropylenes. In a grooved feed extruder, the conveying and pressure build the feed section. The high pressures in the feed section (Fig. advantages over conventional systems. With grooved feed systems, higher productivity and higher melt flow stability and pressure invariance can be achieved. This is demonstrated with the screw characteristic curves in Fig. 1.5, which characteristic curves for a 45 mm diameter grooved feed extruder with comparable mixing sections and die openings as shown in Fig.1.2. GROOVED FEED EXTRUDER & FRICTION’S COEFFICIENT MACHINE BRIAN CORTÉS & CARLOS BARTOLOMÉ applying a coating to the screw or a surface treatment. The following coatings and surface treatments have been used: pregnated nickel plating PTFE/chrome plating nitride nitride disulfide(WS2) Catalytic surface conversion (e.g. J -Tex) The advantage of a low friction coating extends beyond improved conveying along the screw. It reduces the tendency of the plastic to hang up or build up on the screw surface and makes it easier to clean the screw. These coating can also be used for extrusion dies, particularly the inside surfaces of the die channel in contact with the plastic melt. The are reduced pressure drop in the die, improved surface quality of the extruded product, and reduced tendency of material to build up at the die exit. The last problem is often referred to as die drool or beard formation. Extruders with a grooved feed sect ion where developed by Menges and Predöhl in 1969, and are called grooved feed extruders. To avoid excessive pressures that can be lead to barrel or screw failure, the length of the grooved barrel section must be not exceed 3.5D. A schematic diagram of the grooved section in a single screw extruder is presented in Fig. 1.4. The key factors that propelled the development and refinement of the grooved feed extruder were processing problems, excessive melt temperature, and reduced productivity caused high visc osity and low coefficients of friction typical of high molecular weight polyethylenes and polypropylenes. In a grooved feed extruder, the conveying and pressure build - up tasks are assigned to the feed section. The high pressures in the feed section (Fig. 1.3) lead to the main advantages over conventional systems. With grooved feed systems, higher productivity and higher melt flow stability and pressure invariance can be achieved. This is demonstrated with the screw characteristic curves in Fig. 1.5, which characteristic curves for a 45 mm diameter grooved feed extruder with comparable mixing sections and die openings as shown in Fig.1.2. Fig. 1.14: Schematic diagram of the grooved feed section of a single screw extruder. GROOVED FEED EXTRUDER & FRICTION’S COEFFICIENT MACHINE BRIAN CORTÉS & CARLOS BARTOLOMÉ 24 applying a coating to the screw or a surface treatment. The following coatings and The advantage of a low friction coating extends beyond improved conveying along the of the plastic to hang up or build up on the screw surface and makes it easier to clean the screw. These coating can also be used for extrusion dies, particularly the inside surfaces of the die channel in contact with the plastic melt. The are reduced pressure drop in the die, improved surface quality of the extruded product, and reduced tendency of material to build up at the die exit. The last ion where developed by Menges and Predöhl in 1969, and are called grooved feed extruders. To avoid excessive pressures that can be lead to barrel or screw failure, the length of the grooved barrel section must be not grooved section in a single screw extruder is presented in Fig. 1.4. The key factors that propelled the development and refinement of the grooved feed extruder were processing problems, excessive melt temperature, and osity and low coefficients of friction typical of up tasks are assigned to 1.3) lead to the main advantages over conventional systems. With grooved feed systems, higher productivity and higher melt flow stability and pressure invariance can be achieved. This is demonstrated with the screw characteristic curves in Fig. 1.5, which presents screw characteristic curves for a 45 mm diameter grooved feed extruder with comparable Schematic diagram of the grooved feed section of a single screw
