Applied Mathematical Problems in Engineering

Mul idisciplina y Jou nal o Educa ion, h p://dx.doi.o g/10.4995/muse.2016.6679 Social and Technological Sciences EISSN: 2341-2593 Llopis-Albe and Palacios-Ma qués (2016) h p://polipape s.up .es/index.php/MUSE/ Mul . J. Edu. Soc & Tec. Sci. Vol. 3 Nº 2 (2016): 1-14 | 1 Applied Ma hema ical P oblems in Enginee ing Llopis-Albe , Ca losa; Palacios-Ma ques, Danielb a Depa amen o de Ingenie ía Mecánica y de Ma e iales, Uni e si a Poli ècnica de València, Camí de Ve a s/n, Spain, 46022, email: [email p o ec ed].es b Depa amen o de O ganización de Emp esas, Uni e si a Poli ècnica de València, Camí de Ve a s/n, Spain, 46022, email: [email p o ec ed].es Recei ed: 2016-04-02; Accep ed: 2016-07-21 Abs ac The e is a close ela ionship be ween enginee ing and ma hema ics, which has led o he de elopmen o new echniques in ecen yea s. Likewise he de elopmen s in echnology and compu e s ha e led o new ways o eaching ma hema ics o enginee ing s uden s and he use o mode n echniques and me hods. This esea ch aims o p o ide insigh on how o deal wi h ma hema ical p oblems o enginee ing s uden s. This is pe o med by means o a uzzy se /Quali a i e Compa a i e Analysis applied o con lic esolu ion o Public Pa icipa ion P ojec s in suppo o he EU Wa e F amewo k Di ec i e. Keywo ds: Fuzzy se s; Quali a i e Compa a i e Analysis; Public pa icipa ion p ojec ; con lic esolu ion; decision-making Mul idisciplina y Jou nal o Educa ion, h p://dx.doi.o g/10.4995/muse.2016.6679 Social and Technological Sciences EISSN: 2341-2593 Llopis-Albe and Palacios-Ma qués (2016) h p://polipape s.up .es/index.php/MUSE/ Mul . J. Edu. Soc & Tec. Sci. Vol. 3 Nº 2 (2016): 1-14 | 2 1. In oduc ion In eg a ed wa e esou ces managemen en ails echnical, scien i ic, poli ical, legisla i e, and o ganiza ional aspec s o wa e sys em. Wa e esou ces managemen su e s om con inual and g owing p essu es, which de i e om easons such as human ac i i y, popula ion g ow h, li ing s anda ds inc ease, land-use and clima e changes, g owing compe i ion o wa e , and pollu ion om indus ial, municipal, and ag icul u al sou ces. The EU Wa e F amewo k Di ec i e (WFD) es ablishes a amewo k o he p o ec ion o all wa e bodies by p omo ing sus ainable wa e use based on long- e m p o ec ion o wa e esou ces, and enac s o achie e good quali a i e and quan i a i e s a us o all wa e bodies by 2021. The EU WFD also s a es ha all membe s shall encou age he ac i e in ol emen o s akeholde s in he implemen a ion o he di ec i e and de elopmen o wa e shed managemen plans (EC, 2000). A way o deal wi h s akeholde s' con lic esolu ion p oblems is by using a con igu a ional compa a i e me hod. This is pe o med by means o a uzzy se /quali a i e compa a i e analysis, sQCA (Ragin 2008), which o e comes some o he limi a ions o s ic ly quali a i e o quan i a i e s udies. This echnique has been widely used in he li e a u e o deal wi h quali a i e compa a i e analysis (e.g., Be begal- Mi aben and Llopis-Albe , 2015). Mul idisciplina y Jou nal o Educa ion, h p://dx.doi.o g/10.4995/muse.2016.6679 Social and Technological Sciences EISSN: 2341-2593 Llopis-Albe and Palacios-Ma qués (2016) h p://polipape s.up .es/index.php/MUSE/ Mul . J. Edu. Soc & Tec. Sci. Vol. 3 Nº 2 (2016): 1-14 | 3 2. Public pa icipa ion p ojec s in he Wa e F amewo k Di ec i e S akeholde s’ sa is ac ion depends on di e se ac o s, such as hei he e ogeneous in e es s, educa ional backg ounds, employmen , knowledges, esou ces, expe iences, places o p o enance, le els o pa icipa ion, e c. S akeholde s a e selec ed by conside ing all g oups who in some way will be a ec ed by he implemen a ion o measu es, which includes hose who ha e in e es s, claims o igh s (e hical o legal) o he bene i s o he measu es unde aken, a e likely o bea i s cos s