Regional Cluster’s development, base on research and innovation
Abstract
[EN] The European Commission aims to ensure coherence between environmental, climate, energy and industrial policy to create optimal business environments for sustainable growth and innovations, in a way that enhances the competitiveness of European industry, while moving towards a more resource efficient, circular economy. Sustainability needs to be mainstreamed into all areas of industrial policy to help European businesses to unlock first mover advantage and gain a competitive edge. The Dorothy project is inspired by the contents of the “Flagship Initiative for a resourceefficient Europe under the Europe 2020 strategy”. The Dorothy Project is targeted to develop the potential of innovation and research in the four Regions composing the Consortium in the field of Urban Logistics, which represent the specific application topic of the proposal, and is one of the main focuses of attention of the Flagship Initiative. The industrial environnent is the main actor on the research and innovation regional driven Clusters The Dorothy project has achieved the result of setting up three Regional Innovation Clusters in: Valencia – Spain, Lisbon – Portugal and Craiova – Romania, under the mentoring action of the already existing Tuscany Cluster in Firenze. They operate in the field of Urban Logistics. Among the other activities carried out by the project, a Memorandum of Understanding (MoU) have been defined and signed among the four Clusters in form of a multilateral and mutual agreement among them. This paper explain the contents and the importance in the JAP – Joint Action Plan, of the thematic area 3 about regional clusters development, the target of the overall Thematic Area, why has been chosen as a Thematic Area, shortly remind the actions that are contained in the Thematic Area. The action fields and related actions are organized under 6 areas: 1. Innovative ICT solutions to support advanced UL regulation schemes 2. Open data architectures to support urban logistics 3. Proximity delivery areas 4. Cooperation agreement among the Dorothy Clusters 5. Reverse logistics 6. Cooperation with other existing Clusters and networks
Full text
.
Regional Clus e ’s de elopmen , base on esea ch and inno a ion
Gab iel Vladu , IPA
Resea ch Ins i u e o Au oma ion Sys ems, 12, S e an cel Ma e s ee ,
C aio a, 200130, Romania, o ice@ipac . o
ABSTRACT
The Eu opean Commission aims o ensu e cohe ence be ween en i onmen al, clima e,
ene gy and indus ial policy o c ea e op imal business en i onmen s o sus ainable g ow h
and inno a ions, in a way ha enhances he compe i i eness o Eu opean indus y, while
mo ing owa ds a mo e esou ce e icien , ci cula economy. Sus ainabili y needs o be
mains eamed in o all a eas o indus ial policy o help Eu opean businesses o unlock i s
mo e ad an age and gain a compe i i e edge.
The Do o hy p ojec is inspi ed by he con en s o he “Flagship Ini ia i e o a esou ce-
e icien Eu ope unde he Eu ope 2020 s a egy”.
The Do o hy P ojec is a ge ed o de elop he po en ial o inno a ion and esea ch in he
ou Regions composing he Conso ium in he ield o U ban Logis ics, which ep esen he
speci ic applica ion opic o he p oposal, and is one o he main ocuses o a en ion o he
Flagship Ini ia i e. The indus ial en i onnen is he main ac o on he esea ch and
inno a ion egional d i en Clus e s
The Do o hy p ojec has achie ed he esul o se ing up h ee Regional Inno a ion Clus e s
in: Valencia – Spain, Lisbon – Po ugal and C aio a – Romania, unde he men o ing ac ion
o he al eady exis ing Tuscany Clus e in Fi enze. They ope a e in he ield o U ban
Logis ics.
Among he o he ac i i ies ca ied ou by he p ojec , a Memo andum o Unde s anding
(MoU) ha e been de ined and signed among he ou Clus e s in o m o a mul ila e al and
mu ual ag eemen among hem.
This pape explain he con en s and he impo ance in he JAP – Join Ac ion Plan, o he
hema ic a ea 3 abou egional clus e s de elopmen , he a ge o he o e all Thema ic A ea,
why has been chosen as a Thema ic A ea, sho ly emind he ac ions ha a e con ained in
he Thema ic A ea. The ac ion ields and ela ed ac ions a e o ganized unde 6 a eas:
1. Inno a i e ICT solu ions o suppo ad anced UL egula ion schemes
2. Open da a a chi ec u es o suppo u ban logis ics
3. P oximi y deli e y a eas
4. Coope a ion ag eemen among he Do o hy Clus e s
5. Re e se logis ics
6. Coope a ion wi h o he exis ing Clus e s and ne wo ks.
U ban Logis ics amewo k
In o de o main ain in e na ional compe i i eness o Eu opean indus ies while sa egua ding
s ic en i onmen al s anda ds, i is impo an o wo k on he in e na ional le el owa ds a
CIT2016 – XII Cong eso de Ingenie ía del T anspo e
València, Uni e si a Poli ècnica de València, 2016.
