Building diagnosis expert: a new professional profile for building and construction sector in Europe

A NEW PROFESSIONAL PROFILE FOR BUILDING AND CONSTRUCTION SECTOR IN EUROPE http://www.erasmus-diagnosis.eu Erasmus+ Program. Ref.: 2017-1-ES01-KA203-038254 BUILDING DIAGNOSIS EXPERT Erasmus+ Program. Ref.: 2017-1-ES01-KA203-038254 http://www.erasmus-diagnosis.eu A NEW PROFESSIONAL PROFILE FOR BUILDING AND CONSTRUCTION SECTOR IN EUROPE BUILDING DIAGNOSIS EXPERT Published by RehabiMed as Diagnosis Consortium. Av. Dr. Marañón, 50 - 08028 Barcelona [email protected] - http://www.erasmus-diagnosis.eu July 2019 Edition co-funded by the Erasmus+ Programme of the European Union. This publication reflects the views only of the authors, and the Commission cannot be held responsible for any use which may be made of the information contained therein. Promotor: Asociación RehabiMed Xavier Casanovas & Montserrat Casado Dr. Marañon 50 08028 Barcelona. Spain Tel: +34 689311758; E-mail: xavier[email protected] www.rehabimed.net Partners: Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya Joan Ramon Rosell & Montserrat Bosch Calle Jordi Girona 31 08034 Barcelona. Spain Tel: +34 934017126; E-mail: [email protected] www.upc.edu Università degli Studi di Ferrara Marcello Balzani & Fabiana Raco Via Ariosto 35 44121 Ferrara. Italy Tel: + 39 0532293204; E-mail: [email protected] www.unife.it Warsaw University of Technology. Civil Engineering Faculty Pawel Nowak & Jerzy Rosłon Armii Ludowej, 16 00-637 Warsaw. Poland Tel: +48 222346515; E-mail: [email protected].edu.pl www.il.pw.edu.pl Association of European Experts in Buildings and Construction Martin Russell-Croucher & Toni Floriach 198 High Street TN91BE Tonbridge. United Kingdom Tel: +44 2073343734; E-mail: [email protected] www.aeebc.org Polish Association of Building Managers Andrzej Minasowicz & Jacek Zawistowski Emilii Plater 18, 00-688 Warsaw. Poland Tel: +48 223260003; E-mail: [email protected] www.psmb.pl CENTOFORM Chiara Pancaldi & Alberto Gulinelli Via Nino Bixio 13 44042 Cento (Ferrara). Italy Tel: +39 0516830470; E-mail: [email protected] www.centoform.it DIAGNOSIS Project 2017-1-ES01-KA203-038254 DIAGNOSIS Innovating a crucial profession in building and construction sector in Europe Intellectual Output IO1: Comparative Research BUILDING DIAGNOSIS EXPERT A NEW PROFESSIONAL PROFILE FOR BUILDING AND CONSTRUCTION SECTOR IN EUROPE http://www.erasmus-diagnosis.eu Erasmus+ Program. Ref.: 2017-1-ES01-KA203-038254 The society of the 21st century is experiencing moments of constant technological and social changes that are totally modifying the services and benefits of the habitat where human beings carry out their activities. Likewise, on 25 September 2015, the United Nations approved Agenda 2030, defining the Sustainable Development Objectives for the next decade. From now on, our cities and towns must be sustainable, resilient, efficient, energy-efficient and non-polluting. Urban and architectural rehabilitation plays a key role in adapting the existing building stock to the new requirements of this more sustainable future. But an adequate response to these challenges can only be given if we deepen, as a previous action to any sustainable intervention, in the methods of analysis and evaluation of the current state of our neighbourhoods and buildings. For this reason, diagnosis is essential as a discipline, helping to understand the technological, constructive, social and economic complexity of our built realities, and offering really efficient lines of intervention in rehabilitation projects. Therefore, so that the work of the technicians can reach the rigor that the new times demand, it is absolutely necessary to increase training and specialization in this field, incorporating all those new areas of knowledge of today’s society. We therefore celebrate the results of the European Erasmus Plus Project “Diagnosis Innovating: a crucial profession in Building and construction sector”. It is a strategic action that has made it possible to advance in the redefinition of this discipline and reinforces the networking of the different international experts specialised in the field. Sandra Bestraten i Castells President of the Barcelona Architects’ Association of Catalonia La sociedad del siglo XXI vive momentos de constantes cambios tecnológicos y sociales que están modificando totalmente los servicios y prestaciones del hábitat donde el ser humano desarrolla su actividad. Asimismo, el 25 de septiembre de 2015, la Organización de Naciones Unidas aprobó la Agenda 2030, definiendo cuáles son los Objetivos de Desarrollo Sostenible en la próxima década. De ahora en adelante, nuestras ciudades y pueblos deben ser sostenibles, resilientes, eficientes, asequibles energéticamente y no contaminantes. La rehabilitación urbana y arquitectónica tiene un papel primordial en la adaptación del parque edificado existente a los nuevos requerimientos de este futuro más sostenible. Pero sólo se podrá dar una respuesta adecuada a estos retos si profundizamos, como acción previa a cualquier intervención sostenible, en los métodos de análisis y evaluación del estado actual de nuestros barrios y edificios. Por este motivo, la diagnosis es imprescindible como disciplina, ayudando a entender la complejidad tecnológica, constructiva, social y económica de nuestras realidades construidas, y ofreciendo líneas de intervención realmente eficientes en los proyectos de rehabilitación. Por lo tanto, para que el trabajo de los técnicos pueda alcanzar el rigor que exigen los nuevos tiempos, es del todo necesario aumentar la formación y especialización en este ámbito, incorporando todas aquellas nuevas áreas del conocimiento de la sociedad actual. Celebramos por tanto los resultados del Proyecto europeo Erasmus Plus Diagnosis Innovating: a crucial profesion in Building and construction sector. Porque es una acción estratégica que ha permitido avanzar en la redefinición de esta disciplina y refuerza el trabajo en red de los diferentes expertos internacionales especializados en la materia. Sandra Bestraten y Castells Presidenta de la Demarcación de Barcelona, Colegio de Arquitectos de Cataluña La societat del segle XXI viu moments de constants canvis tecnològics i socials que estan modificant totalment els serveis i prestacions de l’hàbitat on l’ésser humà desenvolupa la seva activitat. Alhora, el 25 de setembre de 2015 l’Organització de les Nacions Unides va aprovar l’Agenda 2030, definint quins són els Objectius de Desenvolupament Sostenible en la pròxima dècada. D’ara en endavant les nostres ciutats i pobles han de ser sostenibles, resilients, eficients, assequibles energèticament i no contaminants. La rehabilitació urbana y arquitectònica té un paper cabdal en l’adaptació del parc edificat existent als nous requeriments d’aquest futur més sostenible. Però, només es podrà donar una resposta adequada si aprofundim, com a acció prèvia a qualsevol intervenció sostenible, en els mètodes d’anàlisi i avaluació de l’estat actual dels nostres barris i edificis. És per aquest motiu que la diagnosi esdevé imprescindible com a disciplina, ajudant a entendre la complexitat tecnològica, constructiva, social i econòmica de les nostres realitats construïdes, i oferint línies d’intervenció realment eficients en els projectes de rehabilitació. Per tant, per a que el treball dels tècnics pugui assolir el rigor que exigeixen aquests nous temps, és del tot necessari augmentar la formació i especialització en aquest àmbit, incorporant totes aquelles noves àrees del coneixement de la societat actual. Celebrem doncs els resultats del Projecte europeu Erasmus Plus Diagnosis Innovating a crucial profession in Building and construction sector. Perquè és una acció estratègica que ha permès avançar en la redefinició d’aquesta disciplina i reforça el treball en xarxa dels diferents experts internacionals especialitzats en la matèria. Sandra Bestraten i Castells Presidenta de la Demarcació de Barcelona, Col·legi d’Arquitectes de Catalunya 16 An expert who can discuss with owners of existing buildings or their representatives (administrator/building managers) and at the same time with building and construction professionals, being the person who can use up-to-date technologies to analyse the building, detect and explain the needed interventions (i.e. for earthquakes prevention, for improving energy, structural and environmental comfort etc.). And this expert could - with specific sociopsychological and technical competences - inform and guide owners and building managers in planning interventions through an aware and informed decision based on real data on their specific building. The maintenance, the rehabilitation and the restoration of buildings require two complementary professional disciplines: one technological and linked to the engineering and other a heritage and aesthetic one linked to the architecture. The diagnosis has to lay out a very consistent technological base of calculation, energetic behaviour etc., always taking into account the building conception, and its aesthetic, historical and heritage values. In this sense the diagnosis expert, working on an existing building with a historical values, must be a technician who always shows a sensibility and respect toward the building. The quality of the diagnosis expert’s work is indispensable for the designer to realize a complete project that saves resources and time, and that improves the results of the rehabilitation or restoration. At EU level, DIAGNOSIS takes into account the Construction 2020 Strategy for the sustainable competitiveness of the construction sector and its enterprises (2012), in particular the related Action Plan aiming at the improvement of specialized training and making the sector more attractive and efficient. It is necessary to better anticipate future skills and qualification needs, to attract a sufficient number of students of relevant construction professions and to create the conditions for a better working environment and career management, for a greater mobility of construction workers and for wider provision of cross-border services. This document, “Building Diagnosis Expert. A new professional profile for building and construction sector in Europe”, presents a comparative research participated by all Partners developed within the DIAGNOSIS project and it is meant to be the shared knowledge baseline, the common state-of-the-art about the studies and profiles related to the Diagnosis activity. It is a comparative research on up-to-date technological tools/methodologies for building assessments and related professional qualification in the four countries. 19 Overview of the European Construction Market Most of the following text are from a published article1. The European construction market forecast has always been a complex task for analysts owing to the many different players in the region. However, recent times have seen the European construction market on a path of steady growth. Until 2008, market prospects were relatively bleak, given the economic downturn. However, recent developments and an economic turnaround suggest a positive outlook for the near future. Since 2014, GDP for nearly all EU countries is growing. It is therefore unsurprising, that the future of the European construction market looks bright. Our research analysts predict that construction activity will increase again from 2015, with the growth of up to 3% per annum. 1 Seyed Hasan. Europe Construction Market Forecast from 2015 to 2020. Building radar ANALYSIS OF THE BUILDING AND CONSTRUCTION SECTOR IN SPAIN, ITALY, UK AND POLAND 2 GDP & Total Construction Output from 2014 (Euroconstruct November 2018]) 20 European Construction Market Forecast (short-term) We researched short-term growth patterns across the European construction market. Our analysts predict the market will stabilise in some countries in preparation for long-term future growth. In other countries, markets will continue in a steady pattern of growth. Further Partners looked into different sectors of the construction industry, which are expected to prosper in the near future, and it is expected to have a steady growth pattern. 2015 was a very important year for the construction industry in Europe.2 2 Seyed Hasan. Europe Construction Market Forecast from 2015 to 2020. Building radar (Euroconstruct November 2018) Total output development by market segments – % growth rate in real terms (source Euroconstruct November 2018) 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 New Residential -4 0,1 2,6 4,7 3,7 5,0 6,2 7,6 New Non-residential -5,2 0,6 2,7 2,1 2,3 3,1 4,1 4,7 Building R&M -0,3 1,4 1,6 1,1 1,4 1,8 2,2 2,6 Civil Engineering -4,2 1,4 2,2 2,6 2,7 3,7 4,4 4,9 Total -2,7 1 2,1 2,2 2,2 2,9 3,6 4,2 21 European renovation market When analysing the Euroconstruct report from 2018, it is clear that each year; the construction renovation market is becoming more and more important when compared to the new building market. The diagram below shows that in 2018 the construction renovation market accounted for 50% of the entire construction market, which means that it is as important as new construction. The figure below also shows that the greatest need for renovation is in housing. According to the statistics presented in the Euroconstruct 2018 report, the increase in renovation in housing will be as large as the growth of new housing construction. The construction renovation market is becoming more and more important when compared to the new building market 22 European Construction Market Forecast (long-term) The European Commission’s Action Plan: Construction 20203 The future and outlook for the construction industry looks bright and promising, in part because the European Commission wants the construction industry to stabilise and grow once again. In 2013, a “Construction 2020” Action Plan was established with the aim of ensuring that the industry becomes more competitive and experiences sustainable growth in the short and long run. The Construction 2020 Action Plan is a comprehensive plan, which outlines a strategy for “sustainable competitiveness of the construction sector and its enterprises” featuring key pillars of competitiveness and efficiency. The plan has 5 objectives: 1. Securing investment for renovation 2. Human capital 3. Resource efficiency 4. Improving the internal market for construction 5. Remaining competitive in the global industry The European Building Conference (EBC) has welcomed this project and is in cooperation with the EU to work on key measures for to promote growth in the construction industry in Europe, and make it more attractive. The Construction 2020 Action Plan supports SMEs in the construction industry, by encouraging them to expand in the low carbon refurbishment market through financial and other incentive schemes. It also encourages a level playing field among SMEs to promote competitiveness, in particular through the Build Up Skill programme, a valuable self-improvement tool for business. Technological Developments in Europe A major goal in the EU is to promote green energy and encourage “smart infrastructure”. Policy aims include investing in technology, fostering innovation in the construction industry. Our research indicates that Europe has some of the most advanced energy efficient measures for the development of infrastructure. All these measures are part of the EU’s strategy to promote eco-innovation and environmentally friendly techniques for development and