A gegraphical perspective on the study of the korean culture

A Geographic Perspective on A Geographic Perspective on A Geographic Perspective on A Geographic Perspective on A Geographic Perspective on A Geographic Perspective on A Geographic Perspective on A Geographic Perspective on the Study of Korean Culture the Study of Korean Culturethe Study of Korean Culture the Study of Korean Culture the Study of Korean Culture the Study of Korean Culturethe Study of Korean Culture the Study of Korean Culture Je-Hun Ryu 1. Introduction 1. Introduction1. Introduction 1. Introduction 1. Introduction 1. Introduction1. Introduction 1. Introduction  Dr. Shannon MacCune Dr. Shannon MacCune Dr. Shannon MacCune Dr. Shannon MacCune  The cultural history of Korea The cultural history of Korea The cultural history of Korea The cultural history of Korea  Geographical diversity in Korea Geographical diversity in Korea Geographical diversity in Korea Geographical diversity in Korea  Successive waves of migration Successive waves of migration Successive waves of migration Successive waves of migration  Contrasting regional development Contrasting regional development Contrasting regional development Contrasting regional development 2 22 2 2 22 2- -- - - -- -1. The Geographical 1. The Geographical 1. The Geographical 1. The Geographical 1. The Geographical 1. The Geographical 1. The Geographical 1. The Geographical Concepts ConceptsConcepts Concepts Concepts ConceptsConcepts Concepts  Distribution, boundary, territory Distribution, boundary, territory Distribution, boundary, territory Distribution, boundary, territory  Region, landscape, place Region, landscape, place Region, landscape, place Region, landscape, place  The study of Korean culture The study of Korean culture The study of Korean culture The study of Korean culture  Geographical concepts and methods Geographical concepts and methods Geographical concepts and methods Geographical concepts and methods 2 22 2 2 22 2- -- - - -- -2. Mapping the Cultural 2. Mapping the Cultural 2. Mapping the Cultural 2. Mapping the Cultural 2. Mapping the Cultural 2. Mapping the Cultural 2. Mapping the Cultural 2. Mapping the Cultural Boundaries BoundariesBoundaries Boundaries Boundaries BoundariesBoundaries Boundaries  Cultural boundaries on the maps Cultural boundaries on the maps Cultural boundaries on the maps Cultural boundaries on the maps  “Bundles BundlesBundles Bundles”of lines of lines of lines of lines  Culture areas Culture areas Culture areas Culture areas  Distribution of cultural traits Distribution of cultural traits Distribution of cultural traits Distribution of cultural traits  Cultural region Cultural region Cultural region Cultural region 2 22 2 2 22 2- -- - - -- -3. Linguistic Boundaries in 3. Linguistic Boundaries in 3. Linguistic Boundaries in 3. Linguistic Boundaries in 3. Linguistic Boundaries in 3. Linguistic Boundaries in 3. Linguistic Boundaries in 3. Linguistic Boundaries in Korea KoreaKorea Korea Korea KoreaKorea Korea  The method of mapping The method of mapping The method of mapping The method of mapping  Linguistic boundaries between Linguistic boundaries between Linguistic boundaries between Linguistic boundaries between northern and southern dialects northern and southern dialects northern and southern dialects northern and southern dialects  On the east and the west coasts On the east and the west coasts On the east and the west coasts On the east and the west coasts Figure 1. Isoglosses based on vocabulary Figure 1. Isoglosses based on vocabularyFigure 1. Isoglosses based on vocabulary Figure 1. Isoglosses based on vocabulary Figure 2. Isoglosses based on grammar Figure 2. Isoglosses based on grammarFigure 2. Isoglosses based on grammar Figure 2. Isoglosses based on grammar Figure 3. The linguistic boundary between northern Figure 3. The linguistic boundary between northern Figure 3. The linguistic boundary between northern Figure 3. The linguistic boundary between northern and southern dialects