School spaces and school hygiene: Two issues not always together (Spain, 1857-1931)
Abstract
En este estudio analizamos las medidas de control propuestas por el poder político para mejorar las condiciones espaciales e higiénicas de los edificios o locales destinados a escuelas públicas de enseñanza primaria, desde la aprobación de la primera ley que regula el sistema educativo español, Ley de Instrucción Pública de 9 de septiembre de 1857 (Ley Moyano), hasta las puertas de la II República (1931). No nos limitamos al comentario crítico de las medidas, sino que nuestra principal preocupación es investigar su repercusión en la realidad escolar del momento, con especial incidencia en la provincia de Málaga. Abordamos el espacio y la higiene escolar desde la perspectiva del entorno físico de los niños durante sus años escolares.
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Francisco Martín Zúñiga Carmen Sanchidrián Blanco Universidad de Málaga
Aims Legislation on hygienic conditions in public schools. The primary public school buildings of Málaga viewed by the teachers. Conclussions
1º To study the hygienic conditions of public primary schools and its impact on Malaga from 1857 to 1931 (from the first Education Act till the 2nd Republic) 2º To Investigate the impact of these conditions in the school reality from the own opinion of the teachers
1º Legislation on hygienic conditions in public schools
1º Legislation on hygienic conditions in public schools “There will be a public school in every village in a convenient place, that is not intended for another public service. The schoolroom must be proportioned to the number of children that will attend , have enough light, ventilation and offer protection against the inclement weather.(art. 3º).
The legislation is not clear: It said nothing about the pedagogical conditions required for the school buildings, and, And, - municipalities are responsible of these buildings (to choose it, to pay the rent, the building maintenance…) but - the poverty, the misery suffered by most of them, did not allow them to spend even the strictly necessary for this purpose.
Condictions N % N % N % GOOD 3517 27,05 1416 15.51 4933 22,09 SPAIN MEDIOCRE 6544 49,57 4721 51,72 11265 50,46 BAD 3139 23,38 2990 32,77 6129 27,45 TOTAL 13200 59,12 9127 40,88 22327 100,00 GOOD 20 38,46 37 15,35 57 19,45 MALAGA MEDIOCRE 22 42,31 133 55,19 155 52,90 BAD 10 19,23 71 29,46 81 27,65 TOTAL 52 17,75 241 82,25 293 100,00
Deputy Minister of Public Education (1909) “...the City Councils should undertake witout excuse, delay or pretext the necessary work to remodel the public schools as they should be or to move them to better buildings (Circular, 1909: 757) Board of Public Instruction of Malaga (1903) "Regarding this aspect, nothing satisfying or nice can be said by this Board, since the school buildings both in the capital and in the villages lack absolutely of sanitary and pedagogical conditions. The children that attend these schools are deprived of the main elements necessary to their life: light, air, space and joy. They must stay in a and a unbreathable atmosphere, in an ambiance more likely a prison or a cell than a school, temple of knowledge. There, the work is disgusting, teaching is a torment, the hours devoted to education are eternal and unbearable.“ (Memory in compliance Royal Decree 2 September 1902).
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