La integración de la inmigración en la España del XXI
Abstract
La integración de los inmigrantes tiene fundamentos comportamentales, cognitivos y emocionales. En consecuencia, su comprensión y medición académicas suponen un reto y una necesidad en nuestros días. El rápido cambio social que caracteriza a las sociedades actuales hace cada vez más necesaria su planificación lo que requiere, como condición previa, un conocimiento cada vez más preciso de la sociedad, de las interrelaciones entre las principales variables de nuestro sistema social y de los mecanismos que explican el cambio social en el seno de un proceso multinivel (macro, meso y micro) incardinado en el continuum espacio-tiempo (análisis longitudinal y transnacional). Las teorías tradicionales sobre integración resultan insuficientes dada su generalidad y linealidad. Partiendo de las nuevas teorías del proceso de integración, en el presente artículo se identifica un índice holístico y sintético de integración, de carácter multinivel y dimensión espacio-temporal donde los aspectos emocionales cobran especial protagonismo y relevancia. Sobre la base de la descripción del tipo y grado de integración que expresan los encuestados (inmigrantes y nacionales) en sus respuestas, se determinan, mediante diversos modelos factoriales de reducción de dimensiones (análisis de componentes principales), qué variables componen y explican las variaciones en el proceso de integración manifestado; para el análisis, se ha utilizado la base de datos de la Encuesta Social Europea (ESS, 2ª, 4ª y 7ª Rondas, 2004, 2008 y 2014).
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LA INTEGRACIÓN DEL INMIGRANTE EN LA ESPAÑA DEL SIGLO XXI Ana María López Narbona, Dra. Departamento de Sociología Universidad de Málaga Grupo de Trabajo 10.1: Inmigración Extranjería, Nacionalidad y Políticas de Integración para un nuevo consenso en torno al bienestar 16 de Febrero de 2017 VI Congreso REPS Universidad Pablo de Olavide 16-17 de Febrero de 2017
1. INTRODUCCIÓN 2. LAS NUEVAS TEORÍAS DE LA INTEGRACIÓN 3. ÍNDICES DE INTEGRACIÓN 1. CONCLUSIONES
3 1. INTRODUCCIÓN Objetivo inicial: Índices de integración. Comparación dinámica vs. estática. Análisis longitudinal de la integración. Análisis trasnacional de la integración. Índices holísticos: Niveles macro, meso, micro. Dimensión espacio-tiempo. Aspectos emocionales, cognitivos, comportamentales. Ámbitos estado, cultura, mercado, bienestar social.
2. LAS NUEVAS TEORÍAS DE LA INTEGRACIÓN 4 Multiculturalidad e interculturalidad. La teoría de la asimilación segmentada. Portes, Rumbaut, Alba y Nee. La teoría de la integración desagregada. Freeman. La teoría como sistema de relaciones. Heckmann. La teoría de la integración intergeneracional. Esser.
5 3. ÍNDICES DE INTEGRACIÓN ESS 2ª, 4ª y 7ª Ronda (2004, 2008 y 2014) Herramienta estadística. SPSS 23. ACP Correlación Regresión Por Pasos
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7 COMPONENTE VARIABLE COMPONENTE VARIABLE COMPONENTE VARIABLE Trust in politicians Trust in the legal system Trust in country's parliament Trust in the legal system Trust in country's parliament Trust in politicians Trust in country's parliament Trust in the police Trust in political parties Trust in political parties Trust in politicians Trust in the legal system How satisfied with the way democracy works in country Trust in political parties Trust in the police Trust in the police How satisfied with the national government State of health services in country nowadays How satisfied with present state of economy in country How satisfied with the way democracy works in country How satisfied with the national government How satisfied with the national government State of education in country nowadays Allowed to decide how daily work is organised How satisfied with present state of economy in country Politicians care what people think Allowed to influence policy decisions about activities of organisation Feel closer to a particular party than all other parties Occupation, ISCO88 (com) How satisfied with life as a whole Political system allows people to have a say in what government doesResponsible for supervising other employees Feeling about household's income nowadays