in Korea and southern dialects in Koreaand southern dialects in Korea and southern dialects in Korea 2 22 2 2 22 2- -- - - -- -4. The Isoglosses on the East 4. The Isoglosses on the East 4. The Isoglosses on the East 4. The Isoglosses on the East 4. The Isoglosses on the East 4. The Isoglosses on the East 4. The Isoglosses on the East 4. The Isoglosses on the East Coast CoastCoast Coast Coast CoastCoast Coast  Isoglosses in the zone between Isoglosses in the zone between Isoglosses in the zone between Isoglosses in the zone between Gangreung City and Samcheok City Gangreung City and Samcheok City Gangreung City and Samcheok City Gangreung City and Samcheok City  A hybrid sub A hybrid subA hybrid sub A hybrid sub- -- -dialect dialect dialect dialect  The topography and geopolitical The topography and geopolitical The topography and geopolitical The topography and geopolitical location location location location  The Taebaek Range as a natural The Taebaek Range as a natural The Taebaek Range as a natural The Taebaek Range as a natural barrier barrier barrier barrier 3 33 3 3 33 3- -- - - -- -2. Cultural Regions in Korea 2. Cultural Regions in Korea2. Cultural Regions in Korea 2. Cultural Regions in Korea 2. Cultural Regions in Korea 2. Cultural Regions in Korea2. Cultural Regions in Korea 2. Cultural Regions in Korea  In the upper reaches of the Nakdong In the upper reaches of the Nakdong In the upper reaches of the Nakdong In the upper reaches of the Nakdong River River River River  Seowon SeowonSeowon Seowon , or the private Confucian , or the private Confucian , or the private Confucian , or the private Confucian academies academies academies academies  In the Yongdeungpo District In the Yongdeungpo District In the Yongdeungpo District In the Yongdeungpo District  Protestantism, in particular Protestantism, in particular Protestantism, in particular Protestantism, in particular Presbyterianism Presbyterianism Presbyterianism Presbyterianism Figure 4. Dosan Academy (Seowon) on the slope of a valley Figure 4. Dosan Academy (Seowon) on the slope of a valleyFigure 4. Dosan Academy (Seowon) on the slope of a valley Figure 4. Dosan Academy (Seowon) on the slope of a valley Figure 5 Figure 5Figure 5 Figure 5- -- -1. Protestant churches 1. Protestant churches 1. Protestant churches 1. Protestant churches in the Yeoungdeungpo District in the Yeoungdeungpo District in the Yeoungdeungpo District in the Yeoungdeungpo District before 1945 before 1945before 1945 before 1945 Figure 5 Figure 5Figure 5 Figure 5- -- -2. Protestant churches 2. Protestant churches 2. Protestant churches 2. Protestant churches in the Yeungdeungpo District in in the Yeungdeungpo District in in the Yeungdeungpo District in in the Yeungdeungpo District in the 1990s the 1990sthe 1990s the 1990s 3 33 3 3 33 3- -- - - -- -3. Shamanism on the 3. Shamanism on the 3. Shamanism on the 3. Shamanism on the 3. Shamanism on the 3. Shamanism on the 3. Shamanism on the 3. Shamanism on the Gyeryong Mountain Gyeryong MountainGyeryong Mountain Gyeryong Mountain Gyeryong Mountain Gyeryong MountainGyeryong Mountain Gyeryong Mountain  Shamanistic halls called Shamanistic halls called Shamanistic halls called Shamanistic halls called dang dangdang dang  On the eastern Jeju Island On the eastern Jeju Island On the eastern Jeju Island On the eastern Jeju Island  Bonhyangdang BonhyangdangBonhyangdang Bonhyangdang , or main , or main, or main , or main- -- -spirit halls spirit hallsspirit halls spirit halls Figure 6 Figure 6Figure 6 Figure 6. A series of mountains on Gyeryong Mountain . A series of mountains on Gyeryong Mountain . A series of mountains on Gyeryong Mountain . A series of mountains on Gyeryong Mountain Figure 7 Figure 7Figure 7 Figure 7. The forest surrounding a . The forest surrounding a . The forest surrounding a . The forest surrounding a bonhyangdang bonhyangdang bonhyangdang bonhyangdang (main spirit hall) (main spirit hall) (main spirit hall) (main spirit hall) on Jeju Island on Jeju Islandon