PhD competences in Food Studies

ISSN: 2182-1054 DOI : 10.7455/ij s/3.2.2014.a1 Copy igh No ice Au ho s who publish in he In e na ional Jou nal o Food S udies ag ee o he ollowing e ms:  Au ho s e ain copy igh and g an he jou nal igh o i s publica ion wi h he wo k simul aneously licensed unde a C ea i e Commons A ibu ion License ha allows o he s o sha e he wo k wi h an acknowledgemen o he wo k's au ho ship and ini ial publica ion in his jou nal.  Au ho s a e able o en e in o sepa a e, addi ional con ac ual a angemen s o he non-exclusi e dis ibu ion o he jou nal's published e sion o he wo k (e.g., pos i o an ins i u ional eposi o y o publish i in a book), wi h an acknowledgemen o i s ini ial publica ion in his jou nal.  Au ho s a e pe mi ed and encou aged o pos hei wo k online (e.g., in ins i u ional eposi o ies o on hei websi e) p io o and du ing he submission p ocess, as i can lead o p oduc i e exchanges, as well as ea lie and g ea e ci a ion o published wo k. PhD Compe ences in Food S udies In e na ional Jou nal o Food S udies OFFICIAL JOURNAL OF THE ISEKI_FOOD ASSOCIATION In e na ional Jou nal o Food S udies IJFS Oc obe 2014 Volume 3 pages 136–144 PhD Compe ences in Food S udies Chelo Gonzalez-Ma ineza*, C is ina L.M. Sil ab, and Rui Cos ac aFood Technology Depa men , Uni e si a Poli ecnica de Valencia, Camino de e a s/n, 46022, Valencia, Spain bCBQF - Cen o de Bio ecnologia e Qu´ımica Fina, Escola Supe io de Bio ecnologia, Cen o Regional do Po o da Uni e sidade Ca ´olica Po uguesa, Rua D . An ´onio Be na dino de Almeida, 4200-072 Po o, Po ugal cIns i u o Poli ´ecnico de Coimb a, Escola Supe io Ag ´a ia, Bencan a, 3040-316 Coimb a, Po ugal *Co esponding au ho [email p o ec ed] .es Tel: + 34 96 387 70 00 Fax: + 34 96 387 76 35 Recei ed: 6 Sep embe 2013; Published online: 18 Oc obe 2014 Abs ac In Eu opean Highe Educa ion, lea ning ou comes and compe ences ha e been used some imes wi h di e en meanings and some imes wi h he same meaning. Bu bo h e ms ha e been mo e commonly used o e e o knowledge, unde s anding and abili ies a s uden mus demons a e a he end o a lea ning expe ience. Thei use is a consequence o he pa adigm shi o he Bologna P ocess o a lea ne cen e ed educa ion en i onmen . The de ini ion o s anda ds o compe ences (o lea ning ou comes) o he PhD deg ee is hus a need o he quali y assu ance o his deg ee. In his wo k, subjec -speci ic and gene ic compe ences o he PhD in Food Science and Technology and hei alignmen wi h he Eu opean Quali ica ions F amewo k (EQF) le el desc ip o s o quali y assu ance pu poses ha e been iden i ied. Keywo ds: Thi d cycle s udies; Skills; Gene ic compe ences; Speci ic compe ences; Eu opean Quali- ica ions F amewo k 1 In oduc ion In he las ew yea s, in e na ional ends in educa ion ha e shown a shi om he adi- ional “ eache -cen e ed” app oach o a mo e “s uden -cen e ed” app oach. While adi ion- ally he ocus was on wha he eache did, in ecen yea s he ocus has been on wha s uden s ha e lea n and can demons a e a he end o a module o p og amme. To his aim, all modules and p og ammes in hi d le el ins i u ions h oughou he Eu opean Highe Educa ion A ea should be ( e)w i en in e ms o lea ning ou comes (Kennedy, Hyland, & Ryan, 2006). In Eu opean Highe Educa ion, lea ning ou comes and compe ences ha e been used some imes wi h di e en meanings and some imes wi h he same meaning, bu bo h e ms ha e been mo e commonly used o e e o w i en s a emen s o wha he success ul s uden /lea ne is expec ed o be able o do a he end o he module/cou se uni o quali i- ca ion (Adam, 2004). These compe ences o ou comes a e usually exp essed as knowledge, skills o a i udes (Kennedy e al., 2006). In his wo k, he e m “compe ence” ep esen s a combina ion o a ibu es in e ms o knowledge and i s applica ion, skills, esponsibili ies and a i udes. The mos common o m o