o ad e se impac s wha e e i s o e all wo h. The s akeholde s in ol ed in he wa e decision-making o a PPP ange om go e nmen s, wa e agencies au ho i ies, en i onmen al o ganiza ions, i iga ion use communi ies, p i a e i ms, uni e si ies and esea ch agencies, poli ical pa ies, labo unions, expe s, ad iso s, mass-media, ci izens o in e na ional o ganiza ions. Table 1 p esen s he ac o s o condi ions ha leads o he s akeholde s' sa is ac ion in he decision-making p ocess o a PPP o a wa e shed managemen , which co e en i onmen al objec i es pu sued, he ac ual capaci y o e icien ly ca ying ou hose objec i es, he socio-economic de elopmen o he egion, he le el and mechanisms o s akeholde s’ pa icipa ion in he PPP, and he al e na i e policies and measu es ha should be implemen ed in he hyd ological plans. Mul idisciplina y Jou nal o Educa ion, h p://dx.doi.o g/10.4995/muse.2016.6679 Social and Technological Sciences EISSN: 2341-2593 Llopis-Albe and Palacios-Ma qués (2016) h p://polipape s.up .es/index.php/MUSE/ Mul . J. Edu. Soc & Tec. Sci. Vol. 3 Nº 2 (2016): 1-14 | 4 3. Me hodology This s udy uses ac o s belonging o di e en wa e sheds and coun ies o assess s akeholde s' p e e ences o deg ees o accep ance ega ding he di e se ac o s o condi ions ha lead o hei sa is ac ion. Then his wo k deals wi h di e en wa e sheds eali ies and na ional legisla ions, and p esen s a gene al o e iew o he Eu opean s akeholde s' sa is ac ion in he decision-making p ocess o PPP o wa e esou ces managemen . The di e si y o wa e sheds in e ms o he managemen s a egies hey apply and hei s akeholde engagemen makes his wo k e en mo e sui able o s udying how combina ions o condi ions in he decision-making p ocess can esul in s akeholde sa is ac ion. E en ually, we will iden i y wha combina ions o he conside ed condi ions a e necessa y o su icien o achie e he s akeholde s’ sa is ac ion in PPP. The s udy is based on di e en Eu opean epo s (EU, 2003; OECD 2015; OECD 2014), esea ch pape s dealing wi h hese issues (e.g., Ve weij e al., 2013; S ini asan e al., 2012), online epo s om webpages o Eu opean wa e agencies au ho i ies, mass- media in o ma ion, mee ings, pe sonal in e iews, su eys, and expe judgmen . Da a ha e been collec ed du ing long- ime pe iod o yea s, so ha a longi udinal iew on he cou se o he s akeholde s’ p e e ences has been ob ained. The e o e, we a e in ended o iden i y which combina ions o ac o s a e su icien o explain he ou come by means o a Quali a i e Compa a i e Analysis (QCA) o Mul idisciplina y Jou nal o Educa ion, h p://dx.doi.o g/10.4995/muse.2016.6679 Social and Technological Sciences EISSN: 2341-2593 Llopis-Albe and Palacios-Ma qués (2016) h p://polipape s.up .es/index.php/MUSE/ Mul . J. Edu. Soc & Tec. Sci. Vol. 3 Nº 2 (2016): 1-14 | 5 o e come some o he limi a ions o s ic ly quali a i e o quan i a i e me hods, and o mo e sys ema ically analyze conjunc u al causal pa e ns A con igu a ion is a combina ion o ac o s -which is named as condi ions in QCA e minology- ha is minimally necessa y and/o su icien o ob aining a speci ic ou come. These con igu a ions consis o condi ions o ac o s ha can be posi i e, nega i e, o absen . Condi ions a e su icien and necessa y only in combina ion wi h o he condi ions o which a e only one al e na i e among o he s ha only apply o some cases bu no o o he s. Con a y o QCA, which can only analyze bina y a iables, sQCA o e comes his limi a ion by inco po a ing he possibili y o examine a ying le els o membe ship o cases o a pa icula se . Fi s calib a ion p ocedu e o ou comes and an eceden condi ions in o uzzy se s is equi ed, which ca ego izes meaning ul g oupings o cases (Ragin, 2008). Fuzzy alues ange om ull membe ship (1) o ull non-membe ship (0). A c osso e poin (0.5) ep esen s nei he in no ou o he se . Second he u h able