infrastructure. Predictions for the Future Generally, the European construction market shows a trend of steady growth, although some regions 3 Seyed Hasan. Europe Construction Market Forecast from 2015 to 2020. Building radar 23 may not experience growth as quickly as others. Measures such as the Construction 2020 Action Plan and eco-innovation policy indicate the EU has and will continue to provide key facilities and incentives to provide stability and encourage growth. According to the Euroconstruct report of November 20184, the Spanish economy suffered from the global economic slowdown and entered a phase of lower growth. With consumption and exports losing traction, the vigorous growth rate of the 2015-17 triennium can no longer be maintained. After observing signs of fatigue in many economic indicators, it must be thought if the construction sector can also be dragged. Obviously, the construction is not immune to economic cooling, but so far hardly any reaction has been perceived and employment in construction continued to grow more than the other sectors. The short-term growth seemed not to be threatened and there was enough project portfolio to expect production advances of 5.7% in 2018 and 4.5% in 2019. The medium-term outlook is more uncertain. The Spanish construction sector has been positive for four years, mostly as a result of the recovery of residential construction. The demand for housing does not present any symptoms, at the moment, of touching the ceiling and it was expected that both 2018 and 2019 would be years of robust growth (11% and 8.5%, respectively). As a first estimate, a scenario can be proposed in which 2020 still remains in the positive zone (3.5%) but 2021 no longer (-3%). For its part, the non-residential market also has reasons to continue growing, but also to feel threatened. The forecast raises a scenario of lower and lower growth (from 4% in 2018 to 2.5% in 2021) but without showing the decline as housing. In any case, the sector that for many years maintains a regular and sustained growth (of 2%) is that of rehabilitation and maintenance, which is consolidating itself as a refuge from possible future crises, just as it did in the serious crisis of the last 10 years. In Spain, the building sector has evolved developing and keeping in use manufacturing techniques “in situ” and almost-artisanal building systems, partly due to the environment, to a favourable climate and to a relatively recent development of the building industry. It has been 4 Euroconstruct November 2018 The building and construction sector in Spain 2.1 Evolution by subsectors in the Spanish market 24 influenced also by socio-economical factors, such as a workforce cheaper than in other EU Countries, less specialized training, keeping of traditions, etc. Nowadays the building and construction sector in Spain relies essentially on subcontracting systems, which implies unstable managements and requires professionals with a high competitiveness, technical and organizational skills, able to organize and manage complex teams for different tasks. The sector has turned and reoriented towards new exigencies in a faster way than compared to the professionals themselves and to the university education for those newly graduated entering in the market. A consequence is that nowadays there is a multiplicity of coexisting occupations, with different characteristics (new edification, rehabilitation, etc.) and a variety of professional profiles, works and functions that result poorly defined and proof of a proper professional vision. If we talk about rehabilitation, this is an activity has been very important for the entire duration of the crisis in the sector and now maintains its pace of growth and can be predicted 2.5% annual between 2018 and 2021. It must be considered that the Government has planned a new State Plan for the rehabilitation of houses 2019-2022, which should boost rehabilitation activity. Surely, one of the priority lines that will be developed for the rehabilitation will be the one of the energy efficiency, driven by the new directive oriented towards these global objectives. Overview of the Italian Building and Construction Sector The construction sector in Italy represents a key driver of the national economy, contributing to about the 17% of GDP. The building and construction sector in Italy 2.2 Construction sector: contribution to GDP, Source ISTAT 25 After a long and continuous decline because of the economic crisis, that caused a dropping by 32,2% of the sectoral production between 2010 and 2016 and a relevant reduction of profitability in the same period (19,3%) with severe impacts on employment (reduction of the 23,3% of the work force)5, since 2015, the construction sector registered a modest growth, contributing up to the 18.8% of the national GDP. In relation to sectoral employment trends, data provided by the European Construction Sector Observatory [2018], quantifies the employed work force in 2016, in the broad construction sector (engineering and architectural activities, manufacturing, construction, real estate activities), as 2.254.918 people, with a 22, 4% decrease compare 2010. Updated data referred to 2017 sectoral employment trend, quantify the number of workers in about 1.400.000, 00 people. The recovery after the crisis has been showing a crucial change, identifiable with a significant reduction in terms of investments into new buildings and a renewed interest in restoration and requalification of existing building heritage. In few words, the recovery has become tangible, but it remains weak. In fact, the low productivity together with the increased costs of materials, equipment and work make difficult to cover the gap for competitiveness and Italian companies have been still suffering in comparison with sectoral companies of other European countries. 5 European Construction Sector Observatory, Country profile - Italy June 2018 Industry (including construction), value – Source, World Bank Data Number of employed people by sector in 2017 32 What are the foreseen refurbishment needs at your property? Another very important element of the renovation is the improvement of energy efficiency in buildings. The chart below illustrates how the law changes in this matter and the forecast for future years. Source: https://instalreporter.pl Source: Główny Urząd Statystyczny 33 In 2016, revenues of the 15 largest construction companies in Poland dropped by 3% compared to the previous year and amounted to PLN 28.6 billion. In 2014 and 2015, an increase in the income of companies from the construction sector could be observed. It was caused by the implementation of large infrastructure projects implemented under the first EU perspective. The drop in revenues in 2016 was caused by a delay in the new procedures on public procurement concerning infrastructure to be carried out under the EU budget for 201420. It should also be emphasized that many companies implement new projects in accordance with the “design and construct” approach, so even if a public contract is finalized and made, actual work, i.e. revenue generation, will start 18 months of the contract date. 35 In this part we analyse the situation of those professions with a career longer than three years or more that are involved in this sector, in each country of the European Union participating to the DIAGNOSIS Project. We describe the sectorial field where they work and the academic situation that gives birth to different professions within each country, we resume the working situations of the corresponding professionals and the functions they play in the construction process. In the Diagnosis Project take part four EU Countries: Spain, Italy, Great Britain and Poland. The presented analysis, as much of the university studies as of the occupations, comes from the works realized by each partner of the project and from the results of the inquiry “Expert Profile in Building Diagnosis”, specifically designed as a part of the study. As we can see in the map of the Education, Audio-visual and Culture Executive Agency below, the heterogeneity of the education of young people and college students, by extension, is remarkable and it is reflected in the analysis detailed for each country that we present as following. ANALYSIS OF THE EXISTING PROFESSIONAL QUALIFICATIONS REGARDING THE STUDIED FIELD IN SPAIN, ITALY, UK AND POLAND 3 European Commission/EACEA/Eurydice, 2017. The Structure of the European Education Systems 2017/18: Schematic Diagrams. Eurydice Facts and Figures. Luxembourg: Publications Office of the European Union. 36 Fortunately, in the ambit of the edification, the higher academic education in Spain is characterized by a generalist approach and by the concentration on very few degrees that, theoretically, should provide all the possible knowledge system. This flexibility of the professional generalist is broken, to the existence of a professional exercise strongly corporate and protected by the laws. All this has conditioned the market, in practice, which has often moved away from too strict regulations, in order to respond to real needs. In the subsector of rehabilitation and restoration, professionals featuring specialized academic profiles intervene with a punctual and complementary approach: historians, archaeologists, restorers, geotechnical geologists, physicians, chemists, topographers and many other specialists. These are often advisers or incorporated to the projects and the executions of works when there is the need for specific knowledge from different subjects, especially in the rehabilitation and restoration of buildings. The most appropriate and polyvalent profiles for works of diagnosis on existing buildings in Spain are usually Architects and Technical Architects (Building Engineers). These practitioners are able to understand the buildings in their whole entity and have been trained for the analysis and the comprehension of the different subsystems of the building (foundations, structure, building envelope, finishing and equipment) and to understand the actions that can result in damages for the buildings. They are the Spanish practitioners who can better develop a complete and accurate diagnosis, autonomously or leading – whether it is necessary – a team of experts. However, as the following syllabuses of the degrees in Architecture and Technical Architecture will show, the education in Diagnosis of buildings is scarce and often only a part of the student body gains a deeper knowledge by attending optional classes that can provide an extension of specific competences in rehabilitation and intervention on the built heritage. Until today, the practitioners have solved this lack of training in diagnosis in different ways. The majority obtained a specific knowledge by vocational training activities offered by universities and professional entities of this sector. We are talking about training activities and short duration courses, which target very specific topics that the professionals must know to keep abreast of new technical, organizational or legislative items. Educational opportunities oriented more towards the techniques of rehabilitation than to the Diagnosis itself, what is a previous requirement for all rehabilitation and restauration works. On the other side, this short training focused on specific aspects has been completed by the working experience up to form proper experts. Nowadays, few experts exist in Spain because of a high personal effort of them. The following graph shows the rule-based educational pathway existing in Spain, according to the study promoted by the European Commission, the EACEA and Eurydice in 2017. We observe that young people get to the university at 18/19 years and the degrees last 3/4 years, to which it may follow a master lasting one or two years. As we will see later, the degrees are quite general while masters and post-degree courses are those allowing to choose the professional profile and the real expertise. University training in building and construction sector in Spain 3.1 37 Starting from the constitution of the European Higher Education Area (EHEA), dawned an expertise deriving from the academic education and the diversification of qualifications/ degrees referring to new and real tasks and functions to be played by the new practitioners. This progressive process of adaptation will end not only with the quantitative and qualitative change of the syllabuses, but it will also promote new professional figures. It is precisely within this context that the Diagnosis Project develops taking as main purpose answering to the need of a diagnosis expert for the Spanish building sector. Just few years ago in Spain the academic system changed to adapt to the EHEA. To analyse the Spanish academic panorama of the studies related to architecture, edification and construction, we focused on the analysis of the curriculum offered by the Polytechnic University of Catalunya (UPC). As a partner of DIAGNOSIS Project and according to the QS World University Rankings by Subject7 it is the first University of Spain in the field of Architecture and Built Environment, the 8th in Europe and the 22nd in the world. It is a representative example of the Spanish academic reality, since at a national level there is a common mandatory program that unifies the common curricula, while it allows to each University to adapt and to specialize in precise matters. The selected centres and the study curricula are the following: Barcelona School of Architecture Escola Tècnica Superior d’Arquitectura de Barcelona (ETSAB) y Vallés (ETSAV) Degree in Architecture Studies Duration: 5 years Study load: 300 ECTS credits (including the bachelor’s thesis). One credit is equivalent to a study load of 25-30 hours. Delivery: Face-to-face Graduates of this degree in Architecture Studies will be technically competent and scientifically rigorous professionals who will be involved in productive architectural work and architectural designs that satisfy both aesthetic and technical requirements. Students will have knowledge of the history and theories of architecture, urban design and urban planning, research methods and preparation of construction projects, in addition to the problems of structure, construction and engineering related to building design. They will understand the relationships between people, buildings and their environment, and the architectural profession and its role in society, enabling them to take into account the social factors of design. 7 http://www.topuniversities.com/subject-rankings European Commission/EACEA/Eurydice, 2017. The Structure of the European Education Systems 2017/18: Schematic Diagrams. Eurydice Facts and Figures. Luxembourg: Publications Office of the European Union. 