The architectural design in time of crisis. A research of "roots" to support the development

6 Vi u io: I lib i di Gené. by F anco Dal Molin, 18/06/2013, used unde CC BY 2.0, modi ica ion: cu , sou ce:h ps://www. lick .com/ pho os/o so ama/9114436079/in/pho olis -7GEWh -aj8uWW-7emAD-eTpSiD-y3UNx -yGoVH-4p8R3w Vi u io In e na ional jou nal o A chi ec u e Technology and Sus ainabili y Volume 0 1 ABSTRACT Dipa imen o di A chi e u a, Uni e si à degli S udi “G. D’annunzio” di Chie i-Pesca a Vi u ius w o e he i s ea ise o A chi ec u e and in i we ind he undamen al ecommenda ions o a good design. In he pas 50 yea s i seems, ins ead, ha each o hese di ec ions had been los and he e is oday he need o p omo ing a new design pa adigm ha is a en i e o nowadays c i icali ies and di ec ed o sus ainable de elopmen . The e m sus ainabili y s a s o con igu e he quali y o human ac ions since he 80’s ollowing e lec ions on he esou ces limi ( aw ma e ials and ossil uels) and he en i onmen capaci y limi o abso bing emissions and was e. The concep o sus ainable de elopmen was elabo a ed in 1987 in he B und land epo acco ding o he need o dis inguishing i om he concep o g ow h, ha is o say wi h he goal o ending simul aneously owa d he quali y e i ica ion o p og ams in he en i onmen al, social and economic dimensions. All ha in i ed he whole socie y o econside i s "li es yle" ha , in he speci ic ield o a chi ec u e, mean inding a new design app oach gea ed o a lowe consump ion and g ea e cau ion and esponsibili y in he choices. The con igu a ion o a new design pa adigm can ace hei oo s in he s udy o his o y and can p oceed o e alua e he ac ions in a b oad con ex o skills o ensu e he quali y o he p oduc s. KEYWORDS p ojec cul u e; sus ainabili y; e alua ion The a chi ec u al design in ime o c isis A esea ch o " oo s" o suppo he de elopmen Ma ia C is ina Fo lani h p://dx.doi.o g/10.4995/ i u io-ija s.2015.4471 2 1. SHORT ANALYSIS OF THE CRISIS The a chi ec u al design in his e a o 'c isis' needs a deep e lec ion ha encompasses om he o igins o he easons o he p ojec o hose o he cu en c isis and is able o announce a ' ecap' o he undamen al p inciples, unde lying he 'choices', no only o echnicians bu also o he o ma ion o u u e designe s. (Rai e i, 2014) I is e iden he accele a ed ans o ma ion o he s udies and p ac ice o making a chi ec u e in conjunc ion o s uc u al and echnological inno a ions: o ee hemsel es om he weigh o he s uc u es, owa ds mo e "dema e ialized" and ligh sys ems and a he same ime igno ing he p oblems o he cold o he hea in homes, because hey a e en us ed o a echnical plan design always mo e sophis ica ed and e icien , i eleased he designe by a se ies o "s ings" o he p ojec , his mean he illusion o an ex eme eedom in he de ini ion o a "d awing" only subjec o laws o o mal composi ion. Fo hese easons ma e ials and sys ems deemed o be obsole e and/o no economic con enien we e abandoned: hey ha e been using no mo e massi e s uc u es bu ligh e skele ons able o gua an ee s uc u al e iciency wi h minimal ma e ial consump ion and wide a ailabili y in he managemen o emp y space in walls and plan s. The o e o new echnical plan s, also, con ibu ed o he possibili y o minimize he hickness and o assume o al openings. The challenges ela ing o he objec i es o minimizing he s uc u es and maximizing he com o can no be he only e e ence pa ame e s; o example, he o e all quan i y o ene gy equi ed o con igu a ion o indoo com o mus be e alua ed; no only ha di ec ly used o cool he en i onmen s bu also ha needed o ge s uc u al ma e ials mo e ad anced which mus be added a u he consump ion o he nume ous anspo a ion- always mo e conside able as i ela ed o a cen alized p oduc ion ha do no conside he ela ions wi h he e i o y. The ene ge ic issues and he en i onmen al eme gency shall no be deal sepa a ely because hey placed/a e pu ing in c isis e en he cu en de elopmen model. A he o igins o 'c