Overview and analysis of current BIPV products: new criteria for supporting the technological transfer in the building sector

66 SUPSI, F.F on ini Vi u io In e na ional jou nal o A chi ec u e Technology and Sus ainabili y Volume 0 67 ABSTRACT O e iew and analysis o cu en BIPV p oduc s: new c i e ia o suppo ing he echnological ans e in he building sec o Pie luigi Bonomo1, Ana oli Cha zipanagi1, F ancesco F on ini1 1 Uni e si y o Applied Sciences and A s o Sou he n Swi ze land - Ins i u e o Applied Sus ainabili y o he Buil En i onmen (SUPSI-ISAAC), Campus T e ano, Canobbio-Lugano, Swi ze land The g owing demand o nea ly-Ze o Ene gy Buildings is apidly con ibu ing o change he building skin om being a passi e ba ie owa ds a sensi i e and ac i e in e ace. Building In eg a ed Pho o ol aics (BIPV) is a unique solu ion o deli e ing clean, sa e, a o dable and decen alized elec ici y o people ans o ming he building su aces in ac i e sola collec o s. Despi e pho o ol aic (PV) echnology and hei basic usage a e oday known o e e ybody, he pa icula equi emen s o building in eg a ion ha e b ough o he su ace some issues o e he yea s so ha BIPV is s ill a niche ma ke . S a ing om his obse a ion, he pape p esen s he esul s o an in es iga ion on he cu en ma ke o BIPV p oduc s o oo s and açade. The analysis aimed o iden i y he ele an possibili ies he p oduc s oday o e and he le el o in o ma ion ha he p oduce s make a ailable wi hin he echnical desc ip ion o BIPV sys ems. A e disclosing he ac ual lack o in o ma ion in compa ison o con en ional building p oduc s, he au ho s p opose o implemen a new “building-based” app oach ha could suppo he BIPV ma ke by including a mo e comp ehensi e desc ip ion o he p oduc ’s quali y ( oday mainly comp ising elec ical and basic physical ea u es). Such a “building- echnology” pe spec i e, also conside ing he ecen no ma i e amewo k in BIPV ield, is expec ed o encou age he echnological ans e o PV in he building sec o by acili a ing he daily wo k o a chi ec s, ins alle s and he whole alue chain. KEYWORDS BIPV, BIPV ma ke , BIPV p oduc s, echnological ans e , nZEB h p://dx.doi.o g/10.4995/ i u io-ija s.2015.4476 68 1. INTRODUCTION AND MOTIVATION The g owing demand o nea ly-Ze o Ene gy Buildings (nZEB), as in oduced by he Eu opean Pe o mance Building Di ec i e (Di ec i e 2010/31/EU, 2010), he Di ec i e on ene gy e iciency (Di ec i e 2012/27/EU, 2012) along wi h he con empo a y pa adigm o sus ainabili y, is apidly con ibu ing o change he building skin om being a passi e ba ie owa ds an inc easingly sensi i e and ac i e in e ace. Building is a key-sec o o cu en policies on ene gy e iciency since i is esponsible o app oxima ely he 40% o he inal ene gy consump ion in Eu ope (Web link 1). Ene gy sa ing and he p oduc ion o enewable ene gies a e oday essen ial s a egies o educing he p ima y ene gy needs o cons uc ions (Boie, 2014). Pho o ol aics (PV) is conside ed an essen ial echnology o he u u e ene gy p oduc ion and Building In eg a ed Pho o ol aics (BIPV) is a unique solu ion o deli e ing clean, sa e, a o dable and decen alized elec ici y o people ans o ming he building su aces in ac i e sola collec o s (Moosa ian, 2013). “The eno mous po en ial o PV and i s bene i s o socie y a e mo e ob ious han e e . PV is becoming a mains eam playe wi hin he powe sys em inc easingly deli e ing clean, sa e, a o dable and decen alized elec ici y o people” (Web link 2). In 2011 he Swiss Fede al Council de eloped a long- e m ene gy policy (“Ene gy S a egy 2050”) based on p o ound changes in ene gy pe spec i es (Web link3, Web link 4). In he ecen yea s he PV ield has encoun e ed many changes in e ms o echnological e olu ion, p oduc ion, ins alled capaci y as well as applica ion me hods (Lo e ski, 1993, G een, 2005, Hosenuzzaman, 2015) so ha nowadays he basic usage o PV echnology is known o e e ybody. Some yea s ago, PV echnologies we e s ill conside ed a b eak h ough inno a ion ha could be applied in s ic cases and wi h high cos . They s a ed being used o space applica ions and hanks o he p og ess in new ma e ials, manu ac u ing me hods and be e unde s anding o hei beha iou and pe o mance, PV s a ed becoming mo e and mo e popula and accep ed as an al e na i e ene gy p oduc ion sys em o e es ial applica ions (S obl, 