Dialectal, historical and sociolinguistic aspects of Galician intonation

Dialectologia.!Special-issue,-VI-(2016),!147-169.!! ISSN:!2013-2247! 147$ Received!22!March!2016.! Accepted!24!May!2016.! ! ! ! ! DIALECTAL,!HISTORICAL!AND!SOCIOLINGUISTIC!ASPECTS!! OF!GALICIAN!INTONATION1! Elisa$FERNÁNDEZ$REI$ Instituto$da$Lingua$Galega$-$Universidade$de$Santiago$de$Compostela$ [email protected]$ $ $ Abstract$ Geoprosodic$data$are$useful$for$studying$language$change$and$developing$hypotheses$about$the$ diachrony$of$intonation.$In$the$case$of$Galician,$it$is$particularly$interesting$to$study$varieties$of$Galician$ and$Portuguese$which$share$a$common$origin$but$are$separated$by$a$long-standing$ political$ border.$ Work$to$date$has$concluded$that$some$of$these$intonation$patterns$present$a$prosodic$continuum,$but$ has$also$identified$a$large$part$of$the$Galician$linguistic$area$where$a$widespread$pattern$is$found$that$is$ unrelated$to$ Portuguese.$ An$ approach$ to$ the$ study$ of$ dialectology$ and$ linguistic$ change$ will$ be$ proposed$ which$ supplements$ traditional$ geoprosodic$ studies$ with$ sociolinguistic$ concepts$ such$ as$ contact$ between$ languages$ and$ language$ varieties.$ This$ article$ will$ address$ questions$ concerning$ interaction$between$geoprosodic$variation$and$contact$among$languages$and$language$varieties$for$the$ purpose$ of$ detecting$ ongoing$ prosodic$ change$ and$ describing$ prosodic$ convergence$ processes$ that$ affect$coexisting$language$varieties$in$Galicia.$ $ Keywords$ Galician$intonation,$dialectology,$linguistic$change,$language$contact$ $ $ $ 1$This$study$was$conducted$thanks$to$funding$from$the$research$projects$Cambio!lingüístico!en!gallego! (FFI2012-33845)$ and$ Contacto! y! cambio! lingüístico! en! gallego! (FFI2015-65208-P),$financed$ by$ the$ Spanish$ Ministerio$ de$ Economía$ y$ Competitividad,$ and$ from$ the$ Xunta$ de$ Galicia$ and$ the$ European$ Union$(under$the$grant$GRC2013/40).$ E.!FERNÁNDEZ!REI! 148$ ASPECTOS!DIALECTALES,!HISTÓRICOS!Y!SOCIOLINGÜÍSTICOS!DE!LA!ENTONACIÓN!GALLEGA! $ Resumen! Los$ datos$ geoprosódicos$ son$ muy$ valiosos$ para$ el$ estudio$ del$ cambio$ lingüístico$ y$ para$ la$ elaboración$de$hipótesis$sobre$la$diacronía$de$la$entonación.$En$el$caso$del$gallego,$es$especialmente$ interesante$ el$ estudio$ de$ las$ variedades$ gallegas$ y$ portuguesas,$ de$ origen$ común$ pero$ separadas$ secularmente$por$una$frontera$política.$Los$trabajos$realizados$hasta$el$momento$concluyen$que$existe$ una$ continuidad$ prosódica$ de$ algunos$ de$ estos$ patrones$ de$ entonación,$ si$ bien$ también$ detectan$ amplias$ áreas$ en$ el$ territorio$ lingüístico$ gallego$ que$ presentan$ un$ patrón$ muy$ extendido$ geográficamente$que$no$se$puede$relacionar$con$el$portugués.$Nuestra$propuesta,$complementaria$de$ los$ estudios$ geoprosódicos$ tradicionales,$ pretende$ abordar$ la$ cuestión$ de$ cómo$ interaccionan$ la$ variación$ geoprosódica$ y$ el$ contacto$ de$ lenguas$ y$ de$ variedades$ con$ el$ fin$ de$ detectar$ cambios$ prosódicos$en$marcha$y$formalizar$los$procesos$de$convergencia$prosódica$que$afectan$a$las$variedades$ lingüísticas$que$conviven$en$Galicia.$ $ Palabras!clave! entonación$gallega,$dialectología,$cambio$lingüístico,$contacto$lingüístico$ $ $ 1.!Introduction! $ Galician$geoprosodic$studies,$in$particular$those$carried$out$in$recent$years$under$ the$label$of$AMPER$(Mairano$2011;$Fernández$Rei$&$Escourido$2008),$derive$their$data$ from$ speakers$ with$ a$ fairly$ close$ approximation$ to$ the$ classical$ profile$ for$ dialect$ informants:$ men$ and$ women$ with$ a$ rural$ or$ semi-rural$ background$ aged$ over$ fifty$ lacking$higher$education$who$have$not$lived$away$from$their$place$of$birth.