38 Master’s degree in Architecture Duration: 1 year Study load: 60 ECTS credits. One credit is equivalent to a study load of 25-30 hours. Delivery: Face-to-face The master’s degree in Architecture qualifies to practise as an architect. Its aim is to provide a body of advanced knowledge that builds on the content of the degree in Architecture Studies and it involves the in-depth study of design, technology and urbanism as well as solid, multidisciplinary training in architecture. Master’s degree in Advanced Studies in Architecture-Barcelona (MBArch) Duration: 1 year Study load: 60 ECTS credits. One credit is equivalent to a study load of 25-30 hours. Delivery: Face-to-face The aim of the master’s degree in Advanced Studies in Architecture-Barcelona (MBArch) is to train students in research, innovation and contemporary architectural design in a manner that is flexible and directed towards a specialisation. With an emphasis on expertise, erudition, tradition and professional practice, the Barcelona School of Architecture offers a comprehensive approach to a professional or teaching career in architecture. Some Specialities related with the intervention on built stock included in the MBArch master Urban and Architectural Management and Valuation The aim of this specialisation is to promote research in urban and spatial planning and management that addresses spatial, urban and real estate problems from a transdisciplinary perspective that takes into account the technical, legal, economic and social aspects of urban management and valuation. Theory, History and Culture The aim of this specialisation is to provide the specialised knowledge needed for professional practice in the fields of cultural and museum management, architectural and urban heritage management, mediation in participation processes and the provision of historical and heritage documentation for all kinds of public and private institutions. Architecture, Energy and Environment This is a specialisation that allows students to acquire and develop research skills for the energy assessment of architecture and urban structures, environmental impact assessment of architectural and urban development projects and the application of natural and artificial environmental conditioning techniques. Architectural Restoration and Rehabilitation The aim of this specialisation is to provide students with the skills to carry out analysis, design and research in the fields of architectural restoration and rehabilitation. Master’s degree in Sustainable Intervention in the Built Environment (MISMeC) Duration: 1 year Study load: 60 ECTS credits. One credit is equivalent to a study load of 25-30 hours. Delivery: Face-to-face The master’s degree in Sustainable Intervention in the Built Environment aims to produce graduates with advanced conceptual and technological knowledge of the urban 39 environment to improve sustainability and manage projects involving intervention in the fields of architecture, building construction, urban design and infrastructure. Barcelona School of Civil Engineering Escola Tècnica Superior d’Enginyers de Camins, Canals i Ports de Barcelona (ETSECCPB) Bachelor’s degree in Civil Engineering Duration: 4 years Study load: 240 ECTS credits (including the bachelor’s thesis). One credit is equivalent to a study load of 25-30 hours. Delivery: Face-to-face This bachelor’s degree in Civil Engineering, aims to produce generalist engineers who have a solid grounding in the basic sciences and a wide-ranging view of civil engineering and its applications in developing and improving contemporary societies, and it seeks alternative solutions that respect the environment. How transport and cities are organised; designing roads; protecting coasts and beaches; defending against floods and earthquakes; analysing and designing large-scale infrastructure; and researching and developing new sources of energy—all of this is the work of civil engineers. The degree gives access to mobility pathways leading to double degrees with prestigious institutions across the world. Bachelor’s degree in Public Works Engineering Duration: 4 years Study load: 240 ECTS credits (including the bachelor’s thesis). One credit is equivalent to a study load of 25-30 hours. Delivery: Face-to-face The specialised training provided by the bachelor’s degree in Public Works Engineering (formerly the bachelor’s degree in Construction Engineering) will offers you an specialised training in managing and implementing projects in the areas of civil constructions, hydrology and urban transport and services, the development of which is in much demand from society. You will acquire skills in sustainable engineering; the planning, design, construction, maintenance and management of civil engineering projects and infrastructure, including roads, bridges, dams, water treatment plants, railways, seaports and coasts; logistics systems; and economic and spatial planning. You will be able to perform calculations, assessments, studies and reports for any business in the sectors in which civil and environmental engineering play a role. Master’s degree in Structural Analysis of Monuments and Historical Constructions (SAHC) Duration: 1 year Study load: 60 ECTS credits. One credit is equivalent to a study load of 25-30 hours. Delivery: Face-to-face Master’s degree in Structural Analysis of Monuments and Historical Constructions (SAHC), coordinated by the Universidade do Minho and with the UPC as a participant, provides advanced engineering training in the conservation of historical architectural structures. The course is taught by experts in the fields of architecture, engineering, geophysics, chemistry and history and aims to provide a multidisciplinary understanding of the field of structural conservation. 40 Barcelona School of Building Construction Escola Politècnica Superior d’Edificació de Barcelona (EPSEB) Bachelor’s degree in Architectural Technology and Building Construction Duration: 4 years Study load: 240 ECTS credits (including the bachelor’s thesis). One credit is equivalent to a study load of 25-30 hours. Delivery: Face-to-face This bachelor’s degree in Architectural Technology and Building Construction, will provide with a Europe-focused, generalist education on the theory, techniques and technology of the building construction sector. Students will acquire the competencies needed to solve any issue related to stages in the building cycle: construction, maintenance, rehabilitation, demolition and urban development. Once they graduate, they will be qualified to practise some of the professions with the most reach in the European building sector: technical architect, construction site manager, health and safety coordinator and building information modelling (BIM) 3D software specialist. They will specialise by taking an optional subject pathway that provides the specific knowledge that is required for the Diploma of Further Competencies (DAC), a diploma that can be homologated by the Professional Certification Agency (ACP), which certifies the quality, capacity and competence of professionals in the building construction and architecture sector. Master’s degree in Advanced Building Construction MUCAE Duration: 1.5 academic years Study load: 90 ECTS credits (including the master’s thesis). One credit is equivalent to a study load of 25-30 hours. Delivery: Face-to-face The master’s degree in Advanced Building Construction produces graduates for the building construction sector, which is increasingly automated. In the current context, which has seen a decrease in the number of new buildings being built in Spain, concepts such as sustainability and energy efficiency are increasingly important, as are the recovery, conservation and improvement of built heritage. The master’s degree therefore provides an education that confronts the sector’s new challenges and the skills students need to understand and deepen their knowledge of the construction process and pursue a research career. Master’s degree in Building Construction Management Duration: 1.5 academic years Study load: 90 ECTS credits (including the master’s thesis). One credit is equivalent to a study load of 25-30 hours. Delivery: Face-to-face The aim of the master’s degree in Building Construction Management is to produce graduates who will be involved in processes for managing and leading building construction companies and who will seek to improve these processes. The education provided covers financial and quality management, project management, energy management of buildings and built heritage, and the safety of building works. Students may choose to deepen their knowledge of other topics such as project leadership, the use of integral management tools and real estate marketing. 41 Training related to rehabilitation, restoration and maintenance of existent buildings, according to the different syllabuses: ETSAB/ETSAV Degree in Architecture Studies Subject ECTS Mandatory/Optional History (I-II) 6+7 Mandatory Introduction to Architectural Heritage 3 Optional Re-Inhabit: Dwelling and Street 5 Optional Rehabilitation Techniques and Application 3 Optional Techniques and Arts for Restoration 3 Optional Master’s degree in Architecture Subject ECTS Mandatory/Optional Housing and Sustainability: Physical Rehabilitation and Social and Urban Regeneration 5 Optional Master’s degree in Advanced Studies in Architecture-Barcelona (MBArch) Subject ECTS Mandatory/Optional Architectural Renovation and Conservation Intervention Techniques: Security Measures 5 Mandatory Architectural Renovation and Conservation Intervention Techniques: Occupant Safety and Health Regulations 5 Mandatory Renovation, Pathologies and Structural Reinforcement 5 Optional Master’s degree in Sustainable Intervention in the Built Environment (MISMeC) Subject ECTS Mandatory/Optional Re-Dwell 5 Mandatory Re-Enable 5 Mandatory Re-Generate 5 Mandatory Social Metabolism and City 5 Mandatory ETSECCPB Bachelor’s degree in Civil Engineering Subject ECTS Mandatory/Optional Strength of Materials and Structures 9 Mandatory Structures Analysis 7.5 Mandatory Bachelor’s degree in Public Works Engineering Subject ECTS Mandatory/Optional Strength of Materials 6 Mandatory Master’s degree in Structural Analysis of Monuments and Historical Constructions (SAHC) Subject ECTS Mandatory/Optional Seismic Behavior and Structural Dynamics Inspection and Diagnosis Repairing and Strengthening Techniques Restoration and Conservation of Materials EPSEB Bachelor’s degree in Architectural Technology and Building Construction Subject ECTS Mandatory/Optional Building Pathology 5 Mandatory Buildings Diagnostics and Energy Rehabilitation 3 Optional Diagnosis for Rehabilitation 3 Optional Historical Study and Graphic Representation for Rehabilitation 3 Optional Rehabilitation Projects 3 Optional Master’s degree in Occupational Health and Safety Subject ECTS Mandatory/Optional Business and Society 4 Mandatory Master’s degree in Advanced Building Construction Introduction to Renovations of Existing Building 5 Mandatory Physical Phenomena in Building Construction 5 Mandatory Building Management Through Building Information Modelling (BIM) 5 Optional Energy Renovations and Renewal Energies 5 Optional Historical-Architectural-Constructive Analysis of Existing Buildings 5 Optional Diagnosis Technology and Characterization of Materials 5 Optional Integral Valuation of the Existing Building. Structural Analysis 5 Optional Intervention Techniques in Existing Buildings. Functional Renovations 5 Optional Management and Alternatives to Building Heritage 5 Optional 48 This has led to a proliferation of degrees, which contain elements of the key skills, and competencies areas of the “DIAGNOSIS” project because several professions and their associated professional associations claim to work in this sector to some degree. However, these competencies require updating to reflect the increasing need for Diagnosis specialists in the construction sector as well as is needed as well the sharing of professional knowledge among all the actors in the construction sector. Tertiary Education Architecture Courses (https://www.architecture.com/education-cpd-and-careers/ribavalidation/international-validated-schools) Most architecture courses are delivered by universities at a first (bachelor) degree level which is recognised as part one of the registration process required by the ARB, see above. Currently there are 152 Architecture degree courses in the UK. Entry is usually through successful completion of Advanced level certificate of secondary education which must include passes at A2 (EQF Level 4) in at least two subjects or the successful completion of a BTEC Extended Diploma (EQF Level 4) or an “International Baccalaureate” Diploma with 28 points including a minimum of 15 points at Higher Level. Entry can also be achieved by successfully completing a foundation year before the first year of the degree. A typical course at the University of East London (www.uel.ac.uk) Architecture course is one of flagship degrees at the University of East London, providing an excellent educational framework and the first qualification to become a practising architect. It teaches you individually or in small groups, each led by a design tutor who is usually a practising architect. The academics team supports in areas of history, theory, technology and computing. It takes a distinctly ‘hands-on’ approach to architecture. The course emphasises learning through the process of making, and then reflecting critically on what has been made, developing creativity and critical judgement. The core of architecture is the design studio, and the main emphasis of the course is developing design abilities. Year 1 Architecture, Design Investigation 1 (Core) Architecture, Design Resolution 1 (Core) History and Theory 1 Technical Studies, Computing and Representation 1 (Core) Year 2 Architecture Design Investigation 2 Core) Architecture, Design Resolution 2 (Core) History and Theory 2 (Core) Technical Studies, Computing and Representation 2 (Core) 49 Year 3 Architecture, Design Investigation 3 (Core) Architecture Design Resolution 3 (Core) History and Theory 3 (Core) Technical Studies and Professional Studies 3 (Core) Architectural Technologist Courses Architectural Design Technology is an interdisciplinary course that blends architecture with building engineering, building technology and construction management. The course has a strong grounding in design projects and is particularly recognisable by its ‘hands-on’ approach to architectural design. There is a strong focus on technical studies as well as computer software for Computer Aided Drawing (AutoCAD, Revit, BIM, Adobe Illustrator, Rhino), and building design and energy performance simulations (Integrated Environmental Solutions (IES), and Design Builder). We have world class laboratories and workshops including digital and robotic manufacture (laser cutters, 3D printers, robotic arm). The programme can be studied in either full-time (3 years or 4 years if you choose to do a placement year) or part-time mode (6 years). Apprenticeship routes have also been introduced in 16/17, in which employers within the construction sector have approached the University to offer Construction Design Management as an apprenticeship route on a part-time basis. Architectural technology courses are delivered by universities at a first (bachelor) degree level which is recognised by the Chartered Institute of Architectural Technologists as one part of their chartered membership process and thee Chartered Association of Building Engineers (CABE) as one part of their chartered membership process. There are currently 432 degrees in the UK. Entry is usually through successful completion of Advanced level certificate of secondary education which must include passes at A2 in at least two subjects or the successful completion of a BTEC Extended Diploma or Diploma or an INTERNATIONAL BACCALAUREATE Diploma with 28 points including a minimum of 15 points at Higher Level. Entry can also be achieved by successfully completing a foundation year before the first year of the degree. Recently the UK government has introduced an apprenticeship system which allows