2009). BIPV has enabled he implemen a ion o PV, no only as a echnical de ice bu also as a building ma e ial, pa o he building en elope and i s exp essi eness in con empo a y a chi ec u e. The BIPV ma ke had o wai long ime o gain c edibili y in compa ison o he con en ional PV ma ke . Despi e manu ac u e s oday can p o ide he building sec o wi h a a ie y o in e es ing p oduc s and cus omiza ion le els, eady o be used by a chi ec s and planne s, he adop ion and applica ion o BIPV by he building sec o is ela i ely slow. I is expec ed ha he Eu opean BIPV ma ke will expe ience a apid g ow h in he yea s o come, hanks o some d i e s such as he Eu opean di ec i e p omo ing he nea ly-Ze o Ene gy Buildings (Web link 5, F on ini, 2014). Bu , apa he posi i e ole o hese leading d i e s, o he aspec s, s ill obs uc ing he BIPV g ow h, will ha e o be ecognized and o e come in he nea u u e. The i s aspec in ou pe spec i e is s ill cul u al. In he case o BIPV, di e en ly om a con en ional PV ins alla ion (Building Added Pho o ol aic, BAPV), a di e se concep o “in eg abili y” is equi ed om he Ea ly Design Phase (EDP), acco ding o a syne gic app oach ha b idges building and ene gy knowledge. The di icul y o unde ake a eally in eg a i e app oach om he i s s ages o design, me ging ene gy, PV and building equi emen s, emains one o he Vi u io In e na ional jou nal o A chi ec u e Technology and Sus ainabili y Volume 0 69 s onges ba ie s o BIPV ma ke p oli e a ion (Web link 6, Web link 7, Web link 8). Also he di icul ies o conside and compa e BIPV wi h o he building cladding ma e ials a he han wi h con en ional PV, is o en he main cause leading o he issue o una o dable cos o BIPV. Mo eo e he success o c ea ing new BIPV ma ke s depends on he capabili y o o e come o he p ac ical ba ie s as iden i ied also by he IEA SHC Task 41 (Web link 9): a good ma ke a ailabili y ensu ing a good cus omizabili y and con incing aes he ics, go e nmen al and local incen i es (Hosenuzzaman, 2015, Azadian, 2013, Sa asa-Maes o, 2013) o ensu ing cos - e ec i eness, he de elopmen o speci ic s anda ds and e e ence codes o suppo ing he building p ac ice, and, mo e in gene al, a conce ed e o by playe s in he supply chain o wo k oge he owa ds an in eg a ed design. In his di ec ion, he pionee ing e e ences Figu e 1. BIPV opaque açade. C ys alline and hin- ilm echnologies ha e been used as cladding ma e ial. Re-cladding in he e u bishmen o Palazzo Posi i o, Chiasso, Swi ze land. (as in example Fig.1) de eloped by a chi ec s and açade make s play an impo an ole as a ma ke d i e showing he quali y, he beau y and he possibili ies in a chi ec u e. Mo eo e he absence o clea s anda ds and e e ence no ma i e o BIPV sys em’s quali ica ion is ano he issue: only a e y ew indus ies make a ailable oday, along wi h he elec o- echnical ce i ica ion, he building ce i ica ions complying wi h Cons uc P oduc s Regula ion 305/2011 (Web link 10): his means ha he so acclaimed mul i unc ionali y o BIPV is no always ansla ed in clea building equi emen s so ha he CE-ma king o a BIPV sys em, as a building p oduc , is o en una ailable. I , on he one hand, indus y demons a ed ha BIPV echnology is easible, eliable and in some cases e en a o dable, on he o he hand he in o ma ion abou hese sys ems is s ill no enough and BIPV has no ye ully en e ed he building sec o (and i s s akeholde s such as a chi ec s, building enginee s, building indus y, con ac o s, e c.) in e ms o language, lexicon, equi emen s and app oach. An example, as ollowing epo ed, is he ac ha un il now he documen a ion a ailable o BiPV p oduc s is o en s ic ly limi ed o elemen a y da ashee s di ec ly impo ed by con en ional PV panels and collec ing only basic (mainly elec ical) pe o mance and ea u es (e.g. dimensions, weigh ) (F on ini, 2014, Pe e Jellea, 2012, Bizza i, 2011, Ce ón, 2013, Ve bene, 2014). As a consequence building equi emen s and p ope analysis o cons uc ion in e aces wi h he building skin, compa ibili y wi h building laye s and ma e ials, echnical de ails o in eg a ion in building echnical elemen s, main enance ins uc ions, e c. a e o en missing. The e o e only agmen ed and pa ial in o ma ion a e a ailable du ing he design p ocess hus oday he p oblem is no he use o PV i sel bu he use 70 o PV as ac i e building