GROOVED FEED EXTRUDER & FRICTION’S COEFFICIENT MACHINE Fig. 1.15: Screw and die characteristic curves for a grooved feed 45 mm diameter extruder for an PE 1.7 USEFUL PLASTICS Typical plastic materials that are used in extrusion include but are not limited to: polyethylene, polypropylene nitrile butadiene styrene (ABS) and Polyethylene or polythene widely used plastic , with an annual production of approximately 80 million metric tons. Its primary use is within packaging (n Polypropylene (PP ), also known as the chemical industry and used in a wide variety of applications, including packaging, textiles plastic parts and reusable containers of various types, laboratory equipment, loudspeakers , automotive com polymer made from the monomer many chemical solvents, bases and acids. Acetal (also called polyacetal), that require high stiffness, low friction and excellent dimensional stability. GROOVED FEED EXTRUDER & FRICTION’S COEFFICIENT MACHINE BRIAN CORTÉS & CARLOS BARTOLOMÉ Screw and die characteristic curves for a grooved feed 45 mm diameter extruder for an PE -LD. PLASTICS Typical plastic materials that are used in extrusion include but are not limited polypropylene , acetal, acrylic, nylon (polyamides), polystyrene (ABS) and polycarbonate. polythene (IUPAC name polyethene or poly(methylene) , with an annual production of approximately 80 million metric Its primary use is within packaging (n otably the plastic shopping bag ), also known as polypropene, is a thermoplastic polymer and used in a wide variety of applications, textiles (e.g. ropes , thermal underwear and carpets), plastic parts and reusable containers of various types, laboratory , automotive com ponents, and polymer banknotes made from the monomer propylene , it is rugged and unusually resistant to many chemical solvents, bases and acids. (also called polyacetal), is an engineering thermoplastic used in precision parts that require high stiffness, low friction and excellent dimensional stability. GROOVED FEED EXTRUDER & FRICTION’S COEFFICIENT MACHINE BRIAN CORTÉS & CARLOS BARTOLOMÉ 25 Screw and die characteristic curves for a grooved feed 45 mm Typical plastic materials that are used in extrusion include but are not limited polystyrene , acrylo poly(methylene) ) is the most , with an annual production of approximately 80 million metric plastic shopping bag ). polymer , made by and used in a wide variety of applications, , thermal underwear and carpets), stationery, plastic parts and reusable containers of various types, laboratory polymer banknotes . An addition , it is rugged and unusually resistant to used in precision parts that require high stiffness, low friction and excellent dimensional stability.
GROOVED FEED EXTRUDER & FRICTION’S COEFFICIENT MACHINE Our Extruder Plastics Density [kg/m³] PE - HD 580 PE - LD 560 PE - LLD 530 PA 6 655 PC 670 Table 1.5 : Density & Ma ss The second graphic reveals also the same meaning, but with the values of our extruder, which is smaller . The cylinder diameter (barrel) is 0,05m and the screw diameter is 0,04 m. This graphic works in the same way, so we can see that the lowest mass flow is PET and HIPS is the plastic with the higher . Finally, we can say that the proportionality between that magnitudes is clear: when the density of the plastic is higher, then the mass flow increases too. Graphic 1.2 : It represents the Mass flow depen 0 5 10 15 20 25 0 Mass Flow [kg/h] Graphic Density GROOVED FEED EXTRUDER & FRICTION’S COEFFICIENT MACHINE BRIAN CORTÉS & CARLOS BARTOLOMÉ Mass Flow Plastics Density Mass Flow [Kg/h] [kg/m³] [Kg/h] 