is cons uc ed, which is a ma ix space wi h 2k ows, whe e k is he numbe o an eceden condi ions and ep esen s all he logically possible combina ions o causal condi ions and so s he cases acco ding o hese logically possible combina ions. Each column ep esen s a condi ion, and each empi ical case co esponds o a con igu a ion depending on which an eceden condi ions he case mee s. Thi d a educ ion o he he numbe o ows in he u h able is ca ied ou . We ha e used a e sion o he Quine–McCluskey algo i hm (Quine, 1952), al hough se e al Mul idisciplina y Jou nal o Educa ion, h p://dx.doi.o g/10.4995/muse.2016.6679 Social and Technological Sciences EISSN: 2341-2593 Llopis-Albe and Palacios-Ma qués (2016) h p://polipape s.up .es/index.php/MUSE/ Mul . J. Edu. Soc & Tec. Sci. Vol. 3 Nº 2 (2016): 1-14 | 6 algo i hms can also minimize a u h able. This allows o ob ain a se o combina ions o causal condi ions by using Boolean algeb a, whe e each combina ion is minimally su icien o p oduce he ou come. The ow educ ion depends on wo c i e ia: a) he co e age, which indica es he empi ical ele ance o a solu ion, ha is., i measu es he p opo ion o membe ships in he ou come ha is explained by he comple e solu ion; b) he consis ency, which quan i ies he deg ee o which ins ances sha ing simila condi ions display he same ou come. On he o he hand, he aw co e age indica es which sha e o he ou come is explained by a ce ain al e na i e con igu a ion, while he unique co e age indica es which sha e o he ou come is exclusi ely explained by a ce ain al e na i e pa h. T u h ables a e analyzed by he s/QCA so wa e (Ragin 2008). 4. Resul s and discussion The main aim is o de e mine which pa icula combina ions o hese condi ions lead o s akeholde s’ sa is ac ion by examining which combina ions o he condi ions a e necessa y o su icien o achie e i . The deg ee o accep ance o p e e ence ega ding he di e en ac o s is analyzed by means o using a con inuous uzzy se . I is anged om 0 o 1, i.e., om low deg ee o accep ance o ag eemen o high deg ee o accep ance o ag eemen . We ha e conside ed 7 ac o s, which comp ises se e al sub- ac o s as shown in Table 1. Fo each s akeholde and ac o he agg ega e inal sco e is he a i hme ic a e age o he uzzy sco es o each sub- ac o . The calib a ion p ocess has allowed Mul idisciplina y Jou nal o Educa ion, h p://dx.doi.o g/10.4995/muse.2016.6679 Social and Technological Sciences EISSN: 2341-2593 Llopis-Albe and Palacios-Ma qués (2016) h p://polipape s.up .es/index.php/MUSE/ Mul . J. Edu. Soc & Tec. Sci. Vol. 3 Nº 2 (2016): 1-14 | 7 ans o ming he di e si y o ac o s used in his wo k in o uzzy a iables, so ha hey ma ch o con o m o ex e nal s anda ds. Fuzzy sco es calib a ion is based on di e en epo s, esea ch pape s, online epo s om webpages o Eu opean wa e agencies au ho i ies, mass-media in o ma ion, mee ings, pe sonal in e iews, su eys, and expe judgmen . The u h able is ob ained a e se e al ounds o analyses and because he e a e 7 ac o s he dimensions a e (27) ows and 7 columns, which en ails 128 possible con igu a ions. The ma ix is checked o necessa y condi ions o he ou come and also o he nega ion o he ac o s indica ed by he ilde (~) sign. A condi ion has been conside ed as necessa y when i s consis ency sco e exceeds he h eshold alue o 0.9. Resul s show ha he e a e only 2 necessa y condi ions, which a e he en i onmen al objec i es and he socio-economic de elopmen o he egion. A e he minimiza ion p ocess using he co e age and consis ency alues, he combina ions o causal condi ions a e ob ained, hus p o iding he combina ions o ac o s ha a e minimally su icien o p oduce he ou come (see Table 2). In his able black ci cles () indica e he p esence o a condi ion, whi e ci cles (⭕) deno e i s absence, and blank cells ep esen ambiguous condi ions. Resul s also