$ Without$ a$ doubt,$ such$ studies$ provide$ essential$ information$ not$ only$ for$ the$ study$of$the$dialects$themselves$and$mapping$dialect$variation,$but$also$for$research$ into$processes$of$language$change$in$intonation.$However,$they$leave$us$with$a$partial$ picture$ of$ variation$ in$ intonation$ by$ omitting$ from$ consideration$ other$ present-day$ Galician$speech$varieties$which$are$also$relevant$to$the$study$of$linguistic$change.$In$ order$to$bring$studies$of$variation$in$intonation$to$bear$on$the$explanation$and$analysis$ of$processes$of$linguistic$change,$whether$past$or$on$going,$there$is$a$need$to$study$ prosodic$ variation$ with$ due$ consideration$ for$ relevant$ sociolinguistic$ and$ historical$ Dialectologia.!Special-issue,-VI-(2016),!147-169.!! ISSN:!2013-2247! 149$ aspects$ as$ well.$ As$ Moreno$ Fernández$ (2003:$ 7)$ points$ out,$ geolinguistics$ and$ sociolinguistics$are$not$mutually$exclusive$disciplines:$ $ Una$ parte$ de$ la$ dialectología$europea$ actual$ ha$ convertido$ los$ procesos$ de$ convergencia$ y$ divergencia$ en$ su$ objeto$ de$ estudio$ predilecto$ y$ está$ planteando$ unos$ problemas$que$requieren$investigación.$La$investigación$lingüística$que$ahora$se$propone$ maneja$principios$teóricos$de$la$dialectología$y$de$la$sociolingüística$y$accede$al$manejo$ combinado$ y$ complementario$ de$ métodos$ y$ técnicas$ de$ análisis$ geolingüísticos$ y$ sociolingüísticos.$Por$eso$se$pone$un$interés$especial$en$romper$las$fronteras$entre$esas$ disciplinas$o$entre$técnicas$–cuantitativas$y$cualitativas–$que$en$más$de$una$ocasión$se$ han$presentado$como$antagónicas,$sin$serlo$realmente.2$ $ Where$ Galician$ geoprosody$ is$ concerned$ it$ is$ essential$ to$ study$ Galician$ and$ Portuguese$ data$ in$ conjunction.$ Thanks$ to$ joint$ work$ between$ AMPER$ groups$ in$ Portugal$ (see$ http://pfonetica.web.ua.pt/AMPER-POR.htm)$ and$ Galicia$ (http://ilg.usc.gal/amper/),$studies$have$been$carried$out$in$recent$years$on$dialectal$ prosodic$ variation$ on$ the$ Galician-Portuguese$ border$ (Fernández$ Rei$ et$ al.$ 2014),$ dialectometric$methods$have$been$applied$to$data$collected$in$Galicia$and$mainland$ Portugal,3$and$progress$has$been$made$on$the$study$of$diachrony$in$these$varieties$ (Fernández$Rei$et$al.$submitted).$It$is$also$worth$bearing$in$mind$contact$with$AsturLeonese$ varieties$ on$ the$ eastern$ border,$ which$ has$ been$ studied$ jointly$ with$ the$ Asturian$AMPER$group$(http://www.unioviedo.es/labofone/).$ In$ the$ realm$ of$ sociolinguistics,$ prosodic$ research$ needs$ to$ focus$ on$ the$ particular$sociolinguistic$situation$of$Galicia$where$the$Galician$and$Spanish$languages$ have$coexisted$on$the$same$territory$for$centuries.$This$prolonged$contact$has$been$ made$responsible$for$a$variety$of$linguistic$changes$in$both$Galician$and$the$variety$of$ Spanish$ spoken$ in$ Galicia,$ but$ research$ has$ focused$ on$ lexical$ and$ grammatical$ features$while$often$ glossing$ over$the$prosodic$ component.$ Moreover,$a$process$ of$ 2$“A$part$of$present-day$European$dialectology$has$made$processes$of$convergence$and$divergence$its$ preferred$object$of$study$and$is$posing$problems$that$call$for$investigation.$The$linguistic$research$now$ proposed$ draws$ on$ theoretical$ principles$ of$ dialectology$ and$ sociolinguistics$ in$ combination$ with$ or$ complemented$by$methods$and$techniques$of$geolinguistic$and$sociolinguistic$analysis.