ma e ial (F on ini, 2013). Lessons lea ned om he his o y o “ echnology in a chi ec u e” each us ha he ans e o new echnologies in building ield has always had a ecu ing and complex p ocess. The “new” is ini ially used wi hin he adi ional p ocess, ancho ed o pas a che ypes and o he echniques o adi ion, wi hou o iginally in oducing a link be ween echnological inno a ion and inno a ion in building and a chi ec u e. The old legacies a e only p og essi ely and slowly o e come, mo ing om pe manence (use o “new” acco ding o adi ional/old p ocesses) owa ds inno a ion o a chi ec u e when he new echnology became an e ol ing ac o o he whole building concep (Bonomo, 2015). In his amewo k, we expec ha a deepe in o ma ion conce ning BIPV in e ms o building quali ies and equi emen s will become a c ucial d i e in o de o o e come he las ba ie s and o push BIPV as a alid al e na i e o con en ional building solu ions bo h om a cons uc ional and a chi ec u al pe spec i e. 2. METHODOLOGY In he concep ual amewo k desc ibed abo e, he documen a ion and he analysis o he s a e-o -a and al eady occu ing e olu ion, bo h in e ms o a ailable echnologies and e e ence examples p o ides he s a us o he “ echnological ans e ” and a eco d o how a echnology has come. The pape , s a ing om he ca ego iza ion o PV sys ems o be used in buildings, will in es iga e he con en s and he na u e o p oduc s’ in o ma ion oday a ailable by p oduce s. As a esul , a e iden i ying he sca ci y o a ailable in o ma ion, a new app oach o a mo e accu a e desc ip ion o BIPV elemen s will be p oposed. Following he p emises and he mo i a ion al eady explained, he me hodological layou consis s in: 1. De ini ion o a e e ence ca ego iza ion o BIPV p oduc s acco ding o a “building- echnology” app oach; 2. Analysis o he main echnological al e na i es exis ing on he ma ke and iden i ica ion o in o ma ion p o ided by manu ac u e s o desc ibing echnical ea u es o BIPV p oduc s; 3. Iden i ica ion o missing in o ma ion/da a in compa ison o he building sec o and p oposal o possible imp o emen s wi h he goal o suppo a mo e e ec i e echnological ans e o PV p oduc s in he building sec o (as esul s). 2.1 REFERENCE CATEGORIZATION OF BIPV SYSTEMS The ca ego iza ion has he goal o o ganizing he p oduc analysis acco ding o a e e ence g ouping clea ly linked o he building skin. Many a emp s on ca ego izing BIPV p oduc s ha e been documen ed along he way. The IEA (Web link 11), BBC Resea ch (Web link 12), NREL (Web link 13), WIP Munich h ough he Sun ise p ojec (Web link 14), SEAC (Web link 15), SUPSI (Web link 16) ha e all exp essed a de ini ion o BIPV. Mo eo e , plen y o o he de ini ions o “Building In eg a ion”, mo e o less cohe en , ha e been ela ed o na ional and local egula ions o incen i es (e.g. Feed-in- Ta i s and o he suppo ing measu es). In he amewo k o his pape a new classi ica ion was pe o med, by means o he e e ence egula o y o he pe o mance-based building design (UNI 8290, 1981) in he di ec ion o a common language be ween PV and building sec o . Thus, Vi u io In e na ional jou nal o A chi ec u e Technology and Sus ainabili y Volume 0 71 he analysis was based on a scheme conside ing (see Fig. 4 as example): sȩ 4ECHNOLOGICALȩUNITSȩEGȩFAǭADE sȩ #LASSȩOFȩTECHNICALȩELEMENTSȩEGȩ3TICKSYSTEMȩ Uni ized cu ain wall, S uc u al Sealan Glazing SSG, poin - ixed açade, e c.); sȩ 4ECHNICALȩSOLUTIONSȩEGȩTECHNICALȩALTERNATIVESȩ such as wa e igh /open join , e c.). 2.2 PRODUCT’S DATA ANALYSIS The p oduc ’s analysis and da a acquisi ion was mainly pe o med h ough he e-elabo a ion o echnical and scien i ic inpu de i ed om he wide da abases a ailable on he websi e www. bip .ch (Web link 17), p epa ed by SUPSI in collabo a ion wi h Ene gieSchweiz (ES) and he Figu e 2. The web da abase published on he websi e www.bip . ch. I collec s mo e han 100 p oduc s ep esen ing he main building skin elemen s, and o each p oduc a echnical da ashee is a ailable (sou ce: SUPSI). Swiss Fede al O ice o Ene gy (SFOE). The lis o BIPV p oduc s is he co e o he websi e (Fig. 2) oge he wi h he examples o buildings. Fu he in o ma ion and da a ha e been collec ed h ough a esea ch on manu ac u e ’s websi es and echnical da ashee s, he a endance o na ional and in e na ional exhibi ions and symposiums as well as he di ec