Crowdsensing and Vehicle-Based Sensing (Editorial)

Edi o ial C owdsensing and Vehicle-Based Sensing Ca los T. Cala a e,1Celimuge Wu,2En ico Na alizio,3and F ancisco J. Ma ínez4 1Depa men o Compu e Enginee ing (DISCA), Uni e si a Poli ` ecnica de Val` encia, Camino de Ve a S/N, 46022 Valencia, Spain 2G adua e School o In o ma ion Sys ems, The Uni e si y o Elec o-Communica ions, 1-5-1 Cho ugaoka, Cho u, Tokyo 182-8585, Japan 3Heudiasyc UMR CNRS 7253, So bonne Uni e si ´ es, Uni e si ´ edeTechnologiedeCompi ` egne, CS 60319, 60203 Compi` egne Cedex, F ance 4Compu e Science and Sys em Enginee ing Depa men , Uni e si y o Za agoza, Escuela Uni e si a ia Poli ´ ecnica de Te uel, Ciudad Escola s/n, 44003 Te uel, Spain Co espondence should be add essed o Ca los T. Cala a e; cala a[email p o ec ed] .es Recei ed 24 Oc obe 2016; Accep ed 25 Oc obe 2016 Copy igh © 2016 Ca los T. Cala a e e al. This is an open access a icle dis ibu ed unde he C ea i e Commons A ibu ion License, which pe mi s un es ic ed use, dis ibu ion, and ep oduc ion in any medium, p o ided he o iginal wo k is p ope ly ci ed. Imp o emen s in e ms o sma de ice capabili ies and o communica ion echnologies allowed c owdsensing solu- ions o eme ge as a powe ul s a egy o e olu ionize en i- onmen sensing, becoming one o he key elemen s o u u e sma ci ies. In pa icula , sma phones, sma wa ches, and o he pe sonal gadge s a e now endowed no only wi h signi ican compu ing powe and di e en wi eless in e aces, bu alsowi haninc easingnumbe o senso sable op o ide use ul in o ma ion abou he use en i onmen , especially when he use is mo ing a ound a ci y. I ehicula mobili y is adop ed, he sensing capabili ies can be u he inc eased by connec ing sma de ices o ehicles using he On Boa d Diagnos ic In e ace (OBD-II) o p o ided di ec ly by sma ehicles h ough ehicle- o- ehicle (V2V) o ehicle- o- in as uc u e (V2I) communica ions. In he u u e, wi h he g adual in oduc ion o au onomous ehicles and unmanned ae ial ehicles, many mo e sensing al e na i es a e expec ed. In pa allel o hese de elopmen s, ne wo k in as uc u e has expe ienced signi ican imp o emen s in ecen yea s in e ms o bo h co e age and pe o mance which, combined wi h ad ances in cloud compu ing, allows ansmi ing, s o ing, and p ocessing la ge amoun s o da a in an e icien manne . Al oge he , he po en ial o gene a ing and analyz- ing huge amoun s o da a is ema kable, being able o p o ide unp eceden ed in o ma ion wi h high le els o spa ial and ime esolu ionabou anye en o in e es occu inginaci y. The pu pose o his special issue is o add ess ecen ad ances on mobile sensing, wi h pa icula emphasis on no el applica ions and a chi ec u es o c owdsensing and ehicle-based sensing. The a icles con ained in he p esen issue include bo h e iews and esea ch s udies ocused on da a sensing and p ocessing in si ua ions whe e ei he pedes ians o ehicles ac as mobile senso s. As an in oduc ion o he opic, he pape by W. Zamo a e al. en i led “A Su ey on Sma phone-based C owdsensing Solu ions” p o ides a su ey o sma phone-based c owd- sensing solu ions ha ha e eme ged in he pas ew yea s, ocusing on di e en wo ks published in op- anked jou nals and con e ences. To p ope ly analyze hese p e ious wo ks, hey de ine a e e ence amewo k ha allows classi ying he di e en p oposals unde s udy. Globally, he su ey p o ides use ulinsigh in o heb oadscopeo hec owdsensinga ea, being o in e es o bo h expe s and no ices. Analyzing and op imizing mobili y in he u ban domain is one o he mos ele an con ibu ions ha mobile c owd- sensing can o e o sma ci ies. In pa icula , he e e - inc easing capabili ies o sma phones and ehicle-moun ed de ices pa e he way o gaining meaning ul insigh in o u ban mobili y. In his con ex , he wo k by F. Te oso-S´ aenz e al.en i led“HumanMobili yModellingBasedonDense T ansi A eas De ec ion wi h Oppo unis ic Sensing” in o- duces a no el app oach o le e age such pa adigm, allowing composing a map o Dense T ansi A eas (DTAs) wi hin a ci y ep esen ing