$It$is$therefore$ especially$interested$in$breaking$down$the$barriers$between$these$disciplines$or$between$quantitative$ and$qualitative$techniques$which$have$been$presented$at$times$as$opposed$to$each$other,$though$they$ are$not$really.”$ 3$Comparative$ studies$with$ Brazilian$ Portuguese,$ of$ the$ kind$ now$ underway$ in$ connection$ with$ the$ lexicon$or$grammar$(Lagares$&$Monteagudo$2012),$remain$to$be$undertaken. E.!FERNÁNDEZ!REI! 150$ language$normalization$has$been$in$progress$since$the$1980s$(Ramallo$2010)$which$has$ led$ to$ the$ use$ of$ Galician$ in$ the$ media,$ schools$ and$ the$ administration,$ and$ the$ codification$and$subsequent$spread$of$a$standard$variety$which$is$beginning$to$exist$ side-by-side$with$vernacular$speech$varieties.$Furthermore,$increased$mobility$of$the$ population$ due$ to$ technological$ advances$ in$ transport$ and$ social$ and$ economic$ changes$since$the$twentieth$century$have$led$to$a$notable$increase$in$contact$between$ the$different$diatopic$varieties$of$Galician.$ ! 2.!Galician!intonation!studies:!descriptions!of!diatopic!variation! $ Until$the$nineties,$there$were$only$sporadic$contributions$to$the$study$of$Galician$ intonation$(Fernández$Rei$2005).$Of$particular$importance$is$the$work$carried$out$in$ the$framework$of$the$AMPER$project,$which$has$contributed$to$the$description$of$the$ dialect$ distribution$ of$ intonation$ patterns$ for$ statements$ and$ yes/no$ questions$ in$ Galician.$In$Fernández$Rei$&$Escourido$(2008)$the$main$intonation$patterns$of$neutral$ yes/no$questions$in$Galician$are$given.$Three$basic$patterns$are$distinguished:$one$that$ is$limited$to$the$Rías$Baixas$and$Baixo$Miño$region,$to$which$we$shall$refer$as$the$Rias! Baixas!Pattern$(Figure$1,$RBP,$in$blue),$another$found$in$the$Costa$da$Morte$area,$the$ Costa!da!Morte!Pattern$(Figure$1,$CMP,$in$green)$and$a$third,$referred$to$there$as$the$ common! Galician$ pattern$ (CGP),$ which$ occurs$ in$ most$ of$ Galicia$ (the$ whole$ of$ the$ provinces$of$Lugo$and$Ourense,$half$of$Pontevedra$and$most$of$A$Coruña;$in$red$in$ Figure$1).$ $ Dialectologia.!Special-issue,-VI-(2016),!147-169.!! ISSN:!2013-2247! 151$ $ Figure$1.$Stylization$of$neutral$yes/no$question$patterns$in$Galician$(Fernández$Rei$&$Escourido$2008)$ and$transcriptions$(Fernández$Rei$2007).$ $ Figure$1$incorporates$a$phonological$transcription$proposal$found$in$Fernández$ Rei$ (2007)$ for$ each$ of$ these$ areas.$ This$ proposal$ allows$ us$ to$ establish$ two$ groups$ based$on$the$nuclear$configuration$L+H*$L%$for$Rías$Baixas$and$Baixo$Miño$(RBP),$and$ H+L*$L%$(CGP)$which$is$found$all$over$the$area$except$for$the$southwestern$region.4$ On$ the$ basis$ of$ the$ data$ collected$ for$ the$ AMPER$ data$ base,$ dialectometric$ methods$ were$ applied$ to$ Galician$ intonation$ to$ produce$ a$ cluster$ map$ of$ Galician$ geoprosodic$areas$(Fernández$Rei$&$Martínez$Calvo,$2014).5$ $ 4$The$same$nuclear$configuration$(H+L*$L%)$is$proposed$for$the$language$varieties$of$Costa$da$Morte$and$ for$so-called$Common!Galician.$This$is$a$simplification$since$we$lack$space$here$to$give$our$full$attention$ to$the$matter.$Based$on$data$and$analysis$presented$in$Fernández$Rei$&$Escourido$(2008)$and$Escourido$ (2008-2009),$it$is$understood$that$in$Costa$da$Morte$there$has$been$a$shift$of$the$nuclear$stress$from$the$ last$position$in$the$utterance$to$the$initial$position.$Thus$nuclear$stress$is$associated$with$the$constituent$ which$ functions$ as$ theme.