Are local residents able to contribute to tourism governance? – impacts and perceptions in Cape Verde

© PASOS. Re is a de Tu ismo y Pa imonio Cul u al. ISSN 1695-7121 Vol. 17 N.o 3. Special Issue. Págs. 611-624. 2019 h ps://doi.o g/10.25145/j.pasos.2019.17.043 www .pasosonline.o g Abs ac : Tou ism planning and de elopmen necessa ily en ails e icien go e nance. The s uc u e o such go e nance sys em includes he key playe s in o de o ensu e ha all s akeholde s a e hea d, con ibu e o he plan and pa icipa e in i s implemen a ion. This a icle in oduces Cape Ve de, a coun y wi h signi ican ou ism g ow h and esul s, and i ocuses on he case s udy o Boa Vis a island. This pape is he esul o a 5 -yea esea ch ha applied a mix me hodology based on ield wo k and in e iews con en analysis amed s a is ically and comp ehensi ely in a mixed me hod analysis. This s udy demons a es ha communi ies a e able o iden i y he nega i e and posi i e impac s o ou ism de elopmen . Boa Vis a has a communi y ha is a p ac ical example ha locals able o ecognize he exis ing p oblems and con ibu e o he u u e pa h o sus ainable and uly ep esen a i e de elopmen in sub -Saha an A ica. Keywo ds: Tou ism impac s; Pe cep ions; Boa Vis a; Cape Ve d; Go e nance. Podem os esiden es locais con ibui pa a a go e nança u ís ica? – impac os e pe ceções em Cabo Ve de Resumo: O planeamen o e o desen ol imen o do u ismo implicam, necessa iamen e, uma go e nança e icien e. A es u u a desse sis ema de go e nança inclui os p incipais a o es, a im de ga an i que odas as pa es in e essadas sejam ou idas, con ibuam pa a o plano e pa icipem de sua implemen ação. Es e a igo ap esen a Cabo Ve de, um país com signi ica i o c escimen o em esul ado da a i idade u ís ica, e oca no es udo de caso da Ilha da Boa Vis a. Es e abalho é o esul ado de uma pesquisa de 5 anos que aplicou uma me odologia mis a baseada em abalho de campo e en e is as de análise de con eúdo enquad adas es a is icamen e e de o ma ab angen e em uma análise de mé odo mis o. Es e es udo demons a que as comunidades são capazes de iden i ica os impac os nega i os e posi i os do desen ol imen o u ís ico. Boa Vis a em uma comunidade que é um exemplo p á ico do econhecimen o dos p oblemas exis en es con i mando o seu alo no caminho u u o pa a o desen ol imen o sus en á el e e dadei amen e ep esen a i o na Á ica Subsaa iana. Pala as ‑cha e: Impac os; Pe ceções; Boa Vis a; Cabo Ve de; Go e nança. A e local esiden s able o con ibu e o ou ism go e nance? – impac s and pe cep ions in Cape Ve de Edga Be na do* Filipa Jo ge** Uni e sidade de T ás -os -Mon es e Al o Dou o (Po ugal) Edga Be na do, Filipa Jo ge * Cen o de Es udos T ansdisciplina es pa a o Deen ol imen o (CETRAD) Uni e sidade de T ás -os -Mon es e Al o Dou o; E -mail: [email p o ec ed] * Cen o de Es udos T ansdisciplina es pa a o Deen ol imen o (CETRAD) Uni e sidade de T ás -os -Mon es e Al o Dou o; E -mail: [email p o ec ed] 1. In oduc ion Cape Ve de is ye ano he example o a coun y ha is looking a ou is ac i i y as a apid way o mode nize i s socie y by boos ing i s economy ha s ill oday is e y dependen on emi ances and o eign aid. This ques o economic and social balance, and o sus ainabili y, is e lec ed in i s ecen and young his o y as an independen coun y seeking o achie e i s goals (Sa men o, 2008), a common s a egy in island e i o ies wi h a agile economy and indus y (Vellas, 1997; Kakazu, 2007). Many coun ies aim o ou ism de elopmen , hoping ha i will e o m and p omo e immedia e de elopmen , as i by magic (B own, 1998), bu he success o his s a egy is ye o be p o en, especially PASOS. Re is a de Tu ismo y Pa imonio Cul u al. 17 N° 3. Mayo 2019 ISSN 1695-7121 612 A e local esiden s able o con ibu e o ou ism go e nance? in A ican coun ies. E en in con ex s o appa en success, esea ch seems o imply ha only he eli es and he middle class bene i om inc