isis' he e a e complex easons and choices aimed a apid imp o emen s o 'wellbeing', poo ly e alua ed in ou comes o e he long e m. (Ca son, 1962) Fo I aly, i is unnecessa y o emembe he link be ween he mid-cen u y ene gy policy (abandonmen o esea ches on enewable ene gies which also had a ole in he 30’s) and pe ochemical de elopmen ; he economic boom and he g ow h o manu ac u ing indus y; he displacemen o popula ions om he coun yside o he ci y wi h he change o ag icul u al wo k/mechanized and connec ed o he chemical p oduc ion o e ilize s and pes icides. (Be ilacqua, 1996). We a e e e ing o abou i y yea s, in which he new cul u e was consolida ed (disposable) ocused on he boundless us in he p og ess o science and echnology, able o sol e p oblems and c ea e an a i icial eali y hypo hesized be e han he na u al. I is con igu ed a c isis o de elopmen model wo en wi h ecological-en i onmen al c isis now e y ad anced and ce ainly caused and agg a a ed by he ype o de elopmen . (Be ilacqua, 2006). Many esponsibili y a e also ound in he ield o a chi ec u al design; indeed, he a chi ec ac i i y has consequences on he en i onmen and on he ene gy consump ion igh om he app oach o he p ojec and he esul ing modali ies o execu ion o wo ks. Vi u io In e na ional jou nal o A chi ec u e Technology and Sus ainabili y Volume 0 3 I would su ice o conside ha o e 35% o ene gy consump ion is ound in he ci il sec o ( o building 100 squa e me e s a e used abou 100 on o was e ma e ials; he 40% o was e is o imply o cons uc ion and demoli ion ope a ions; abou he 20% o emissions come om he cons uc ion indus y). The cons uc ion sec o , he e o e, is s ongly esponsible o bo h soil consump ion, ene gy and ma e ials and p oduc ion o was e as well as o emissions, a all s ages o he p ocess. The 'da a', which can be de e mined by he si es o minis e ial and o icial bodies esponsible, highligh he e o e a g owing sho age o esou ces ( he 80% o he used ene gy is s ill o ossil o igin; he ene gy p ices in he las 15 yea s ha e quin upled), a conspicuous use o ma e ials ( aised o 80% o e he las 10 yea s wi h a ise in p ices ha ha e ipled), excessi e land use (which con inues wi hou being s opped) and a s ill uncon olled emission o CO2 ( alling wi h consequen clima e change). All ha p omises ex emely c i ical si ua ions o wa e s ess, amine, clima e mig a ions, epidemics, po e y, and de e mines he need o de eloping 'new challenges' o he o e all go e nance o he e i o y and o mee addi ional needs in speci ic p ojec s. 2. METHODOLOGY AND PROJECT CHECKLIST The no es below summa ize he way owa ds he de elopmen o a mo e app op ia e me hodology unde lying he sus ainable and en i onmen ally conscious p ojec ; in o he wo ds, we wan o highligh a p ojec app oach inno a ed in he ield o echnological design ha emphasizes, me hodological and quali y issues. Fo he “ echnological design o a chi ec u e” he gene al me hodological dimension e e s o he ‘sys emic logic’ unde s ood as a co pus o concep s, p inciples and applica ions acco ding o in e ac i e and in e disciplina y modali ies. The pu sui o quali y and he in oduc ion o he concep o e alua ion o he p ojec -p ocess, be o e o he a chi ec u e-p oduc come om a need-pe o mance se ing and e u n, mo e ma kedly, o he p ojec ac esponsibili y. An e hics ecall o making a chi ec u e egains impo ance ha oday knows mo e se ious implica ions han all p e ious e as. I ecall he p oblems ha gene ally ha e been in es ed, since he indus ial e olu ion, he ‘making a chi ec u e’ and mainly he e en s which, s a ing om he las h ee decades o he ‘900, ga e new esponsibili y o he a chi ec : he ene gy c isis ( om he 70’s) and he ea e he en i onmen al c isis ( om he 80’s) showed consis en p oblems – aised by he consciousness o esou ce limi a ions (ma e ials and ene gy) closely ela ed o ques ions o cons uc ion-which ne e had eme ged wi h so much weigh and did no i in he conce ns o he designe o oo