$ Although$ the$ relationship$ between$ thematic$ and$ tonal$ structures$ in$ this$ variety$has$not$been$sufficiently$studied,$Filgueira$(2015)$points$in$the$same$direction,$finding$the$H+L*$ L%$stress$configuration$in$final$position$in$structures$in$which$the$subject$is$not$expressed$lexically$so$ that$there$is$no$theme$(as$in$“Tedes$laranxas?”$‘Do$you$have$oranges?’).$We$therefore$assume$that$the$ stress$ configuration$ is$ the$ same,$ but$ in$ CMP$ the$ nuclear$ accent$ may$ occur$ in$ initial$ position$ under$ certain$conditions$whereas$in$CGP$is$is$always$at$the$end$of$the$utterance.$ 5$The$ map$shows$ three$ geoprosodic$ areas$ because$ the$ method$ of$ grouping$ in$ clusters$ is$ based$ on$ correlations$between$F0$values$of$the$curves$and$does$not$take$into$account$functional$aspects$such$as$ the$configuration$and$position$of$the$nuclear$accent. E.!FERNÁNDEZ!REI! 152$ $ Figure$ 2.$ Geographical$ location$ of$ groupings$ obtained$ through$ a$ divisive$ cluster$ analysis$ for$ neutral$ yes/no$questions$(Fernández$Rei$&$Martínez$Calvo$2014).$ $ $ The$ relationship$ between$ Galician$ and$ Portuguese$ intonation$ has$ also$ been$ studied$ both$ from$ the$ geoprosodic$ perspective$ using$ either$ traditional$ or$ dialectometric$methods,$and$from$the$perceptive$point$of$view$(Fernández$Rei$et$al.$ 2014).$ To$ study$ geolectal$ variation$ in$ intonation$ within$ the$ territory$ covered$ by$ different$ varieties$ of$ Galician$ and$ Portuguese,$ acoustic$ descriptions$ of$ Galician$ and$ Portuguese$intonation$varieties$in$the$border$area$point$to$similar$intonation$patterns$ in$ the$ Portuguese$ of$ northern$ Portugal$ and$ the$ south-western$ area$ of$ Galician$ (Moutinho$ &$ Fernández$ Rei$ 2008;$ Moutinho$ et$ al.$ 2009).$ Subsequent$ studies$ using$ dialectometric$ techniques$ (Fernández$ Rei$ et$ al.$ 2014$ and$ Fernández$ Rei$ et$ al.$ submitted)$have$permitted$the$measuring$of$prosodic$distances$and$the$mapping$of$ the$chief$geoprosodic$areas$of$Galician$ and$ Portuguese.$ Figure$ 3$ maps$the$distance$ between$Braga$(a$survey$point$on$the$Portuguese$Minho)$and$the$other$Galician$and$ Portuguese$ survey$ points,$ and$ shows$ how$ the$ southwest$ Galician$ varieties$ appear$ much$closer$to$Portuguese$points$than$most$Galician$locations$(in$the$legend$for$Figure$ 3,$ notice$ that$ cool$ colours$ represent$ greater$ distances$ and$ warm$ colours$ shorter$ distances).$ $ Dialectologia.!Special-issue,-VI-(2016),!147-169.!! ISSN:!2013-2247! 153$ $ Figure$ 3.$ Map$ of$ prosodic$ distance$ between$ all$ other$ survey$ points$ and$ Braga$ (Fernández$ Rei$ et$ al.$ submitted)$ $ For$Galicia’s$eastern$border,$melodies$have$been$described$in$the$area$from$Eo$ to$Navia$(Muñiz$et$al.$2008)$greatly$resembling$the$CGP$for$yes/no$questions$referred$ to$above.$Speech$varieties$of$Asturias$are$described$in$other$studies$(see$for$example$ Alvarellos$et$al.$2011)$which$observe$an$intonation$continuum$stretching$from$Galicia$ to$Cantabria$which$is$clearly$manifested$in$questions:$ $ (…)$donde$mejor$podemos$apreciar$la$evolución$de$ese$contínuum$entonativo$es$en$ los$ enunciados$ interrogativos,$ en$ los$ que,$ desde$ la$ perspectiva$ geográfica$ Oeste-Este$ y$ partiendo$ del$ rasgo$común$ de$ la$ suspensión$ de$ la$ declinación$ a$ lo$ largo$ del$ cuerpo$ pretonemático,$el$tonema$va$evolucionando,$retrasándose$cada$vez$más$la$caída$final$en$ la$tónica$hasta$quedar$casi$suspendida$en$un$movimiento$final$circunflejo$en$la$zona$más$ próxima$a$Cantabria$(Alvarellos$et$al.$2011:$118-119).6$ $ 6$“(...)