con ac / collabo a ion wi h manu ac u e s, a chi ec s and o he s akeholde s in e es ed in sola ene gy. This allowed ob aining ealis ic in o ma ion as well as a mo e comp ehensi e pe spec i e. Gene al Aspec s Technological Aspec s P oduc name Technology P oduce Powe [W] Coun y Speci ic powe [W/m2] Ca ego y F on glass Sub-ca ego y Composi ion o PV modu- le Cus om-made possibili- ies S uc u al Aspec s Wa an ies & Ce i ica- ions Module dimensions [mm x mm x mm] P oduc wa an y [y s] Module a ea [m2] Powe wa an y [y s] Cell numbe Ce i ica ions Cell dimensions [mm x mm] Cell a ea [m2] Weigh [kg] Minimum inclina ion [°] F ame Table 1. Da a collec ion o he p oduc analysis. Main da a a ailable om he manu ac u es. 72 The in es iga ion ca ied ou in ol ed no only elec ical cha ac e is ics bu also all he o he ea u es a ailable om da ashee s such as he composi ion o he PV module (cells, laye s, ames, e c.) and he moun ing/in eg a ion sys em, he da a on dimensions, weigh , ma e ial laye ing, he ce i ica ions and i s wa an ies as decla ed by he manu ac u e . In Tab. 1, a lis o all he main in o ma ion ga he ed is p esen ed. The able is di ided in o ou main ca ego ies: gene al, echnological, s uc u al and wa an ies & ce i ica ions. E en hough mo e han 100 p oduc s a e published on www.bip .ch, 47 sys ems we e chosen o a mo e de ailed analysis -including bo h oo and açade applica ions- since hey we e conside ed ep esen a i e o he cu en ma ke o he pu poses o his in es iga ion. The analysis was pe o med h ough he Figu e 3. Analysis o in e aces be ween he BIPV cladding and he building skin (sou ce: SUPSI). collec ion o ele an da a in syn he ic ables o each p oduc ( ha , o b e i y, ha e no been included in he pape bu can be eques ed o he au ho s), including bo h Building Applied PV (BAPV) and BIPV sys ems, gi ing a de ailed o e iew o all he main ea u es desc ibed in p oduc s’ da ashee s and epo ed in Tab. 1. Also an e o aimed o unde s and how BIPV p oduc s we e co ela ed wi h he building skin in e ms o cons uc ion echnology, was ca ied ou o he main echnological solu ions (Fig. 3). 2.3 PROPOSITION OF A NEW INFORMATIVE APPROACH FOR BIPV The las pa o his pape p esen s he au ho s’ p oposi ion o a new se o in o ma ion use ul o be e suppo an e ec i e echnological ans e o BIPV in he building sec o . By analysing he websi es o building manu ac u e s ha p oduce açade/ oo sys ems (claddings, windows, Figu e 4. Example o BIPV sys ems as elemen s o he building echnological sys em Vi u io In e na ional jou nal o A chi ec u e Technology and Sus ainabili y Volume 0 73 cu ain-walls,…) he in es iga ion ocused on he ype and con en s o he echnical documen a ion a ailable on he cu en ma ke . This allowed o de ine he le el o in o ma ion ac ually suppo ing he design phase in he building sec o and o compa e i wi h he cu en BIPV indus y, inding also sugges ions and e e ences. 3. ANALYSIS OF MARKET INFORMATION FOR BUILDING ADDED PV (BAPV) PRODUCTS In his ca ego y en e all p oduc s ha a e used as an added/o e lapped elemen o he building en elope, usually h ough he ins alla ion o a special moun ing sys em. These p oduc s do no always eplace a building laye as a whole. Fo his pape he wo main ca ego ies ep esen ing he echnological uni s will be analysed: oo and açade p oduc s. 3.1 ROOF BAPV PRODUCTS In his sub-ca ego y, hi een p oduc s ha e been e alua ed. The as ening sys em plays he p ima y ole in hese p oduc s (since he sys em usually consis s in a moun ing/ancho ing ki o ixing sola panels) and bo h compa ible and speci ically p oduced PV modules can be used. In he case o as ening sys ems ha inco po a e speci ic modules, he desc ip ion o he module’s elec ical cha ac e is ics is a ailable. Fo he majo i y o he p oduc s, he manu ac u e gi es a desc ip ion o he as ening sys em along wi h a sepa a e ins alla ion manual epo ing he whole ki o componen s (p o iles, aming, hooks, clamps, e c.), he ins alla ion phases and he moun ing p ocedu es. When in es iga ing he dimensions o he p oduc , i is usually no cla i ied whe he hey a e e e ing o he ins alled sys em o only he modules. As a as he weigh o he as ening sys em is conce ned, he si ua ion ge s mo e complica ed since p oduce s conside di e en e e ences in da ashee s. Some p oduce s s a e ha he weigh is e e ing