universities the option to offer apprenticeship routes in which employers within the construction sector offer jobs as an apprentice with degree included on a part-time basis. Year 1 Architectural Design Resolution 1 Technical Studies, Computing and Representation 1 Introduction to the Built Environment Building Technology & Material Year 2 Architectural Design Resolution 2 Technical Studies, Computing and Representation 2 50 Legal and Regulatory Framework Contract Law in Construction Tendering, Estimating & Cost Control Year 3 Architectural Design Resolution 3 Architectural Design Investigation Technical and Professional Studies Professional & Corporate Studies Built Asset Management & Development Building Surveying Courses Building Surveying courses are delivered by universities at a first (bachelor) degree level which is recognised by the Royal Institution Of Chartered Surveyors (RICS) as one part of their chartered membership process and the Chartered Institute of Building (CIOB) as one part of their chartered membership process. There are currently 408 degrees in the UK. University of Westminster (www.westminster.ac.uk) Building Surveying is an established discipline, which covers surveying buildings as a professional, either at pre-construction phase for clients or developers or using your technical knowledge and being able to report about various property assets. It concerns new builds, building control, refurbishment work, restorations, maintenance, and increasingly, design. Building surveyors have specialist skills and knowledge in the technologies of domestic, industrial and commercial building, construction processes, planning, project life-cycle assessment, and people and business management. In addition to the core themes of surveying and technology, this professional role requires a range of surveying skills including team working and effective communication. These skills are integrated into the learning strategies of this course, enabling you typically to work in building surveying, although you may also follow a career in building control, or property development or Party Wall disputes. Alongside the knowledge and understanding of building surveying theories, and the practical and technical skills needed to become a building surveyor, you will gain the transferable and cognitive skills necessary for lifelong personal and professional development. Our construction courses share a common Year 1, so students interact with those studying different pathways, gain some knowledge of the work of all professionals working in the construction industry, promoting the interdisciplinary nature of the modern construction industry. Throughout the course, construction technology and management remain central, the issue of health and safety is addressed, and the importance of sustainability is considered. All of our courses are delivered using an enquiry-based blended learning approach involving workshops, lectures, tutorials and independent study. Our technology-enhanced learning supports independent study via synchronous online lectures, tutorials and seminars, which are captured and stored to enable you to revisit sessions online after the event. We assess your learning through a variety of methods including project work, essays and exams. The course Building Surveying is an established discipline 51 promotes a professional approach to teaching and learning thus equipping students with the core skills for future and existing careers. Year 1 Design - Design Principles Design - Digital Literacy Management - Introduction to the Built Environment Management - Project, Commercial and Organisational Environment Technology - Building Science Technology - Construction Technology and Services Year 2 Design - Digital Practice Management - Project Procurement, Management and Law Management - Construction Project Based Learning Technology - Fabric and Performance Technology - Structures Principles Technology - Building Surveying Practice Year 3 Management - Professional Practice Technology - Construction Technology & Innovation Technology - Care and Adaptation of Buildings Technology - Building Pathology Technology - Applied Building Surveying Dissertation Civil Engineering Courses. University College London (www.ucl.ac.uk) The programme offers a world-class education brought to you by leading researchers, educators and practising engineers. It is supported by a structured personal tutorial scheme, subjectspecific clinics and student mentoring. Our extensive links with industry provide many opportunities for vacation work experience and subsequent permanent employment. The programme is accredited by the Joint Board of Moderators, and if followed by a Master’s level qualification, offers a route to Chartered Engineer (CEng) status. Studying in London is the perfect setting for civil engineering students because of the exciting range of projects underway (e.g. Crossrail) and the access to professional institutions. Accreditation The programme is accredited by the Joint Board of Moderators. It partially satisfies the educational base for a Chartered Engineer (CEng), and fully satisfies the educational base for an Incorporated Engineer (IEng). A programme of accredited further learning is required to fully satisfy the academic requirement for Chartered Engineer status (for example, UCL’s Civil Engineering MSc). Degree structure Each year of the degree will take a number of individual modules, normally valued at 15 or 30 credits, adding up to a total of 120 credits for year. Modules are assessed in the academic 52 year in which they are taken. The balance of compulsory and optional modules varies from programme to programme and year to year. A 30-credit module is considered equivalent to 15 credits in the European Credit Transfer System (ECTS). Year one develops the theoretical basis of civil engineering and is structured around a series of real-world engineering problems (scenarios), intended to put your acquired knowledge into practice. You will share classes in mathematics and professional skills with other engineering students, and take part in two interdisciplinary engineering challenges. At the end of year one, there is a two-week residential field trip to Wales for surveying, stream gauging and a dam visit. In year two core civil engineering knowledge is developed further and you will also choose a minor engineering subject from a wide range. At the end of this year there is a residential field trip to the National Construction College for a Constructionarium week. Study of your minor subject continues into the final year, where you will also take compulsory advanced core modules and complete a substantial research project. This degree is part of the Integrated Engineering Programme (IEP), a teaching framework that engages students in specialist and interdisciplinary activities designed to create wellrounded graduates with a strong grasp of the fundamentals of their discipline and a broad understanding of the complexity and context of engineering problems. Students register for a core discipline, but also engage in activities that span departments so the development of fundamental technical knowledge takes place alongside specialist and interdisciplinary research-based projects and professional skills. This creates degrees encouraging professional development, with an emphasis on design and challenging students to apply knowledge to complex problems Year 1 Applied Fluid and Soil Mechanics Applied Structures and Materials Challenges (Energy and Sustainability, Global Health) Civil Engineering Design Design and Professional Skills 1 Engineering, Society and the Planet Engineering Toolkit (including Drawing, AutoCAD, and GIS) Mathematics, Modelling and Analysis Year 2 Civil Engineering Scenarios Design and Professional Skills 2 Geotechnics (Soil Mechanics and Geology) Lampeter Field Course (Surveying, Stream Gauging, Dam Visit) Materials and Fluids Mathematics, Modelling and Analysis Structural Analysis and Design 53 Year 3 Civil Engineering in Practice Civil Engineering Project Fluids and Soils III Structures and Materials III Post Graduate Courses Course are offered at Masters level across the various disciplines and some are recognised as a route to chartered membership by the associations listed above. Civil Engineering degrees are also often offered at Master’s level as a first degree lasting 4 rather than 3 years. It is also possible to undertake a PhD level qualification, however this is used by academics rather than for professional qualification. Courses for Professionals Courses for professionals are largely provided under the auspices of the relevant professional associations in the form of Continuing Professional Development (CPD) and in most cases do not lead to any formal recognition with a few exceptions, such as the RIBA and the RICS who both offer conservation accreditation schemes for professionals working in the historic building sector. Reflections on existing training programs in the acquisition of skills useful in Diagnosis widespread civil engineering phenomena are extremely important for many reasons. Thanks to this reflection, we are able to make a kind of inventory, and the comparison of any courses among themselves can highlight new content and useful information that will allow future diagnostics to find the perfect course for themselves. Finding and matching a training course to the existing level of knowledge of a future diagnostician is crucial in his self-development and gaining the skills he is looking for. There are many teaching programs available in Poland in the field of widespread diagnostics of Civil Engineering. The general education system in Poland (2018) is presented below. After graduating from university, there is a possibility to undertake postgraduate studies, where there is a possibility of deepening knowledge in the field of general construction diagnostics. Diagnostics can take many forms. The thermovision and thermovision expertise is a very good tool to deal with the diagnosis of various processes in construction. University training in building and construction sector in Poland 3.4 54 The SEDPOL8 Corporation and the POLONIA Scientific and Technical Association of Energy Auditors and Certifiers organize the course: “Thermovision, thermal imaging in construction”. The training aims to provide participants with knowledge on the operation of thermal imaging cameras, to carry out measurements using it and to prepare reports in accordance with applicable standards and regulations. Each participant gets acquainted with the basic parameters of the thermal imaging camera and the principles of its operation. The training participants will also gain knowledge in the field of testing the thermal insulation of buildings and humidity, and the influence of external factors on the measurement results. In addition to the theoretical part, the course program also includes practical exercises, in which each student will carry out measurements of the office and apartment building using the camera and will prepare a report on the conducted research himself. In addition, the student in the training gets the possibility of renting a thermal imaging camera and receives a package of study materials at home. The original program of the course covers 24 hours. including: 1. Theoretical foundations - Part I - e-learning (8 hours); 2. Theoretical foundations - Cz. II (3 hours); 3. Practical classes (Workshops) - (5 hours) with the use of thermovision cameras; 4. Practical classes (Workshops) - (8 hours). A similar training program is organized by the Department of Building Physics and Building Materials at the Lodz University of Technology9. In addition, it is enriched by the Diagnostics of building structures and Diagnostics and renovation of building structures. These courses are designed to raise the qualification in the field of diagnostics using innovative tools. 8 https://sedpol.com.pl/termowizja-ekspertyzy-termowizyjne-w-budownictwie/ 9 http://kfb-lx.p.lodz.pl/dydaktyka_pl.html European Commission/EACEA/Eurydice, 2017. The Structure of the European Education Systems 2017/18: Schematic Diagrams. Eurydice Facts and Figures. Luxembourg: Publications Office of the European Union. 55 An interesting option in acquiring knowledge useful to building auditor is participation in online courses. The biggest advantage is the possibility of remote study which is easy to reconcile with work. The SANKOM company10 organizes online training at the highest level. The Auditor’s course is an e-learning platform that enables learning to use programs in a modern and convenient form of online workshops. The participant of such training receives all the necessary materials and “step by step” instructions. In addition, each lesson participant gets a lot of useful tips, instruction videos, and at the end of each lesson a checker awaits the student. University of Ecology and Management in Warsaw11 conducts post-graduate studies: Property Management. Classes conducted by highly qualified practitioners from the Technical Supervision Office, the Professional Self-Government of Property Managers possessing professional experience gained outside the university, as well as by lecturers of scientific institutes and universities. The aim of the studies is first of all preparing graduates for rational management of real estate. The studies enable to acquire specialist competences in the field of real estate management. The graduate is equipped with knowledge in the field of business activity, real estate trading, real estate acquisition procedures and transactions related to transactions. It is very important to develop the skills of using broadly understood planning documentation, for example local spatial development plans or plans for setting up agricultural and forest areas. Maintenance of facilities and care for their durability also lies with the construction diagnostics. This is a particularly important issue in the case of historic buildings. Post-graduate studies at the Jagiellonian University in Cracow12: “Modern analytical techniques for the preservation of historic buildings” are a very good development path for future experts in the field of civil engineering. The study program has been prepared for people professionally engaged in conservation, archaeology and art history, as well as enthusiasts of these fields. Studies do not require any mathematics and natural sciences. Thanks to the extensive instrumental facilities, students are prepared both from the theoretical and practical use of the latest achievements of analytical chemistry to study a variety of historic objects and works of art. The course will remind and extend the basic issues related to general, analytical and conservation chemistry. The lectures support practical classes to acquire basic laboratory skills. The program includes refreshing the knowledge of the basics of chemistry, necessary to master the issues presented in practical classes - 35 hours. Science in preservation will be complemented by lectures presenting the current state of knowledge regarding the assessment of the degradation progress of objects in museum and library collections as well as determining its causes, recommended conservation procedures and conservative maintenance - 44 hours. Modern analytical techniques will be discussed during lectures and laboratory exercises. There will be information about physicochemical phenomena that form the basis of a given