$ the$ development$ of$ this$ intonation$ continuum$ is$ most$ perceptible$ in$ interrogative$ sentences$ where,$from$an$west-to-east$geographical$perspective$based$on$the$shared$feature$of$suspension$of$a$ fall$ in$ the$ course$ of$ the$ body$ preceding$ the$ toneme,$ the$ toneme$ evolves,$ with$ the$ final$ fall$ in$ the$ stressed$syllable$progressively$delayed$more$and$more$until$it$is$almost$suspended$in$a$final$circumflex$ movement,$in$the$area$closest$to$Cantabria.”$ E.!FERNÁNDEZ!REI! 154$ The$same$notion$of$an$intonation$continuum$appears$in$other$studies$of$prosody$ in$Cantabria$in$which$the$term$prosodia!norteña$[northern$prosody]$was$coined$(López$ Bobo$&$Cuevas$2009,$Cuevas$&$López$Bobo$2011).7$ Thus$ geoprosodic$ variation$ in$ Galician$ throughout$ the$ territory$ presents$ an$ interesting$point$of$departure$for$the$historical$study$of$intonation:$on$the$one$hand$ there$is$a$very$small$area$with$similar$intonation$patterns$to$Portuguese,$resulting$from$ their$common$origin;$while$on$the$other$hand,$most$of$the$territory,$notwithstanding$ dialectal$variations$on$phonetic,$lexical$and$grammatical$levels$(Dubert$García$&$Sousa$ 2002;$ Álvarez$ Blanco$ et$ al.$ 2006),$ present$ a$ single$ common$ pattern$ that$ is$ almost$ universal$and$may$bear$a$genetic$relationship$to$the$patterns$in$Asturian$or$at$least$ may$represent$the$beginning$of$a$continuum$reaching$all$the$way$to$Cantabria$(Muñiz$ Cachón$2013).$ But$we$shall$not$dwell$on$this$historical$issue$because$it$is$not$the$main$objective$ of$this$article.$In$view$of$previous$studies$on$Galician$and$other$forms$of$Romance,$we$ will$take$for$granted$that$there$is$a$historical$relationship$between$DGP$and$patterns$in$ varieties$ of$ Astur-Leonese,$ and$ adopt$ the$ proposal$ of$ these$ scholars$ regarding$ a$ Northern$Iberia$intonation$continuum.$ However,$ while$ that$ historical$ connection$ with$ Leonese$ varieties$ is$ not$ to$ be$ dismissed$ (see$ also$ Dubert$ García$ to$ be$ printed),$ we$ might$ also$ wonder$ whether$ prolonged$ contact$ with$ Spanish$ has$ had$ something$ to$ do$ with$ the$ distribution$ of$ Galician$geoprosodic$varieties,$favouring$the$expansion$of$one$variant$(the$one$related$ to$Astur-Leonese)$at$the$expense$of$the$other$(related$to$the$main$stem$of$GalicianPortuguese).$ Geoprosodic$ research$ in$ conjunction$ with$ a$ consideration$ of$ other$ sociolinguistic$factors$related$to$language$contact$might$throw$light$on$this$question.$ Our$hypothesis$is$that$the$maintenance$and$geographic$spread$of$this$CGP$for$yes/no$ questions,$as$opposed$to$a$pattern$which$is$closer$to$the$historical$common$Galician7$This$idea$of$a$prosodic$continuum$in$the$northwest$of$the$Iberian$Peninsula$is$not$new.$Let$us$recall$ what$María$Josefa$Canellada$wrote$in$1944:$“Acaso$sea$posible$pensar$en$toda$una$herencia$lingüística$ de$“tono$descendente”$en$el$occidente$de$la$Península,$frente$al$trazo$horizontal$de$la$frase$castellana$y$ frente$ a$ la$ terminación$ alta$ de$ las$ terminaciones$ aragonesas$ y$ vascas.$ Acaso$ la$ curva$ ascendentedescendente! del$ bable,$ esté$ emparentada$ muy$ de$ cerca$ con$ el$ movimiento$ de$ la$ línea$ tonal$ en$ las$ palabras$portuguesas”$(Canellada$1944:$50-51).$“Perhaps$we$may$think$of$a$whole$linguistic$‘falling$tone’$ heritage$in$the$west$of$the$Peninsula$as$opposed$to$the$flat$contour$of$the$Castilian$sentence$and$the$ high$ending$of$Aragonese$and$Basque$endings.$Maybe$the$rising-falling$curve$of$Bable$is$closely$related$ to$the$movement$of$the$tonal$contour$in$Portuguese$words”.$ Dialectologia.!Special-issue,-VI-(2016),!147-169.!! ISSN:!2013-2247! 155$ Portuguese$ stem$ (RBP),$ is$ also$ to$ be$ accounted$ for$ in$ terms$ of$ contact$ between$ Galician$and$Spanish.