eased incomes (Aza ya, 2004). To make hings wo se, he same esea ch implies ha his s a egy widens he gap be ween classes, ailing he sus ainabili y goal in hese socie ies (Redcli , 1992). As an agg a a ing ci cums ance, many communi ies a ec ed by he p ocess o ou is isa ion end up su e ing he al eady known nega i e impac s such as inc eased c ime, eal es a e specula ion, loss o adi ional ac i i ies, accul u a ion p ocesses, e c. E en a he na ional le el, he da a seem o poin o spo adic o in e mi en economic g ow h in many des ina ions. The UNWTO da a i sel (2016) shows ha , compa ing wi h he es o he Wo ld, he A ican con inen con inues o show a pe cen age o low g ow h, cu en ly a 5%, jus 1% mo e han he cu en ly uns able middle eas e n egion. I should be no ed ha he bulk o his g ow h con inues o be concen a ed in he Sou h and No hwes o he con inen , lea ing he es o A ica, and in pa icula Sub -Saha an A ica, apa om he la ge ou ism con ibu ions o GDP. S ill, coun ies like Cape Ve d ha e changed hei economic and poli ical models ollowing he global neo -libe al model in o de o welcome in e na ional ou ism. F om i s independence in 1975 un il 1990 he coun y ollowed an isola ionis model based on he in e nal ma ke , jux aposed o i s p o -So ie economic model, bu wi h he legisla i e elec ions and a new pa y in he go e nmen he end changed comple ely. This p ocess is di ec ly ela ed o ou ism since his is a cen al objec i e om he ou h na ional de elopmen plan (1997 -2000) onwa d, a pe iod ha was ma ked by he p oli e a ion o business c ea ion and in as uc u es linked o ou ism. The da a is clea , in 1990 he coun y ecei ed 21 housand ou is s and in 2007 i ose o 333 housand, mos o hem om he UK, I aly and Po ugal (INE -CV, 2015), and cu en ly he numbe is app oaching 700 housand, mos o hem s ill om Eu ope, seeking an all -inclusi e ou ism des ina ion (Lopez -Guzman, Ribei o & Agüe o, 2015). This esul ed in an imp essi e 44.9% impac on GDP, accoun ing o 39% o o al jobs. O cou se, his g ow h and economic de elopmen has b ough abou an imp o emen in basic in as uc u e, educa ion and aining, heal h, e c. and an imp o emen in nume ous social aspec s ha allowed he coun y o ecen ly join he middle -de eloping coun ies lis , a well knowned apid ou ism g ow h based on ax and banking e o ms (Twining -Wa d, 2010). Mos o he in e na ional isi o s a e concen a ed in he beach ou ism islands o Sal and Boa Vis a, he g ea be since he i h na ional de elopmen plan ha also c ea ed he Highe Ins i u e o Tou ism and Hospi ali y, he School o Hospi ali y and he Tou ism De elopmen Socie y o he Boa Vis a and Maio Islands (SDTIBM). This concen a ion is clea ly e lec ed in he s a is ical da a o ecen yea s, o example in 2017, he island o Sal and Boa Vis a oge he accoun ed o 90% o he o al o e nigh s ays in he coun y. The apid changes b ough abou by he g ow h o ou ism ac i i y on he island o Boa Vis a, an island whose economy was based on ishing and subsis ence ag icul u e. Be na do (2015) epo ed se e al impac s pe cei ed by esiden s in p e ious wo k, namely posi i e (job c ea ion, in as uc- u e, mig a ion, imp o emen o li ing condi ions, economic g ow h, cul u al exchange, inc ease o p o essional le els, en y o o eign exchange, cul u e e i aliza ion) and nega i e (inc eased c ime, unequal di ision o bene i s, uncon olled g ow h, ising p ices, changes in mo ali y, labou exploi a ion, disc imina ion agains mig an s, eal es a e specula ion, lack o in as uc u e, loss o au hen ici y, inc eased co up ion, local a i udes owa ds ou ism, dependence on ou ism, inc eased pollu ion, loss o igh s o esiden s, des uc ion o na u e, changes in consump ion pa e ns, loss o local language, abandonmen o adi ional p ac ices). The au ho concluded ha he e was a p edominance o posi i e economic impac s and, on he con a y, a p edominance o social nega i e impac s, and in bo h cases he en