DOI: h p://dx.doi.o g/10.4995/CIT2016.2016.4262
This wo k is licensed unde a C ea i e Commons A ibu ion-NonComme cial-NoDe i a i es 4.0 In e na ional License (CC BY-NC-ND 4.0).
.
mo e le el playing ield h ough in e na ional policy coope a ion.
These coope a ion and dialogues aim o sha e Eu opean sus ainable and low ca bon solu ions
wi h o he coun ies and p o ide an oppo uni y o p omo e Eu opean echnologies on
impo an expo ma ke s.
The heme o U ban Logis ics ep esen s, in his amewo k, an impo an aspec o he
e icien use o esou ces in Eu ope.
In ac , being he o e all supply chain o he mo emen o goods one o he poli ical
p io i ies o he Eu opean agenda, he p oblem o he “las mile”, di ec ly ela ed in i s
majo i y o u ban logis ics, is one o he mos ele an o he o e all supply o ganiza ion.
The DOROTHY p ojec has he mission o p omo e U ban Logis ics solu ions o imp o e
he dis ibu ion p ocess o u ban goods by enhancing en i onmen al s anda ds; he p ojec
aims o imp o e he egional compe i i eness in he speci ic ield and he quali y o li e in
Eu opean ci ies.
By using he app oach o clus e ing a ound inno a ion, DOROTHY p ojec seeks o de elop
he po en ial o inno a ion and esea ch in u ban logis ics, ac oss he Eu opean egions o
Tuscany (I aly), Valencia (Spain), Lisbon & Tagus Valley (Po ugal) and Ol enia (Romania).
DOROTHY p ojec is helping o boos up he compe i i eness o all he clus e s hemsel es
and s eng hen hei ocus on ad anced echnological a eas, wi h a high po en ial o
inno a ion in he U ban Logis ics ield.
Enhancemen o he clus e s’ esea ch and de elopmen (R&D) capaci ies will con ibu e o
he egional de elopmen o sma specializa ion s a egies (RIS3) o he de elopmen e and
use o esou ce-e icien echnologies, acco ding o he la es Eu opean Union/Commission
guidelines. [1]
The clus e s ocus on new de elopmen s and on he po en ial c ea ion o specializa ion
niches.
Fo pu suing i s objec i es, he DOROTHY p ojec has de ined a Join Ac ion Plan (JAP)
con aining a se o coo dina ed ac ions ha will be implemen ed g adually a e he p ojec
e mina ion, ha ing as main playe s he egional Clus e s.
The MoU is he basic ool o achie e he o e all goal, and he me hod o speci y he o ms
o collabo a ion among pa ne s / pa ies. In ac he MoU commi s all he ou clus e s
pa icipa ing o Do o hy p ojec s o de elop he ac ions o eseen by he Join Ac ion Plan
and o analyse o he u u e o ms o coope a ion.
Objec i es
A speci ic Thema ic A ea de o ed o Regional Clus e ’s de elopmen has been included in
he Join Ac ion Plan o some impo an easons:
Clus e s a e key d i e s o job g ow h, wage g ow h, new business o ma ion, and
inno a ion.
The Regional Clus e ’s de elopmen wi hin ci ies is a undamen al aspec o he
b oade heme o u ban mobili y, which no only ep esen s a compe i i eness ac o
o ci ies, bu has also a ele an impac on he quali y o he u ban en i onmen and
on anspo e iciency and, consequen ly, cos s.
CIT2016 – XII Cong eso de Ingenie ía del T anspo e
València, Uni e si a Poli ècnica de València, 2016.
DOI: h p://dx.doi.o g/10.4995/CIT2016.2016.4262
This wo k is licensed unde a C ea i e Commons A ibu ion-NonComme cial-NoDe i a i es 4.0 In e na ional License (CC BY-NC-ND 4.0).