doc o a e p og amme is s ill based la gely on a supe ised esea ch p ojec o e h ee o i e yea s du ing which Copy igh ©2014 ISEKI-Food Associa ion (IFA) 10.7455/ij s/3.2.2014.a1 PhD compe ences 137 he candida e is egis e ed a a highe educa ion ins i u ion. All doc o al candida es a e equi ed o make an o iginal con ibu ion o knowledge by conduc ing an independen esea ch p ojec . Mo e ecen ly, he e has been a g ea e emphasis on pe sonal and p o essional de elopmen in PhD p og ams, which has led o inc easingly s uc u ed p og ams ha include bo h esea ch and ans e able skills aining. Acquisi ion o hese skills, oge he wi h e alua ion o he candida e’s discipline speci ic esea ch skills, is gene ally moni o ed o assessed h ough annual p og ess e iews. Whe he o no he s uc u ed elemen s a e o mally assessed, examina ion o he esea ch deg ee i sel ocuses on he quali y o he candida e´s hesis o equi alen and his/he de ence o i a he i a oce. Indi idual ins i u ions speci y en y equi emen s o doc o al deg ees, his usually being a mas e ’s deg ee. Rela ed o he unding s uc u es used by some esea ch councils, mos o he doc o al deg ees a e s uc u ed a ound a 1+3 model, wi h candida es comple ing a augh mas e ’s p og amme be o e emba king on doc o al s ud- ies. Some candida es a e able o en e doc o al p og ams on he basis o hei p io p o essional knowledge and expe ience (QAA, 2011). Doc o al aining mus emain clea ly dis inc om he i s and second cycles o highe educa- ion in he Bologna P ocess. Quali y assu ance o doc o al aining should be embedded in he egula esea ch assessmen o esea ch deg ee awa ding ins i u ions (LERU, 2007). The de ini ion o s anda ds o compe ences o he PhD is hus needed o he quali y assu ance o his deg ee. The main key cha ac e is ics o ou come-based educa ion ha e been lis ed by Ha den (2002): •The de elopmen o clea ly de ined and published lea ning ou comes ha mus be achie ed be o e he end o he p og amme; •The design o a cu iculum, lea ning s a e- gies and lea ning oppo uni ies o ensu e he achie emen o he lea ning ou come; •An assessmen p ocess ma ched o he lea n- ing ou comes and he assessmen o indi id- ual s uden s o ensu e ha hey achie e he ou comes. When w i ing lea ning ou comes, i is impo an o w i e hem in such a way ha hey a e capa- ble o being assessed. Clea ly, i is necessa y o ha e some o m o assessmen ool o echnique in o de o de e mine he ex en o which lea n- ing ou comes ha e been achie ed. The de ini ion o compe ences o he PhD de- g ee mus ake in o accoun he u u e needs o he socie y. Uni e si ies o en belie e ha academia is s ill he mos aluable calling o hei PhD g adua es, bu his is no ue any- mo e as has been concluded in se e al s udies ca ied ou ecen ly by Fiske (2011) and Cy a- noski, Gilbe , Led o d, Naya , and Yahia (2011). In ac , ew PhD g adua es in science (unde 6% in Ge many) e en ually go in o ull- ime aca- demic posi ions in Eu ope as he numbe o aca- demic posi ions ha e s agna ed o declined in mos Eu opean coun ies. Mo eo e , many doc- o al p og ammes do no adequa ely se e s u- den s as hey a e o e specialized, wi h cu ic- ula agmen ed and inc easingly i ele an o he wo ld beyond academia ( ood indus y, consul- ancy, go e nmen al o ganiza ions, non-p o i o - ganiza ions, esea ch cen es, consume associa- ions . . . ). Expe ise, o cou se, is essen ial o he ad ancemen o knowledge and o socie y bu in oo many cases, specializa ion has led o e- sea ch a eas so na ow ha hey a e o in e es only o o he people wo king in he same ields, sub ields o sub-sub ields. Addi ionally many e- sea che s s uggle o alk o colleagues in he same depa men , and communica ion ac oss de- pa men s and disciplines may be e y di icul (Taylo , 2011). Expanding he PhD expe ience and p epa ing holde s o scien i ic doc o a es o be success ul in a ange o ca ee s should be he