El control de depredadores en España: análisis histórico, incidencia actual del uso de cebos envenenados y perspectivas de futuro
Abstract
A nivel mundial las poblaciones de depredadores han sufrido un drástico declive a lo largo del último siglo; siendo la persecución directa por parte del hombre una de las principales causas. Las causas del conflicto hombre –predador tienen su origen en dos motivos principales: el ataque directo de predadores a humanos y las pérdidas que supone para el hombre la depredación sobre presas con valor económico, como es el caso de especies cinegéticas y de la ganadería. En España hasta los años 60 se promovía su persecución desde la propia administración y eran consideradas como “alimañas”. En la actualidad, la implantación de normas conservacionistas protege las poblaciones de carnívoros y rapaces, permitiéndose la captura de ciertas especies bajo un régimen de excepcionalidad. En un breve periodo de tiempo la sociedad española ha sustituido los términos: “extinción de alimañas”, y “alimañero”, por otros como: control de la depredación y especialista en control de depredadores. Por otro lado, a pesar de las restricciones recogidas en las normativas en materia de medio ambiente y caza, se siguen descubriendo eventos de envenenamiento de fauna en el medio natural por el uso intencionado de cebos envenenados. La competencia secular entre humanos y depredadores ha evolucionado desde el libre exterminio de estas especies por parte del hombre al control selectivo. Teniendo en cuenta dicha evolución histórica, se han identificado en España tres períodos que cronológicamente son los siguientes: período de libre exterminio, de extinción organizada y de conservación y control racional. La etapa de extinción organizada comenzó en 1953, con la creación en España de 23 Juntas Provinciales de Extinción de Animales Dañinos y Protección a la Caza, la mayoría de ellas entre 1953 y 1954. A lo largo de los dos periodos citados (de libre exterminio y de extinción organizada), se constata una progresiva ampliación de la lista de especies susceptibles de eliminación. Inicialmente eran el lobo y el zorro. Posteriormente se primaron también las capturas de otros Carnívoros y rapaces. En última instancia se incluyeron Córvidos, Reptiles y Roedores. Dicha ampliación responde a la creciente rentabilidad de la actividad cinegética frente a la ganadera. Entre 1979 y 2010 (período de conservación y control racional) se ha constatado en España una tendencia creciente del número de eventos de envenenamiento y del número de individuos afectados. A pesar de la prohibición definitiva del uso de cebos envenenado en 1983 a través de una circular interna del ICONA, acabándose así con una medida de gestión legalmente fomentada. En total se han registrado 5.102 eventos de envenenamiento, que afectaron a 9.595 animales. La distribución de los eventos de envenenamiento se relaciona con los factores de caza y de riqueza de depredadores. El riesgo global al envenenamiento resulta ser significativamente mayor para las rapaces que para los carnívoros, debido a sus hábitos alimenticios, sociales y a su fenología. Siendo el buitre leonado y el milano real las dos especies de aves más vulnerables, mientras que el lobo y el zorro encabezan la lista de Carnívoros. A nivel mundial las poblaciones de depredadores han sufrido un drástico declive a lo largo del último siglo; siendo la persecución directa por parte del hombre una de las principales causas. Las causas del conflicto hombre –predador tienen su origen en dos motivos principales: el ataque directo de predadores a humanos y las pérdidas que supone para el hombre la depredación sobre presas con valor económico, como es el caso de especies cinegéticas y de la ganadería. En España hasta los años 60 se promovía su persecución desde la propia administración y eran consideradas como “alimañas”. En la actualidad, la implantación de normas conservacionistas protege las poblaciones de carnívoros y rapaces, permitiéndose la captura de ciertas especies bajo un régimen de excepcionalidad. En un breve periodo de tiempo la sociedad española ha sustituido los términos: “extinción de alimañas”, y “alimañero”, por otros como: control de la depredación y especialista en control de depredadores. Por otro lado, a pesar de las restricciones recogidas en las normativas en materia de medio ambiente y caza, se siguen descubriendo eventos de envenenamiento de fauna en el medio natural por el uso intencionado de cebos envenenados. La competencia secular entre humanos y depredadores ha evolucionado desde el libre exterminio de estas especies por parte del hombre al control selectivo. Teniendo en cuenta dicha evolución histórica, se han identificado en España tres períodos que cronológicamente son los siguientes: período de libre exterminio, de extinción organizada y de conservación y control racional. La etapa de extinción organizada comenzó en 1953, con la creación en España de 23 Juntas Provinciales de Extinción de Animales Dañinos y Protección a la Caza, la mayoría de ellas entre 1953 y 1954. A lo largo de los dos periodos citados (de libre exterminio y de extinción organizada), se constata una progresiva ampliación de la lista de especies susceptibles de eliminación. Inicialmente eran el lobo y el zorro. Posteriormente se primaron también las capturas de otros Carnívoros y rapaces. En última instancia se incluyeron Córvidos, Reptiles y Roedores. Dicha ampliación responde a la creciente rentabilidad de la actividad cinegética frente a la ganadera. Entre 1979 y 2010 (período de conservación y control racional) se ha constatado en España una tendencia creciente del número de eventos de envenenamiento y del número de individuos afectados. A pesar de la prohibición definitiva del uso de cebos envenenado en 1983 a través de una circular interna del ICONA, acabándose así con una medida de gestión legalmente fomentada. En total se han registrado 5.102 eventos de envenenamiento, que afectaron a 9.595 animales. La distribución de los eventos de envenenamiento se relaciona con los factores de caza y de riqueza de depredadores. El riesgo global al envenenamiento resulta ser significativamente mayor para las rapaces que para los carnívoros, debido a sus hábitos alimenticios, sociales y a su fenología. Siendo el buitre leonado y el milano real las dos especies de aves más vulnerables, mientras que el lobo y el zorro encabezan la lista de Carnívoros.