analytical method, discussion of techniques and methods of sample preparation as well as typical applications in solving conservation problems - 86 hours. The student receives the necessary didactic materials for work at school and at home. The condition for passing the studies is attendance and passing the exam. If you want to study more focused on law, geotechnical knowledge, building physics, causes of disasters and simulation of conducting construction expertise, a good choice is the AGH 10 http://www.kursaudytora.pl/o-kursie 11 http://www.wseiz.pl/index.php/pl/studia-podyplomowe/zarzadzanie-nieruchomosciami 12 http://www.informator.uj.edu.pl/en/programmes-all/ZKM/WZKS-121-0-UZ-4/ 56 University of Science and Technology in Krakow13, which conducts studies: Renovation and modernization of buildings (180 hours). Graduates of this specialization are prepared to work in construction and design contractors, consulting, research and scientific organizations, universities and building and state administration and state administration authorities, and gain managerial qualifications needed to manage construction projects and maintain and restore historic buildings and mining. A graduate of this specialization obtains, in addition to extended knowledge in the field of construction and design of building objects, comprehensive preparation in the field of modern reconstruction methods of mainly underground elements of historic buildings, their modernization, repairs and maintenance. In the education process, particular attention is paid to solving unusual problems in historic buildings, the use of computer techniques in geotechnics and engineering design, as well as relationships between theoretical foundations and experimental methods with these techniques. The studies last two semesters and the number of places is 30. The development of future building experts is not only about the diagnosis of objects, but it is extremely important to pay attention to aspects related to the costs of various buildings. Higher Technical School in Katowice - the Technical-Art College14 conducts post-graduate studies: “Property valuation”. The aim of the studies is to provide future property appraisers with professional knowledge and practical skills necessary to perform the profession in accordance with procedures aimed at ensuring proper functioning of the property, safe use and proper operation. The studies allow you to gain current knowledge covering the latest legal regulations, economic and financial issues, selected elements of construction and cost estimation and real estate appraisal. Graduates possess the necessary knowledge, practical skills regarding property valuation and preparation of appraisal reports as well as the latest legal regulations, economic and financial issues, construction and cost estimation. Studies last 1 year - 2 semesters (260 hours). 13 https://www.agh.edu.pl/ksztalcenie/oferta-ksztalcenia/studia-podyplomowe/renowacja-i-modernizacja-obiektowbudowlanych/ 14 http://www.en.wst.com.pl/postgraduate_studies In the education process, particular attention is paid to solving unusual problems in historic buildings 64 In 2009, the European Parliament and the Council of Europe system ECVET, or the European system of transfer of achievements in education and training professional, is a document that was created to increase transparency education and vocational training systems. The ECVET system is aimed at creating facilities for lifelong learning and support mobility of European citizens both at home and abroad. Comparing professional qualifications in European countries can take place based on two indicators: the level of education in the European Qualification Framework and number of ECVET points, i.e. the volume of education. By the volume of education is the number of hours of education assigned to a given unit of education. The introduction of the European Qualifications Framework created the foundations for the introduction ECVET system in European countries. It happened thanks to the introduction learning outcomes as an element of qualification units. These units ECVET points can be assigned, taking 60 points for year of education. The evaluation systems and the attempt to compare the formal and non-formal recognition of learning outcomes are based on a unitary approach. If a given unit is common to several qualifications, the number of ECVET points assigned to such a unit does not have to be the same. ECVET points are first assigned to the entire qualification (based on the assumed learning time in one learning context), and then distributed between the qualifying entity. In 2012, on the aforementioned basis of vocational education in Poland, there is the possibility of varying the weight (volume) of the ECVET point. In professions trained in a three-year term cycle at the basic level, the minimum number of hours of training differs. For example, in the profession of a machine and metallurgical device operator it is 800 hours education, and in the profession of a machine tool operator cutting 1050 hours. Assuming that 60 ECVET points are awarded for each year of education, weight of the point, that is the number of hours of education in these occupations falling on one point must be different. Number of hours spent on vocational training in a two-year school post-secondary school is the same as in a three-year vocational school. In each of schools it is 1600 hours. The period of education in technical school is 4 years, hence the number of ECVET points for this period of education is 240 points. Primary vocational school and post-secondary school period education is shorter than in technical secondary schools, but the number of hours of vocational education in these schools is greater than in technical secondary schools. System acceptance by all environments related to vocational education or professional work is essential for proper functioning ECVET system in each country. Research on the possibility of implementing the ECVET system in Poland deals with Institute for Educational Research. Principles of the ECVET model in Poland: 1. The basis for assigning ECVET points is to show the achievements (effects acquired Learning). 2. Each ECVET unit is described in the form of learning outcomes. 3. The base for converting ECVET points for each unit of learning outcomes is hypothetical learning time. 4. One year of study is valued at 60 ECVET points. The present situation in Poland 4.4 65 5. ECVET points are allocated on the basis of the weight of each unit of learning outcomes in relation to the total time necessary to obtain the qualification (in hours). 6. Within the units of learning outcomes, ECVET points are allocated to the so-called Components of units of learning outcomes based on the weight of these components [%] 7. Within the individual units of learning outcomes, all learning outcomes are treated as a whole. 67 The construction sector is one of strategic importance for many European countries, generating about 9% of gross domestic product (GDP) in the European Union and providing 18 million direct jobs. At the same time, buildings and construction products have an important impact on energy consumption, on climate change and in the environment quality. For all these reasons, the European Union has been developing a comprehensive legislative and regulatory framework, including European standards, information platforms, labelling schemes and other instruments. In the recent decades, the differences between the building control systems in the European countries have gradually been fading away, essentially because of developments in regulations at the level of the European Union. Building regulations are one of the most important instruments to guarantee an adequate quality of the European built environment, and the EU is able to influence the regulatory systems of the member state but, in practice, the quality of constructions is an issue in every European country. Now, linked to the International agreements and engagements, the EU policies for buildings and construction sector aim at an integrated approach, covering sustainability, in terms of energy efficiency, health and safety issues and the member states retain the competency to regulate issues such as safety, indoor air quality, noise and radiation. The membre states also have the responsibility to implement the European legislation framework, addapting the directives to their countries. In this sense, there is a large market to cover on renovating of the existing building stock. Renovation of buildings is key to meet the European Union energy efficiency strategies and targets as the recently revised Energy Performance of Buildings Directive (EU) 2018/844 propose has huge potential for efficiency gains in the EU building sector. It includes measures that will accelerate the rate of building renovation towards more energy efficient systems and strengthen the energy performance of new buildings, making them smarter. In Spain, all the mentioned occupations are ruled by the UE legislation and the necessary requirements to practice are the possession of the corresponding academic degree and in some cases the affiliation to a competent professional entity. The Professional Body controls the access to any of these professions for the Architects, Engineers and Technical Architects/ Building Engineers. The Building Ordinance Law (LOE) In Spain, the competences of the various professions within the field of the building process are précised by the Law 38/1999 of the Building Ordinance (LOE), which represents the pillar ANALYSIS OF LEGISLATIVE CONTEXTS IMPLEMENTATION IN SPAIN, ITALY, UK AND POLAND 5 Legal regulations that establish the intervention of the different professionals in the building and construction sector in Spain 5.1 68 for the process of the edification. The law fixes the basic requirements of the buildings, updates and completes the legal frame of the agents involved in the edification; stablish their duties and responsibilities, and guarantees for the users’ protection. According to this law, the works of new edifications, expansion, modification, reformation or rehabilitation that alter the architectural configuration of the buildings require a project. The same stands for the interventions on listed buildings or subject to some kind of protection from the environmental or historical-artistic point of view. The law also defines the role of each practitioner of the edification: the promoter, the designer, the builder, the project supervisor and the executive supervisor; moreover, the entities and the laboratories for the construction quality control. In order to practice as a designer, project supervisor or executive supervisor one needs to own an academic degree and a professional license as architect, technical architect, engineer or technical engineer according to the requirements and the eligible conditions to practice the profession. Depending on the type of work, the qualifying academic and professional qualification will be that of architect, technical architect or engineer or technical engineer and is determined by the legal provisions in force for each profession, according to their specialties and specific competences. Technical Building Code (CTE) The Technical Building Code (CTE) is the legal framework providing the building criteria to be satisfied relating to the safety and habitability requirements fixed by the LOE and it represents the tool transposing the European directives. Moreover, the CTE concerns about the accessibility as a consequence of the Law 51/2003 of the equal opportunities, nondiscrimination and total accessibility for people with disabilities. The CTE is oriented towards the new edification, leaving the works of rehabilitation out of the legal framework. Only the annex D at the Basic Document of Structural Safety (DB-SE) sets the requirements to realize a structural evaluation of existing buildings. This annex defines the base and the procedures to be followed according to the principles of the analysis of structural safety, considering also economical, social and environmental factors. In general, the DB-SE sets three phases of diagnosis: preliminary evaluation; detailed evaluation; advanced evaluation. In doing so, it recommends to apply methods of analysis of security to determine the present situation, the use of tests, calculation bases, risk management, structural analysis, and suitability to the service and qualitative evaluation of the outputs. The fact is that in the existing buildings, architects and technical architects/building engineers are those usually entitled both of the project and the executive supervision. UNE standards 52906. AENOR In Spain there are also several legal documents of a technical nature known as UNE. A body of experimental rules and standards created by the Technical Committees for the Normalization (CTN) of the Spanish Association of Normalization and Certification (AENOR). Within this body of regulations, the UNE 41805 IN are intended for the building diagnosis. 69 Considering that the diagnosis of a building must be faced through a global vision, the normative develops in 14 independent documents: • UNE 41805-1 IN Building diagnosis. Part 1: Overview. • UNE 41805-2 IN Building diagnosis. Part 2: Historical studies. • UNE 41805-3 IN Building diagnosis. Part 3: Constructive and pathological analysis studies. • UNE 41805-4 IN Building diagnosis. Part 4: Pathological analysis of the building’ structure. Ground and foundations. • UNE 41805-5 IN Building diagnosis. Part 5: Pathological analysis of the building’ structure. Wall structures. • UNE 41805-6 IN Building diagnosis. Part 6: Pathological analysis of the building’ structure. Concrete structures. • UNE 41805-7 IN Building diagnosis. Part 7: Pathological analysis of the building’ structure. Metallic structures. • UNE 41805-8 IN Building diagnosis. Part 8: Pathological analysis of the building’ structure. Timber structures. • UNE 41805-9 IN Building diagnosis. Part 9: Pathological analysis of the building’ structure. Roofing. • UNE 41805-10 IN Building diagnosis. Part 10: Pathological analysis of the building’ structure. Non-bearing façades. • UNE 41805-11 IN Building diagnosis. Part 11: Pathological analysis of the building’ structure. Window frames and locksmithing. • UNE 41805-12 IN Building diagnosis. Part 12: Pathological analysis of the building’ structure. Inner partitions and finishing. • UNE 41805-13 IN Building diagnosis. Part 13: Pathological analysis of the building’ structure. Equipments. • UNE 41805-14 IN Building diagnosis. Part 14: diagnostic report. Habitability standards In Spain the minimum standards of habitability for existing residences are fixed by the various autonomous communities, which provide the corresponding “Certificate of habitability” for its intended purpose. Document that is essential to rent or sell a home. In order to obtain it one has to submit a certificate, signed by a skilled technician (architect or technical architect/ building engineer) attesting that the dwelling accomplishes the habitability requirements as it is established by each Autonomous Community. Law of Land and Urban Rehabilitation 2015 The consolidated text of the Law of Land and Urban Rehabilitation 7/2015, taking into account the Law 8/13 of rehabilitation, regeneration and urban renovation, set the obligation of the Buildings Evaluation Report (IEE) to the whole Spanish territory. This Report has to identify the building and contain: a) The evaluation of the state of conservation of the building (ITE). b) The evaluation of the basic conditions of universal accessibility and non-discrimination of disabled people to access to the building. c) The Energy Performance Certificate (EPC) of the building, with the content and through the procedures fixed by the current legislation (CEE). 