16,09 PET 500 13,87 15,53 PP 530 14,7 14,7 PS 640 17,75 18,17 HI - PS 690 19,14 18,58 ss flow from different plastics of our extruder second graphic reveals also the same meaning, but with the values of our extruder, which is smaller . The cylinder diameter (barrel) is 0,05m and the screw diameter is 0,04 m. This graphic works in the same way, so we can see that the lowest mass flow is PS is the plastic with the higher . Finally, we can say that the proportionality between that magnitudes is clear: when the density of the plastic is higher, then the mass flow increases too. It represents the Mass flow depen ding on his density in our extruder PE-LD PE PP PET PE-LLD 100 200 300 400 500 Density [kg/m³] Graphic Density - Mass Flow (Our extruder) GROOVED FEED EXTRUDER & FRICTION’S COEFFICIENT MACHINE BRIAN CORTÉS & CARLOS BARTOLOMÉ 32 Mass Flow [Kg/h] 13,87 14,7 17,75 19,14 second graphic reveals also the same meaning, but with the values of our extruder, which is smaller . The cylinder diameter (barrel) is 0,05m and the screw diameter is 0,04 m. This graphic works in the same way, so we can see that the lowest mass flow is Finally, we can say that the proportionality between that magnitudes is clear: when the ding on his density in our extruder PE -HD PC PS PA5 HI-PS 600 700 800 Mass Flow (Our extruder)
GROOVED FEED EXTRUDER & FRICTION’S COEFFICIENT MACHINE 1.9 COCLUSIOS In this part of the project, we could grooved feed extruder. We saw all his parts and functions, and we could experiment trying to make the first part o wheels with different diameters that the density of the plastic On the other hand, we saw how is th for a lot of things in our life, w Also, we studied the variety of plastics we can use in this machine and the different efficiency of each one. GROOVED FEED EXTRUDER & FRICTION’S COEFFICIENT MACHINE BRIAN CORTÉS & CARLOS BARTOLOMÉ In this part of the project, we could understand how works an extruder, and deeply, a grooved feed extruder. We saw all his parts and functions, and we could experiment trying to make the first part o f a extruder, the conveying zone. Also, we made different wheels with different diameters to change the revolutions of the screw. We could see that the density of the plastic s is so important for t he mass flow produced. On the other hand, we saw how is th is machine important nowadays, and why is useful lot of things in our life, w e can’t forget that several stuff is made from plastic. Also, we studied the variety of plastics we can use in this machine and the different GROOVED FEED EXTRUDER & FRICTION’S COEFFICIENT MACHINE BRIAN CORTÉS & CARLOS BARTOLOMÉ 33 understand how works an extruder, and deeply, a grooved feed extruder. We saw all his parts and functions, and we could experiment f a extruder, the conveying zone. Also, we made different change the revolutions of the screw. We could see he mass flow produced. is machine important nowadays, and why is useful e can’t forget that several stuff is made from plastic. Also, we studied the variety of plastics we can use in this machine and the different
GROOVED FEED EXTRUDER & FRICTION’S COEFFICIENT MACHINE 2. FRICTIO’S COEFFICIET 2.1 ITRODUCTIO There are a lot of kind of plastics, and of course, each one with different characteristics. One of these characteristics is the friction that offers between themselves. We thought the n, that was a good topic to include and to work in because the friction is important in his process. Also, in this theme we could do more experimental part, that’s really what we were interested on. This part consist in t he construction of a plastic friction’ s omething useful for take the resistance different plastics ,test them, and get their friction’s coeffi theorycal ones. The idea of the machine was given from our tutor Müller seems easy to construct , but it is not, at all. We could get profit so much even the simplicity of the