.
All u ban logis ics ope a o s a e subjec o clus e ing, compe i i eness, inno a ion,
job g ow h and his s ongly a ec s hei ope a ion, hei e iciency and cos s.
The Clus e s was se -up in di e en modali ies, acco ding he na ional/ egional ules,
legisla ion and in e es s / expe ience in na ional / in e na ional pa ne ships dedica ed
o he Clus e ’s.
The en i ies in ol ed he coope a ion be ween Clus e s and be ween membe s o he
Clus e s a e pa icula ly seen as he key esou ce o eac ing o he Pa ies needs.
The p ojec has he mission o p omo e U ban Logis ics solu ions o imp o e he dis ibu ion
p ocess o u ban goods by enhancing en i onmen al s anda ds; he p ojec aims o imp o e
he quali y o li e in Eu opean ci ies.
By using he app oach o clus e ing a ound inno a ion, DOROTHY p ojec seeks o de elop
he po en ial o inno a ion and esea ch in u ban logis ics, ac oss he Eu opean egions o
Tuscany (I aly), Valencia (Spain), Lisbon & Tagus Valley (Po ugal) and Ol enia (Romania).
The en i ies ha assu ed he model o Do o hy Clus e s a e:
Business companies and ope a o s (Including ICT, Elec onics / Business consul ing
and Agencies)
Local / Regional / Na ional Adminis a ion
Uni e si y / Resea ch-De elopmen and Inno a ion en i ies
Associa ions / NOGs
A Join Ac ion Plan should
analyze he de elopmen needs and objec i es jus i ying he join ac ion plan,
in o ma ion on he geog aphic co e age and a ge g oups o he join ac ion plan
iden i y he pa ne s, ac i i ies (wha o do) esponsibili ies (who does wha ) and
schedule o ans-na ional and c oss- egional coope a ion.
p esen he amewo k desc ibing he ela ionship be ween he gene al and speci ic
objec i es o he join ac ion plan, he miles ones and he a ge s o ou pu s and
esul s, and he p ojec s o ypes o p ojec s en isaged
se ou a business plan, de ining how o inance he Join Ac ion Plan by using
possibili ies a ailable a na ional/local le el, including om he p i a e sec o , o a
Communi y le el
he expec ed implemen a ion pe iod o he join ac ion plan
make clea he complemen a i ies be ween he p oposed ac ions and he EC egional
policy p og ams o he egion(s) conce ned.
conside he use o inancial ins umen s such as he Ho izon 2020, he
Compe i i eness and Inno a ion P og amme, he S uc u al Funds, as well as
na ional and egional esou ces and inancing om he p i a e sec o , o implemen
he Ac ion Plans.
an analysis o he e ec s o he join ac ion plan on he p omo ion o sus ainable
de elopmen , whe e app op ia e
The analysis o he Regional Sma Specialisa ion S a egies (S3) has been a conce n in he
CIT2016 – XII Cong eso de Ingenie ía del T anspo e
València, Uni e si a Poli ècnica de València, 2016.
DOI: h p://dx.doi.o g/10.4995/CIT2016.2016.4262
This wo k is licensed unde a C ea i e Commons A ibu ion-NonComme cial-NoDe i a i es 4.0 In e na ional License (CC BY-NC-ND 4.0).
.
p ocess o de ining sui able ac ions o he JAP, complian no only wi h he indus ial
oca ion o he p oduc i e issue, he ision and demand o inno a ion exp essed by he
egions, bu also o he s a egic de elopmen lines de ined by he egional go e nmen s in
he amewo k o he S3 Eu opean amewo k.
The ou pu s and esul s o he JAP shall be ag eed be ween he Regional/Local
Adminis a ion and he S akeholde s (Clus e s) and shall con ibu e o speci ic objec i es o
he ope a ional p og ammes and o m he basis o suppo om he Funds.