70 Several Autonomous Communities and Municipalities already contemplated the first of the required document with the name of Technical Inspection of Buildings (ITE). A technical control to which buildings must periodically submit (each 10 years), with the revision of a series of elements that affect the security of the property and the inhabitants. It consists of a visual inspection of the building made by a skilled technician (architect or technical architect/ building engineer) who determines its conditions at the moment of the inspection and addresses the owner to the actions required to be correctly maintained. In any case it is intended to detect hidden defects. Once the technical report has been obtained, one has to apply to the Administration for the certificate of aptitude of the building. Depending on local regulations, various building elements can be revised such as: foundations and structures; façades and medians; waterproofing and roofing; installations; other elements interfering with the safety, healthiness and public ornament. The output of the inspection is positive when the building accomplishes to the following requirements: Safety, intended as the absence of risks for people and goods; Healthiness, when it does not undermine public health and hygiene; Public ornament and decorum, when the building façade does not undermine the public image. On the other side the Energy Performance Certificate (CEE), introduced in Spain under compulsion of the European Union Directive, is mandatory since 2015 for every estate transfer (sale or rent). It consists of the evaluation of the energetic behaviour of the buildings starting from the analysis of its constructive elements, enclosures and installations. As a result, we obtain an energetic qualification ranked from A to G, according respectively to the best and the worst performances. With this Certificate the building is provided of an energetic certification, which is the label indicating the level of energetic efficiency of the whole or part of the building. The basic procedure to certificate the energetic efficiency of the buildings states that only the skilled technicians, those in possess of one of the academic and professional required degrees. According to the LOE, are entitled to elaborate projects, to supervise the edification, to realize projects of heating systems and the validation of certificates of energy efficiency. In any case, the certifying technicians are usually Architects, Technical Architects/ Building Engineers. Other compulsory inspections in residential buildings Elevators The periodic inspections of elevators are regulated in the Regulation of elevators and maintenance equipment, published in Real Decreto 2291/1985 and by the complementary Technical Instruction AEM 1 “Elevators”. Depending on the characteristics and use of the elevator, the inspections will have a lower or higher periodicity: • Every two years: Elevators installed in industrial buildings or spaces of public attendance. • Every four years: Elevators used in buildings with more than four floors or more than twenty homes. • Every six years: The rest of elevators located in buildings that do not comply with the previous sections. Those responsible for carrying out inspections to this element, is the elevator maintenance company. 7171 Gas The periodic inspections of gas installations are regulated in Decree 125/2016, which regulates the inspection and review of gas reception facilities. Depending on the elements, the inspections will have a lower or higher periodicity: • Every two years the gas boiler • Every five years: Operation and tightness of the meter, the pipes, the keys and gums and the general state of conservation. Those responsible for carrying out inspections to these elements, is the gas distribution company or an authorized technician. Electrical installations The inspection of low voltage electrical installations is regulated by the electrotechnical regulation for low voltage and its complementary Technical Instructions, published in Real Decreto 842/2002, and these require to be inspected. Depending on the characteristics of the building, or the power of the installation, they should be inspected with greater frequency: Every five years: • Garages with more than 25 vehicles. • Swimming pools with a power greater than 10 KW. • Outdoor lighting with a power greater than 5 KW. Every ten years: • Those common areas of the building that have an installed power exceeding 100 KW. These inspections will be carried out by authorized electrical technicians by the OCA (Authorized Control Organisms). Oil tanks The diesel deposits of the communities, are governed by the Regulation of Petroliferous Installations, and like the elevators and the electrical installation, they must undergo periodic inspections to guarantee their good functioning. • Inspection at 10 years: For those indoor tanks with a capacity exceeding 3000 liters and external tanks with more than 5000 litres. An authorized review can be done every five years. • Review every 10 years: It will be carried out in those deposits with less capacity. • Inspection at 5 years: Underground installations must carry out leak tests, where the pipes will be checked, as well as the storage tanks that are not double-walled antifouling, nor are they buried in a tank with a diver tube. • The above storage tanks must pass a tightness test, with the enclosure empty and clean provided that nothing unusual has been found on the surface. These inspections and revisions will be carried out by specialized technicians authorized by the OCA. 72 Responsibility for proper maintenance of buildings According to Italian building law, the owner of the building is asked to properly maintain in safety conditions some equipment of his property. With reference to public buildings, it becomes compulsory to guarantee safety conditions of equipment, accessibility and fire protection as well as energy efficiency especially in tertiary buildings. Town planning is regulated not only at national level but also at regional and at local level, “Ufficio Tecnico” is the local building authority, and it depends on the type of works and on building date of construction. The main type of permit refers to: • Building permit; • Announcement to the start of the work; • Certified announcement to the start of the work; • Free construction works; • Declaration to conformity; Energy performance certificate, which defines the technical standards and energetic performance categories for heating systems, hot water, production, and air-conditioning of properties. Moreover, since 2003 it has become compulsory for new buildings to follow ant seismic norms and standards with reference to four main national zones (Introduction of seismic zonation in Italy). This Regulation introduced the concept of safety testing as a means of acquiring useful information concerning a building. The main national laws to refer with are: • The Italian Civil Code, which regulates freehold title, other rights on real estate assets, how to acquire and transfer real estate and building rights; • The Unified Building Acts, which regulates development, construction and refurbishment of real estate; • The various legislation regulating the Cadastral system, which maps Italian real estate properties. At national level, it is possible to identify two different compulsory approaches to existing buildings management and renovation. From one point of view, the law establishes the type and periodicity of inspections such as: - Annual installations inspections, which are mainly referred to gas, heater, fire and elevator installations. With reference to inspections of technical conditions of gas installations, these involve some tasks as listed below: - cleaning, checking and adjusting the boiler; - smoke testing, in order to verify the efficiency of the heat generator (durability testing); - durability testing of the installation; Legal regulations that establish the intervention of the different professionals in the building and construction sector in Italy 5.2 73 - warranty release; - remote testing and inspection services; - thermal check-up. Otherwise, no compulsory inspections are provided for structural safety, seismic safety and health except for, with reference to the last point, specialized buildings such as hospitals. Since 2008, with the introduction of “New Technical Building Regulations” approved by Ministerial Decree on 14 January 2008, and after the earthquakes events in 2012 new updated protocols have been introduced in order to verify, during the rehabilitation projects, the seismic vulnerability of existing buildings. Consequently, diagnosis projects for structural safety are becoming even more relevant. There are a limited number of interventions by professionals in the UK Building and Construction Sector. The responsibility for the upkeep and maintenance of buildings rests with the owners and/or occupiers of building. Energy certification (https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/ uploads/attachment_data/file/671018/A_guide_to_energy_performance_certificates_for_ the_marketing__sale_and_let_of_dwellings.pdf) An EPC is intended to provide prospective buyers and tenants of a building with correct information about the energy performance of the building and practical advice on improving such performance. An EPC provides an energy efficiency rating (related to running costs) for a building based on the performance potential of the building itself (the fabric) and its services (such as heating, insulation ventilation and fuels used). Not all buildings are used in the same way, so the energy rating uses ‘standard occupancy’ assumptions which may be different from the way the building is used. An EPC includes recommendations on how the energy performance of the building can be improved (to reduce running costs) together with an indication of the payback period. There is no statutory requirement to carry out any of the recommended energy efficiency measures stated. Which buildings require EPCs? Any reference to a building includes a reference to a building unit in that building, except where otherwise stated. Existing buildings need an EPC when they are to be sold or rented out. An EPC is valid for 10 years or until a newer EPC is produced for the same building no matter how many times the property is sold or rented out during that period. Existing occupiers and tenants will not require an EPC unless they sell, assign or sublet their interest in a building. A building offered for sale or rent, must include the energy performance indicator of the building as shown on the EPC, for example C, in any advertisements in the commercial media 1. There is no requirement to display the full EPC. Legal regulations that establish the intervention of the different professionals in the building and construction sector in UK 5.3 80 • Realization of inspections and Certificates of habitability of residential buildings, mandatory for every real estate transfer in Spain. • Elaboration of reports, certificates and pronouncements in property disputes and for trials, always according to the highest objectivity and professional expertise. • Advice to owners, when pathologies are detected in their building. From a simple problem in an apartment to the study of the behaviour of a vast park built. • Supporting to the managements and maintenance of vast public or private estates. • Advise in the acquisition of buildings or residences. • Coordination and interpretation of all the necessary studies to formulate the diagnosis before the projects of rehabilitation and restoration. The spectrum of possible clients is also wide: • Designer of rehabilitation and restoration projects. • Small owners of buildings and residences. • Owners of big estates for their own use or to be rented. For example, trading companies for their activities or real estate for their management, renting or selling. • Public administrations to evaluate their own built stock and to have information on the state of private building stock, in order to prepare the best policies of rehabilitation and maintenance. • Other actors involved in the built stock. As we have witnessed in the meetings of the Resonance Group, where the involved agents from public, private and professional sectors meet, the Diagnosis Expert features a professional profile of great interest. In the public sector, the administrations consider that this new professional figure will contribute to improve the quality of the mandatory inspections and diagnoses currently prescribed. From the private sector, we aim that the new expert will contribute to enhance the quality of the projects and of the rehabilitation works, in terms of economical aspects, time saving, safety, absence of unpredictable events etc. For its part, the professional bodies positively approve the new expertise, in virtue of its higher education respect to the degree courses held in Spain. A positive symptom in this direction is the introduction in public competitions of separated professional contracts for the diagnosis of the projects. Until recent, the works of diagnosis and the experts responsible to carry them out, were not autonomously acknowledged. All these commentaries must be referred to the present job situation in Spain and to its evolution on the last years. In the following graph, showing the evolution of the employment market from 1990 to the present days, we see that the highest rates of unemployment refer to the years 1993 and 2013, and the moment of highest employment falls in the 2007. Today the unemployment rate is still significant (16,5%), but it is in decline. The same trend has happened in the building sector as we can see in the graph referring to the evolution of the unemployment in the field of construction. The job opportunities of the Diagnosis Expert are today really positive and the sector will clearly benefit from the incorporation of this new professional profile. 81 The diagnostics specialists in building maintenance can count on a growing number of job opportunities especially in the field of facility management. The ability of integrating maintenance, systems monitoring, energy management and safety is not merely a competence but a service for several markets such as for instance: - Real Estate; - Manufacturing and logistics; - Hotels; - Retail and large-scale retail service; - Corporate buildings. In order to add value to the property asset from an administrative, technical and property point of view SME, big enterprises, architectural and engineering firms are developing products and services in order to manage: - Electrical System; - Water system; - Mechanical (thermal) systems; Evolution of the labour market. El País. 28/01/2018 Evolution of the unemployment in the building sector. Ministry of Employment. 