machine. GROOVED FEED EXTRUDER & FRICTION’S COEFFICIENT MACHINE BRIAN CORTÉS & CARLOS BARTOLOMÉ 2. FRICTIO’S COEFFICIET 2.1 ITRODUCTIO There are a lot of kind of plastics, and of course, each one with different characteristics. One of these characteristics is the friction that offers between themselves. We thought n, that was a good topic to include and to work in this project after the extruder, because the friction is important in his process. Also, in this theme we could do more experimental part, that’s really what we were interested on. he construction of a plastic friction’ s coefficient machine, omething useful for take the resistance offered in the same plastic. Then, choose different plastics ,test them, and get their friction’s coeffi cient to compare with the of the machine was given from our tutor Müller seems easy to construct , but it is not, at all. We could get profit so much even the GROOVED FEED EXTRUDER & FRICTION’S COEFFICIENT MACHINE BRIAN CORTÉS & CARLOS BARTOLOMÉ 34 There are a lot of kind of plastics, and of course, each one with different characteristics. One of these characteristics is the friction that offers between themselves. We thought this project after the extruder, because the friction is important in his process. Also, in this theme we could do more s coefficient machine, offered in the same plastic. Then, choose cient to compare with the of the machine was given from our tutor Müller -Roosen, it seems easy to construct , but it is not, at all. We could get profit so much even the
GROOVED FEED EXTRUDER & FRICTION’S COEFFICIENT MACHINE 2.2 FRICTIO COEFFICIET MACHIE With this construction we wan consist in 1 cylinder of 50x30 mm of plexiglass glued with a plastic platform at the base, and one more cylinder with the same characteristics not glued in the top on the first cylinder. In this s econd one, there is one stuck screw with a hole in it allows the measurement with the different Newtometers. Then, we made from steel, one base with the same shape like the plexiglass cylinder but the diameter 1 mm less , one bar way and 43 wheels more of get 4 different measurements, then 1kg maximum. The way was to fill the 2 cylinders (the only above the other glued) top, and then put the desired weight above. After that, place the dynamometer in the screw hole and start making force till his first movement, the read the measurement. This system with the all the five plastics and all the possible weights. Picture 2.1: Cylinder glued GROOVED FEED EXTRUDER & FRICTION’S COEFFICIENT MACHINE BRIAN CORTÉS & CARLOS BARTOLOMÉ FRICTIO COEFFICIET MACHIE With this construction we wan ted to calculate the friction coefficient. The construction consist in 1 cylinder of 50x30 mm of plexiglass glued with a plastic platform at the base, and one more cylinder with the same characteristics not glued in the top on the econd one, there is one stuck screw with a hole in it allows the measurement with the different Newtometers. Then, we made from steel, one base with the same shape like the plexiglass cylinder but , one bar from aluminum screwed on that ba se in perpendicular wheels more of 200 gram like the base and the b ar together. So, we could different measurements, then 1kg maximum. The way was to fill the 2 cylinders (the only above the other glued) from plastic till top, and then put the desired weight above. After that, place the dynamometer in the screw hole and start making force till his first movement, the read the measurement. This system with the all the five plastics and all the possible weights. Cylinder glued . Picture 2.2: Different cylinders GROOVED FEED EXTRUDER & FRICTION’S COEFFICIENT MACHINE BRIAN CORTÉS & CARLOS BARTOLOMÉ 35 ted to calculate the friction coefficient. The construction consist in 1 cylinder of 50x30 mm of plexiglass glued with a plastic platform at the base, and one more cylinder with the same characteristics not glued in the top on the econd one, there is one stuck screw with a hole in it , which Then, we made from steel, one base with the same shape like the plexiglass cylinder but se in perpendicular ar together. So, we could from plastic till the top, and then put the desired weight above. After that, place the dynamometer in the screw hole and start making force till his first movement, the read the measurement. Different cylinders