i onmen ela ed impac s we e neglec ed. This p edominan ly nega i e pe cep ion o ou ism has led o wo ypes o p e ailing pos u es, one o esis ance and he o he o adap a ion, i.e. hose ha we e adap ed o he new dynamics and hose who oppose mass ou ism model. This a icle does no in end o make known indi idually hese pe cei ed ou ism impac s o he island’s esiden s, bu a he o p esen he s a is ically signi ican di e ences ha occu be ween g oups, seeking also o jus i y hese pe cep ions using bo h ield wo k and seconda y da a. We in end o p o e ha e en jus conside ing he s a is ically p e alen pe cep ions o impac s, esiden s a e awa e and ecognize bo h he ad an ages and disad an ages o ou ism. These esul s a e compa ed wi h hose o o he e e enced au ho s o in a simila con ex . In he nex sec ion we app oach and jus i y he applied me hodology, ollowed by he esul s p esen a ion, and la e we discuss he lessons and implica ions o he esul s. PASOS. Re is a de Tu ismo y Pa imonio Cul u al. 17 N° 3. Mayo 2019 ISSN 1695-7121 Edga Be na do, Filipa Jo ge 613 1.1. Me hodology This a icle is an in eg al pa o an in es iga ion in o he discou ses, impac s and eac ions o ou ism on he island o Boa Vis a in Cape Ve de. A p ojec unded by he Founda ion o Science and Technology o Po ugal (FCT), also associa ed wi h he Cen e o Resea ch and S udies in Sociology o he Uni e si y Ins i u e o Lisbon (CIES -IUL). The me hodology selec ed was mixed me hods wi h a quali a i e o in ensi e ocus, in ol ing ieldwo k be ween 2012 -2014. In his pe iod, a o al o 96 semi -di ec ed in e iews we e applied, ela ed o he esiden s’ pe cep ion abou he impac s o ou ism on he island and i s communi y. The in e iews las ed be ween 30 o 90 minu es and we e applied in he loca ion and ime o hei con enience. The answe s we e ca ego ized in o 30 dependen a iables di ided in o posi i e impac s, namely, Job C ea ion, In as uc u e C ea ion, Mig a ion, Quali y o li e Imp o emen s, Economic G ow h, Cul u al Exchange, P o essional Le els Inc ease, Cu ency En y, T adi ions Re i aliza ion, En i onmen P o ec ion, and nega i e impac s: C a Demand, and C ime Inc ease, Unequal Bene i s Sha ing, Uncon olled G ow h, P ice Inc ease, Mo ali ies Change, Labou Exploi a ion, Disc imina ion Towa ds Immig an s, Real Es a e Specula ion, Lack o In as uc u e, Loss o Au hen ici y, Co up ion Inc ease, Locals A i ude owa ds Tou ism, Tou ism Dependency, Pollu ion Inc ease, Residen s Righ s Viola ion, Na u e Des uc ion, Changes in Consump ion Pa e ns, Loss o Local Language, T adi ions Abandonmen . As o he independen a iables we used socio -demog aphic da a: gende , age, na ionali y, esidence, schooling, p o essional si ua ion, esidence, g oup ( ype o esiden s). G oups o esponden s we e conside ed aking in o accoun he cha ac e iza ion a iables o he sample. We used he one -way ANOVA Tes was used o es whe he he e a e s a is ically signi ican di e ences be ween he di e en g oups a e age (Hai , Black, Babin, Ande son, & Ta ham, 1998). 1.2. Resul s As o he sample, i is cha ac e ized by 96 indi iduals, 58 o whom a e male, abou 60.4%, and he es a e emale. In e ms o o igin, 78.1% a e Cape Ve dean na i es, 19.8% a e om Eu ope (Po ugal, Spain, F ance and I aly), and he emaining 2.1% om o he coun ies ( om B azil, and om Angola). In e ms o esidence, he majo i y o in e iewees li ed in u ban a eas (71.9%) and he es in u al. Schooling was ano he o he sociodemog aphic conside ed cha ac e is ics. This was di ided in o 6 ca ego ies, s a ing om “up o p ima y educa ion” o “highe educa ion”. A la ge numbe o in e iewees we e included in he ca ego y o “highe educa ion”, abou 46.9%. This is jus i ied by he ac ha mos o he o eign elemen s, ope a o s, and poli ical ac o s in e iewed had highe educa ion, as well as some o he na u al esiden s o Boa Vis a and he o he islands being seconda y school eache s. Rega ding age, only adul