Full text
El control de depredadores en España: Análisis histórico, incidencia actual del uso de cebos envenenados y perspectiva de futuro Carolina Márquez Cañas Carolina Márquez Cañas Tesis doctoral 2015
AUTOR: Carolina Márquez Cañas EDITA: Publicaciones y Divulgación Científica. Universidad de Málaga Esta obra está sujeta a una licencia Creative Commons: Reconocimiento - No comercial - SinObraDerivada (cc-by-ncnd): Http://creativecommons.org/licences/by-nc-nd/3.0/es Cualquier parte de esta obra se puede reproducir sin autorización pero con el reconocimiento y atribución de los autores. No se puede hacer uso comercial de la obra y no se puede alterar, transformar o hacer obras derivadas. Esta Tesis Doctoral está depositada en el Repositorio Institucional de la Universidad de Málaga (RIUMA): riuma.uma.es
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ÌQGLFHQRUPDWLYD Normativa citada en la presente memoria (orden cronológico), en negrita las abreviaturas empleadas: •Códice de la montería de 1180. •Ley I, Libro VII, Título XXX de la Novísima recopilación. D. Alonso en Alcalá año 1348 en las peticiones ley última; y Dª. Juana en Burgos a 20 de julio de 1515. Prohibición de armar en los montes cepos con hierros para la caza de puercos, osos ó venados. •Leyes del Concejo de la Mesta de 1511. •Ley IV, Libro VII, Título XXXI de la Novísima recopilación. D. Carlos I Y Dª. Juana en Valladolid año 1527 petición 28. Prohibición de cazar con tiro de pólvora, y con yerba de ballestero. •Ley I, Libro VII, Título XXXI de la Novísima recopilación. D. Carlos I y Dª. Juana en Valladolid año 1542 petición 7. Facultad de los pueblos para ordenar premio por cada uno, y hacer sobre ello las ordenanzas convenientes. •Ley y pragmática del 5 de enero de 1611, sobre prohibición de utilizar arcabuz en la caza. •Ley V, Libro VII, Título XXX de la Novísima recopilación. Felipe III derogó la prohibición de usar armas de fuego para cazar el 7 de noviembre de 1617. •Real Cédula del 27 de enero de 1788. Los Alcaldes y demás Justicias manden hacer todos los años monterías para la extinción de lobos, zorros, y otros animales dañinos. •Ley II, Libro VII, Título XXXI de la Novísima recopilación. D. Carlos IV por res á cons de 31 de Oct De 1794, y céd del Consejo de 3 de Feb 1795 Exterminio de lobos y zorros, cesando las batidas y monterías dispuestas contra ellos. •Ley XI, Libro VII, Título XXX de la Novísima recopilación. D. Carlos IV en Aranjuez por resol á cons del Consejo de 20 de Enero, y céd De 3 de Febrero de 1804 Nueva ordenanza general que debe observarse sobre el modo de cazar y pescar en estos Reynos. •Ley sobre caza y pesca de 3 de mayo de 1834. •Ordenanza de caza y pesca de 3 de mayo de 1834. (O 1834) •Ley de Caza de 10 de enero de 1879. (LC 1879) •Ley de 19 de septiembre de 1896 de protección a los pájaros y otras aves útiles a la agricultura. •Ley de Caza de 16 de mayo de 1902. (LC 1902) •Reglamento de 1903 de la Ley de Caza de 1902. (R 1903) •Convenio de París de 9 de marzo de 1902 sobre protección de los pájaros útiles para la
agricultura. •Real Orden de 28 de octubre de 1904. •Real Orden de 7 de julio de 1915 sobre recompensas por destrucción de animales dañinos. •Ley de Parques Nacionales de 1916. •Orden de 30 de Octubre de 1952, por la que se establece la veda en toda España durante el periodo de cinco años del oso. •Decreto de 11 de agosto de 1953 por el que se declara obligatoria la organización de las Juntas Provinciales de Extinción de Animales dañinos y Protección a la Caza. (D 1953) •Orden Ministerial de 16 de agosto de 1958 por la que se establece la veda en toda España durante el periodo de cinco años de la especie Gypaetus barbatus (Quebrantahuesos). •Orden Ministerial de 3 de abril 1966 a vedar la caza de algunas especies. •Decreto 1349/1968 de 6 de junio por el que se estructura el Servicio Nacional de Pesca Fluvial y Caza. •Decreto 1350/1968 de reorganización de la Administración del Estado. •Ley de Caza 1/1970 de 4 de abril. (LC 1970) •Reglamento de 4 de mayo de 1971, para la ejecución de la Ley de caza de 4 de abril de 1970. (R 1971) •Orden de 26 de abril de 1971 por la que se dictan las medidas precisas para procurar la reducción de animales peligrosos para las personas o perjudiciales para la ganadería o la caza. (O 1971) •Decreto 2122/1972, de 21 de julio, por el que se regulan las armas y medios de caza que precisan autorización gubernamental especial. •Decreto 2573/1973 por el que se protegen determinadas especies de animales salvajes y se dictan normas precisas para asegurar la efectividad a esta protección. •Constitución Española de 1978. •Convenio de Berna de 19 de septiembre de 1979, relativo a la Conservación de la Vida Silvestre y del Medio Natural de Europa. •Directiva 79/409/CEE del Consejo, de 2 de abril de 1979, relativa a la conservación de las aves silvestres. (D 79/409/CEE -Aves-) •Ley Orgánica 2/1986 de 13 de marzo, de Fuerzas y Cuerpos de Seguridad. •Ley de 19 de septiembre de 1986 de protección a los pájaros y otras aves útiles a la agricultura. •Ley 4/1989, de 27 de marzo, de Conservación de los Espacios Naturales y de la Flora y Fauna Silvestres. (L 4/89). •Real Decreto 1095/1989, de 8 de septiembre, por el que se declaran las especies objeto de
caza y pesca y se establecen normas para su protección. (RD 1095/1989). •Real Decreto 439/1990, de 30 de marzo, por el cual se regula el Catálogo Nacional de Especies Amenazadas. •Reglamento (CEE) Nº 3254/91 del Consejo de 4 de noviembre de 1991, por el que se prohíbe el uso de cepos en la Comunidad y la introducción en la Comunidad de pieles y productos manufacturados de determinadas especies animales salvajes originarias de países que utilizan para su captura cepos o métodos no conformes a las normas internacionales de captura no cruel. •Directiva 92/43/CEE del Consejo, de 21 de marzo, relativa a la conservación de los hábitats naturales y de la fauna y flora silvestre. (D 92/43/CEE -Hábitat-). •Orden de 4 de febrero de 1994, por la que se prohíbe la comercialización y utilización de plaguicidas de uso ambiental que contienen determinados ingredientes activos peligrosos. •Real Decreto 1997/1995, de 7 de diciembre, por el que se establece medidas para contribuir a garantizar la biodiversidad mediante la conservación de los hábitats naturales y de la fauna y flora silvestre. (RD 1997/1995). •Decisión del Consejo, de 26 de enero de 1998, relativa a la celebración de un acuerdo entre la Comunidad Europea, Canadá y la Federación de Rusia sobre normas internacionales de captura no cruel. •Decisión del Consejo, de 13 de julio de 1998. Acuerdo internacional en forma de Acta acordada entre la Comunidad Europea y Estados Unidos de América en materia de captura no cruel. •Decisión del Consejo, de 13 de julio de 1998, Acuerdo internacional en forma de Acta acordada entre la Comunidad Europea y Estados Unidos de América en materia de captura no cruel. •Reglamento (CE) No. 2076/2002 de la Comisión de 20 de noviembre de 2002, por el que se prolonga el período contemplado en el apartado 2 del artículo 8 de la Directiva 91/414/CEE del Consejo y relativo a la no inclusión de determinadas sustancias activas en el anexo I de dicha Directiva, así como a la retirada de autorizaciones de productos fitosanitarios que contengan estas sustancias. (Reglamento (CE) No. 2076/2002).
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