Jeju Island on Jeju Island 3 33 3 3 33 3- -- - - -- -4. Folk Landscapes in the 4. Folk Landscapes in the 4. Folk Landscapes in the 4. Folk Landscapes in the 4. Folk Landscapes in the 4. Folk Landscapes in the 4. Folk Landscapes in the 4. Folk Landscapes in the Upper Valleys of the Geum Upper Valleys of the Geum Upper Valleys of the Geum Upper Valleys of the Geum Upper Valleys of the Geum Upper Valleys of the Geum Upper Valleys of the Geum Upper Valleys of the Geum River River River River River River River River  Village rituals and plurality of deities Village rituals and plurality of deities Village rituals and plurality of deities Village rituals and plurality of deities  In the upper valleys of the Geum River In the upper valleys of the Geum River In the upper valleys of the Geum River In the upper valleys of the Geum River  At the entrance of a village At the entrance of a village At the entrance of a village At the entrance of a village  Seondol SeondolSeondol Seondol (standing stone) (standing stone) (standing stone) (standing stone)  Doltap DoltapDoltap Doltap (pebble (pebble(pebble (pebble- -- -pile or stone pagoda) pile or stone pagoda) pile or stone pagoda) pile or stone pagoda) Figure 8. Figure 8. Figure 8. Figure 8. A more typical A more typical A more typical A more typical shape of a male shape of a male shape of a male shape of a male seondol seondol seondol seondol around Okcheon Town around Okcheon Townaround Okcheon Town around Okcheon Town Figure 9. Figure 9.Figure 9. Figure 9. A female A female A female A female seondol seondol seondol seondol (standing stone) (standing stone) (standing stone) (standing stone) around Okcheon Town around Okcheon Townaround Okcheon Town around Okcheon Town Figure 10 Figure 10Figure 10 Figure 10. A . A . A . A doltap doltapdoltap doltap , or , or , or , or pebble pebblepebble pebble- -- -pile, around pile, around pile, around pile, around Geumsan Town Geumsan TownGeumsan Town Geumsan Town Figure 14. The diffusion process of Figure 14. The diffusion process of Figure 14. The diffusion process of Figure 14. The diffusion process of seowon seowonseowon seowon around Andong City around Andong Cityaround Andong City around Andong City Figure 15. The regional structure of the Figure 15. The regional structure of the Figure 15. The regional structure of the Figure 15. The regional structure of the Andong Culture Area Andong Culture AreaAndong Culture Area Andong Culture Area 4 44 4 4 44 4- -- - - -- -3. Catholic Diffusion around 3. Catholic Diffusion around 3. Catholic Diffusion around 3. Catholic Diffusion around 3. Catholic Diffusion around 3. Catholic Diffusion around 3. Catholic Diffusion around 3. Catholic Diffusion around Anseong Town Anseong TownAnseong Town Anseong Town Anseong Town Anseong TownAnseong Town Anseong Town  Catholicism from 1801 to 1869 Catholicism from 1801 to 1869 Catholicism from 1801 to 1869 Catholicism from 1801 to 1869  Into remote mountain valleys Into remote mountain valleys Into remote mountain valleys Into remote mountain valleys  A mountainous area in the east of A mountainous area in the east of A mountainous area in the east of A mountainous area in the east of Anseong Town Anseong Town Anseong Town Anseong Town  A mountain pass called Baeti A mountain pass called Baeti A mountain pass called Baeti A mountain pass called Baeti  A French priest in 1901 A French priest in 1901 A French priest in 1901 A French priest in 1901 Figure 16. A memorial Catholic church at Baeti Pass Figure 16. A memorial Catholic church at Baeti PassFigure 16. A memorial Catholic church at Baeti Pass Figure 16. A memorial Catholic church at Baeti Pass Figure 17. Graveyards for the martyred at Baeti Pass Figure 17. Graveyards for the martyred at Baeti PassFigure 17. Graveyards for the martyred at Baeti Pass Figure 17. Graveyards for the martyred at Baeti Pass Figure 18. Gupodong Main Catholic Church in Anseong Figure 18. Gupodong Main Catholic Church in Anseong Figure 18. Gupodong Main Catholic Church