Household's total net income, all sources Government should reduce differences in income levels Able to take active role in political group Feeling about household's income nowadays Worn or displayed campaign badge/sticker last 12 months Confident in own ability to participate in politics How interested in politics How satisfied with life as a wholeImmigration bad or good for country's economy Easy to take part in politics How happy are you Immigrants make country worse or better place to live Feel close to country Signed petition last 12 months Country's cultural life undermined or enriched by immigrants Signed petition last 12 months Important to help people and care for others well-being Responsible for supervising other employees Country's cultural life undermined or enriched by immigrantsImmigrants make country worse or better place to live Allowed to influence policy decisions about activities of organisation Immigration bad or good for country's economyCountry's cultural life undermined or enriched by immigrants Allowed to decide how daily work is organised Immigrants make country worse or better place to live Immigration bad or good for country's economy Discrimination of respondent's group: nationality Respondent or household member victim of burglary/assault last 5 years How happy are you State of health services in country nowadays Feeling about household's income nowadays State of education in country nowadays How happy are you How satisfied with present state of economy in country How satisfied with the way democracy works in country State of health services in country nowadays Doing last 7 days: unemployed, actively looking for job Discussed health, last 12 months: medical specialist How interested in politics Boycotted certain products last 12 months Subjective general health Feel closer to a particular party than all other parties Felt everything did as effort, how often past week Feeling of safety of walking alone in local area after dark Feeling of safety of walking alone in local area after dark Contacted politician or government official last 12 months Worked in political party or action group last 12 months Subjective general health Signed petition last 12 months Worked in another organisation or association last 12 months Respondent or household member victim of burglary/assault last 5 years Political system allows people to have influence on politics Occupation, ISCO88 (com) Government should reduce differences in income levels RESPONSABILIDAD GOBIERNO Government should reduce differences in income levels State of education in country nowadays Immigrants make country's crime problems worse or better SOCIABILIDAD Take part in social activities compared to others of same age Feel closer to a particular party than all other parties Allowed to decide how daily work is organised How interested in politics Allowed to influence policy decisions about activities of organisation Worked in political party or action group last 12 months Important to show abilities and be admiredBoycotted certain products last 12 months Important to help people and care for others well-being Important to make own decisions and be free FELICIDAD, SALUD, EMPLEO Y CIUDADANÍA POLÍTICA SEGURIDAD PERSONAL Y CIUDADANÍA POLÍTICA EMPLEO Y ESTADO DE LA EDUCACIÓN CERCANÍA POLÍTICA CUIDADOS Y AGENCIA VALORACIÓN DE INSTITUCIONES PÚBLICAS SATISFACCIÓN CON INSTITUCIONES PÚBLICAS SATISFACCIÓN CON LA VIDA E INGRESOS PERCEPCIÓN DEL INMIGRANTE AGENCIA VS. ESTRUCTURA, DISCRIMINACION Y SEGURIDAD VALORACIÓN DE INSTITUCIONES PÚBLICAS CIUDADANÍA POLÍTICA PERCEPCIÓN INMIGRANTES FELICIDAD Y SATISFACCIÓN CON ECONOMÍA SALUD Y ATENCIÓN MÉDICA CIUDADANÍA POLÍTICA/RESPONSABILIDAD GOBIERNO SATISFACCIÓN, FELICIDAD Y CUIDADOS HACIA EL OTRO AGENCIA VS. ESTRUCTURA I 2014 EUROPEAN SOCIAL SURVEY ANÁLISIS LONGITUDINAL NO NACIDOS EN ESPAÑA 2008 2004 VALORACIÓN DE INSTITUCIONES PÚBLICAS AGENCIA VS. ESTRUCTURA EN EMPLEO/INGRESOS PERCPCIÓN DEL INMIGRANTE ESTADO DE Y SATISFACCIÓN CON INSTITUCIONES PÚBLICAS INTERÉS Y CERCANÍA CON LA POLÍTICA SEGURIDAD PERSONAL Y SALUD CIUDADANÍA POLÍTICA Y SOCIAL