$ Thus$ it$ is$ important$ to$ observe$ how$ the$ development$ of$ Galician$ Spanish$ proceeded,$ particularly$ the$ development$ of$ its$ intonation$ pattern,$ in$ order$ to$ understand$ the$ dynamics$ of$ contact$ that$ occurred$ and$ continue$ today,$ and$ the$ consequences$of$contact$on$the$geographical$distribution$of$the$intonation$patterns$in$ question,$as$well$as$on$processes$of$prosodic$maintenance$and$shift$in$Galician.$ $ $$ 3.!Language!contact!in!Galicia! $ In$general,$most$studies$of$intonation$in$situations$of$language$contact$conclude$ that$ changes$ in$ this$ component$ are$ due$ to$ a$ convergence$process$ of$ some$ kind$ (Colantoni$ &$ Gurlekian$ 2004).$ This$ implies$ that$ language$ contact$ situations$ tend$ to$ result$in$a$reduction$of$interlinguistic$distance,$so$languages$undergo$processes$that$ lead$to$their$becoming$more$similar$to$each$other.$Such$levelling$may$either$take$place$ as$ a$ consequence$ of$ one$ of$ the$ languages$ adopting$ the$ intonation$ of$ the$ other$ (transfer)$or$of$a$process$of$mutual$convergence$of$intonations$giving$rise$to$a$new,$ different$ kind$ of$ intonation$ taking$ over$ some$ characteristics$ of$ both,$ i.e.$ a$ fusion$ (Roseano$et$al.$2015).$ The$effects$of$prolonged$contact$on$Galician$prosody$have$not$been$the$object$of$ any$previous$empirical$studies.$It$is$generally$assumed$that$Galician$conserves$its$own$ highly$characteristic$intonation,$transferring$it$to$the$Spanish$spoken$in$Galicia$(Rojo$ 2004),$but$seemingly$not$affected$by$contact$with$this$variety$of$Spanish.$ However,$the$influence$on$intonation$of$contact$between$Galician$and$Spanish$is$ not$ an$ entirely$ new$ subject$ in$ the$ literature,$ there$ having$ been$ studies$ of$ Galician$ Spanish$ intonation$ which$ took$ into$ account$ sociolinguistic$ factors$ (Castro$ 2003$ and$ 2006;$ Pérez$ Castillejo$ 2012).$ Castro$ (2006)$ concluded$ that$ bilingual$ speakers$ whose$ mother$tongue$is$Galician$conserve$Galician$intonation$even$when$speaking$Spanish.$ Pérez$Castillejo$(2012)$factors$in$sociolinguistic$data$about$her$informants$in$order$to$ measure$ the$ extent$ of$ prosodic-pragmatic$ variation$ caused$ by$ historical$ contact$ E.!FERNÁNDEZ!REI! 162$ (Roseano$et$al.$2015).$In$the$case$of$Galician,$there$would$therefore$have$been$a$direct$ transfer$of$Galician$intonation$to$GS$which$occurred$historically$(Figure$7):$ $ $ Figure$7.$GS$development$stage:$direct$transfer$ $ This$direct$transfer$stage$is$probably$no$longer$active$because$the$sociolinguistic$ situation$ has$ changed$ drastically$ and$ there$ is$ now$ a$ context$ of$ social$ or$ diffuse$ bilingualism,$ conducive$ to$ other$ processes$ of$ prosodic$ convergence$ such$ as$ fusion$ (Roseano$ et$ al.$ 2015).$ We$ only$ found$ one$ isolated$ instance$ of$ fusion$ in$ our$ data,$ discussed$ below.$ However,$ it$ cannot$ be$ ruled$ out$ that$ further$ examples$ might$ be$ found$in$a$broader$study$covering$a$greater$variety$of$structures$or$involving$a$larger$ number$of$speakers.$$ As$ already$ noted,$ in$ our$ experiment$ speakers$ from$ the$ south-western$ region$ chose$ to$ use$ CGP,$ which$ appears$ to$ function$ as$ the$ variety$ of$ reference$ for$ both$ Galician$ and$ GS.$ Therefore$ we$ should$ probably$ recognise$ a$ new$ stage,$ that$ of$ the$ development$of$Galician$and$GS$koinés;9$these$adopt$CGP$as$the$reference$pattern$for$ yes/no$questions.$ $ 9$Our$use$of$the$term$koiné$does$not$quite$fit$Siegel’s$(2001:$175)$classic$definition,$which$defines$it$as$“a$ stabilized$contact$variety$which$results$from$the$mixing$and$subsequent$levelling$of$features$of$varieties$ which$are$similar$enough$to$be$mutually$intelligible,$such$as$regional$or$social$dialects.