o he module alone,o he conside only he weigh o he moun ing sys em, o he p o ide he weigh including he whole sys em. Almos hal o he sys ems in es iga ed equi e amed modules because he p oduc s a e basically consis ing o ails and clamps ha inco po a e he module along wi h i s ame. A ew decla e no ame and some gi e no in o ma ion on he subjec . The a ailabili y o cus om-made BAPV p oduc s ( as ening sys ems) o oo s is a he limi ed in compa ison o ha o BiPV p oduc s since hese sys ems a e concei ed as s anda dized ki uni e sally p oduced. Re e ing o he as ening sys em i sel and no o he PV modules used along wi h i , he ypical cus omiza ion possibili ies a e he dimensions o he sys em, he sys em e sion, he edge co e colou and he p o ile ype and colou . E en hough hese applica ions a e qui e con en ional and almos exclusi ely o oo s, he possible in e e ences o ames, hooks, ballas ing and ixings wi h he building laye ing (wa e igh ness, mechanical s abili y, sa e y, e c.) o he po en ial low e ec i eness o his sys ems in special con ex s (e.g. e y snowy o windy a eas wi h high loads) a e some examples ega ding o which he impo ance o a p ope in o ma ion assis ing he design p ocess appea s c ucial. The wa an ies p o ided by he p oduce s we e ound o be signi ican ly unclea o wha hey we e e e ing o. The same p oblem occu s also o he ce i ica ions o he p oduc s. Mos p oduc s ha e only elec o- echnical ce i ica ions o he PV modules and no o building equi emen s. 74 3.2 FACADE BAPV PRODUCTS Eigh p oduc s ha e been analyzed in his sub-ca ego y. Hal o hem a e s a ed o be compa ible wi h any PV module a ailable in he ma ke . The desc ip ion o he sys em by he p oduce gene ally includes de ails on ma e ials, p o iles, componen s and ca alogues o elemen s a ailable. Also he ins alla ion manual is p o ided o he majo i y o he p oduc s bu wi h he limi a ion abo e men ioned in e ms o in e ac ion wi h he building en elope. In addi ion, p oduce s s a ing he compa ibili y o hei as ening sys em wi h speci ic PV modules p o ide in o ma ion conce ning he panel. Limi ed in o ma ion was ound conce ning bo h he module and sys em dimensions. Sca ci y o in o ma ion was iden i ied conce ning need o ame o he modules o be used in he as ening sys em. Few manu ac u e s p o ide cus om- made possibili ies. One in e ms o colo o he aluminum p o iles and e aine s, one p o ides cus omized modules (dimensions, colo ). In one case he possibili y o di e en ma e ials used and he colo a ie y o a complemen a y pa o he sys em (a e lec o ) was decla ed. Again, a lack o wa an ies o p oduc is iden i ied and when decla ed, hey a e e e ing mainly o he PV panel and no o he as ening sys em. Ve y ew a e he p oduc s o which building ce i ica ions (such as he DIN 18516, DIN 18008- 3) a e decla ed. 4. ANALYSIS OF MARKET INFORMATION FOR BUILDING INTEGRATED (BIPV) PRODUCTS This ca ego y con ains all p oduc s ha may be used in he building en elope by eplacing he adi ional cons uc ion ma e ial. Again, also in his case, only wo main ca ego ies will be analyzed: oo and açade. 4.1 ROOF BIPV PRODUCTS In his sec ion se en een p oduc s ha e been analyzed. Despi e he a ac i eness o hin ilm echnology p oduc s (appea ance disc e ion, su oundings ha moniza ion, e c.) all he iden i ied p oduc s a e c ys alline. In he pas a big selec ion o hin ilm modules o building in eg a ion pu poses was o e ed by p oduce s bu in he las ew yea s e y well-known manu ac u e s ha e ceased p oduc ion. On he o he hand, inno a i e sys ems ha e eme ged ying o join aes he ic, mul i- unc ionali y and cos e ec i eness so ha hey a e expec ed o d i e he BIPV indus y in he ollowing yea s. In his case, BiPV modules ha e e ol ed om low powe o mo e powe ul modules eaching Figu e 5. Example o a BIPV oo sys em consis ing in a uni ized and p e-assembled elemen s easy o ins all on oo s uc u e, ensu ing wa e esis ance, he mal insula ion and p oduc ion o elec ic ene gy hanks o he in eg a ed PV (Sou ce: Designe gy SA) Vi u io In e na ional jou nal o A chi ec u e Technology and Sus ainabili y Volume 0 81 Figu e 11. Technical ea u es ha could be included in a new o ma o da ashee o BIPV p oduc s in a building-based app oach. on hema ic opics such as he mal e iciency, i e sa e y, du abili y, en i onmen al impac , acous ics