indi iduals we e conside ed, he younges being 20 yea s old and he oldes being o e 70. In his way, he in e iewees we e subdi ided in o 6 ca ego ies (20 -29, 30 -39, 40 -49, 50 -59, 60 -69, 70+). The ollowing cha ac e is ic e e s o he p o essional si ua ion, whe e 5 ca ego ies we e conside ed: “employed” (64.6%), “unemployed” (5.2%), “sel -employed” (22.9%), “ e i ed” domes ic “(1%). The las socio -demog aphic cha ac e is ic conside ed was he “G oup”. This e e s o he o igin o he esiden s (na i es o Boa Vis a, o he islands, and esiden aliens, and ou ism “ope a o s”). He e, we highligh he p e alence o “Boa Vis a na i es”, which ep esen s app oxima ely 61.5%, wi h he emainde being e y close in pe cen age, a ying be ween 11.5% o he “ope a o s” and 14.6% o “ esiden aliens”. PASOS. Re is a de Tu ismo y Pa imonio Cul u al. 17 N° 3. Mayo 2019 ISSN 1695-7121 614 A e local esiden s able o con ibu e o ou ism go e nance? Table 1: Demog aphic In o ma ion o Sample Cha ac e is ics F equency (%) Gende Male 58 60,4 Female 38 36,6 Age 20 ~ 29 20 20,8 30 ~ 39 38 39,6 40 ~ 49 20 20,8 50 ~ 59 7 7,3 60 ~ 69 6 6,3 70 5 5,2 Na ionali y Cape e dian 75 78,1 O he 21 21,9 Residence U ban 69 71,9 Ru al 27 28,1 Schooling Up o P ima y School 19 19,8 P epa a o y School 15 15,6 High School 16 16,7 Uni e si y (o Highe Educa ion) 46 47,9 P o essional Si ua ion Employed 62 64,6 Unemployed 5 5,2 Sel -employed 22 22,9 Re i ed 6 6,3 Domes ic 1 1 G oup Boa Vis a Na i es 59 61,5 O he islands Na i es 12 12,5 Residen Na i es 14 14,6 ( ou ism) Ope a o s 11 11,5 This sample assumed a highe p e alence o esiden s na u al o Boa Vis a, since he o iginal esea ch objec i e was o de e mine he pe cep ions o hese na i es who, acco ding o he a ailable s a is ical, he majo i y we e na i es, namely da a om he 2010 Na ional Censuses. Howe e , he ac ual majo i y o he esiden s li ing a Boa Vis a in 2012 came om o he islands, in ac , i was ound ha he s a is ical da a was so deeply ou da ed ha he popula ion had ipled in he las 3 yea s. Wi h he in o ma ion ex ac ed om he in e iews, a da abase was c ea ed wi h simpli ied uni s di ided in o 7 a iables o cha ac e iza ion o he sample and a second block o 30 a iables, o which 11 a e ela ed o he posi i e impac s and 19 o he nega i e impac s o ou ism. These impac s we e de ined acco ding o he known li e a u e, and some o he s we e added when hey did no i he a iables es ablished in he li e a u e. The esul s will now ollow, which in u n, will be con ex ualized using in o ma ion om he ield wo k and exce p s om in e iews, and inally compa ed wi h o he esea ches. Using he one -way Ano a es , i was es ed whe he pe cep ions o he posi i e and nega i e impac s o ou ism a e signi ican ly di e en be ween g oups (p < 0,05). Cha ac e iza ion a iables we e used o di ide he sample in o g oups. Rega ding he posi i e impac s, in Table 2, we p esen es s ha ha e been shown o be s a is ically signi ican . PASOS. Re is a de Tu ismo y Pa imonio Cul u al. 17 N° 3. Mayo 2019 ISSN 1695-7121 Edga Be na do, Filipa Jo ge 615 Table 2: One ‑Way Analysis o Va iance Examining Di e ences in Posi i e Impac s based on age and esidence g oup Va iables Age G oup Job C ea ion F (5, 96) = 2,590 p = 0,031 - - - - - - - Quali y o Li e Imp o emen s - - - - - - - F (3, 96) = 2,863 p = 0,041 p < 0,05 The a iable “Job C ea ion” is pe cei ed di e en ly by a leas one age g oup. The younges a e he age g oups (20 -29 and 30 -39) who mo e o en say ha ou ism has c ea ed mo e employmen (Table 1). The a iable “Imp o emen o Li ing Condi ions” is pe cei ed di e en ly also by a leas one esidence g oup. Rega ding he nega i e impac s (see able 3) we p esen es s ha ha e been shown o be s a is ically signi ican . The a iable “Unequal Di ision” is pe cei ed di e en ly in a leas one o he conside ed schooling le els, in a leas one g oup o esiden s and in a leas one o he ca ego ies o he p