$This$occurs$in$the$ context$of$increased$interaction$or$integration$among$speakers$of$these$varieties”.$The$justification$for$ this$looser$usage$is$the$need$for$a$term$allowing$us$to$refer$to$the$development$of$a$reference$variety$in$ this$situation$of$contact$between$geographical$and$social$varieties.$ Common Galician Spanish Intonation H+L* L% Common Galician Intonation H+L* L% Rias Baixas Galician Spanish Intonation L+H* L% Rias Baixas Galician Intonation L+H* L% Dialectologia.!Special-issue,-VI-(2016),!147-169.!! ISSN:!2013-2247! 163$ ∑$ $ Figure$7.$GS$development$stage:$direct$transfer.$ $ This$ stage$ is$ believed$ to$ have$ commenced$ in$ the$ 1950s,$ and$ to$ have$ been$ consolidated$mostly$since$the$eighties$as$a$consequence$of$the$achievement$of$official$ status$for$Galician,$the$planning$and$spread$of$Standard$Galician,$nativization$of$the$ resulting$ GS$ koiné$ and$ the$ establishment$ of$ increasingly$ widespread$ social$ bilingualism.$It$may$be$taken$as$an$indication$that$the$eighties$were$the$period$marking$ the$turning$point$in$this$process$in$Galicia$that$the$AMPER$survey$shows$no$evidence$ for$the$koineization$phenomenon;$the$survey$participants,$who$had$been$born$in$the$ 1940s$ or$ 1950s,$ had$ hardly$ been$ affected$ at$ all$ by$ this$ process,$ since$ their$ school$ education$had$not$been$in$Galician$and$their$contact$with$standard$Galician$had$not$ begun$until$they$were$adults.$On$the$contrary,$the$speakers$who$contributed$to$the$ present$corpus,$who$were$born$in$the$1990s,$received$part$of$their$formal$education$in$ Galician$ and$ had$ had$ access$ to$ Galician-language$ media$ all$ their$ lives$ (especially$ television).$ We$ recognise$ that$ the$ two$ corpora$ are$ not$ fully$ comparable,$ but$ still$ believe$ that$ the$ observable$ differences$ in$ results$ are$ illustrative$ of$ a$ social$ and$ linguistic$change$which$began$in$the$1980s.$ As$Figure$8$shows,$the$new$koinés$come$into$contact$with$different$geoprosodic$ varieties$of$Galician$and$GS:$varieties$already$having$CGP$are$unaffected$because$it$is$ Common Galician Spanish Intonation H+L* L% Galician Spanish Intonation (L1 and L2) H+L* L% Common Galician Intonation H+L* L% Galician Intonation (L2) H+L* L% Rias Baixas Galician Spanish Intonation L+H* L% Rias Baixas Galician Intonation L+H* L% E.!FERNÁNDEZ!REI! 164$ the$ same$ pattern,$ while$ in$ varieties$ that$ use$ RBP$ there$ is$ now$ an$ intensification$ of$ contact$with$the$CGP$pattern,$the$geographical$domain$of$which$has$extended$beyond$ the$ areas$ where$ it$ had$ originated.$ This$ results$ in$ the$ incorporation$ of$ CGP$ into$ the$ repertoire$ of$ south-western$ speakers,$ who$ use$ it$ in$ situations$ where$ they$ judge$ it$ appropriate:$formal$contexts,$interaction$with$speakers$from$other$areas,$etc.$Probably$ this$incorporation$does$not$entail$the$replacement$of$RBP,$the$vernacular$pattern$of$ the$ area.$ However,$ it$ would$ seem$ desirable$ to$ carry$ out$ research$ to$ determine$ whether$or$not$the$incorporation$of$DGP$has$given$rise$to$a$dialect$levelling$process,$as$ defined$by$Kerswill$(2002),$i.e.$whether$a$prosodic$change$is$taking$place$in$the$area$as$ a$consequence$of$the$replacement$of$the$traditional$pattern$by$that$of$the$Galician$and$ GS$koinés.$ Another$ factor$ that$ needs$ to$ be$ reckoned$ with$ at$ this$ point$ is$ the$ significant$ presence$ of$ Castilian$ Spanish.$ However,$ we$ have$ not$ found$ evidence$ in$ our$ experiment$for$the$exertion$of$influence$on$either$Galician$or$GS$by$Castilian$Spanish.