main goal o academia. PhD g adua es mus ha e quali ies a ac i e no only in academia bu also ou side, in bo h manu ac u ing and se ice-o ien ed en- e p ises, in small inno a i e companies, in he ci il se ices and public adminis a ion, among o he s (LERU, 2007). Focused semina s in a eas as communica ion, business basic and public pol- icy would go a long way owa ds s eng hening he capabili ies o PhD s uden s and imp o ing IJFS Oc obe 2014 Volume 3 pages 136–144 138 Gonzalez-Ma inez e al. hei ca ee p ospec s (Fiske, 2011). This needs he c ea ion o new models o PhD p og ammes ha ha e o be de eloped u gen ly. The aim o his wo k, in he amewo k o he ISEKI Food 3 Eu opean p ojec (www.iseki- ood.eu), was o de elop a lis o compe ences o a hi d cycle le el ela ed o Food S udies. To his aim, a s udy on he uning o PhD s udies has been ca ied ou h ough he iden i ica ion o subjec and gene ic compe ences, hei align- men wi h he Eu opean Quali ica ions F ame- wo k le el desc ip o s, access a angemen s, su- pe ision and assessmen p ocedu es. 2 Me hodology In he i s phase o he s udy, he ISEKI Food 3 p ojec coo dina o s e iewed he a ious s ud- ies, epo s and sou ces o in o ma ion on doc- o al compe ences in Food S udies, bo h a he Eu opean and na ional le els. This wo k in ol ed he pa icipa ion o 94 ins i u ions (mainly highe educa ion ins i u ions) om 30 Eu opean coun ies. Du ing he cou se o se - e al mee ings, he S ee ing Commi ee, oge he wi h he coo dina o s, ook he oppo uni y o seek cla i ica ions and engage in discussion on he p elimina y esul s. A e he e iew p ocess and eedback ecei ed om he di e en mee ings, he wo k was inally o ganized by aking in o accoun se en g oups o ou comes. These ou comes deal wi h bo h he esea ch ac i i ies and wi h he ans e able skills (gene ic compe ences). In he las s ep, a inal epo was p epa ed and made a ailable om he web pages o he p ojec (www.iseki- ood.eu/deli e ables iseki ood3). 3 Resul s 3.1 PhD compe ences o Food S udies The subjec -speci ic compe ences comp ised esea ch echniques, en i onmen and manage- men and a e lis ed in Table 1. The gene ic compe ences comp ised pe sonal e ec i eness, communica ion skills, ne wo king and eam wo king and ca ee managemen and a e lis ed in Table 2. In ood s udies, he PhD s uden mus de elop subjec -speci ic compe ences di ec ly ela ed wi h he opic o he s udies, he co e com- pe ences o he deg ee, ha a e cha ac e is ic o he s uden ’s capabili y o wo king a he on ie s o science. The compe ences ela ed o esea ch en i onmen a e essen ial o he s uden ’s coexis ence in he esea ch g oups wi h which he/she is in ol ed in o de o a oid con lic s and he managemen o esea ch compe ences assu es he s uden ’s au onomy in u u e esea ch ac i i ies. The gene ic skills lis ed in Table 3s eng hen he in eg a ion in he esea ch en i onmen and he au onomy in u u e esea ch de elopmen . As he e is always he dange o being o e - ambi ious when w i ing compe ences, in his documen a desi able le el o achie emen (low, medium, high) o each ou come has been es ablished (Tables 1and 2). Mos o he compe ences desc ibed can be achie ed and/o e alua ed by measu ing di e - en i ems such as: •P oduc i i y o he PhD s uden in e ms o numbe o publica ions o publishable qual- i y which would sa is y pee e iew; •O al p esen a ions gi en in scien i ic con- e ences, wo kshops and comme cial ades in bo h na ional and in e na ional e en s o p omo e he use o di e en languages; •S uc u ed cou ses ou side he lab, including classes in managemen , communica ion and o he ans e able skills; •P omo ing and e alua ing he pa icipa ion o he PhD s uden in eaching ac i i ies; •Fa ou ing he exchange and collabo a ion wi h o he labs (i.e. in o he coun ies); •P omo ing highly in e disciplina y p ojec s; •P omo ing supe iso s om a ange o dis- ciplines; •P omo ing oppo uni y o PhD s uden s o supe ise Bachelo ’s o Mas e ’s heses; IJFS Oc obe 2014 Volume 3 pages 136–144 PhD compe ences 139 •P omo ing oppo uni ies o PhD s uden s o in eg a e p ojec applica ion in expe i- enced eams; •Fa ou ing he e alua ion o he p og ess in his/he esea ch ( oge he wi h a men o , a p o esso ). 