o essional si ua ion. Gene ally speaking, he highe he le el o educa ion, he highe he pe cei ed nega i e impac (see Figu e 3). Figu e 1: Rela i e F equencies o Tou ism Impac s (nega i e and posi i e) by Age The a iable “Uncon olled G ow h” is also pe cei ed in a signi ican ly di e en way by a leas one age g oup, in a leas one ca ego y o schooling, in a leas one g oup o esiden s. This pe cep ion was much mo e men ioned by he younge age g oups, om 20 o 29 and 30 o 39, han in he olde age g oups (see igu e 1). The highe he educa ion le el, he g ea e he men ion o his nega i e impac (see igu e 3). The “Inc ease in Co up ion” was also signi ican ly di e en among he age g oups conside ed, among he educa ional le els conside ed as well as among he g oups o esiden s conside ed in he s udy. We can see ha he age g oup ha men ions “Inc ease in Co up ion” he mos is 40 o 49 yea s, in con as o he age g oup om 50 o 59 yea s old, which does no men ion his impac a all (see Figu e 1). As a as le el o educa ion is conce ned, mos ly indi iduals who ha e comple ed high -school (see Figu e 3). The a iable “Inc ease in pollu ion” is signi ican ly di e en be ween di e en age g oups, since only wo age g oups men ion his nega i e impac , speci ically he ange om 30 o 39 and he ange om 40 o 49 yea s (see Figu e 1). The a iable “Au hen ici y” has been pe cei ed in a signi ican ly di e en way by he di e en na ionali ies and by he wo ca ego ies o place o esidence. Taking in o PASOS. Re is a de Tu ismo y Pa imonio Cul u al. 17 N° 3. Mayo 2019 ISSN 1695-7121 616 A e local esiden s able o con ibu e o ou ism go e nance? accoun igu e 6 i is no iceable ha i is he esiden s in u ban en i onmen who mos men ions his nega i e impac o ou ism. Figu e 2: Rela i e F equencies o Tou ism Impac s (nega i e and posi i e) by Schooling Figu e 3: Rela i e F equencies o Tou ism Impac s (nega i e and posi i e) by Na ionali y The pe cep ions o “Changes o mo ali y” ha e been ound o be signi ican ly di e en in he g oup o Cape Ve dians and o eigne s, he la e ha dly men ioning his nega i e impac o ou ism (see Figu e 2). When we conside he a iable “Des uc ion o na u e”, his is signi ican ly di e en when we analyse he di e en g oups o esiden s, since i is he o eign esiden s in Boa Vis a who men ions he mos his nega i e impac o ou ism, as can be seen in Figu e 4. The a iable “Real Es a e Specula ion” e eals o be signi ican ly di e en be ween he educa ional le els conside ed in he s udy and he e a e s ill signi ican di e ences be ween gende s. As can be seen in Figu e 3, he highe he le el o schooling, he g ea e he pe cei ed nega i e impac o ou ism. Rega ding his a iable, i is he male indi iduals who mos pe cei e his impac , as can be seen in Figu e 5. PASOS. Re is a de Tu ismo y Pa imonio Cul u al. 17 N° 3. Mayo 2019 ISSN 1695-7121 Edga Be na do, Filipa Jo ge 617 Figu e 4: Rela i e F equencies o Tou ism Impac s (nega i e and posi i e) by G oup Figu e 5: Rela i e F equencies o Tou ism Impac s (nega i e and posi i e) by Gende Figu e 6: Rela i e F equencies o Tou ism Impac s (nega i e and posi i e) by Residence PASOS. Re is a de Tu ismo y Pa imonio Cul u al. 17 N° 3. Mayo 2019 ISSN 1695-7121 618 A e local esiden s able o con ibu e o ou ism go e nance? Wi h espec o he a iable “Tou ism Dependence”, his one e eals o be pe cei ed di e en ly by he wo gende s. I is only men who men ions his nega i e impac o ou ism (Figu e 5). When we analysed he a iable “Disc imina ion o Mig an s” we also no iced ha he e a e only signi ican di e ences be ween he wo ca ego ies o place o esidence o he indi iduals, and he e is also simila i y o he p e ious a iable a e he esiden s in u ban en i onmen men ion conside ably mo e his impac han he esiden s in u al en i onmen , as exp essed in Figu e 6. O he 11 posi i e impac s ini ially iden i ied, only 2 we e s a is ically signi ican , and o he 19 nega i e