long. A he end o he 60’s many in ellec uals ook a c i ical a i ude owa d ha echnology ha was iden i ied in he cons uc ion o he con empo a y ci y whe e he skysc ape ook on he alue o symbol o economic powe . The “dispu e” was mani es ed wi h coun e cul u al communi ies, which esul ed as eal labo a o ies o al e na i e esea ch; i con ibu ed o al e na i e echnologies, based p ima ily on he esea ch on enewable ene gies as opposed 4 o con en ional ossil ma e ials, such as sola and wind. The esea ch in o med o local peculia i ies and he edisco e yo local cul u es led hen o deal wi h he p oblems o he hi d wo ld, has always been conside ed he na u al ma ke and he expansion ield o building p oduc ion ha appea ed in hose yea s, e en mo e o eign o he cul u e o he dwelling o places, o clima e and local esou ces. So “poo ” o “in e media e” echnologies we e p oposed o imp o e he quali y o he ac ions in he D.C.; hese echnologies we e used o in e en ions in a eas un ela ed o wes e n cul u e, capable o enhancing he cha ac e s o he adi ions o he places, conside ed cul u al he i age ep esen a i e o he speci ic iden i y as opposed o he p ocesses o cul u al and en i onmen al la ening. (No be g-Schul z, 1979). The philosophy behind his di e en way o unde s anding he echnology, a en i e o he needs o use s, in o he wo ds, bu e en mo e awa e o he en i onmen al c i icali y, local esou ces and enewable ene gy, in he 80’s, led o he heo y o app op ia e echnology ha also oday a e in e ening ins umen use ul o e ain he iden i y o Eu opean wo ld, cha ac e ized by his o ical p esence, landscape alues and en i onmen al esou ces o pa icula ichness and complexi y. App op ia e echnologies began o con on he adi ion and ake on he ask o p omo ing and enhancing u ban p e-exis ences, p ese ing he iden i y o exis ing geog aphical a eas ha ha e g ea landscape alue. Cu en ly hey include also highly inno a i e ins umen s p o ided ha he solu ions appea cong uen wi h he demands o high quali y and limi ed ans o ma ion. The asks a e essen ially he managemen and he coo dina ion. The pa h o echnology, since he con es a ion and ebellion o he ensla emen o he echnique and i s use as a means o headless ep esen a ion o powe , a i ed inally o iden i y wo ways o unde s anding he possibili ies o echnology and science: a) an scou a i ude, iden i ying he esea ch always mo e aimed owa ds new goals o science and echnology, which se s no limi s o he explo a ion o knowledge and ools whose inno a i e con en can also be des uc i e o he habi a ; he echnological challenge is con igu ed, in his way, ense o p oduce la ge and sophis ica ed echniques, s uc u es wi h high-cos o cons uc ion and managemen , buildings in which he o e o com o is inc easingly mechanized and a i icial; b) an a i ude cha ac e ized by a long and pa ien e ision wo k o he equipmen o he indus ial e a ha con igu e echnologies conside ed means o en i onmen al quali y con ol, ope a ing wi hin indi idual eali y and exp essing hemsel es h ough “in elligen ” managemen o esou ces, in o de o p opose en i onmen al sys ems no se ial and s ongly iden i iable. The la e aims o build a li eable and en i onmen ally con olled habi a and a e o en called o epai aul s p oduced by uncon olled inno a ions. (Gangemi, 1985). Vi u io In e na ional jou nal o A chi ec u e Technology and Sus ainabili y Volume 0 5 Re- eading he ea ises and hese buildings handed down by adi ion wi h a speci ic a en ion o comp ehensi e p ocess o design- cons uc ion become a i s s ep o econnec he oo s o knowledge and o p ac ices o he solu ions o ac ual c i ical issue. (Eme y, 2007). Re lec ions, in pa icula , on e eading he “T ea ise” by Vi u ius, iden i y signi ican con ac poin s wi h he p esen p oblems in he cu en cul u al deba e. I mean he c isis o building cul u e: he c i icism ha di usely is di ec ed o some ‘a i udes’ in a chi ec u al design, ex emely o ien ed o o mal wills, o e looking he ac ual answe s o he needs which de e mine; he need o go e n a complex and in e disciplina y amewo k ha o en escapes, o is subjec o unc i ical p oxies; he u gency o econside con ex p oblems oo long igno ed on accoun o a possible eloca ion o ‘p oduc s’. 