in Anseong Figure 18. Gupodong Main Catholic Church in Anseong Town TownTown Town Figure 19. The side wall of Gupodong Main Church Figure 19. The side wall of Gupodong Main ChurchFigure 19. The side wall of Gupodong Main Church Figure 19. The side wall of Gupodong Main Church Figure 20 Figure 20Figure 20 Figure 20- -- -1. The growth 1. The growth 1. The growth 1. The growth of Catholic parishes of Catholic parishes of Catholic parishes of Catholic parishes around Anseong Town around Anseong Townaround Anseong Town around Anseong Town Figure 20 Figure 20Figure 20 Figure 20- -- -2. The increase 2. The increase 2. The increase 2. The increase of Catholic churches of Catholic churches of Catholic churches of Catholic churches around Anseong Town around Anseong Townaround Anseong Town around Anseong Town 4 44 4 4 44 4- -- - - -- -4. Linguistic Diffusion on the 4. Linguistic Diffusion on the 4. Linguistic Diffusion on the 4. Linguistic Diffusion on the 4. Linguistic Diffusion on the 4. Linguistic Diffusion on the 4. Linguistic Diffusion on the 4. Linguistic Diffusion on the Southwest Coast Southwest Coast Southwest Coast Southwest Coast Southwest Coast Southwest Coast Southwest Coast Southwest Coast  On the southwest coast On the southwest coast On the southwest coast On the southwest coast  Peninsulas, large islands and bays Peninsulas, large islands and bays Peninsulas, large islands and bays Peninsulas, large islands and bays  The sea between peninsulas and The sea between peninsulas and The sea between peninsulas and The sea between peninsulas and islands islands islands islands  “Linguistic Island Linguistic IslandLinguistic Island Linguistic Island”  Natural barriers to linguistic diffusion Natural barriers to linguistic diffusion Natural barriers to linguistic diffusion Natural barriers to linguistic diffusion the Goheung Peninsula the Goheung Peninsula the Goheung Peninsula the Goheung Peninsula Figure 21. Dialect boundaries on the Figure 21. Dialect boundaries on the Figure 21. Dialect boundaries on the Figure 21. Dialect boundaries on the Southwest Coast Southwest CoastSouthwest Coast Southwest Coast Figure 8 Figure 8Figure 8 Figure 8. A . A . A . A bonhyangdang bonhyangdangbonhyangdang bonhyangdang , or main spirit hall around Gujua Town , or main spirit hall around Gujua Town , or main spirit hall around Gujua Town , or main spirit hall around Gujua Town on Jeju Island on Jeju Islandon Jeju Island on Jeju Island Figure 25 Figure 25Figure 25 Figure 25. Individual territories of . Individual territories of . Individual territories of . Individual territories of bonhyangdang bonhyangdang bonhyangdang bonhyangdang (main spirit (main spirit (main spirit (main spirit halls) on eastern Jeju Island halls) on eastern Jeju Islandhalls) on eastern Jeju Island halls) on eastern Jeju Island 5 55 5 5 55 5- -- - - -- -4. Women 4. Women4. Women 4. Women 4. Women 4. Women4. Women 4. Women’ ’s Places in s Places in s Places in s Places in s Places in s Places in s Places in s Places in Tongdo Temple Tongdo TempleTongdo Temple Tongdo Temple Tongdo Temple Tongdo TempleTongdo Temple Tongdo Temple  Buddhist landscapes in association Buddhist landscapes in association Buddhist landscapes in association Buddhist landscapes in association with women with womenwith women with women’s power s power s power s power  Popular support from the common, Popular support from the common, Popular support from the common, Popular support from the common, including women including women including women including women  Sanshingak and Samseonggak in Sanshingak and Samseonggak in Sanshingak and Samseonggak in Sanshingak and Samseonggak in Tongdo Temple Tongdo Temple Tongdo Temple Tongdo Temple  A Buddhistic hall with Avalokitsvara A Buddhistic hall with Avalokitsvara A Buddhistic hall with Avalokitsvara A Buddhistic hall with Avalokitsvara 5 55 5 5 55 5- -- - - -- -5. Confucian Landscapes in 5. Confucian Landscapes in 5. Confucian Landscapes in 5. Confucian Landscapes in 5. Confucian