GROOVED FEED EXTRUDER & FRICTION’S COEFFICIENT MACHINE 2.3 CALCULATIO OF THE DESITY OF DIFFERET POLYMERS We calculate the densities from different polymers the friction coefficient. We took a measurer jug, and we just put 1 litter of the polymer that we wanted to calculate. Then, we weigh the other way the measurer jug alone. When we got all the weights from the whole weight and the result was divided by 1l, as the next formula shows. The following densities are the results from the different polymers: POLYPROPYLEE MOPLE. EP 340 QK – HE1452 102 Weight of: Measurement jug: 169,18g Measure ment jug with polymer: 760,64g So the weight of the polymer is Pt 169,18= 591,46 g Density: d = m / v 0,59146kg /1 POLYETHYLEE LDPE 1840 LYO.DELL BASELL Weight of: Measurement jug: 169,18g Measurement jug with po lymer: 713,80g So the weight of the polymer is Pt 169,18= 544,62 g Density: d = m / v 0,54462kg /1 kg/dm³ GROOVED FEED EXTRUDER & FRICTION’S COEFFICIENT MACHINE BRIAN CORTÉS & CARLOS BARTOLOMÉ CALCULATIO OF THE DESITY OF DIFFERET We calculate the densities from different polymers because we need ed the friction coefficient. We took a measurer jug, and we just put 1 litter of the polymer that we wanted to calculate. Then, we weigh the jug with the polymer inside, and in other way the measurer jug alone. When we got all the weights , we quit the jug w from the whole weight and the result was divided by 1l, as the next formula shows. densities are the results from the different polymers: HE1452 102 ment jug with polymer: 760,64g So the weight of the polymer is Pt -Pj =760,64 - 0,59146kg /1 dm³= 0,59146 kg/dm³ LDPE 1840 lymer: 713,80g So the weight of the polymer is Pt -Pj =713,80 - 0,54462kg /1 dm³= 0,54462 P i c t u P i c t u r e 2 GROOVED FEED EXTRUDER & FRICTION’S COEFFICIENT MACHINE BRIAN CORTÉS & CARLOS BARTOLOMÉ 36 CALCULATIO OF THE DESITY OF DIFFERET ed it to calculate the friction coefficient. We took a measurer jug, and we just put 1 litter of the polymer jug with the polymer inside, and in quit the jug w eight from the whole weight and the result was divided by 1l, as the next formula shows. u r e 2 . 3 : Polypropylene 2 . 4 : Polyethylene
GROOVED FEED EXTRUDER & FRICTION’S COEFFICIENT MACHINE 0075 BASE POLYSTYROL 158K GLASKAR 0013 KG21 ABL..R.78 Weight of: Measurement jug: 169,18g Measurem ent jug with polymer: 826,60g So the weight of the polymer is Pt 169,18= 657,42 g Density: d = m / v 0,65742kg /1 kg/dm³ XK41 3360552 Weight of: Measurement jug: 169,18g Measurement jug with polymer: 826,10g So the weight of the polymer is Pt 169,18= 656,92 g Density: d = m / v 0,65692kg /1 kg/dm³ POLYPROPYLEE GB306SAF Weight of: Measurement jug: 169,18g Measurement jug with polymer: So the weight of the polymer is Pt 169,18= 614,97 g Density: d = m / v 0, kg/dm³ GROOVED FEED EXTRUDER & FRICTION’S COEFFICIENT MACHINE BRIAN CORTÉS & CARLOS BARTOLOMÉ 0075 BASE POLYSTYROL 158K GLASKAR 0013 KG21 ABL..R.78 -432-0 COLLI-NR ent jug with polymer: 826,60g So the weight of the polymer is Pt -Pj =826,80 - 0,65742kg /1 dm³= 0,65742 Measurement jug with polymer: 826,10g of the polymer is Pt -Pj =826,10 - 0,65692kg /1 dm³= 0,65692 POLYPROPYLEE GB306SAF Measurement jug with polymer: 784,15g So the weight of the polymer is Pt -Pj =784,15 - 0, 61497kg /1dm³= 0,61497 P i c t u r e 2 . 5 P i c t u r e 2 . 6 : P i c t u r e 2 . 7 GROOVED FEED EXTRUDER & FRICTION’S COEFFICIENT MACHINE BRIAN CORTÉS & CARLOS BARTOLOMÉ 37 5 : Polystyrol : xk41 7 : Polypropylene