and heal h p o iding. In his di ec ion, ha is expec ed o in ol e all he alue chain in a signi ican e o and wi h a ce ain ime du a ion, a g adual enhancemen o in o ma ion could be a igh app oach. The e ision o he da ashee s om he ac ual o ma in o mo e use ul and comple e echnical documen s could be a i s ac ion aken, in he pe spec i e o p epa e, s ep by s ep, a iche o e in e ms o p ac ical ools. SUPSI al eady s a ed some in es iga ions by analyzing some a che ypal solu ions o di e en cons uc ional sys ems ( oo s and açade, high and low ene gy e iciency a ge s, “d y” sys em o massi e ones, e c.), wi h he scope o assess he ole o PV wi hin he whole en elope solu ion (Bonomo P. e al., 2014) . By conside ing he whole building skin as a uni a y echnological elemen , he inal esul s ha e been collec ed in da a-shee s (a sc eensho is epo ed in Fig. 11) epo ing, along wi h he con en ional elec ical da a o PV, also in o ma ion conce ning he ene gy pe o mance o he building skin (U alue, pa ame e s o he mal ine ia, e c.), he building equi emen s, he en i onmen al (embodied ene gy) and economic in o ma ion (cos s and bene i s). This app oach, ocused on a mul i-c i e ia analysis, demons a ed he need o p ojec de elope s (a chi ec s, ins alle s, e c.) o conside he se e al in e ac ing aspec s o BIPV and he po en ials o compa e i , h ough common pa ame e s, wi h con en ional building p oduc s. Resul s also con i m ha a mul i-c i e ia pe spec i e is necessa y o e alua ing he added alues and bene i s o BIPV as an in eg a ed pa o he building skin. The ole o p oduce s, as one o he key-playe s, is ecognized impo an in co e ing he gap be ween PV and building sec o . I is expec ed ha , by in oducing all he expe ience and complexi y o he “building wo ld”, i will be possible o co e a i s s ep and o mo i a e he “building di ec ion” o PV. In his amewo k a change o pe spec i e is encou aged and, as summa ized in Tab. 4, s a ing om da ashee s and echnical in o ma ion his new app oach should be angibly aken in o accoun . 82 Table 4. O e iew o possible in o ma ion ha could be conside ed in da ashee s and echnical documen s o BIPV p oduc s wi h he pu pose o enhance he PV ans e in he building sec o . Gene al aspec s PV Technological Aspec s Aes he ical Aspec s P oduc in o ma ion and de ails PV echnology in o ma ion Cus omizabili y a cell scale (colo , size, e c.) Clea iden i ica ion o he PV ole in he building en elope. (Class o echnical elemen , Technical solu ion, e c.) Elec ical da a (powe , empe a u e coe icien s, e c.) Cus omizabili y a module scale (laye ing, size, shape, colo , e c.) Iden i ica ion o building con- s uc ion ypolo- gies (e.g. ligh wei- gh , massi e, e c.) Elec ical aspec s: solu ions o in eg a e cabling sys ems, Junc ion box, mic o-in e - e s, ba e ies, e c. Cus omizabili y a building scale (moun ing sys em possibili ies, as- semblage op ions, e c.). Clea d awing: e.g. exploded axonome ic iew, de ails, e c. Indica ions on basic elec ical ins alling p oce- du es Co ela ion o cus omizabili y wi h ene ge ic, echnological and economic aspec s Cos (in es men cos , LCC) Ope a ion and main enance s a- egies Ca alogue o pos- sible con igu a- ions Digi al compo- nen a ailable (e.g. CAD, BIM objec s) Re e ence exam- ples o each p o- duc s Physical and Pe o mance Aspec s Cons uc ion Aspec s S anda ds Wa an ies Dimensional and physical aspec s (size, weigh , e c.) De ails o each laye o he BIPV panel (ma e ials, pe o mance, e c.) Elec ical s an- da ds (Low Vol a- ge Di ec i e) The mal and hy- g ome ic aspec s (U alue, anspa- ency, g alue, he mal ine ia da a, ai igh ness, he mal b idge da a, mois u e con ol da a) Building equi- emen s o be sa is ied o he speci ic building skin applica ion Building s anda ds o be espec ed o each class o equi emen s (sa e y, wea- he p o ec ion, ene gy e iciency, en i onmen al impac , e c.) (CPR 305/2011) Ene ge ic da a (e.g. PV ene gy po- en ial in e e ence loca ion) G aphical analy- sis o echnical de ails o he in- eg a ed solu ion wi h analysis o all he main nodes and join s, and he iden i ica ion o in e e ences, bes p ac ice solu ions BIPV special s an- da ds En i onmen al e- a u es o p oduc s (e.g. embodied ene gy, ecyclabi- li y, e c.) Indica ions on bu- ilding ins alla ion s ages/p ocedu es (e.g. ins