Landscapes in 5. Confucian Landscapes in 5. Confucian Landscapes in 5. Confucian Landscapes in Tongdo Temple and Songwang Tongdo Temple and Songwang Tongdo Temple and Songwang Tongdo Temple and Songwang Tongdo Temple and Songwang Tongdo Temple and Songwang Tongdo Temple and Songwang Tongdo Temple and Songwang Temple Temple Temple Temple Temple Temple Temple Temple  Buddhism between Shamanism and Buddhism between Shamanism and Buddhism between Shamanism and Buddhism between Shamanism and Neo NeoNeo Neo- -- -Confucianism Confucianism Confucianism Confucianism  The ideology of ancestor worship The ideology of ancestor worship The ideology of ancestor worship The ideology of ancestor worship  An ancestral hall in Tongdo Temple An ancestral hall in Tongdo TempleAn ancestral hall in Tongdo Temple An ancestral hall in Tongdo Temple  A stupa of the monk named Jinul in A stupa of the monk named Jinul in A stupa of the monk named Jinul in A stupa of the monk named Jinul in Songwang Temple Songwang Temple Songwang Temple Songwang Temple 6 66 6 6 66 6- -- - - -- -1. The Identity and 1. The Identity and 1. The Identity and 1. The Identity and 1. The Identity and 1. The Identity and 1. The Identity and 1. The Identity and Experience of the Insider Experience of the InsiderExperience of the Insider Experience of the Insider Experience of the Insider Experience of the InsiderExperience of the Insider Experience of the Insider  Many ways of seeing and reading the Many ways of seeing and reading the Many ways of seeing and reading the Many ways of seeing and reading the landscape landscape landscape landscape  The new cultural geography The new cultural geography The new cultural geography The new cultural geography  Dominant meanings in the making of Dominant meanings in the making of Dominant meanings in the making of Dominant meanings in the making of landscape and place landscape and place landscape and place landscape and place 6 66 6 6 66 6- -- - - -- -2. The City Planning of Seoul 2. The City Planning of Seoul 2. The City Planning of Seoul 2. The City Planning of Seoul 2. The City Planning of Seoul 2. The City Planning of Seoul 2. The City Planning of Seoul 2. The City Planning of Seoul in the Joseon Period in the Joseon Periodin the Joseon Period in the Joseon Period in the Joseon Period in the Joseon Periodin the Joseon Period in the Joseon Period  Symbolic representation of power Symbolic representation of power Symbolic representation of power Symbolic representation of power relations relations relations relations  Confucianism more than Feng Confucianism more than FengConfucianism more than Feng Confucianism more than Feng- -- -shui or shui or shui or shui or Buddhism Buddhism Buddhism Buddhism  The pattern of city layout The pattern of city layout The pattern of city layout The pattern of city layout  The ideology of Confucianism The ideology of Confucianism The ideology of Confucianism The ideology of Confucianism Figure 26. An old pictorial Figure 26. An old pictorial Figure 26. An old pictorial Figure 26. An old pictorial Map of Seoul in the late Map of Seoul in the late Map of Seoul in the late Map of Seoul in the late Joseon Period Joseon PeriodJoseon Period Joseon Period Figure 27. Geunjeongjeon, or the Throne Hall, located Figure 27. Geunjeongjeon, or the Throne Hall, located Figure 27. Geunjeongjeon, or the Throne Hall, located Figure 27. Geunjeongjeon, or the Throne Hall, located inside Gyeongbokgung, or the Main Palace inside Gyeongbokgung, or the Main Palaceinside Gyeongbokgung, or the Main Palace inside Gyeongbokgung, or the Main Palace Figure 28. Guanghuamun, or the Gate of Radiant Figure 28. Guanghuamun, or the Gate of Radiant Figure 28. Guanghuamun, or the Gate of Radiant Figure 28. Guanghuamun, or the Gate of Radiant Transformation, before its relocation in the early Japanese Transformation, before its relocation in the early Japanese Transformation, before its relocation in the early Japanese Transformation, before its relocation in the early