8 Trust in politicians 0,827 Boycotted certain products last 12 months 0,862 Trust in the legal system 0,769 Trust in country's parliament 0,755 Worn or displayed campaign badge/sticker last 12 months -0,005 How satisfied with the national government 0,724 Important to make own decisions and be free 0,758 Trust in political parties 0,713 Contacted politician or government official last 12 months 0,583 Trust in the police 0,713 Signed petition last 12 months 0,491 How satisfied with the way democracy works in country 0,711 State of health services in country nowadays 0,683 No medical consultation or treatment, reason: could not take time off work -0,867 State of education in country nowadays 0,609 Unable to get medical consultation or treatment, last 12 months 0,660 Politicians care what people think 0,560 Political system allows people to have a say in what government does0,446 Enjoyed life, how often past week 0,801 Feel closer to a particular party than all other parties -0,399 Have a set 'basic' or contracted number of hours 0,798 Able to take active role in political group 0,866 Government should be generous judging applications for refugee status -0,411 Confident in own ability to participate in politics 0,752 Easy to take part in politics 0,737 How often eat vegetables or salad, excluding potatoes 0,849 How interested in politics -0,563 Doing last 7 days: unemployed, actively looking for job 0,733 Immigration bad or good for country's economy0,851 Discussed health, last 12 months: general practitioner 0,555 Country's cultural life undermined or enriched by immigrants0,793 Immigrants make country worse or better place to live 0,771 How often eat fruit, excluding drinking juice 0,689 Important that people are treated equally and have equal opportunities -0,393 Feeling of safety of walking alone in local area after dark 0,540 How happy are you 0,784 Important to care for nature and environment 0,807 Feeling about household's income nowadays -0,741 Important to show abilities and be admired0,481 How satisfied with life as a whole0,702 How satisfied with present state of economy in country 0,596 Subjective general health 0,823 Discussed health, last 12 months: medical specialist 0,691 Felt everything did as effort, how often past week 0,679 Administration of attitudes to migrants -0,780 Important to help people and care for others well-being 0,751 Important to understand different people0,580 Worked in another organisation or association last 12 months 0,727 Worked in political party or action group last 12 months 0,651 Political system allows people to have influence on politics -0,427 Government should reduce differences in income levels 0,378 Immigrants make country's crime problems worse or better -0,323 Allowed to decide how daily work is organised 0,886 Allowed to influence policy decisions about activities of organisation 0,763 Responsible for supervising other employees 0,763 First ancestry, European Standard Classification of Cultural and Ethnic Groups -0,694 Occupation, ISCO08 0,575 Employment contract unlimited or limited duration 0,813 Respondent or household member victim of burglary/assault last 5 years -0,660 Voted last national election 0,471 Household's total net income, all sources -0,409 VALORES POSMODERNOS DISFRUTE EMPLEO BÁSICO ALIMENTOS DESEMPLEO Y SALUD RECIENTES ALIMENTOS Y SEGURIDAD PERSONAL CIUDADANÍA SOCIAL 2º CIUDADANÍA SOCIAL Y POLÍTICA/AGENCIA VS. ESTRUCTURA ATENCIÓN MÉDICA EUROPEAN SOCIAL SURVEY. RONDA 7ª, 2014. ANÁLISIS ACP Y DE REGRESIÓN POR PASOS CON "FEEL CLOSE TO COUNTRY" VALORACIÓN DE INSTITUCIONES PÚBLICAS CIUDADANÍA POLÍTICA PERCEPCIÓN DEL INMIGRANTE FELICIDAD, SATISFACCIÓN CON VIDA Y ECONOMÍA SALUD INDIVIDUALISMO VS. COLECTIVISMO 1º 3º CIUDADANÍA SOCIAL, POLÍTICA AGENCIA VS. ESTRUCTURA EMPLEO EMPLEO, SEGURIDAD, INGRESOS
9 4. CONCLUSIONES La integración es un proceso incardinado en el más amplio proceso social. Integracion bidireccional. Incumbe a inmigrantes, sociedad receptora, sus miembros y sus instituciones. Reconocimiento por ambas partes de derechos y obligaciones. Todos los inmigrantes están integrados (Freeman) en mayor o menor medida. Asimilación segmentada Portes, Rumbaut.
16 INFIDELES NON POSSUMUS CHRISTO LUCRARI, SI COLLOQUIUM EORUM VITAMUS ET CONVIVIUM Decretium Gratiani, II, 23, 4, 17
17 MUCHAS GRACIAS [email protected]