alla ion guide) P oduc and powe wa an y Indica ion o main- enance s a e- gies du ing he li e-cycle (e.g. use and main enance bookle ) Ce i ica ions, de- cla a ion o pe o - mances, labels Vi u io In e na ional jou nal o A chi ec u e Technology and Sus ainabili y Volume 0 83 CONCLUSIONS Despi e he ac ha BIPV is al eady an acknow- ledged and a i med sec o whe e a lo o opics ha e been in es iga ed o a e unde examina- ion, i is s ill a niche ma ke and ese ed mainly o a es ic ed g oup o expe , wi h s ill a low awa eness wi hin he majo i y o he building and cons uc ion s akeholde s. Goal o his pape , s a ing om he examina ion o he p oduc s’ ma ke , is o p opose a building-based app oach o disclose inno a i e pe spec i es o BIPV sy- s ems, wi h a speci ic ocus on in o ma ion ega - ding manu ac u e s and sys em p o ide s. Based on a la ge da abase o BIPV p oduc s, collec ed by he au ho s h ough many yea s o ac i i ies and lis ed on he web-si e www.bip .ch, i has been p o en ha he cu en s a e o in o ma ion and documen a ion is no ye adequa e. In he PV sec o in o ma ion is mainly p o ided by da a- shee s ha , when e e ing o BiPV p oduc s, a e no su icien o in o ming he s akeholde s on he building pe o mance, po en ials and limi s o he p oduc i compa ed wi h con en ional o al e na i e building ma e ials o sys ems. The e o e he main aspec s ha should be a ai- lable o planne s, a chi ec s and/o owne s o a BiPV p ojec , ha e been iden i ied, also p esen- ing some possible sugges ions o o e coming he ac ual lack o in o ma ion. In 2016 he new in e na ional s anda d o BIPV ini ia ed by CENELEC TC82 (Fp EN50583: Pho- o ol aics in building) will come in o ce, o icially in oducing he p ocedu es o BIPV p oduc s o ha e a CE-ma king acco ding o he Cons uc P oduc Regula ion. In his di ec ion some o he mos impo an indus ies manu ac u ing BIPV glasses, hanks o he combina ion o ex ensi- e glass know-how wi h PV echnology, al eady de elop and es hei p oduc s acco ding o CE-ma king o lamina ed sa e y glasses beyond he no mal elec o- echnical unc ion o PV mo- dules. The e o e he need o comply wi h building e- qui emen s will become compulso y e y soon o BIPV so ha a p ope building-based app oa- ch will gain impo ance mo e and mo e. In his amewo k he pape aims o con ibu e owa ds an in e disciplina y e o o connec PV and building sec o , so a es ic ed in de- coupled p ocess chains ha ha e esul ed om yea s o specializa ion and di e si ica ion in he espec i e ields. Thanks o his in eg a ed app oach -b idging a chi ec u e, building echnology and ene gy knowledge- he esea ch is expec ed o p o ide he undamen als o a new me hodological pa h common o he a chi ec u e/building enginee- ing ield and he PV sec o . P ac ical esul s a e expec ed o c ea e a posi i e impac in he eal alue-chain as well as ealis ic oppo uni ies o s a ing up new and conc e e ways o collabo a- ion be ween esea ch and indus y. 84 Pe e Jellea B. e al, Building in eg a ed pho o ol aic p oduc s: A s a e-o - he-a e iew and u u e esea ch oppo uni ies, Sola Ene gy Ma e ials & Sola Cells, 2012, 100, pp. 69–96, doi: 10.1016/j. solma .2011.12.016 Pe e Jellea B. e al, The pa h o he building in eg a ed pho o ol aics o omo ow, Ene gy P ocedia, 2012, 20, pp. 78-87, doi: 10.1016/j. egyp o.2012.03.010 Sa asa-Maes o C.J. e al., Pho o ol aic emune a ion policies in he Eu opean Union, Ene gy Policy, 2013, 55, pp. 317–328, doi: 10.1016/j.enpol.2012.12.011 S obl G.F.X. e al., 2 F om Ex a e es ial o Te es ial Applica ions. In: High –E icien Low-Cos Pho o ol aics, Recen De elopmen s (Op ical Sciences), 2009, pp. 7-27, ISBN 978-3-540-79359-5, doi: 10.1007/978-3-540-79359-5_2 Van Be kel T. e al., Design Inno a ion om PV-Module o Building En elope: A chi ec u al Laye ing and Non Appa en Repe i ion, 29 h Eu opean Pho o ol aic Sola Ene gy Con e ence and Exhibi ion, 2014. Ve bene G. e al., BIPV P oduc s o Facades and Roo s: a Ma ke Analysis, 29 h Eu opean Pho o ol aic Sola Ene gy Con e ence and Exhibi ion, pp 3630-3636, 20-25 Sep embe 2014, Ams e dam - The Ne he lands. CENELEC. p EN 50583: Pho o ol aic in building (D a ), 2012. Cons uc P oduc Regula ion. s.l.: REGULATION (EU) No 305/2011 OF THE EUROPEAN PARLIAMENT AND OF THE COUNCIL, 2011. DIRECTIVE 2010/31/EU OF THE EUROPEAN PARLIAMENT AND OF THE