Ac ion ields and ela ed ac ions:
Inno a i e ICT solu ions o suppo ad anced UL egula ion schemes
S a ing om he huge in e es ed shown in his ac ion by se e al Companies o di e en
Clus e s, he objec i e o his ac ion is o de ine in e egional coope a ion in his speci ic
ield; o iden i y a possible class o p oduc s o be de eloped a he bene i o he Clus e s'
companies; o push egions o include his speci ic subjec in UL planning; o push egions
o launching speci ic ende s o he implemen a ion o his kind o ini ia i es; o iden i y
o he possible unding sou ces;
Open da a a chi ec u es o suppo UL
To be e de ine Clus e s in e es s wi hin his ield, o s a in e egional coope a ion in his
speci ic ield; o iden i y a possible class o p oduc s o be de eloped a he bene i o he
Clus e s' companies; o push Regions o include his speci ic subjec in hei planning; o
iden i y o he possible unding sou ces;
P oximi y deli e y a eas
To de ine Clus e in e es s in his kind o ac ion se ing up, in e egional coope a ion; o
iden i y a possible class o p oduc s o be de eloped a he bene i o he Clus e s' companies;
o iden i y possible unding sou ces, including he use o UE o Regional unds; [2]
A he momen he e is an indus ial in e es jus om he Tuscany Clus e . The in e es o
he Clus e s in he ield is no clea and has o be de ined.
Coope a ion ag eemen among he Clus e s
De ini ion and signa u e o a coope a ion ag eemen among he Clus e s o JAP
implemen a ion and o de ine u he collabo a ions a e DOROTHY end.
The coope a ion ag eemen con ains some speci ic heme and some is o m o coope a ion
en isaged.
Re e se logis ics
The imp o emen o e e se logis ics could be iden i ied as a ield o specialisa ion o he
Regional Clus e s. The speci ic objec i e is wo old:
To de elop some speci ic p oduc and/o skill in he Clus e s ha could go on he
ma ke as speci ic specialisa ion
To de ine some measu e o de elop he weigh o e e se logis ics in he egions
CIT2016 – XII Cong eso de Ingenie ía del T anspo e
València, Uni e si a Poli ècnica de València, 2016.
DOI: h p://dx.doi.o g/10.4995/CIT2016.2016.4262
This wo k is licensed unde a C ea i e Commons A ibu ion-NonComme cial-NoDe i a i es 4.0 In e na ional License (CC BY-NC-ND 4.0).
.
Bo h objec i es could be pu sued, as well as a single one o none o hem.
Coope a ion wi h o he Clus e s and ne wo ks
The aim is o iden i y al eady exis ing Clus e s and Eu opean o in e na ional ne wo ks o
pla o ms o connec wi h. This a he pu pose o easing u u e se up o esea ch conso ia
o R&D unding o o he ini ia i es. [3]
This ac ion would ha e a s ong ela ion wi h he one abou UL obse a o y.
The ou Clus e s signed he Memo andum o Unde s anding (MoU), on 28 h Oc obe 2015,
in Valencia. Scope o he MoU is o commi all he ou clus e s pa icipa ing o Do o hy
p ojec s o de elop he ac ions p o ided by he JAP. In he nex s ep, he pa ne s in end:
To collabo a e as Clus e s and as membe s o he Clus e s
To pa icipa e in join esea ch and inno a ion p ojec s on u ban logis ics o be sel
inanced o o which unding sou ces/p og ams will ha e o be sough
To suppo membe s o he Clus e s o pa icipa e in join p ojec s o esea ch –
inno a ion and S uc u al Funds o de elopmen , g ow h and compe i i eness unde
he U ban Logis ics opic.
S akeholde s and bene icia ies o he ac ion
The s akeholde s o he ac ion a e he Clus e s hemsel es and he main bene icia ies will be
he single en i ies belonging o he Clus e s ha will be in he u u e he main playe s o he
ini ia i es ca ied ou wi hin he amewo k o he coope a ion ag eemen .
JAP’s cha ac e is ics
The JAP mus be composed o a se o ac ions:
Exhaus i e: capable o in ol ing all he s akeholde s and add essing all he elemen s
o he men ioned scheme
In eg a ed and complemen a y: o maximize he e ec s
Complian wi h he s uc u e and he in e es s o he Clus e
In line wi h he sma specialisa ion o he Region
E ec i e: capable o signi ican ly imp o e he s a e o UL long i s whole chain.
Objec i es o he Do o hy’s JAP
Fo Do o hy P ojec , he objec i e is o de ine he echnological pa o a JAP o inno a ion
and esea ch in he Regions.