3/04/2018 The employment opportunities for the Diagnosis Expert in the Italian labour market 6.2 The new expert will contribute to enhance the quality of the projects and of the rehabilitation works 82 - Special system (Physical security solutions; Anti-intrusion systems; - Preventive, predictive maintenance. Responsibilities can include: - overseeing and agreeing contracts and providers for services; - supervising multi-disciplinary teams of staff; - ensuring that basic facilities are well-maintained; - managing budgets and ensuring cost-effectiveness; - allocating and managing space between buildings - ensuring that facilities meet government regulations and environmental, health and security standards; - advising businesses/owners on increasing energy efficiency and cost-effectiveness - overseeing building projects, renovations or refurbishments; - helping businesses/owners to relocate to new buildings (offices, tertiary, etc.) and to make decisions about leasing - drafting reports and making written recommendations. Moreover, the facility management activities can count on a specific integration in Building Information Modeling tools, which allow both professionals and owners with new data based decision-making model. This field of competencies is becoming increasingly important, with reference to engineers and architects, in order to meet new job opportunities especially in the following market: - infrastructures; - buildings renovation; - Public cultural heritage preservation. With reference to prevention engineering for tertiary buildings management, graduates find employment mainly in production plants and consultancy companies. The main tasks concern safety planning and coordination, both in the design as well as in the operational phase, the preparation of safety reports for high accident risk companies, the design and management of maintenance plans and management of prevention and protection services. The UK building stock consists of 25 million dwellings and two million commercial and public buildings, therefore an emphasis on maintaining and improving existing stock means diagnosis experts will be in high demand especially during tough economic times such as now. There are particularly opportunities in diagnosing and improving the energy use and efficiency of the building stock as it accounts for 17% of the country’s direct Green House Gas (GHG) emissions. These emissions are primarily due to fossil fuel use in space heating, but indirectly, buildings The employment opportunities for the Diagnosis Expert in the UK labour market 6.3 83 also account for two-thirds of the power sector’s emissions, mainly due to electricity demand from lighting and appliances. Buildings have a crucial role to play in achieving the UK’s carbon targets and therefore contributing to the country’s pledge to the COP 21 global climate change agreement. The market for diagnosis expert jobs is unusual among construction professions in that, during a recession, it is relatively well-insulated because the focus is on ‘making the most of existing buildings so demand for diagnosis on refurbishment projects is likely to be high. 17 The diagnostics specialist in civil engineering can count on numerous job offers, because the old staff of this profession needs a dignified replacement. This is not a very popular type of work, which increases its prestige. The scope of duties entrusted usually fluctuates around the list below: - conducting diagnostic tests to gather information about facilities and devices, - assessment of the technical condition and suitability for use of buildings, - preparing documentation for the building object’s book, resulting from the applicable regulations in the field of construction law, - making changes in the technical documentation of devices, - participation in the work of commission commissioning after construction and assembly works, - taking care of entrusted measuring equipment. Requirements apart from higher education in a given specialty or experience and having building qualifications in a given secrecy include a point regarding additional education in the field of diagnostics or knowledge about the maintenance of existing buildings. The market, although it is very volatile and often unpredictable, is very favourable for all employees in the construction industry. Currently in Poland, there is a very high demand for employees performing various activities in a wide-blown workmanship. This is followed directly by repressions in the form of demand for specialists and experts. With the development of construction and the implementation of many construction facilities, there is a need to perform various expert opinions and any review of the structure. This is a very good space for building diagnostics, which has the ability to recognize and diagnose construction-execution problems. In this work, it is absolutely important to know how to maintain objects, including historic ones, because many objects that are revitalized or renovated are very old. The situation on the employment market for employees in the construction industry for 2018 is presented below. 17 https://www.wielkiebudowanie.pl/go.live.php/PL-H716/rynek-pracy-w-budownictwie.html The employment opportunities for the Diagnosis Expert in the Polish labour market18 6.4 84 In 2018, the situation on the labour market in construction has reached unprecedented conditions since the ‘89 of employment. On average, 65% of construction companies suffered from lack of workers throughout the year. In addition, the supply of people willing to work has fallen since April, and by the end of the year interest in construction work was at similarly low levels as in the previous year. There is a shortage of specialists, but also people to learn, despite the fastest growing wages in history. According to the analysis of GBW ads, wages increased in 2018 by as much as 12%, of which for specialists by as much as 14%. In 2018, the low supply of construction workers was supported mainly by Ukrainians and Byelorussians, but more and more often workers from Asia appear. The lack of opening of the labor market abroad causes that the participation of foreign workers is still insufficient, and the opening of the German labor market in 2019 (for Eastern Europe citizens) may only aggravate the situation of personnel in companies. The largest personnel needs throughout the year were reported by finishing, masonry, reinforcement and carpentry companies (almost 70% of the entities in these industries needed workers almost all of the year). Source: https://www.wielkiebudowanie.pl/go.live.php/PL-H716/rynek-pracy-w-budownictwie.html 87 European Union - EUROCONSTRUC. www.euroconstruct.org/ec/reports - European construction sector observatory. https://ec.europa.eu/growth/sectors/ construction/observatory_en (10/07/2019) - Building Radar. https://buildingradar.com/construction-blog/european-constructionmarket-forecast/ (10/07/2019) - BIM Community. www.bimcommunity.com/news/load/631/the-future-ofconstruction-an-european-overview (10/07/2019) - Statista. www.statista.com/topics/5137/construction-industry-in-europe/ (10/07/2019) Spain - Consejo Económico y social. (2016) El papel del sector de la construcción en el crecimiento económico: Competitividad, cohesion y calidad de vida. Madrid. - Fundación laboral de la construcción. (2019) Informe sobre el sector de la construcción 2018. Madrid - CONAMA. Grupo de trabajo GT-6. (2018) Economia circular en el sector de la construcción. Madrid Italy - ANCE, Associaiozne Nazioanle dei costruttori edili, www.ance.it - FEDERCASA, www.federcasa.it - IlSole24ORE, Edilizia e Territorio, www.ediliziaeterritorio.ilsole24ore.com - ISTAT, Rapporto Annuale 2018 - La situazione del paese, ISTAT Istituto Nazionale di statistica, Roma www.istat.it/it/archivio/214230 - NOMISMA, 2° Rapporto 2019 dell’Osservatorio sul Mercato Immobiliare, NOMISMA, www.nomisma.it/index.php/it/temi/immobiliare/osservatorioimmobiliare United Kingdom - Office of National Statistics - Construction statistics: Number 19, 2018 edition. A wide range of statistics and analysis on the construction industry in Great Britain in 2017. https://www.ons.gov.uk/businessindustryandtrade/constructionindustry/ articles/constructionstatistics/number192018edition UPDATED BIBLIOGRAPHY AND WEBLIOGRAPHY 7 Building and construction sector 7.1 88 Poland - Report “Financial situation of construction companies” of the Polish Association of Construction Employers: http://pzpb.com.pl/dzialalnosc-pzpb/analizy-i-raporty/ - Article “Construction Sector in Poland with Particular Reference to Housing in the Małopolska Region”: http://cejsh.icm.edu.pl/cejsh/element/bwmeta1.element. desklight-c2d33fc8-2124-400e-8fee-871a11bd2991/c/2849-9004-1-PB.pdf - Report “Domino Effect, the Financial Situation in the Construction Industry” National Debt Register: www.google.com/url?sa=t&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&source=web&cd=8&- cad=rja&uact=8&ved=2ahUKEwixqce9ysLgAhXkoYsKHd6mCnoQFjAHegQIABAC&url=https%3A%2F%2Fkrd.pl%2Fgetattachment%2F16179fe5-e060-404c-9 e52-487c9f235a40%2FEfekt-domina-czyli-sytuacja-finansowa-w-branzy-bud.aspx- %3Fdisposition%3Dattachment&usg=AOvVaw3nFYj60QeOXpsNRGPLKT1d - Report “Construction market in Poland 2019-2025” prepared by the Spectis company: https://www.spectis.pl/pl/oferta/rynek-budowlany-w-polsce - “Construction sector in Poland - second half of 2018 - Market analysis and development forecasts for 2018-2023 “by PMR https://mypmr. pro/products/sektor-budowlany-w-polsce--ii-polowa-2018-1 - “The construction industry in Poland is growing again” by Tomasz Świderek: https:// financialobserver.eu/poland/the-construction-industry-in-poland-is-growing-again/ - “European Construction Sector Observatory – Country profile Poland, March 2018” by European Commission: www.google.com/url?sa=t&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&- source=web&cd=7&cad=rja&uact=8&ved=2ahUKEwiDlZXpy8LgAhXkoYsKHd6mCnoQFjAGegQICBAC&url=https%3A%2F%2Fec.europa.eu%2Fdocsroom%2Fdocuments%2F30668%2Fattachments%2F1%2Ftranslations%2Fen%- 2Frenditions%2Fnative&usg=AOvVaw2x-SKoL3Qc27SuVt5aVsFf - “Current Situation and Forecasts About the Construction Market Development in Poland, Including the Windows and Doors Sector” by Świat Szkła: www.swiat-szkla. pl/kontakt/14407-current-situation-and-forecasts-about-the-construction-marketdevelopment-in-poland-including-the-windows-and-doors-sector.html - “Residential construction in January 2018” by Główny Urząd Statystyczny (Central Statistical Office): https://stat.gov.pl/en/topics/industry-construction-fixed-assets/ construction/residential-construction-in-january-2018,3,68.html - Construction Reports by Główny Urząd Statystyczny (Central Statistical Office ): http://stat.gov.pl/en/topics/industry-construction-fixed-assets/ European Union - ERA Steering Group Human Resources and Mobility (ERA SGHRM) (2011), Using the Principles for Innovative Doctoral Training as a Tool for Guiding Reforms of Doctoral Education in Europe (pp. 1-9). - European Commission (EC, 2013), Entrepreneurship 2020 Action Plan (pp. 1-33). Brussels, BE: European Commission. Available: http://ec.europa.eu/growth/smes/ Professional qualifications regarding diagnosis 7.2 89 promoting-entrepreneurship/action-plan/ - European Commission (EC, 2016), The 2016 EU Industrial R&D Investment Scoreboard EU (pp. 1-107). Seville, ES: European Commission. - Oesterreich, T. D., Teuteberg, F. (2016). Understanding the implications of digitisation and automation in the context of Industry 4.0: A triangulation approach and elements of a research agenda for the construction industry, in Computers in Industry 83, (pp. 121-139). Osnabrück, DE: Elsevier - Agarwal, R., Chandrasekaran, S., Sridhar, M., (2016), Imagining construction’s digital future (pp. 1-14). Singapore: McKinsey&Company - Wiseman, J., Roe, P., Parry, E. (2016), Skills and Training in the Construction Industry 2016 (pp. 1-123). Birmingham, UK: Construction Industry Training Board (CITB) Spain - Consejo Colegios arquitectos. www.cscae.com/ (10/07/2019) - Consejo Colegios arquitectos técnicos. www.arquitectura-tecnica.com/ (10/07/2019) - Colegio Ingenieros de Caminos Madrid. www3.ciccp.es/el-colegio/ (10/07/2019) - Ministerio Fomento. Arquitectura y vivienda. www.fomento.gob.es/el-ministerio/ organizacion-y-funciones/secretaria-de-estado-de-infraestructuras-transportes-yvivienda/direccion-general-de-arquitectura-vivienda-suelo (10/07/2019) Italy - ANIT, Associazione Nazionale Isolamento Termico e Acustico, www.anit.it/norme/ norme-acustica/page/2/ - ANIT, Associazione Nazionale Isolamento Termico e Acustico, www.anit.it/elenconazionale-tecnici-competenti-acustica-2/ - ASSOCERT, Associazione italiana per il sostegno e controllo della conformità dei prodotti delle professioni e delle certificazioni, www.assocert.eu/formazione/corsi-inprogrammazione - IFL, Istruzioe, Formazione, Lavoro, www.ifl.servizirl.it/site/index/ricerca_profilo_ normato, with reference to the following professional qualification competencies framework: “Tecnico del restauro”, “Conduttore di impianti termici” e “Installatore e manutentore straordinario di impianti energetici alimentati da fonti rinnovabili” - MISE, Ministero dello Sviluppo Economico, mise.gov.it/index.php/it/energia/ efficienza-energetica/edifici/certificatori-energetici - MISE, Ministero dello Sviluppo Economico, www.mise.gov.it/index.php/it/mercatoe-consumatori/normativa-tecnica/organismi-abilitati-alle-verifiche - RER, Regione Emilia-Romagna, orienter.regione.emilia-romagna.it/orienter/ exec/portale;jsessionid=zmf6ubi9R07hc8R1Snomlq+D.undefined?areaProfessionale=43&Submit=Cerca&actionRequested=performShowQualifiche&lastViewedPage=1&recordsPerPage=20&pagesRange=10 United Kingdom - Chartered Building Surveyor - Royal Institution of Chartered Surveyors - www.rics. org - Chartered Building Engineer - Chartered Association of Building Engineers - www. CBuildE. 97 The Diagnosis project has several objectives, among them: • Know the needs, professional qualifications and training programs in the field of diagnosis in the different countries participating in the project (Spain, Italy, Poland and the United Kingdom) • Define a new expert profile in building diagnosis and its training curriculum, unified at European level • Create a training program for new experts, oriented to new technologies and soft skills • Establish agreements between universities and sector entities to train and implement the role of new experts. To this end, among the activities carried out during the project, two surveys have been conducted for professionals in the building sector, with the intention of identifying, in the different countries of the European Union: • The professional profile and training currently received by professionals who perform diagnosis works, through the Expert Profile in Building diagnosis questionnaire, available at https://docs.google.com/forms/d/e/1FAIpQLSeKVB-KTe5OWR0ySMS D1vWrRJIvXFBu0tlCtoWdRe4TMSBQJw/viewform • Building inspection systems and mechanisms, through the Building Inspection Report Pre-diagnosis questionnaire, available at https://docs.google.com/forms/ d/e/1FAIpQLSfCfsk0uanPX-7ah60iVq8FKcvuEC6dX1EsBsjaKLkQzhCLqg/ viewform ANNEXES 8 98 The Expert Profile in Building diagnosis questionnaire consisted of 9 questions with multiple guided answers, one open-ended question, and 4 identification questions, two of them of special interest: the institution of the respondent and his country. The time needed to answer the survey was less than 10 minutes, understanding that it was aimed at professionals especially interested in the topic of the questionnaire and suitably motivated by the Project partners. For this questionnaire 171 responses from 13 countries have been registered: 8 belonging to the European Union (Spain, Italy, Poland, Belgium, Denmark, France, Germany and the United Kingdom) and 5 external (Colombia, Canada, Iraq, Turkey and Belarus). As expected, the majority of responses come from the countries participating in the project: 43 Italy, 54 Poland and 52 Spain. The management and analysis of the answers has been done: • based on the option offered by Google’s own forms management program; • by means of a manual emptying, since it was verified that a more complete and nuanced information was obtained from the human interpretation instead of the automatic one. All the questions, answers and results could be found in the following pages: Questionnaire: EXPERT PROFILE IN BUILDING DIAGNOSIS 8.1 Spain Italy Poland 0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100% INORDERTOBECOMEABUILDINGDIAGNOSISEXPERT,WHICHOFTHE FOLLOWINGDEGREESDOYOUTHINKAREREQUIREDINYOURCOUNTRY? 