3. SINCE THE FORMATION OF ARCHITECT Vi u ius maybe was he i s a chi ec who el he need o w i e a «sys ema ic ea men on a chi ec u e»; i is o echnicians, bu also collec s in o ma ion o he p o essional a chi ec (Book I, I), an issue closely connec ed o and p ojec ed owa ds he u u e; a i s pa o he aining conside s ha i mus be necessa ily b oad and in e disciplina y. «In he o ming o he p epa a ion o he a chi ec con ibu e cul u al con ibu ions o many sciences and he expe ience o o he a s. The e is, indeed, a p ac ice and a heo y o he a chi ec u e. The p ac ice in ol es con inual exe cise o a manual ac i i y in espec o any ma e ial, o o m i in o shape. The heo y is, howe e , ha echnical and me hodological capaci y ha conc e e i sel in he design o he wo k. [… ] He should be compe en in he ield o li e a u e and especially o his o y, skilled in design and good ma hema ician; he should be cu e his philosophical and musical p epa a ion; he shouldn’ igno e he medicine, he should know he law and he ules go e ning he mo ions o he hea enly bodies. » p. 8-9 The p epa a ion in le e s, his o y and philosophy means as undamen al o he ‘cul u ed’ con igu a ion o he p ojec ha , wi h he d awing, make i ansmissible, able o be ansc ibed and ou come o ‘knowledge’, o “ hinking”, o he buildings handed down om his o y; bu i mus no ail ma h, unde he double aspec o geome y and a i hme ic: he i s as a wo k ool, he second as p ac ice o he economic managemen o he p ojec ; s ill highligh ed he medical science, compa able o he knowledge o he ‘en i onmen al’ issues ( he pic u e is comple ed by he knowledge o he mo emen o he s a s) and ju isp udence; o hese la es is subsequen ly cla i ied he aim o he de e mina ion o heal hiness o places and he capaci y o p oceed in acco dance wi h he laws and egula ions. «in o de o know he elemen s ha may be help ul o ha m ul o he heal h o man: he in luences o clima e, he cha ac e is ics o he ai in he place, o wa e . Dis ega ding hese ac o s we can no build any heal hy house. Legal knowledge o con ol dispu es, he as onomy o hei clea laws ela ing o o ien a ion and wea he » p. 11 The e e ence o he in e disciplina y p epa a ion is he e o e mo e imely han e e ; e en mo e u gen i is he need o con igu e he discipline 6 o ‘p ojec ’ om “in o ma ion o building” o “consul a ion be ween he p o agonis s o he same” is de e mina e, whe e he p o agonis s a e he leade s o all he conside ed skills. I is p omo ing a ca e ul and esponsible planning whe e an impo an ea u e, o en no disclosed, ou come o a long and labo ious esea ch, o a punc ual knowledge o he echnical solu ion and o handed down s o y, is highligh ed; on he con a y i o en lea es oo much space o ‘c ea i e’, unde s ood as spon aneous and sudden inspi a ion. I is epo ed he s o y o Dinoc a e ha p oposes sui able p ojec s o glo i y Alessand o when he came o powe ; he a chi ec Dinoc a e had «concei ed he design o ca e Mon e A hos in he igu e o a man, wi h his le hand holding he b oad pe ime e o he walls o a big ci y and wi h he igh hand a so la ge pa e a o ca ch he wa e o all he i e s ha came down om he moun ain and hen pass hem in o he sea. The p ojec appealed o Alessand o who immedia ely asked i a ound he ci y we e ai ly ex ensi e campaigns o p o ide whea needs o he inhabi an s. When he was old ha o he supply i would ha e been necessa y o use he impo by sea, he said: “Dinoc a e, I admi e you a wo k and I welcome his, bu I hink ha he ounda ion o a colony in ha place is a p ojec o disapp o e. As an in an can no eed hemsel es and g ow wi hou milk o he me cy, so a ci y can no a ise i i is no su ounded by ields ha p o ide hei p oduc s, and can no ha e a la ge popula ion wi hou a wide a ailabili y o ood o sus ain i .» Book II, P e ace p. 30-31  %8)'%.