The a ge is o iden i y he echnological de elopmen lines o R&TI in he speci ic
applica ion a ea in he ou Regions, aking in o accoun di e en ac o s such as he local
specializa ions, he speci ic ma ke demand e c. bu de ining an in eg a ed JAP.
In ac ano he ele an and speci ic objec i e is o de ine possible echnological and esea ch
a eas o co-ope a ion among he P ojec Clus e s o speci ic pa ne s o he Clus e s.
The Do o hy JAP is an open s uc u e and a “wo k in p og ess” ha mus ecei e
con ibu ion by all he pa ne s and mus be upda ed acco ding o he e olu ion o he
Clus e s’ needs, si ua ions and in e es s.
CIT2016 – XII Cong eso de Ingenie ía del T anspo e
València, Uni e si a Poli ècnica de València, 2016.
DOI: h p://dx.doi.o g/10.4995/CIT2016.2016.4262
This wo k is licensed unde a C ea i e Commons A ibu ion-NonComme cial-NoDe i a i es 4.0 In e na ional License (CC BY-NC-ND 4.0).
.
Clus e s mus expand including new playe s. A e Do o hy he JAP will be he planning
ins umen s o he Clus e s o hei de elopmen .
Do o hy is open om now un il he end o he p ojec o ecei e all he sugges ions by he
Local Clus e s o upda ing and enla ging he scope and he ac ions o he JAP and apa i ,
he suppo o he Clus e s o gi ing hem a long las ing and s able s uc u e.
S a ing om he de ailed analysis ca ied ou om he s a ing o he p ojec , all he speci ic
inno a ion and esea ch (R&TI) a eas po en ially in e es ing o he Clus e s was de ined.
The analysis ocused on:
he local specialisa ion o each Clus e and i s po en iali ies
he local condi ions and he local po en ial demand o inno a ion
he possibili y o exploi he inno a ion ou side he e i o ial en i onmen , a
na ional/in e na ional le el
F om he echnological poin o iew, he main sec o s which will be in es iga ed was he
ones ela ed o:
ICT sys ems o suppo u ban logis ics, bo h om he side o he logis ics ope a o s
suppo sys ems and om he side o he ci ies, in suppo ing he implemen a ion o
access egula ion and con ol schemes
new dis ibu ion sys ems and concep s using inno a i e ehicles (wi h a special
a en ion o elec ical ehicles) and loading/unloading equipmen s, and small
wa ehousing sys ems
new dis ibu ion schems o be applied in he u ban en i onmen and he eal ed
suppo sys ems.
The analyse de ine ed addi ional elemen s which was conside ed in de ining he R&TI lines
and a eas:
economic, social, en i onmen al and u ban bene i s expec ed by he exploi a ion o
he R&TI ac ions
amewo k condi ions o be implemen ed o exploi a bes he analysed R&TI
ac ions.
The de ini ion o he ac ions o be included in in he JAPs and hei p io i ies ca ied ou
aking conside ing all hese elemen s a he pu pose o selec ing ac ions which will ha e no
only a good scien i ic in e es , bu also a high po en ial impac on he economic local
s uc u e and on he le el o local se ices.
Memo andum o Unde s anding
The main objec i e o he MoU is o de ine a coope a ion amewo k among he ou egional
Inno a ion Clus e s coming om he Do o hy P ojec , no only as a s a egic pe spec i e,
bu also o exploi ing sho and medium e m coope a ion oppo uni ies based on
complemen a i ies o common in e es on he exis ing inno a ion ini ia i es. [4]
The main pu pose o he MoU is o engage he ou Clus e s and he pa icipa ing en i ies in
coope a ing on common a eas o in e es o :
inding and exploi ing unding oppo uni ies by Eu opean and/o Na ional R&TI
CIT2016 – XII Cong eso de Ingenie ía del T anspo e
València, Uni e si a Poli ècnica de València, 2016.
DOI: h p://dx.doi.o g/10.4995/CIT2016.2016.4262
This wo k is licensed unde a C ea i e Commons A ibu ion-NonComme cial-NoDe i a i es 4.0 In e na ional License (CC BY-NC-ND 4.0).
.