3.2 Alignmen o PhD compe ences wi h he Eu opean Quali ica ions F amewo ks le el desc ip o s The EQF is a common Eu opean e e ence amewo k which links coun ies’ quali ica ions sys ems oge he , ac ing as a ansla ion de ice o make quali ica ions mo e eadable and un- de s andable ac oss di e en coun ies and sys- ems in Eu ope. The quali ica ions amewo k includes desc ip o s o each le el o quali ica- ions (Eu opean Commission, 2008). In 2005, he quali ica ions amewo k o he Eu- opean Highe Educa ion A ea de ined six de- sc ip o s o he hi d cycle (PhD; see Table 3) (Minis y o Science, Technology and Inno- a ion, 2005). In 2008, he Eu opean Pa lia- men o icially ecommended he es ablishmen o he Eu opean Quali ica ions F amewo k o li elong lea ning (LLL) in he EU. This ame- wo k p esen s h ee desc ip o s o he 8 h le el (PhD; see Table 4). (Eu opean Commission, 2008). Any quali y assu ance sys em ela ed o he hi d cycle mus use hese desc ip o s as guidelines o he e alua ion o he achie emen s o he espec- i e p og ams being e alua ed. E e y desc ip o o bo h amewo ks has some co espondence(s) wi h he PhD compe ences o ood s udies he e de ined (see Table 5). Howe e , some compe ences o ood s udies de ine opics ha do no ind co espondence wi h he desc ip- o s, pa icula ly: 1.1.8: demons a e abili y o wo k well ac oss disciplines. 1.3.2, 1.3.3, 1.3.4, 1.3.5: manage a eam o peo- ple, apply e ec i e p ojec managemen h ough he se ing o esea ch goals, in e media e mile- s ones and p io i iza ion o ac i i ies, ecognise p inciples o p ojec and ime managemen , ap- ply o unding o a ac o he companies o wo k in a esea ch p ojec . 2.1.1, 2.1.2, 2.1.3, 2.1.4: demons a e lexi- bili y and open-mindedness, when wo king wi h di e en en i onmen s and people, show abili y o handle di icul ies in esea ch o o he p o- essional ac i i ies in an app op ia e way, show abili y o eac quickly and e ec i ely o unp e- dic able/un o eseen si ua ions, show abili y o adap o di e en cul u es and socio-economic en i onmen s. 2.3.1, 2.3.2, 2.3.3, 2.3.4: de elop and main ain co-ope a i e ne wo ks and wo king ela ionships wi h supe iso s, colleagues and pee s wi hin he ins i u ion and he wide esea ch communi y, unde s and one’s beha iou and impac on o h- e s when wo king in and con ibu ing o he suc- cess o o mal and in o mal eams, lis en, gi e and ecei e eedback and espond pe cep i ely o o he s, de elop capaci y o engage in mul i- disciplina y wo ks. 2.4.1, 2.4.2: app ecia e he need o and show commi men o con inued p o essional de elop- men , demons a e an insigh in o he ans e - able na u e o esea ch skills o o he wo k en i- onmen s and he ange o ca ee oppo uni ies wi hin and ou side academia. These compe ences a e almos exclusi ely on e- sea ch managemen , pe sonal e ec i eness, ne - wo king and eam wo king and ca ee manage- men . The de i a ion o he de ini ions o compe- ences om he desc ip o s was expec ed, since he desc ip o s de ined he le el o e e y PhD s udy o e e y subjec and hus a e mo e gen- e al and de ine he common denomina o o all knowledge a eas and he minimum o dis inguish he a ious le els o quali ica ions. Subjec spe- ci ic compe ences a e, by de ini ion, mo e speci ic o he pa icula PhD i is e e ed o. 4 Conclusion The esul s o he p esen wo k can be used in he u u e o Quali y Assu ance s anda ds o Eu o- pean PhD Food S udies, no only as a pilla o se he basis o he u u e PhD p og ams, bu also o modi y and o imp o e p esen PhD s udies. IJFS Oc obe 2014 Volume 3 pages 136–144 140 Gonzalez-Ma inez e al. Table 