GROOVED FEED EXTRUDER & FRICTION’S COEFFICIENT MACHINE 2.4 PARTS OF THE FRICTIO’S COEFFICIET Fig 2.1: Theorycal friction coefficient machine The mast base: has the task to hold weighs 200 g. it is formed by 1 cylinder of steel and the mast screwed from aluminum. Weights : There are 3 cylindrical pieces made from steel. These pieces weigh 200g each one to make easier the different calculations. GROOVED FEED EXTRUDER & FRICTION’S COEFFICIENT MACHINE BRIAN CORTÉS & CARLOS BARTOLOMÉ PARTS OF THE FRICTIO’S COEFFICIET Theorycal friction coefficient machine . has the task to hold the different weights. It is made of aluminum g. it is formed by 1 cylinder of steel and the mast screwed from aluminum. : There are 3 cylindrical pieces made from steel. These pieces weigh 200g each one to make easier the different calculations. GROOVED FEED EXTRUDER & FRICTION’S COEFFICIENT MACHINE BRIAN CORTÉS & CARLOS BARTOLOMÉ 38 It is made of aluminum and g. it is formed by 1 cylinder of steel and the mast screwed from aluminum. : There are 3 cylindrical pieces made from steel. These pieces weigh 200g each
GROOVED FEED EXTRUDER & FRICTION’S COEFFICIENT MACHINE Plexiglass cylinders: Two cylinders of plexiglass, one glued in a grid base and the other one notglued and contain a hole in the middle because one screw is screwed in. Screw : The screw is made from steel. Contain a hole in it, used to put the end of the Newtom eter to allow the calculation of the Fr. Newtometers : Were used 4 kinds of newtometers: till 1N, 2N, 5N, 10N. We used which was more appropiate in every case. GROOVED FEED EXTRUDER & FRICTION’S COEFFICIENT MACHINE BRIAN CORTÉS & CARLOS BARTOLOMÉ Two cylinders of plexiglass, one glued in a grid base and the other glued and contain a hole in the middle because one screw is screwed in. : The screw is made from steel. Contain a hole in it, used to put the end of the eter to allow the calculation of the Fr. : Were used 4 kinds of newtometers: till 1N, 2N, 5N, 10N. We used which was more appropiate in every case. GROOVED FEED EXTRUDER & FRICTION’S COEFFICIENT MACHINE BRIAN CORTÉS & CARLOS BARTOLOMÉ 39 Two cylinders of plexiglass, one glued in a grid base and the other glued and contain a hole in the middle because one screw is screwed in. : The screw is made from steel. Contain a hole in it, used to put the end of the : Were used 4 kinds of newtometers: till 1N, 2N, 5N, 10N. We used which
GROOVED FEED EXTRUDER & FRICTION’S COEFFICIENT MACHINE BRIAN CORTÉS & CARLOS BARTOLOMÉ GROOVED FEED EXTRUDER & FRICTION’S COEFFICIENT MACHINE BRIAN CORTÉS & CARLOS BARTOLOMÉ 40
GROOVED FEED EXTRUDER & FRICTION’S COEFFICIENT MACHINE BRIAN CORTÉS & CARLOS BARTOLOMÉ GROOVED FEED EXTRUDER & FRICTION’S COEFFICIENT MACHINE BRIAN CORTÉS & CARLOS BARTOLOMÉ 41
GROOVED FEED EXTRUDER & FRICTION’S COEFFICIENT MACHINE 3. BIBLIOGRAPHY E- book : Extrusion of polym E- book: Polymer extrusion: written by Chris Rauwendaal http://en.wikipedia.org http://www.extrudex.de MASTER STUDIENGANG KUNSTSTOFFTECHNK I TEIL Einschneckenextruder by M. Müller Roosen Der Einschneckenextruder: Grunlagen und Systemoptimierung by Gerhard A. Martin Principles of Polymer Processing. Second edition by Zehev Tadmor and Costas G. Gogos. Editorial: Wiley- Interscience Polymer Processing: Modeling and Simulation. By Tim Osswald – Ortiz. Editorial: Hanser http://www.goodfellow.com GROOVED FEED EXTRUDER & FRICTION’S COEFFICIENT MACHINE BRIAN CORTÉS & CARLOS BARTOLOMÉ book : Extrusion of polym ers: theory and practice book: Polymer extrusion: written by Chris Rauwendaal MASTER STUDIENGANG KUNSTSTOFFTECHNK HDA DARMSTADT TEIL Einschneckenextruder by M. Müller Roosen Einschneckenextruder: Grunlagen und Systemoptimierung by Gerhard A. Martin Principles of Polymer Processing. Second edition by Zehev Tadmor and Costas G. Interscience Polymer Processing: Modeling and Simulation. By Tim Osswald and Juan P. Hernández http://www.goodfellow.com GROOVED FEED EXTRUDER & FRICTION’S COEFFICIENT MACHINE BRIAN CORTÉS & CARLOS BARTOLOMÉ 48 HDA DARMSTADT KT Einschneckenextruder: Grunlagen und Systemoptimierung by Gerhard A. Martin Principles of Polymer Processing. Second edition by Zehev Tadmor and Costas G. and Juan P. Hernández