Japanese rule rulerule rule 6 66 6 6 66 6- -- - - -- -3. The Royal Landscapes and 3. The Royal Landscapes and 3. The Royal Landscapes and 3. The Royal Landscapes and 3. The Royal Landscapes and 3. The Royal Landscapes and 3. The Royal Landscapes and 3. The Royal Landscapes and Places in the Jeonju City Places in the Jeonju CityPlaces in the Jeonju City Places in the Jeonju City Places in the Jeonju City Places in the Jeonju CityPlaces in the Jeonju City Places in the Jeonju City  Jeonju City as the home of the Jeonju Jeonju City as the home of the Jeonju Jeonju City as the home of the Jeonju Jeonju City as the home of the Jeonju Yi family Yi family Yi family Yi family  Royal authority on the landscape and Royal authority on the landscape and Royal authority on the landscape and Royal authority on the landscape and place place place place  A Confucian A ConfucianA Confucian A Confucian- -- -style shrine called style shrine called style shrine called style shrine called Gyonggijeon Gyonggijeon Gyonggijeon Gyonggijeon  A Confucian A ConfucianA Confucian A Confucian- -- -style altar called style altar called style altar called style altar called Jogyongdan Jogyongdan Jogyongdan Jogyongdan Figure 33 Figure 33Figure 33 Figure 33 . Guryong (Nine Dragon) Pond in Tongdo Temple . Guryong (Nine Dragon) Pond in Tongdo Temple. Guryong (Nine Dragon) Pond in Tongdo Temple . Guryong (Nine Dragon) Pond in Tongdo Temple Figure 34 Figure 34Figure 34 Figure 34. Gumganggye . Gumganggye. Gumganggye . Gumganggye- -- -dan, or the Diamond Ordination Platform dan, or the Diamond Ordination Platform dan, or the Diamond Ordination Platform dan, or the Diamond Ordination Platform in Tongdo Temple in Tongdo Templein Tongdo Temple in Tongdo Temple 6 66 6 6 66 6- -- - - -- -6. The Pavilion as a Symbolic 6. The Pavilion as a Symbolic 6. The Pavilion as a Symbolic 6. The Pavilion as a Symbolic 6. The Pavilion as a Symbolic 6. The Pavilion as a Symbolic 6. The Pavilion as a Symbolic 6. The Pavilion as a Symbolic Place PlacePlace Place Place PlacePlace Place  A pavilion coined with symbolism from A pavilion coined with symbolism from A pavilion coined with symbolism from A pavilion coined with symbolism from Confucian ideology Confucian ideology Confucian ideology Confucian ideology  In the Joseon Period In the Joseon Period In the Joseon Period In the Joseon Period  The right to enjoy the scenery The right to enjoy the scenery The right to enjoy the scenery The right to enjoy the scenery  A specific name and poems to create a A specific name and poems to create a A specific name and poems to create a A specific name and poems to create a sense sense sense sense  A group identity among A group identity among A group identity among A group identity among yangban yangban yangban yangban men men men men Figure 35. A pavilion situated in the village Figure 35. A pavilion situated in the villageFigure 35. A pavilion situated in the village Figure 35. A pavilion situated in the village 7. Conclusion 7. Conclusion 7. Conclusion 7. Conclusion 7. Conclusion 7. Conclusion 7. Conclusion 7. Conclusion  The place of landscape in Korean culture The place of landscape in Korean culture The place of landscape in Korean culture The place of landscape in Korean culture  Multiple cultural histories Multiple cultural histories Multiple cultural histories Multiple cultural histories  Spatial strategies in the formation of Korean Spatial strategies in the formation of Korean Spatial strategies in the formation of Korean Spatial strategies in the formation of Korean culture culture culture culture  Cultural politics as a longtime Korean Cultural politics as a longtime Korean Cultural politics as a longtime Korean Cultural politics as a longtime Korean Tradition Tradition Tradition Tradition  The future of geographical study on the The future of geographical study on the The future of geographical study on the The future of geographical study on the Korean culture Korean culture Korean culture Korean culture