1: Speci ic compe ences o PhD ood s udies1 1.1.Resea ch skills and echniques To be able o: Le el (*) 1.1.1 demons a e o iginal, independen and c ea i e hinking High 1.1.2 demons a e abili y o pe o m o iginal and independen esea ch wi hin High a scien i ic discipline o in e disciplina y collabo a ion 1.1.3 demons a e abili y o ‘wo k in dep h a he on ie s o knowledge’ and Medium ac oss disciplina y bounda ies 1.1.4 o mula e and apply solu ions o esea ch p oblems and e ec i ely High in e p e esea ch esul s 1.1.5 demons a e an unde s anding o ele an esea ch me hodologies and High echniques and hei app op ia e applica ion wi hin one’s esea ch ield 1.1.6 analyse c i ically and e alua e one’s indings and hose o o he s High 1.1.7 ecognise and in eg a e ideas and esou ces om a wide pool o sou ces High 1.1.8 demons a e abili y o wo k well ac oss disciplines High 1.2. Resea ch en i onmen To be able o: Le el(*) 1.2.1 show a b oad unde s anding o he con ex in which esea ch akes place: Low-Medium unde s and he ele ance o esea ch in socie y and he po en ial impac o esea ch on indi iduals, g oups and socie y 1.2.2 demons a e awa eness o issues ela ing o he igh s o o he esea che s Medium-High and o esea ch subjec s e.g. con iden iali y, a ibu ion, copy igh , e hics, malp ac ice, a oidance o plagia ism, owne ship o da a and he equi emen s o he Da a P o ec ion Ac . 1.2.3 unde s and ele an heal h and sa e y issues and demons a e High esponsible wo king p ac ices 1.2.4 unde s and he p ocesses o unding, e alua ion o esea ch and Medium g an applica ion p ocedu es 1.2.5 unde s and di e en cul u al en i onmen s, including he business wo ld, Low and he con ibu ion ha knowledge ans e can make o socie y 1.3. Resea ch managemen To be able o: Le el(*) 1.3.1 de elop new esea ch p ojec s Medium 1.3.2 manage a eam o people Medium 1.3.3 apply e ec i e p ojec managemen h ough he se ing o esea ch goals, Medium in e media e miles ones and p io i isa ion o ac i i ies 1.3.4 ecognise p inciples o p ojec and ime managemen High 1.3.5 apply o unding o a ac o he companies o wo k in a esea ch p ojec Low-Medium (*) minimum desi ed le el 1p oposed by ISEKI3 FOOD ne wo k IJFS Oc obe 2014 Volume 3 pages 136–144 PhD compe ences 141 Table 2: Gene ic compe ences (key ans e able skills) o PhD ood s udies1 2.1. Pe sonal e ec i eness To be able o: Le el(*) 2.1.1 demons a e lexibili y and open-mindedness, when wo king wi h di e en high en i onmen s and people 2.1.2 show abili y o handle di icul ies in esea ch o o he p o essional high ac i i ies in an app op ia e way 2.1.3 show abili y o eac quickly and e ec i ely o unp edic able/un o eseen medium si ua ions. 2.1.4 show abili y o adap o di e en cul u es and socio-economic high en i onmen s (by means o an in e na ional expe ience, mobili y) 2.2. Communica ion skills To be able o: Le el(*) 2.2.1 w i e ( epo ) luen ly and e icien ly scien i ic publica ions high 2.2.2 de end own pape s in scien i ic con e ences high 2.2.3 show abili y o communica e e ec i ely o a b oad amewo k o audiences high (in e disciplina y eams, expe con e ences, science o socie y, wo kshops) 2.2.4 e ec i ely suppo he lea ning o o he s when in ol ed in eaching, medium men o ing o demons a ing ac i i ies 2.2.5 communica e/discuss e ec i ely wi h esea che s om o he disciplines high 2.3. Ne wo king and eamwo king To be able o: Le el(*) 2.3.1 de elop and main ain co-ope a i e ne wo ks and wo king ela ionships medium wi h supe iso s, colleagues and pee s wi hin he ins i u ion and he wide esea ch communi y 2.3.2 unde s and one’s beha iou and impac on o he s when wo king in and low con ibu ing o he success o o mal and in o mal eams 2.3.3 lis en, gi e and ecei e eedback and espond pe cep i ely o o he s medium 2.3.4 de elop capaci y o engage in mul idisciplina y wo ks medium 2.4. Ca ee managemen To be able