4. AEXES (Excel extruder) PE_HD Annex 1– our extruder GROOVED FEED EXTRUDER & FRICTION’S COEFFICIENT MACHINE BRIAN CORTÉS & CARLOS BARTOLOMÉ GROOVED FEED EXTRUDER & FRICTION’S COEFFICIENT MACHINE BRIAN CORTÉS & CARLOS BARTOLOMÉ 49
PELD Annex 1– our extruder GROOVED FEED EXTRUDER & FRICTION’S COEFFICIENT MACHINE BRIAN CORTÉS & CARLOS BARTOLOMÉ GROOVED FEED EXTRUDER & FRICTION’S COEFFICIENT MACHINE BRIAN CORTÉS & CARLOS BARTOLOMÉ 50
PE-LLD Annex 1– our extruder GROOVED FEED EXTRUDER & FRICTION’S COEFFICIENT MACHINE BRIAN CORTÉS & CARLOS BARTOLOMÉ our extruder GROOVED FEED EXTRUDER & FRICTION’S COEFFICIENT MACHINE BRIAN CORTÉS & CARLOS BARTOLOMÉ 51
PA 6 Annex 1– our extruder GROOVED FEED EXTRUDER & FRICTION’S COEFFICIENT MACHINE BRIAN CORTÉS & CARLOS BARTOLOMÉ GROOVED FEED EXTRUDER & FRICTION’S COEFFICIENT MACHINE BRIAN CORTÉS & CARLOS BARTOLOMÉ 52
PET Annex 1– our extruder GROOVED FEED EXTRUDER & FRICTION’S COEFFICIENT MACHINE BRIAN CORTÉS & CARLOS BARTOLOMÉ GROOVED FEED EXTRUDER & FRICTION’S COEFFICIENT MACHINE BRIAN CORTÉS & CARLOS BARTOLOMÉ 53
PP A nnex 1– our extruder GROOVED FEED EXTRUDER & FRICTION’S COEFFICIENT MACHINE BRIAN CORTÉS & CARLOS BARTOLOMÉ GROOVED FEED EXTRUDER & FRICTION’S COEFFICIENT MACHINE BRIAN CORTÉS & CARLOS BARTOLOMÉ 54
PS Annex 1– our extruder GROOVED FEED EXTRUDER & FRICTION’S COEFFICIENT MACHINE BRIAN CORTÉS & CARLOS BARTOLOMÉ GROOVED FEED EXTRUDER & FRICTION’S COEFFICIENT MACHINE BRIAN CORTÉS & CARLOS BARTOLOMÉ 55
HI-PS Annex 1– our extruder GROOVED FEED EXTRUDER & FRICTION’S COEFFICIENT MACHINE BRIAN CORTÉS & CARLOS BARTOLOMÉ GROOVED FEED EXTRUDER & FRICTION’S COEFFICIENT MACHINE BRIAN CORTÉS & CARLOS BARTOLOMÉ 56
PC Annex 1– our extruder GROOVED FEED EXTRUDER & FRICTION’S COEFFICIENT MACHINE BRIAN CORTÉS & CARLOS BARTOLOMÉ GROOVED FEED EXTRUDER & FRICTION’S COEFFICIENT MACHINE BRIAN CORTÉS & CARLOS BARTOLOMÉ 57
PE-LLD ANNEX 2 (Predefined extrude) GROOVED FEED EXTRUDER & FRICTION’S COEFFICIENT MACHINE BRIAN CORTÉS & CARLOS BARTOLOMÉ ANNEX 2 (Predefined extrude) GROOVED FEED EXTRUDER & FRICTION’S COEFFICIENT MACHINE BRIAN CORTÉS & CARLOS BARTOLOMÉ 64
PE-LD ANNEX 2 (Predefined extrude) GROOVED FEED EXTRUDER & FRICTION’S COEFFICIENT MACHINE BRIAN CORTÉS & CARLOS BARTOLOMÉ ANNEX 2 (Predefined extrude) GROOVED FEED EXTRUDER & FRICTION’S COEFFICIENT MACHINE BRIAN CORTÉS & CARLOS BARTOLOMÉ 65
PE-HD ANNEX 2 (Predefined extrude) GROOVED FEED EXTRUDER & FRICTION’S COEFFICIENT MACHINE BRIAN CORTÉS & CARLOS BARTOLOMÉ ANNEX 2 (Predefined extrude) GROOVED FEED EXTRUDER & FRICTION’S COEFFICIENT MACHINE BRIAN CORTÉS & CARLOS BARTOLOMÉ 66
GROOVED FEED EXTRUDER & FRICTION’S COEFFICIENT MACHINE 4 ACKOWLEDGEMET We have to mention all the people that worked with us. The workers that helped us to make the pieces, to get the material and all the stuff to calculate and take measures. Specially, thanks to M. Müller Rossen to against the different problems we found. Tool shop where the pieces were made. GROOVED FEED EXTRUDER & FRICTION’S COEFFICIENT MACHINE BRIAN CORTÉS & CARLOS BARTOLOMÉ 4 ACKOWLEDGEMET We have to mention all the people that worked with us. The workers that helped us to the material and all the stuff to calculate and take measures. Specially, thanks to M. Müller Rossen to support us in everything and find solutions against the different problems we found. Tool shop where the pieces were made. GROOVED FEED EXTRUDER & FRICTION’S COEFFICIENT MACHINE BRIAN CORTÉS & CARLOS BARTOLOMÉ 67 We have to mention all the people that worked with us. The workers that helped us to the material and all the stuff to calculate and take measures. support us in everything and find solutions