COUNCIL o 19 May 2010 on he ene gy pe o mance o buildings ( ecas ), 2010 (h p://eu -lex.eu opa.eu/legal-con en /EN/ TXT/?u i=CELEX:32010L0031) DIRECTIVE 2012/27/EU OF THE EUROPEAN PARLIAMENT AND OF THE COUNCIL o 25 Oc obe 2012 on ene gy e iciency, amending Di ec i es 2009/125/EC and 2010/30/EU and epealing Di ec i es 2004/8/EC and 2006/32/EC, 2012 (h p://eu -lex.eu opa.eu/legal-con en /EN/TXT/?qid=1399375464 230&u i=CELEX:32012L0027) UNI 8290–1: 1981, Residen ial building. Building elemen s. Classi ica ion and e minology Web link 1 h ps://ec.eu opa.eu/ene gy/en/ opics/ene gy- e iciency/buildings, 30/11/2015 Web link 2 h p://www.epia.o g/news/publica ions, 30/11/2015 Web link 3 h p://www.u ek.admin.ch/ hemen/03507/03509/index. h ml?lang=i , 30/11/2015 Web link 4 h p://www.dasgebaeudep og amm.ch/, 30/11/2015 REFERENCES Azadian F. e al., A gene al app oach owa d building in eg a ed pho o ol aic sys ems and i s implemen a ion ba ie s: A e iew, Renewable and Sus ainable Ene gy Re iews, 2013, 22, pp. 527–538, doi: 10.1016/j. se .2013.01.056 Bizza i G. e al., The po en ial o semi- anspa en pho o ol aic de ices o a chi ec u al in eg a ion. The de elopmen o de ice pe o mance and imp o emen o he indoo en i onmen al quali y and com o h ough case-s udy applica ion, Sus ainable Ci ies and Socie y, 2011, 1, pp. 178-185, doi: 10.1016/j.scs.2011.07.003 Boie I. e al., E icien s a egies o he in eg a ion o enewable ene gy in o u u e ene gy in as uc u es in Eu ope – An analysis based on ansna ional modelling and case s udies o nine Eu opean egions, Ene gy Policy 2014, 67, pp. 170-185, doi: 10.1016/j.enpol.2013.11.014 Bonomo P. e al., BiPV in a mul ic i e ia assessmen o building en elope solu ions-Conside a ions on economic aspec s. In: Ene gy Fo um on Sola Building Skin, 2014 Bonomo P. e al., Building In eg a ed Pho o ol aics and Inno a ion in A chi ec u al echnology: in e iew, 2015, Ce ón I. e al., ‘S a e-o - he-a ’ o building in eg a ed pho o ol aic p oduc s, Renewable Ene gy, 2013, 58, pp. 127-133, doi: 10.1016/j. enene.2013.02.013 F on ini F., Scognamiglio A., e al, F om BIPV o mul i unc ional building componen , P oceeding o 28 h EU PVSEC 2013, Hambu g, 2013 G een M.A., Silicon pho o ol aic modules: a b ie his o y o he i s 50 yea s, P og ess in Pho o ol aics: Resea ch and applica ions, 2005, 13 (5), pp. 447-455, (A icle i s published online: Augus 2005), doi: 10.1002/pip.612 Hosenuzzaman M. e al., Global p ospec s, p og ess, policies, and en i onmen al impac o sola Pho o ol aic powe gene a ion, Renewable and Sus ainable Ene gy Re iews, 2015, 41, pp. 284–297, doi: 10.1016/j. se .2014.08.046 Lo e ski J.J., The i s o y yea s: A b ie his o y o he mode n pho o ol aic age, P og ess in Pho o ol aics: Resea ch and applica ions, 1993, 1 (1), pp. 67-78, (A icle i s published online: 20 Ma ch 2007), doi: 10.1002/pip.4670010109 Moosa ian S.M. e al., Ene gy policy o p omo e pho o ol aic gene a ion, Renewable and Sus ainable Ene gy Re iews 2013, 25, pp. 44–58, doi: 10.1016/j. se .2013.03.030 Pe e Jellea B. e al., S a e-o - he-a building in eg a ed pho o ol aics, Ene gy P ocedia, 2012, 20, pp. 68-77, doi: 10.1016/j. egyp o.2012.03.009 Vi u io In e na ional jou nal o A chi ec u e Technology and Sus ainabili y Volume 0 85 Web link 5 h p://www.seac.cc/downloads/, 30/11/2015 Web link 6 h p://www.cons uc p .eu/, 30/11/2015 Web link 7 h ps://www. u .com/media/ge many/10_ indus ialse ices/downloadsi06/pos e _p sec/PROGRESS_IN_ EUROPEAN_BIPV_STANDARDIZATION_WORK.pd , 30/11/2015 Web link 8 h p:// ask41.iea-shc.o g/, 30/11/2015 Web link 9 h p://www.seac.cc/downloads/, 30/11/2015 Web link 10 h ps://www.iea-shc.o g/da a/si es/1/publica ions/ ask16-pho o ol aics_in_buildings- ull.pd , 30/11/2015 Web link 11 h p://www.bcc esea ch.com/ma ke - esea ch/ene gy- and- esou ces/building-in eg a ed-pho o ol aics- echnologies- ma ke s- epo -egy072b.h ml, 30/11/2015 Web link 12 h p://www.n el.go /docs/ y12os i/53103.pd , 30/11/2015 Web link 13 h p://www.wip-munich.de/en/p ojec s/390-sun ise. h ml, 30/11/2015 Web link 14 h p://www.seac.cc/ ileadmin/seac/use /doc/SEAC_ Mee ja enp og amma_2012-2016_upda e_2014.pd , 30/11/2015 Web link 15 h p://www.bip .ch/index.php/en/abou -en- op, 30/11/2015 Web link 16 h p://www.bip .ch/index.php/en/p oduc s-en- op, 30/11/2015