o: Le el(*) 2.4.1 app ecia e he need o and show commi men o con inued p o essional medium de elopmen 2.4.2 demons a e an insigh in o he ans e able na u e o esea ch skills high o o he wo k en i onmen s and he ange o ca ee oppo uni ies wi hin and ou side academia (*) minimum desi ed le el 1p oposed by ISEKI3 FOOD ne wo k IJFS Oc obe 2014 Volume 3 pages 136–144 142 Gonzalez-Ma inez e al. Table 3: Thi d cycle (PhD) desc ip o s o he Eu opean Quali ica ions F amewo k o he Eu opean Highe Educa ion A ea Comple ion o he hi d cycle is awa ded o s uden s who ha e he ollowing quali ica ions: 1. ha e demons a ed a sys ema ic unde s anding o a ield o s udy and mas e y o he skills and me hods o esea ch associa ed wi h ha ield; 2. ha e demons a ed he abili y o concei e, design, implemen and adap a subs an ial p ocess o esea ch wi h schola ly in eg i y; 3. ha e made a con ibu ion h ough o iginal esea ch ha ex ends he on ie o knowledge by de eloping a subs an ial body o wo k, some o which me i s na ional o in e na ional e e eed publica ion; 4. a e capable o c i ical analysis, e alua ion and syn hesis o new and complex ideas; 5. can communica e wi h hei pee s, he la ge schola ly communi y and wi h socie y in gene al abou hei a eas o expe ise; 6. can be expec ed o be able o p omo e, wi hin academic and p o essional con ex s, echnological, social o cul u al ad ancemen in a knowledge based socie y. Table 4: Le el 8 h (PhD) desc ip o s o he Eu opean Quali ica ions F amewo k o Li elong Lea ning 1. knowledge: knowledge a he mos ad anced on ie o a ield o wo k o s udy and a he in e ace be ween ields; 2. skills: he mos ad anced and specialised skills and echniques, including syn hesis and e alua ion, equi ed o sol e c i ical p oblems in esea ch and/o inno a ion and o ex end and ede ine exis ing knowledge o p o essional p ac ice; 3. compe ence: demons a e subs an ial au ho i y, inno a ion, au onomy, schola ly and p o essional in eg i y and sus ained commi men o he de elopmen o new ideas o p ocesses a he o e on o wo k o s udy con ex s including esea ch. IJFS Oc obe 2014 Volume 3 pages 136–144 PhD compe ences 143 Table 5: Rela ionship be ween LLL and EHEA desc ip o s (g ey backg ound) and ISEKI PhD compe- ences EQFHE EQFLLL 1. knowledge: knowledge a he 2. skills: he mos ad anced and 3. compe ence: demons a e mos ad anced on ie o a specialised skills and subs an ial au ho i y, ield o wo k o s udy and a echniques, including syn hesis inno a ion, au onomy, he in e ace be ween ields; and e alua ion, equi ed o schola ly and p o essional sol e c i ical p oblems in in eg i y and sus ained esea ch and/o inno a ion commi men o he and o ex end and ede ine de elopmen o new ideas o exis ing knowledge o p ocesses a he o e on o p o essional p ac ice; wo k o s udy con ex s including esea ch. 1.1.1 - 1.1.2 - 1.2.2 1.3.1 - 1.2.4 - 2.2.4 1.ha e demons a ed a sys ema ic unde s anding o a ield o s udy and mas e y o he skills and me hods o 1.1.3 1.1.2 - 1.1.5 - 1.2.3 esea ch associa ed wi h ha ield; 2. ha e demons a ed he 1.1.2 abili y o concei e, design, implemen and adap a 1.1.4 - 1.1.5 subs an ial p ocess o esea ch wi h schola ly in eg i y; 3.ha e made a con ibu ion h ough o iginal esea ch ha ex ends he on ie o knowledge by de eloping a subs an ial body o wo k, 1.1.3 - 2.2.1 o which me i s na ional o in e na ional e e eed publica ion; 4.a e capable o c i ical analysis, e alua ion and 1.1.1 - 1.1.2 - 1.1.6 - 1.1.7 syn hesis o new and complex ideas; 5.can communica e wi h hei pee s, he la ge schola ly communi y and wi h socie y in 2.2.1 - 2.2.2 - 2.2.3 - 2.2.5 gene al abou hei a eas o expe ise; 6. can be expec ed o be able 1.1.5 o p omo e, wi hin academic and p o essional con ex s, 1.2.1 - 1.2.5 - 1.3.1 echnological, social o cul u al ad ancemen in a knowledge based socie y. IJFS Oc obe 2014 Volume 3 pages 136–144