#)%30%2&/2-Ø.#% METHODOLOGY Toge he wi h an in e disciplina y wo k he sys emic- pe o mance app oach mus be e alua ed, as a gua an o o he weigh and balance con ol pos s a s ake by he choices o he p ojec compa ed o he quali y o he p oduc and he p o ec ion o he en i onmen . (Spadolini, 1974). The conside a ion o he basic needs (secu i y, well-being, usabili y, appea ance, managemen , en i onmen p o ec ion) can become he e e ence, he guide o design consciously aking in o accoun , in a balanced manne , and by es ing, compa ed o e e y need, he choices mo e app op ia e and sus ainable. The so ecommended sus ainabili y becomes he esponsibili y o he a chi ec -builde o ealizing he p ojec . (The) « buildings mus ha e s eng h equi emen s, u ili ies and beau y. They will ha e s eng h when he ounda ion, buil wi h ca e ully chosen ma e ials and wi hou g eed, will deeply and i mly on he g ound below; u ili ies when deploymen o in e io space o each building o any kind will be co ec ed and p ac ice o use; beau y inally when he aspec o ope a will be nice hanks o ha monious p opo ion o he pa s ha is achie ed wi h he sh ewd calcula ion o symme ies.» Book I, III, Pa s o a chi ec u e p. 17-18 Bu i he sus ainabili y mus b ing oge he all p ojec s, he knowledge o local peculia i ies (ma e ial and imma e ial) is he e ec i e implemen a ion o his ecommenda ion and i is, he e o e, om he knowledge o his o ical expe iences and adi ion ha can s a a ui ul cul u al mending ope a ion be ween pas and u u e. (Da ey, 1965). Vi u io In e na ional jou nal o A chi ec u e Technology and Sus ainabili y Volume 0 7 (Men ha e he chance) [... ] « o handle easily wi h inge s any objec , began [... ] o build hu s co e ed wi h b anches, who dig ca e ns benea h he moun ains, who, also, o build wi h mud and b anches o he shel e s unde which shel e s, imi a ing he cons uc ion echnique o he nes s o swallows. [… ] when he e o e wi h he daily ac i i ies, he men inc eased hei manual abili y in ab ica e [...] and when hey no iced many ma e ials o e ed by na u e [... ] h ough hei wo k we e able o do mo e pleasan and com o able li e, which he a made mo e e ined. I will alk so abou hese ma e ials use ul o he ab ica ion, desc ibing ea u es and ad an ages. » Book II, I, The o igins o cons uc ion a p. 32-34 5. THE ‘ENVIRONMENTAL’ QUESTION «Fo a p ope posi ioning o he buildings, i s o all, we mus conside in which a eas and unde wha la i ude should be buil . We can' indeed assume ha a single a chi ec u al model is sui able o all egions [... ].I is necessa y o emedy wi h a o he d awbacks o na u e. Also in o he egions i is necessa y o y o imp o e en i onmen al condi ions, using app op ia e c i e ia acco ding o he di e en la i udes. [… ] because, he e o e, di e en clima ic condi ions cha ac e ise a ious egions [... ] I didn' hesi a e o indica e a di e en ype o buildings acco ding o a ious cha ac e is ics [ ... ]. » Book VI, In luences o clima e on he a chi ec u e p. 109-111 «Now I say in which o ien a ion should ha e each en i onmen o be unc ional. The win e iclinia and ba h ooms look inwa ds wes win e , pe ch need o be exposed o he ligh o a e noon [... ]. The bed ooms and he lib a ies a e ins ead di ec ed o he eas , as i is o hem mo e han use ul a mo ning ligh ing. [… ] Sp ing and au umn iclinia ha e o see in he Eas : he di ec exposu e o he Sun, which ises om he Eas in he sky o seek wes , will mi iga e he empe a u e in hose hou s o he day when i is usually used. The summe ones ha e ins ead o ace he no h, because his egion is no in he days mo e ho o he summe like he o he s; […] Always in he No h pic u e galle ies, wo kshops o wea ing and emb oide ing o issues and s udies o pain e s mus also a ise, o hese is needed a cons an ligh ing, i main ains unchanged he hue colou s du ing p ocessing he wo k. » Book VI, IV, O ien a ion o he house 115-116 p. I wan