Migration and diversity policies. Moroccans in Spain

Migration and diversity policies Moroccans in Spain Rafael Durán Muñoz Málaga, March 14, 2013 Málaga, 13-14 March 2013 Mediterranean Migration Mosaic (Spring 2013) Toulouse Morocco, and Malaga (Dickinson College course) Annual variation Migration, the most significant cause for population change World Migration Report 2010 (International Organization for Migration) World Migration Report 2010 (International Organization for Migration) 2010 (Eurostat) 32.5 million foreigners living in EU (12.3 EU citizens + 20.2 non EU citizens) 77.4% in: Germany (7.1 millions) Spain (5.7 millions) United Kingdom (4.4 millions) France (3.8 millions) Italy (4.2 millions) Countries reporting the highest share of foreign residents in the total population: Luxembourg (43%) Estonia and Cyprus (16%) Spain (12’3%) Austria (10’5%) Statistical Office of the EU) Foreigners residing in Spain (2000-2012) 0 1000000 2000000 3000000 4000000 5000000 6000000 7000000 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 923,879 (INE, 2000.1.1) 5,751,487 (12%) 5,736,258 (12%) (INE, 2011.1.1) (INE: 2012.1.1) x 6.2 Migratory balance (foreigners / Spaniards) 2009: 51,505 / -4,143 2010: 64,324 / -2,168 2011: -29,606 / -20,484 2012 (January thru September): -112,089 / -25,539 -0,3% 173,158 Moroccans 788,563 X 4,6 773.995 (2011) 754,080 National Statistics Institute (INE) registered Less than 16,000 (1991) Moroccans in Spain Percentage of legality always higher than 74% Immigrants in Spain (INE, 1 January 2012) Foreign EU citizens 43% NonEU residents 57% Foreign population by country of nationality (INE, 2012.1.1) Romania 17% Morocco 14% UK 7% Rest 30% Ecuador 5% Colombia 4% Germany 3% Italy 3% Bolivia 3% China 3% Bulgaria 3% Portugal 2% Peru 2% France 2% Argentina 2% More than 120 nationalities… from all continents 788,563 A multicultural society Stocks of foreign population by region of residence (INE, 2012.1.1) 0 200000 400000 600000 800000 1000000 1200000 1400000 CATALUÑA MADRID VALENCIA ANDALUCÍA CANARIAS ISLAS BALEARES MURCIA CASTILLA - LA MANCHA CASTILLA Y LEÓN ARAGÓN PAÍS VASCO GALICIA NAVARRA ASTURIAS LA RIOJA EXTREMADURA CANTABRIA Melilla Ceuta Moroccans Rest of foreigners Settled in all the Spanish regions 7.5 millions 1.2 millions (16.4%) 11.9 millions 2.4 millions (20.2%) Multiculturalism o communitarianism Cultural relativism Preeminence of the ethno-cultural community “politics of difference” (Taylor) “politics of recognition” (Kymlicka) “Plural monoculturalism” (A. Sen) Assimilationism Minority cultural groups to be similar to larger (dominant) cultural group(s) Approaches handling cultural diversity Whether and how to bridge cultural diversity What is meant by ‘integration’? Multiculturalism o communitarianism Cultural relativism Preeminence of the ethno-cultural community “politics of difference” (Taylor) “politics of recognition” (Kymlicka) “Plural monoculturalism” (A. Sen) Interculturalism Convivence vs. co-existence vs. assimilation Assimilationism Minority cultural groups to be similar to larger (dominant) cultural group(s) Approaches handling cultural diversity Whether and how to bridge cultural diversity What is meant by ‘integration’? Indifference Relativism Respect (tolerance) Interculturalism Multiculturalism Assimilationism Intra-community Inter-community Inequality Individual’s will First integration plan, 1993/2000 Catalonian plan Second one, 2001/2004 Andalusian plan National plan, 2007/2010 1. Promoting social, economic and cultural welcoming policies consistent with an inclusion and autonomous model for new Andalusian men and women. 2. Promoting full-integration of immigrants, as subjects of rights and duties within the Andalusian society, at the social, work, and personal levels. 3. Ensuring access of the immigrant population, in conditions of equality and equity, to basic services common to the whole population, such as health, education, employment, housing, social services, and legal attention. Second Andalusian Comprehensive Immigration Plan (2006-2009) (Integration, a complex and bidirectional process of mutual respect) General objectives: Inclusion (and equality) Social cohesion Respect for cultural diversity? Relativism Exceptionalism Indifference Individual vs. collective rights Court (2010) Reduction in previous prison sentence (for threat and wife abuse [(domestic) violence against a woman]) because the offender was a Muslim and he reproached her "not respecting Muslim traditions, and in particular those relating to the obedience a woman has to shown to her husband" "The defence of cultural diversity is an ethical imperative, inseparable from respect for human dignity. It implies a commitment to human rights and fundamental freedoms, in particular the rights of persons belonging to minorities and those of indigenous peoples. No one may invoke cultural diversity to infringe upon human rights guaranteed by international law, nor to limit their scope" (UNESCO Universal Declaration on Cultural Diversity, 2001, art.4) “bad muslim woman” (husbands and imams) 2010 Judgment of the court: Moral damages and crimes of abuse Domestic violence and sexual assault (rape), that is, attempt on her sexual freedom From theory and political discourse to practice Most diversity-issues, Islamic in nature Dissolution of Marriage vs. divorce / separation Spanish / European family law vis-à-vis Moroccan family law National laws cultural diversity vis-à-vis human rights Integration in Spain / Europe vis-à-vis personal and family ties in Morocco Dignity Equality Anti-discriminatioin Men and women + Social protection Woman Child(ren) Moroccans, 88% of the total foreign Muslim population in Spain ? Individual’s will People’s will Group’s will Najwa affair April 2010 High-school Camilo José Cela (Pozuelo de Alarcón, Madrid) ethnos demos Academic year 2010-11 Moroccan pre university students Total: 143,424 Female: 66,959 ( Internal rules) cultural exception High school internal rules prohibited clothes covering head Rules are there to be obeyed Respecting the rules is part of the learning process Equality between men and women, a human right Constitution Universal Declaration of Human Rights European Convention on Human Rights United Nations Convention on the Rights of the Child Respect for the dignity of persons (Cultural) identity right Religious freedom Regional authorities Transfer to another school Right to education guaranteed Spain, a "non-confessional" state Education culture of submission and inequality acceptance State personal gender violence State neutrality Individual freedom Macho submission of Muslim women Islam's incompatibility with democracy Menace of islamization of Spain laic state Mauritanian abused-child affair, one case Najwa’s veil affair, one case Moroccans, +788thousand (2012), 14% of the total immigrant population Foreign Muslims, +897thousand, 15% || 1,9% (total population) Afghanistan, Saudi Arabia, Algeria, Bahrain, Egypt, Iraq, Iran, Jordan, Kuwait, Lebanon, Libya, Morocco, Mauritania, Oman, Pakistan, Palestine, Qatar, Western Sahara, Sudan, Syria, Tunisia, Turkey, United Arab Emirates and Yemen Muslim-mayority countries