$ The$intonation$pattern$in$general$use$by$our$informants$shows$no$resemblance$at$all$ to$that$of$Madrid$Spanish,$which$is$perceived$as$the$standard$variety$of$Spanish$among$ Galician$speakers$ of$ Spanish$(Beswick$ 2007,$ Regueira$ 2005):$the$ pattern$ for$neutral$ questions$in$standard$Spanish$has$a$nuclear$accent$with$a$low$tone$associated$with$the$ last$ stressed$ syllable$ followed$ by$ a$ noticeable$ rise$ on$ the$ vowel(s)$ after$ the$ last$ stressed$syllable$(Estebas$&$Prieto$2010:$30,$who$transcribe$this$as$L*$HH%).$This$is$the$ contour$found$by$Pérez$Castillejo$(2012)$in$some$speakers$in$her$corpus.$In$our$corpus,$ out$of$a$total$of$22$realizations$by$speakers$from$the$CGP$area,$only$two$were$found$ not$to$correspond$to$either$CGP$or$RBP$(see$Table$1).$One$of$them$seems$to$be$an$ example$ of$ a$ hybrid$ pattern$ intermediate$ between$ those$ of$ Castilian$ Spanish$ and$ Galician$(see$Figure$9),$the$nuclear$configuration$of$which$may$be$transcribed$as$H+L*$ H%.10$$ $ 10$The$other$utterance$should$perhaps$be$dismissed:$although$similar$to$the$aforementioned$example,$it$ is$not$a$clearcut$instance$of$a$hybrid$pattern$and$is$more$likely$to$be$a$suspended$utterance$that$the$ informant$left$unfinished.$ Dialectologia.!Special-issue,-VI-(2016),!147-169.!! ISSN:!2013-2247! 165$ $ Figure$ 9.$ F0$ curve$ of$a$ neutral$ yes/no$ question$ (“Would$ you$ have$ oranges?”)$ in$ a$ bilingual$ speaker$ speaking$Galician$ ! $ 6.!Final!remarks! $ The$analysis$of$the$behaviour$of$speakers$in$this$experiment$reveals$that$their$ intonation$ patterns$ in$yes/no$ questions$ remain$ constant$ and$do$ not$ show$ variation$ according$to$either$the$language$used$or$speakers'$first$or$habitual$language.$ Another$ significant$ finding$ concerning$ yes/no$ questions$ is$ that$ speakers$ from$ dialect$areas$in$which$Galician$presents$RBP$(the$southwest,$according$to$Fernández$ Rei$&$Escourido$2008)$use$CGP.$This$suggests$something$other$than$a$direct$transfer$ from$their$Galician$dialect$variety$to$GS.$This$use$of$CGP$was$found$in$both$GS$and$ Galician,$ which$ suggests$ that$ the$ CGP$ that$ was$ transferred$ to$ GS$ seems$ to$ be$ functioning$as$a$standard$pattern$or$koiné$in$GS$also.$It$would$be$desirable$to$carry$out$ a$specific$study$of$this,$given$that$at$the$present$time$direct$transfer$from$Galician$to$ GS$ appears$ to$ be$ slowing$ down,$ because$ if$ it$ were$ still$ occurring$ we$ would$ expect$ speakers$from$the$area$in$question$to$have$an$identical$or$similar$intonation$contour$in$ GS$and$the$Galician$dialect$with$which$they$are$in$contact.$ The$ historical$ transfer$ of$ Galician$ intonation$ to$ Galician$ Spanish,$ which$ has$ apparently$ ceased,$ has$ given$ rise$ to$ a$ variety$ of$ Spanish$ in$ Galicia$ with$ Galician$ intonation,$ at$ least$ where$ yes/no$ questions$ are$ concerned.$ At$ the$ present$ time,$ E.!FERNÁNDEZ!REI! 166$ Galician$ is$ in$ close$ contact$ with$ that$ variety$ of$ Galician$ Spanish.$ No$ convergence$ process$appears$to$be$underway$given$that$they$share$identical$intonation$patterns.$It$ is$in$ fact$ quite$ possible$that$ Galician$ Spanish$intonation$ may$ be$contributing$to$ the$ maintenance$of$the$autochthonous$intonation$pattern$in$yes/no$questions,$and$even$ favouring$its$consolidation$as$the$standard$by$means$of$a$secondary$transfer$process.$ $ $ References! $ ALVARELLOS$PEDRERO,$M.,$C.$MUÑIZ$CACHÓN;$L.$DÍAZ$GÓMEZ$&$R.$GONZÁLEZ$RODRÍGUEZ$(2011)$“La$ entonación$ en$ las$ variedades$ lingüísticas$ de$ Asturias”,$ Revista! 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