some o i s mobili y ea u es while p o- ec ing he p i acy o use s. Besides ehicles, pedes ian and Hindawi Publishing Co po a ion Mobile In o ma ion Sys ems Volume 2016, A icle ID 2596783, 2 pages h p://dx.doi.o g/10.1155/2016/2596783 2Mobile In o ma ion Sys ems mul imodal pa hs would also bene i g ea ly om con ex da a, as well as he in o ma ion abou he whole expe ience o a eling and wande ing he ci y, including a el planning and paymen s. The wo k by S. Mi i e al. en i led “A Se ice-O ien ed App oach o C owdsensing o Accessible Sma Mobili y Scena ios” in oduces a p o o ype o he in as uc u e and o e all a chi ec u e p oposed o mee hese challenges, desc ibing some o he se ices ha can be p o ided: pa h ecommenda ions o wheelchai use s and o elde ly pe sons. In addi ion o mobili y op imiza ion, a ic sa e y is also a c i ical issue ha should be add essed o minimize he chances o acciden s. In his con ex , he wo k by Z. Liu e al. en i led “SenSa e: A Sma phone-Based T a ic Sa e y F amewo k by Sensing Vehicle and Pedes ian Beha io s” p oposes a d i ing beha io de ec ion mechanism ha elies on sma phones o sense e en s in he p oximi y and p o ide ale s o d i e s. Thei p oposal also includes a low-o e head app oach o as da a b oadcas ing, along wi h a collision es ima ion algo i hm o igge wa nings when dange ous si ua ions a e de ec ed. Since b oadcas ing is a key elemen o secu i y and con ex awa eness in ehicula ad hoc en i- onmen s by simpli ying di ec ehicle- o- ehicle communi- ca ions, e ec i e in o ma ion exchanging becomes c i ical. The wo k by C. Chen e al. en i led “A Sa e y Enhancemen B oadcas ing Scheme Based on Con ex Sensing in VANETs” add esses such p oblem by p oposing a conges ion con ol scheme o ehicula ne wo ks ha can dynamically adap o a iable channel occupa ion o maximize he ne wo k h oughpu while a oiding o conges he channel, he eby imp o ing ne wo k h oughpu , packe deli e y a io, and ansmission delay. Finally, he e icien handling o da a i sel gains u mos impo ance in he c owdsensing con ex , including bo h da a acquisi ion and dissemina ion. Conce ning he la e , no el pa adigms ha e ecen ly eme ged, as is he case o he loa ing da a pa adigm which aims a enabling a loa ing da a ne wo k in a dis ibu ed and collision- ee way. The wo k by A. Buja i andC.E.Palazzien i led“Ai Cache:AC owd-BasedSolu ion o Geoancho ed Floa ing Da a” is an example o such a solu ion, whose aim is o gua an ee da a a ailabili y in an A ea o In e es while educing he da a access cos s a he ne wo k edges. In pa icula , i elies on eplica ion among passing-by o s a iona y use s, in addi ion o a node elec ion s a egy, o imp o e he global ene gy/memo y consump ion needed o main ain he da a loa ing. Wi h espec o he da a ga he ing p ocess, especially when using sma phones, i usually in ol es di e en da a ypes due o he di e en g anula i y, mul iple senso sou ces, and ime labelling. Such he e ogenei y and ime dependen- cies in oduce new challenges in he da a analysis p ocess. The wo k o C. Ma e al. en i led “Rep esen a ion Lea ning om Time Labelled He e ogeneous Da a o Mobile C owd- sensing” add esses his challenge by p oposing a new ep- esen a ion lea ning me hod o he e ogeneous da a wi h ime labels ha allows ex ac ing ypical ea u es using deep lea ning. In hei wo k hey exempli y he applicabili y o hei p oposed me hod by di e en ia ing be ween wo mobile ac i i ies using sma phone senso s: walking e sus cycling and d i ing e sus aking he bus. O e all, we hope ha his special issue is able o shed some ligh on he majo de elopmen s in he a ea o c owd- sensing and ehicle-based sensing and a ac he a en ion o he scien i ic communi y o unde ake u he in es iga ions leading o he apid deploymen o such no el solu ions. Acknowledgmen s Wewouldlike oexp essou app ecia ion oall heau ho s o hei no el con ibu ions and he e iewe s o hei sup- po and cons uc i e c i iques in making his special issue possible. Ca los T. Cala a e Celimuge Wu En ico Na alizio F ancisco J. Ma ´ ınez