o p opose a way o ackling he p ojec awa e o cul u al oo s, a en i e o en i onmen al issues, needs o use s and able o p o ide a "sus ainable" de elopmen in he ull sense o he e m. (Tiezzi, 1992). The design mus he e o e pay close a en ion o all s ages o he p ocess o he implica ions o each o hem on he en i onmen ; in sho , we mus s i e o ealize he "p ojec " in he di icul balance be ween he choices ha in ol e he en i e 'package o needs' wi hou indulging in a ou ing one aspec (s uc u al, aes he ic, unc ional, ...) a he expense o o he s. The sys emic app oach and he equi emen s- pe o mance assessmen -a en i e o en i onmen al impac -in he con igu a ion o he design choices hus becomes a "way" ha can gua an ee he bes esul s in any ac i i y o ans o ma ion. To exi om ac ual economic and en i onmen al c isis, we mus e iew he cul u al pa adigm o de elopmen and, in pa icula , o dwelling. (IIIich, 1973). We mus ha e he pe cep ion o he na u al limi s o g ow h and e hink he e i o y and 8 exploi a ion o local esou ces ( angible and in angible). (Ruzzenen i, 2011). To hink, hen, on he new complexi y coming om he pa adigm o sus ainabili y (consump ion, emissions, was e) and he in oduc ion o u he s udy ela ion (declina ion o en i onmen al p o ec ion); he need, in essence, o swi ch om a linea o a cyclical me hod in which he concep o "e alua ion" eme ges as a e e ence. (Donolo, 2007). The se ing o he p ojec in e ms o li e cycle equi es a special a en ion o he choice o ma e ials, and, as consequence o he building sys ems, o clima ic and esou ce usage o he com o quali y; hese "a en ions" impose a cons an e e ence o he local si ua ion, knowledge o "place", he mos ex ensi e and ho ough as possible, like in oduced by "app op ia e echnologies" and oday ecalled and upda ed as a s a egy o mee he demands o sus ainabili y. The me hodology o wo k is based on in e disciplina y collabo a ion o he de elopmen o excellence a ailable locally (cul u al and p oduc i e le el); his is o p o ide adequa e suppo o commissioning o quali y he ques ion and make i complian wi h ' eal needs' by sp eading and sha ing he cul u e o sus ainabili y, new o ms o economy and o li ing necessa ily lexible and adap able o new eques s. The goal is he inno a ion o he 'model' acco ding o he pa ame e s o ecology: cycles closing by he eclama ion, he egene a ion and he enewal o he exis ing, ma e ial and spa ial, he i age. 6. NEW CHALLENGES OLD PARAMETERS The new challenges a e: ai , clima e p o ec ion, wa e and ood; wi hou hose elemen s he e is chance o enjoy any hing else. We a e in a si ua ion al eady a isk in di e en pa s o he wo ld. (F iedman, 1978). I seems necessa y, he e o e, o mo e om hese elemen s o e hink he p ojec in a holis ic app oach, so as o ensu e a leas he su i al o he human species: sȩ THEȩQUALITYȩOFȩTHEȩAIRȩRECALLSȩFORȩTHEȩPLANNERSȩ he ques ion o mobili y o e hink along wi h app op ia e means and ene gy p oduc ion, a he same ime should be posed he p oblem o educ ion o mobili y inc easing he possibili y o i ual communica ion (a sys em o in e connec ed cycles, o ac ions and in ol emen o di e en sec o s is de e mina e, whe e is undamen al he ans-disciplina ily and a plan oge he ); sȩ THEȩȩCLIMATEȩPROTECTIONȩCALLSȩINTOȩQUESTIONȩTHEȩ use o ene gy, om sa ings o change o esou ce a i s managemen ; he goal should be aimed no so much a he new buildings, bu especially a he his o ical he i age and in a ecen op ical o enewal- egene a ion connec ed o he ‘ze o land use’ objec i e; in his sense i is necessa y no only e-designed he buildings bu also he ci ies and he e i o ies ( o p oduce e ec s o mi iga ion and educ ion o demand); se ing up a holis ic design p ocess ha mo es om use o ma e ials (p ocu emen and p oduc ion), connec s o he p oblems o he cons uc ion and i s managemen up o con igu e end-o - li e scena ios (e en in his case he e a e many c ucial policy choices o a ou skills and i uous pa hs); (Bu e a, 2007).