impac s, 10 p o ed o be equally signi ican . Table 3: One ‑Way Analysis o Va iance Examining Di e ences in Nega i e based on age, na ionali y, educa ion, esidence g oup, gende , local o esidence and p o essional si ua ion) Va iables Age Na ionali y Schooling G oup Gende Residency Unequal Sha ing - - - - - - - - - - - - - - F (3,96) = 3,619 p = 0,016 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - Uncon olled G ow h F (5,96) =2,416 p = 0,042 - - - - - - - F (3,96) = 6,844 p = 0,000 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - Co up ion Inc ease F (5,96) =3,076 p = 0,013 - - - - - - - F (3,96) = 3,448 p = 0,020 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - Pollu ion Inc ease F (5,96) =2,729 p = 0,024 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - Loss o Au hen ici y - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - F (1,96) = 6,595 p = 0,012 Mo ali ies Changes - - - - - - - F (1,96) = 9575 p = 0,003 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - Na u e Des uc ion - - - - - - - F (1,96) = 5,903 p = 0,019 - - - - - - - F (3,96) =2,918 p = 0,038 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - Real Es a e Specula ion - - - - - - - - - - - - - - F (3,96) = 2,937 p = 0,037 - - - - - - - F (1,96) = 5,675 p = 0,019 - - - - - - - Tou ism Dependency - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - F (1,96) = 8,708 p = 0,004 - - - - - - - Disc imina ion owa d immig an s - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - F (1,96) = 6,186 p = 0,015 p < 0,05 The pu pose o his a icle is no ela ed o his e i ica ion and iden i ica ion and pos e io conclusion, bu a he we in end o con ex ualize and jus i y each o hese s a is ically signi ican impac s. This objec i e allows a g ea e unde s anding o he o igin o hese pe cep ions, as well as, i s he eali y o he island o Boa Vis a, li ed and el , ha escapes a pu ely s a is ical analysis. Using some exce p s om in e iews, seconda y da a and desc ip ions, collec ed o e 2 yea s o pa icipan obse a ion in he ield, be ween 2012 and 2014, we will discuss he p ocesses ha mo i a es and jus i ies he abo e- -men ioned pe cep ions, s a ing wi h he posi i e impac s. Un il he 1990s he island o Boa Vis a expe ienced a slow bu s eady decline in i s economy, agg a a ing he economic condi ions o i s popula ions, o cing hei younge gene a ion o mig a e o Eu ope and he Uni ed S a es. F om he beginning o he XXI cen u y, wi h he cons uc ion o he in e na ional ai po , he a ious mass ou ism ho els and o he in as uc u es appea ed and, wi h i , mul iple employmen oppo uni ies, especially o young adul s: “The island o Boa Vis a is as he PASOS. Re is a de Tu ismo y Pa imonio Cul u al. 17 N° 3. Mayo 2019 ISSN 1695-7121 Edga Be na do, Filipa Jo ge 619 coun y’s lowes unemploymen and is he one ha mos con ibu es o he na ional GDP a he momen , and sol es he p oblems o he coun y o unemploymen .”(URMREB34, 2014). The da a shows ha he e a e wo di e en blocks, he 3 younge g oups (20 -29, 30 -39, 40 -49) and he emaining ones, ha is, job c ea ion is pa icula ly ele an o hose who a e ac i e o beginning hei p o essional ca ee s. This is in line wi h he la es WTTC da a (2016) ha poin o ou ism as esponsible o abou 45% o he employmen in Cape Ve d. Imp o emen o li ing condi ions is he second and inal posi i e impac o be e e ed and includes he access o new o imp o ed se ices, inc eased pu chasing capabili y, secu i y, e c.: “I is no ed ha he e is a be e quali y o li e o people. The people go ou , in he old days he e we e no Cape Ve deans in he es au an s.” (URHOP47, 2014). This esul can also be seen on o he esea ches such as Liu & Va (1986), Akis e al (1996), Chen e al. (2004), e c. Cape Ve de’s eno mous posi i e p og ess in he Human De elopmen Index o e he las 20 yea s is insepa able om i s ocus on a neo -libe al economic model based on ou ism. This ecogni ion