P og ammes ocused on speci ic p ojec s o common in e es
os e ing he coope a ion no only among he Clus e s hemsel es bu also among
he companies membe s o he Clus e s in he ou Regions, o achie ing
ag eemen s on speci ic indus ial plans
launching join esea ch and inno a ion p ojec s on u ban logis ics o be sel inanced
o o which unding sou ces/p og ams will ha e o be sough
coo dina ing he e o s o he Regions and o he membe s o he Clus e s o using
inno a ion and S uc u al Funds o he de elopmen , g ow h and compe i i eness o
he U ban Logis ics in he egions
a ou ing he exchange o knowledge and in o ma ion among he Clus e ’s and hei
membe s
c ea ing a common unde s anding o he p oblems o U ban Logis ics and o he
possible ac ions o imp o e i s s a e.
The MoU ep esen s an ag eemen among he Pa ies in coope a ing o he implemen a ion
o he Do o hy Join Ac ion Plan (JAP) and o p omo e o he u u e common ac ions coming
om he join analysis and wo k in he ield o U ban Logis ics. [5]
The JAP con ains no only he plans o he u u e R&TI ac ions o be unded by he Regional
Go e nmen s and Agencies, bu he indica ions o conc e e ac ions o coo dina ion,
exchange and common de elopmen among he di e en Clus e s.
The MoU speci ies, he ela ionship among he Pa ies, in pa icula conce ning he
o ganisa ion o he wo k be ween he Pa ies, he managemen and he igh s and obliga ions
o he Pa ies conce ning in e -alia-liabili y, access igh s and dispu e esolu ion. This scope
shall be pu sued ei he in ol ing he Clus e s’ o ganisa ions o single o se e al Clus e s
pa ne s.
In he MoU wo le els o coope a ion a e o eseen:
Among he ou DOROTHY clus e s
En i ies o en i ies
I all o some o he pa ne s wish o ca y ou speci ic p ojec s, all e ms and condi ions
ela ing o such speci ic p ojec s shall be ag eed upon sepa a ely in indi idual w i en
ag eemen s, only be ween hose pa ne s which a e included in o he p ojec .
The MoU doesn’ imply any inancial obliga ion on ei he Pa y. Each Pa y shall bea i s
own - in e nal and ex e nal - cos s in connec ion wi h his MoU, excep i o he wise
s ipula ed be ween he pa ne s. Nei he Pa y is equi ed o obliga e unds pu suan o his
MoU. The MoU speci y in same ime, he ole o he pa ne s o :
Modali y o implemen he MoU
En y in o o ce, du a ion and e mina ion,
Me hodology o in e na ional co-ope a ion on he exis ing inno a ion lines
Roles and esponsibili ies o he pa ne s
Managemen o In ellec ual P ope y in knowledge ans e ac i i ies
The possibili y o hi d pa ies o subsc ibe
CIT2016 – XII Cong eso de Ingenie ía del T anspo e
València, Uni e si a Poli ècnica de València, 2016.
DOI: h p://dx.doi.o g/10.4995/CIT2016.2016.4262
This wo k is licensed unde a C ea i e Commons A ibu ion-NonComme cial-NoDe i a i es 4.0 In e na ional License (CC BY-NC-ND 4.0).
.
Re e ences
1) UK, Depa men o Business Inno a ion & Skills, Annual Inno a ion Repo
h ps://www.go .uk/go e nmen /uploads/sys em/uploads/a achmen _da a/ ile/34805/12
-p188-annual-inno a ion- epo -2012.pd
2) The es ablishmen and ope a ion o a Regional Inno a ion Clus e
h p://www.sw a.ie/con en iles/pd s/SWRARICMOU.pd ?uid=1265646232937
3) Making sense o clus e s: egional compe i i eness & economic de elopmen
h p://www.b ookings.edu/ esea ch/ epo s/2006/03/ci ies-co igh
4) How a Memo andum o Unde s anding Wo ks
h p://people.hows u wo ks.com/memo andum-o -unde s anding.h m
MoU - Eu opean Clus e Collabo a ion Pla o m,
h p://www.clus e collabo a ion.eu/documen s/10147/254518/Sou h+Ko ea+MOU+signed
+.pd
CIT2016 – XII Cong eso de Ingenie ía del T anspo e
València, Uni e si a Poli ècnica de València, 2016.
DOI: h p://dx.doi.o g/10.4995/CIT2016.2016.4262
This wo k is licensed unde a C ea i e Commons A ibu ion-NonComme cial-NoDe i a i es 4.0 In e na ional License (CC BY-NC-ND 4.0).