0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100% 0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100% 0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100% 99 YES NO DON'T KNOW AREREHABILITATIONANDBUILDINGDIAGNOSISPARTOF THESESTUDIES? YES NO DON'T KNOW YES NO DON'T KNOW YES NO DON'T KNOW Spain Italy Poland 10% 20% 30% 40% COULDYOUINDICATEHOWMUCHTIME(%APROX.)IS DEDICATEDTOREHABILITATIONANDDIAGNOSIS? 10% 20% 30% 40% 10% 20% 30% 40% 10% 20% 30% 40% Spain Italy Poland 00,1 0,2 0,3 0,4 0,5 0,6 0,7 HistoricalBuildingConstruction TraditionalConstructionTechniques Legal&Regulatory Framework GraphicSurveyofExistingBuildings BuildingInformationModelling DiagnosisMethodology Tools&AuxiliaryTechniques Sampling& Repres entativenes s StructuralEvaluationofexistingbuildings Energyefficiencyoftheexistingbuildings DampnessMoisture&Humidity Safetyincasoffire Safetyinuse Protectionagainstnoise Accessibility Water,sanitation,downpipes,drainage,… Habitability Hygiene,healthandenviromentalquality FinalReport Interventión Criteria Rehabilitationandretrofittechniques 00,1 0,2 0,3 0,4 0,5 0,6 0,7 HistoricalBuildingConstruction TraditionalConstructionTechniques Legal&Regulatory Framework GraphicSurveyofExistingBuildings BuildingInformationModelling DiagnosisMethodology Tools&AuxiliaryTechniques Sampling& Repres entativenes s StructuralEvaluationofexistingbuildings Energyefficiencyoftheexistingbuildings DampnessMoisture&Humidity Safetyincasoffire Safetyinuse Protectionagainstnoise Accessibility Water,sanitation,downpipes,drainage,… Habitability Hygiene,healthandenviromentalquality FinalReport Interventión Criteria Rehabilitationandretrofittechniques 00,1 0,2 0,3 0,4 0,5 0,6 0,7 HistoricalBuildingConstruction TraditionalConstructionTechniques Legal&Regulatory Framework GraphicSurveyofExistingBuildings BuildingInformationModelling DiagnosisMethodology Tools&AuxiliaryTechniques Sampling& Repres entativenes s StructuralEvaluationofexistingbuildings Energyefficiencyoftheexistingbuildings DampnessMoisture&Humidity Safetyincasoffire Safetyinuse Protectionagainstnoise Accessibility Water,sanitation,downpipes,drainage,… Habitability Hygiene,healthandenviromentalquality FinalReport Interventión Criteria Rehabilitationandretrofittechniques 100 Spain Italy Poland 00,05 0,1 0,15 0,2 0,25 0,3 0,35 0,4 0,45 HistoricalBuildingConstruction TraditionalConstructionTechniques Legal&Regulatory Framework GraphicSurveyofExistingBuildings BuildingInformationModelling DiagnosisMethodology Tools&AuxiliaryTechniques Sampling& Representativeness StructuralEvaluationofexistingbuildings Energyefficiencyoftheexistingbuildings DampnessMoisture&Humidity Safetyincasoffire Safetyinuse Protectionagainstnoise Accessibility Water,sanitation,downpipes,drainage,… Habitability Hygiene,healthandenviromentalquality FinalReport InterventiónCriteria Rehabilitationandretrofittechniques WHICHOFTHEITEMSBELOWAREINCLUDEDINTHESESTUDIES? 101 YES NO DON'T KNOW ARETHEREMASTER`SDEGREESORPOSTGRADUATE STUDIESRELATEDTOTHEPROFILEOFABUILDING DIAGNOSISEXPERT? YES NO DON'T KNOW YES NO DON'T KNOW YES NO DON'T KNOW Spain Italy Poland 0 0,1 0,2 0,3 0,4 0,5 0,6 <5 Between 5to10 Between 10to20 >20 COULDYOUINDICATEAPROXIMATELYHOWMANY MASTER'SDEGREEORPOSTGRADUATESTUDIESARE THEREFULLYRELATEDTOREHABILITATIONAND DIAGNOSISINYOURCOUNTRY? 0 0,1 0,2 0,3 0,4 0,5 0,6 <5 Between 5to1 0 Between 10to2 0 >20 0 0,1 0,2 0,3 0,4 0,5 0,6 <5 Between 5to1 0 Between 10to2 0 >20 0 0,1 0,2 0,3 0,4 0,5 0,6 <5 Between 5to1 0 Between 10to2 0 >20 Spain Italy Poland 102 00,1 0,2 0,3 0,4 0,5 0,6 0,7 0,8 0,9 HistoricalBuildingConstruction TraditionalConstructionTechniques Legal&Regulatory Framework GraphicSurveyofExistingBuildings BuildingInformationModelling DiagnosisMethodology Tools&AuxiliaryTechniques Sampling& Repres entativenes s StructuralEvaluation ofexistingbuildings Energyefficiencyoftheexistingbuildings DampnessMoisture&Humidity Safetyincasoffire Safetyinuse Protectionagainstnoise Accessibility Water,sanitation,downpipes,drainage,… Habitability Hygiene,healthandenviromentalquality FinalReport InterventiónCriteria Rehabilitationandretrofittechniques WHICH OFTHEITEMSBELOWAREINCLUDEDINTHISSTUDIES? 00,1 0,2 0,3 0,4 0,5 0,6 0,7 0,8 0,9 HistoricalBuildingConstruction TraditionalConstructionTechniques Legal&Regulatory Framework GraphicSurveyofExistingBuildings BuildingInformationModelling DiagnosisMethodology Tools&AuxiliaryTechniques Sampling& Repres entativenes s StructuralEvaluationofexistingbuildings Energyefficiencyoftheexistingbuildings DampnessMoisture&Humidity Safetyincasoffire Safetyinuse Protectionagainstnoise Accessibility Water,sanitation,downpipes,drainage,… Habitability Hygiene,healthandenviromentalquality FinalReport Interventión Criteria Rehabilitationandretrofittechniques 00,1 0,2 0,3 0,4 0,5 0,6 0,7 0,8 0,9 HistoricalBuildingConstruction TraditionalConstructionTechniques Legal&Regulatory Framework GraphicSurveyofExistingBuildings BuildingInformationModelling DiagnosisMethodology Tools&AuxiliaryTechniques Sampling& Repres entativenes s StructuralEvaluationofexistingbuildings Energyefficiencyoftheexistingbuildings DampnessMoisture&Humidity Safetyincasoffire Safetyinuse Protectionagainstnoise Accessibility Water,sanitation,downpipes,drainage,… Habitability Hygiene,healthandenviromentalquality FinalReport Interventión Criteria Rehabilitationandretrofittechniques 00,1 0,2 0,3 0,4 0,5 0,6 0,7 0,8 0,9 HistoricalBuildingConstruction TraditionalConstructionTechniques Legal&Regulatory Framework GraphicSurveyofExistingBuildings BuildingInformationModelling DiagnosisMethodology Tools&AuxiliaryTechniques Sampling& Repres entativenes s StructuralEvaluationofexistingbuildings Energyefficiencyoftheexistingbuildings DampnessMoisture&Humidity Safetyincasoffire Safetyinuse Protectionagainstnoise Accessibility Water,sanitation,downpipes,drainage,… Habitability Hygiene,healthandenviromentalquality FinalReport Interventión Criteria Rehabilitationandretrofittechniques Spain Italy Poland From the analysis of the answers received, some outstanding conclusions are drawn: In view of the results it is verified that, according to the respondents, the necessary university training to be able to be prepared as expert in diagnosis, the professionals must be Architect, Civil Engineer or Building Engineer. It also reflects the diversity of degrees in the different countries, in the detailed analysis: while in Spain, the Building Engineer (Technical Architect) along with the Architect, are the most indicated degrees, in Italy there is more diversity of profiles, and in Poland the Architect is not considered as an adequate profile. The Diagnosis of buildings training is taught in the different studies, in a very relevant way in Spain (more than 75% of the respondents say it). The agenda included in the studies varies by the countries. In view of the results, it seems that in all countries, postgraduate courses are given in Diagnosis of buildings, but they are very few. Only in Spain, some respondents indicate that more than 20 are taught. Knowing the reality of the country, surely have been considered the training that is taught from professional associations. In terms of contents that are taught, in the three countries, those related to traditional construction and historic buildings coincide. As differences, while in Spain the most frequent responses are structural evaluation, intervention techniques, energy efficiency and diagnosis methodology, in Italy the BIM Modeling is relevant and in Poland safety of use or fire safety. 103 YES NO DON'T KNOW ISTHEREMANDATORYTOHAVESTUDIEDAMASTER'S DEGREEORPOSTGRADUATECOURSEINDICATEDABOVE TOWORKASBUILDINGDIAGNOSISEXPERT? YES NO DON'T KNOW YES NO DON'T KNOW YES NO DON'T KNOW Spain Italy Poland 104 The Building Inspection Report. Pre-diagnosis questionnaire consisted of 18 questions with multiple guided answers, one open-ended question, and 4 identification questions, two of them of special interest: the institution of the respondent and his country. In this case, the questionnaire was organized based on an initial question about the existence or not, in the country of the respondent, some building inspection methodology for the prediagnosis inspection. If the answer was positive, new questions appear in order to provide specific and precise information about the existent inspection systems: If they are certificates or accreditations; which agencies are responsible to manage them, etc. Unfortunatly, it seems that in Italy the first question was not properly understood and we have very few information on this issue. The time needed to answer the survey was less than 15 minutes, understanding that it was aimed at professionals especially interested in the topic of the questionnaire and suitably motivated by the Project partners. For this questionnaire 141 responses from 10 countries have been registered: 8 belonging to the European Union (Spain, Italy, Poland, Belgium, Denmark, France, Germany and the United Kingdom) and two external (Colombia and Turkey). As expected, the majority of responses come from the countries participating in the project: 39 Italy, 48 Poland and 39 Spain. The management and analysis of the answers has been done: • based on the option offered by Google’s own forms management program; • by means of a manual emptying, since it was verified that a more complete and nuanced information was obtained from the human interpretation instead of the automatic one. All the questions, answers and results could be found in the following pages: Questionnaire: BUILDING INSPECTION REPORT. Pre-diagnosis 8.2 105 YES NO DON'TKNOW EXISTSINYOURCOUNTRYBUILDINGCONDITIONINSPECTION METHODS(PRE-DIAGNOSIS)FOREXISTINGBUILDINGS? YES NO DON'TKNOW YES NO DON'T KNOW YES NO DON'T KNOW Italy Poland Spain Italy Poland Whenthe bulding arrives at20/30/50 years... Tobuy,tosell ortorent Each10/20/30 years... Stablished by theauthorities Others CANYOUINDICATEWHENTHISINSPECTIONISUSUALLYDEVELOPED? Whenthe bulding arrives at20/30/50 years... To buy,tosell ortorent Each10/20/30 years... Stablished by theauthorities Others Whenthe bulding arrives at20/30/50 years... To buy,tosell ortorent Each10/20/30 years... Stablished by theauthorities Others Whenthebulding arrivesat 20/30/50years... Tobuy,tosellortorent Each 10/20/30 years... Stablished bytheauthorities Others Spain 112 0 0,1 0,2 0,3 0,4 0,5 0,6 0,7 0,8 Asbesthos Lead(Pb) Radongas Termits Legionella DOINSPECTIONSCONSIDERSTHEPRESENCEOF: 0 0,1 0,2 0,3 0,4 0,5 0,6 0,7 0,8 Asbesthos Lead(Pb) Radongas Termits Legionella 0 0,1 0,2 0,3 0,4 0,5 0,6 0,7 0,8 Asbesthos Lead(Pb) Radongas Termits Legionella 0 0,1 0,2 0,3 0,4 0,5 0,6 0,7 0,8 Asbesthos Lead(Pb) Radongas Termits Legionella Spain Italy Poland 113 From the analysis of the answers obtained, some remarkable conclusions are drawn: The responses collected from the different countries participating in the project show similar results. It seems clear that in all of them there are inspection methods for existing buildings. In Spain inspections are made periodically (every 10, 20, 30 years), while in Italy and Poland, the inspection is established by the administration. On the other hand, there is a disparity between countries in terms of university degrees, which shows that the convention within the European Union is not yet consolidated. While in Spain the professionals able to carry out inspections are mostly architects and technical architects (building engineers), in Poland they are the engineers (civil or building) and in Italy the four professions coexist almost equally. There are outstanding peculiarities with the Geometer in Italy, and the Supervisor and the Technician with professional training in Poland. If it seems clear that in the three countries, to inspect buildings it is necessary to be accredited by an institution. The country that seems to have the most regulated sector is Poland, followed by Spain. Regarding the accreditation system, responses by countries are diverse, again showing small homogeneity among EU countries. While in Spain it seems that accreditation is strongly regulated by accredited studies, in Italy and Poland professional experience is very important. The system through an accrediting examination also stands out in Poland while in Italy it seems relevant but in Spain it is almost residual. The majority of respondents consider that to inspect a single-family dwelling it is enough with 2-4 hours. In Spain, the majority of inspections for a 10 apartments building are carried out in one day (from 4 to 8 hours), in Italy most inspections last more than 16 hours (2 days). In relation to the fees of these inspections, some differences appear between countries. In Spain, the majority of professionals consider that a single-family home inspection costs between 200 and 500 €. In Italy, the majority of respondents consider more than € 300. The country where this type of inspections are cheaper is Poland. For an inspection of a multi-family building, Italy is the most expensive and Poland the cheapest. In the three countries, visual inspections and simple tools are used to carry out inspections. It seems that in Italy mostly specific software is used for inspections, while in Poland the forms are prioritized. In view of the results, it seems that in Italy the most prominent concern in structural issues, while in Spain the envelope of the building is as important as the structure, and in Poland the roofs demand more attention (probably related to the climatic rigor of winter). The issues related to the facilities are almost negligible in Italy while in Poland they seem ti be very important. Perhaps these results are related to the profiles of the universities involved and, consequently, to the respondents. In view of the results, it should be interesting for future work, to expand the surveyed population. Regarding the requirements that the professionals analyse, the structure and mechanical resistance is a prominent concern in the three countries. In Spain, we identify a major concern 114 in terms of accessibility and use, habitability and even energy efficiency. In Italy, there is a minor concern in all these parameters and some concern (20% of respondents) in the requirements for the use of materials and natural resources. In Poland, there is a notable concern regarding safety against fire. To the question about specific aspects considered during the inspections, we have had very diverse answers: while in Spain the greatest concern is with termites and asbestos, in Italy it is radon gas and in Poland asbestos and lead. 115