is e iden in he es ca ied ou ha highligh s he esidence g oup “ope a o s” as he ones ha mos men ion hese impac s a a ela i e dis ance om he o he g oups. I is always p esen in he discou ses and a gumen s o o eign ope a o s and in es o s his idea o imp o emen o li ing condi ions, howe e , he es p o es ha his pe cep ion is no a all sha ed wi h all o he g oups ha eside on he island. This di e ence will be be e unde s ood when conside ing some o he pe cei ed nega i e impac s ha di ec ly oppose his idea o success. Now le ’s conside he nega i e impac s, s a ing wi h he “une en di ision o bene i s”. This e lec s he pe cep ion ha he coun y’s economic g ow h, signi ican o eign exchange in low, and job c ea ion do no necessa ily mean ha he weal h p oduced is dis ibu ed among he local communi y in an equi able way, o a leas minimizing he exis ing di e ences. This impac is exace ba ed by he monopoly o some o eign companies in some se ices, namely he all -inclusi e ho els, and by he need o aise capi al o in es in new businesses, a ha d p ocess ha makes di icul o locals and na ionals o c ea e and g ow businesses ha allow hem o ake ad an age o he oppo uni ies: “A his momen e e y hing is opening: new ope a o s, new es au an s and new businesses a ound ou ism, bu i is ele an o poin ou ha mos o hem a e o eigne s!” (URMREB34, 2014). Oppo uni ies o he locals a e small bu s ill highly dispu ed among hemsel es, mig an s om o he islands, and immig an s om he A ican coas , pa icula ly in small businesses such as he sale o handic a s, o example. The g oups wi h he highes educa ional le el a e he ones who mos suppo his pe cep ion, which can be jus i ied by he ac ha hey can’ ake ad an age o exis ing oppo uni ies, pa ly because hey do no see hei educa ional le el e lec ed in he job o posi ion hey occupy. The e a e se e al Cape Ve dean g adua es who a e no p omo ed abo e ce ain posi ions in he ho els, o dep eca ed by Eu opean o eigne s, an example o his would be he ac ha , al hough hey ha e he igh le els o educa ion, hey a en’ allowed o go abo e head o ecep ion. Conce ning he “co up ion inc ease” impac , which e e s o ac i e o passi e pa icipa ion in illegal o immo al ac i i ies in a ou o hemsel es o hei pe sonal ne wo k, his conce ns mainly local and na ional poli icians: “(...) au ho i y da es he eyes and o en u ns ou aces o he in es o s, we make noise bu some imes i has no echo because he millions speak loude on he island” (URHRNB48, 2014). A signi ican pa o his pe cep ion s ems om he dis us o he sale and exp op ia ion o public and p i a e land om na ional and egional au ho i ies o in es o s and om i s p essu e on eal es a e specula ion. This pe cep ion is pa icula ly signi ican be ween he age g oup 60 -69 yea s, hose who saw he ela ionship wi h land and i s p ope ies change d ama ically, as well, by hose who ha e in e media e (p epa a o y and seconda y) educa ion, and p ac ically igno ed by he younge esiden s who do no own o owned p ope y. The “inc eased pollu ion” e e s o en i onmen al p oblems, bu also o he lack o basic in as uc u e in as uc u es associa ed wi h ou ism ac i i y (Ju owski & Gu soy, 2004; No hco e & Macbe h, 2005). Only he 30 -39 and 40 -49 age b acke s e e his impac , which is su p ising and agg a a es he ac ha o he posi i e and nega i e impac s on he en i onmen a e igno ed by almos all in e iewed. This e lec s a deep lack o knowledge abou he en i onmen al impac s p omo ed by ou ism, many o hem dis an om bo h ou is s and esiden ’s eyes. Fo example, se e al ons o ga bage a e dumped daily in an open dump nea he coun y’s la ges i e basin: “The e is no sepa a ion o o ganic and non -o ganic ga bage he e, e e y hing goes o he bin. Wha you can bu n, bu n, he es is he e!” (URHREB36, 2014). In ac , only hose in e iewed whose p o ession is ela ed o en i onmen al p o ec ion e e o he en i onmen al impac s o ou ism on he island.