sugges ha : a) no uni ying causal pa h explains he ou come; b) all con igu a ions p esen accep able consis ency indices (<0.80); c) high aw co e age alues a e ob ained; d) apa om he necessa y condi ions, he p esence o policies (bo h con ol measu es and echnical measu es) appea in mos o he con igu a ions, which shows ha he ou come s ongly Mul idisciplina y Jou nal o Educa ion, h p://dx.doi.o g/10.4995/muse.2016.6679 Social and Technological Sciences EISSN: 2341-2593 Llopis-Albe and Palacios-Ma qués (2016) h p://polipape s.up .es/index.php/MUSE/ Mul . J. Edu. Soc & Tec. Sci. Vol. 3 Nº 2 (2016): 1-14 | 8 depends on he ypes o policies unde aken; e) he g ea e unde s anding o he p oblem ( o ins ance, using a ma hema ical echniques like ha he p esen ed o models aking in o accoun he key unde lying biophysical p ocesses, e.g., Llopis-Albe e al., 2014; 2015) he be e managemen p ac ices and consensus will be achie ed among he di e en ac o s; ) be e esul s a e ob ained i ac o s a e in ol ed a ea ly s ages, on accoun o hey a e less likely o obs uc decisions and mo e likely o suppo hem; g) good ou comes in a PPP a e also ela ed o clea goals, s ong con ol o ime, o ganiza ion and in o ma ion. Table 1. Va iables o ac o s conside ed in he uzzy se /Quali a i e Compa a i e Analysis applied o PPP in suppo o he EU Wa e F amewo k Di ec i e. En i onmen al in e es s – Objec i es pu sued (1) Good quan i a i e s a us o wa e bodies, bo h su ace and g oundwa e Good chemical s a us o wa e bodies Good s a us o wa e dependen ecosys ems Low en i onmen al impac s o u u e land-use land-co e changes and clima e changes Socio-economic in e es s - Objec i es pu sued (2)- (3) Ope a i e e iciency (2) Sho ealiza ion ime Low implemen a ion cos s Low main enance, managemen and in as uc u es cons uc ion cos s Socio-economic de elopmen o he egion (ag icul u e, indus y and ou ism) (3) Maximize wa e o ag icul u al and indus ial use Maximize wa e o ou ism and u ban use C ea e employmen , social equi y Inc ease u u e wa e demands Le el o s akeholde s’ engagemen in he wa e decision- making p ocess (4) Pe cei ed obs acles o he in eg a ion o s akeholde engagemen in wa e policies and p ac ices (4.1) Lack o poli ical will and he shi o powe Lack o knowledge Weak legal amewo ks Scan pa icipa ion le el Pe cei ed obs acles hinde ing he Lack o cla i y on he use o engagemen p ocesses Lack o unding Mul idisciplina y Jou nal o Educa ion, h p://dx.doi.o g/10.4995/muse.2016.6679 Social and Technological Sciences EISSN: 2341-2593 Llopis-Albe and Palacios-Ma qués (2016) h p://polipape s.up .es/index.php/MUSE/ Mul . J. Edu. Soc & Tec. Sci. Vol. 3 Nº 2 (2016): 1-14 | 9 e ec i e implemen a ion o engagemen p ocesses (4.2) Lack o quali y and accessibili y o in o ma ion In ensi y and numbe o con lic s Too much o oo ew ac o s P e e ed mechanisms used o s akeholde engagemen (5) Mee ings Wo kshops / con e ences Expe panels Web-based communica ion echnologies Wa e associa ions Consul a ions in egula o y p ocesses Su eys / polls Ri e basin o ganiza ions O he s P e e ed measu es and policies o sus ainable wa e esou ces managemen (6)- (7) Con ol mechanisms (6) Con ol o educ ion o wa e demand by economic ins umen s Con ol o educ ion o pollu an s by economic ins umen s Se up o use ’s communi ies as a con ol mechanism Con ol o wa e esou ces by applica ion o sa elli e emo e sensing Mo e in e en ion o he EU Common Ag icul u al Policy Inc ease o wa e con ol and sanc ions by wa e agencies Al e na i e echnical ac ions (7) E icien conjunc i e use o su ace wa e and g oundwa e Use o ex e nal wa e esou ces by means o ans e s Use o desalina ion plan s Cons uc ion o new in as uc u es Es ablishmen o p o ec ed a eas G ea e unding o wa e esou ces esea ch O he s Ou come S akeholde s' sa is ac ion Ou come: s akeholde s’ sa is ac ion