How Can Companies Decrease Salesperson Turnover Intention? The Corporate Social Responsibility Intervention

sustainability Article How Can Companies Decrease Salesperson Turnover Intention? The Corporate Social Responsibility Intervention Sandra Castro-González 1,* , Belén Bande 1and Guadalupe Vila-Vázquez 2   Citation: Castro-González, S.; Bande, B.; Vila-Vázquez, G. How Can Companies Decrease Salesperson Turnover Intention? The Corporate Social Responsibility Intervention. Sustainability 2021,13, 750. https:// doi.org/10.3390/su13020750 Received: 26 December 2020 Accepted: 12 January 2021 Published: 14 January 2021 Publisher’s Note: MDPI stays neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations. Copyright: © 2021 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https:// creativecommons.org/licenses/by/ 4.0/). 1Department of Business Organization and Commercialization, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, 27002 Lugo, Spain; [email protected] 2Department of Business Organization and Commercialization, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, 15782 Santiago de Compostela, Spain; [email protected] *Correspondence: sandra.castr[email protected] Abstract: Salespeople turnover is a key issue that can threaten a company’s survival, either by reducing its income or increasing its expenses. The purpose of this study is to analyze the impact of corporate social responsibility (CSR) practices on the salespeople turnover. Drawing from social network theory, this research suggests that the perception of CSR practices influences salespeople turnover through their impact on the perception of the company’s reputation and the organizational pride that sellers experience. Additionally, the moderating role of interpersonal justice in the CSRorganizational pride relationship is analyzed. The data was collected from a sample of 176 salespeople and their supervisors from 96 companies. Structural equation modeling was used to analyze the psychometric properties of the measurement scales and to test the proposed direct hypotheses, and conditional process analysis was used to test the proposed mediation hypothesis. The results indicate that CSR is negatively related to salesperson turnover via the perceived salespeople’s organizational pride and organizational reputation. Furthermore, this study’s findings confirm the importance of a salesperson’s interpersonal justice for these relationships. This study contributes to the existing sales and management literature by enhancing our understanding of how to reduce salespeople turnover intention. Specifically, it underlines the role of CSR practices in reducing those intentions. Keywords: sales; CSR; corporate reputation; organizational pride; turnover intention; interpersonal justice 1. Introduction Corporate social responsibility (CSR) defined as “context-specific organizational actions and policies that take into account stakeholders’ expectations and the triple bottom line of economic, social, and environmental performance” ([ 1 ] p. 855), has been recognized as a strategic factor for the achievement of the firms’ sustainable development [ 2 – 5 ]. In fact, CSR allows firms to improve not only their profitability but also their social impact [4]. Despite growing interest in CSR studies, most research in this area has focused on the macro level [ 4 , 6 ]. Consequently, recent work in CSR literature e.g., [ 7 , 8 ] highlight the need for future studies to understand incumbent employee reactions to their perceptions of CSR. From a marketing point of view, organizations can implement CSR activities to influence consumers’ or salespeople’s attitudes and behaviors. Nevertheless, there is a significant lack of evidence on how CSR affects salespeople’s attitudes and behaviors, with only a few studies analyzing such relationships e.g., [ 9 , 10 ]. In recent years, the CSR and human resources literature has begun to analyze the micro-level effects of CSR, but it excludes salespeople. One of the ways in which CSR promotes the sustainability of organizations is by promoting employee retention [ 4 , 11 ]. Salesperson turnover intention is a thought-provoking problem which companies frequently have to deal with [ 12 ]. In fact, sales turnover entails Sustainability 2021,13, 750. https://doi.org/10.3390/su13020750 https://www.mdpi.com/journal/sustainability Sustainability 2021,13, 750 2 of 16 significant costs both from a customer perspective and in terms of human resource management [ 13 ]. On the one hand, a stable sales force plays a very significant role in the process of acquisition and consumer engagement [ 14 ]. On the other hand, salespeople turnover involves significant recruitment and training costs [ 12 , 15 ]. Nevertheless, according to Forbes, salespeople turnover rates considering both voluntary and involuntary turnover is between 20% and 34% [16]. High frontline workers turnover rate can be attributed to ethical dilemmas with they face on a daily basis [ 17 ], placing them in a very noticeable role for ethical behavior [ 18 ]. Furthermore, not surprisingly, current selling context and conditions have changed [ 19 ]. Consumers demand to deal with socially responsible companies, which significantly influence their attitudes and behaviors, moreover, they have more and more information and the means to contrast it [ 20 ] and the salesperson, as the company’s representative, must face it all. There is some evidence of the positive impact employees’ perceptions of CSR on their turnover intention, e.g., [ 5 , 8 , 21 , 22 ]. However, according to Sarfraz et al. [ 5 ], it needs further research on the perceived CSR-turnover intention relationship. Due to the reasons mentioned above (i.e., the great impact of salespeople turnover and their exposure to customer reactions to the company’s behavior), the study of this relationship is of particular interest in the context of sales. A context in which, to the best of our knowledge, the impact of employees’ CSR perceptions on their turnover intention has not been analyzed. Furthermore, previous research on the relationship between CSR and turnover intention has focused on the social exchange theory [ 8 ] or the social identity theory [ 5 , 22 ], the two most commonly used theories when explaining the mediating mechanisms of CSR and the employee attitude and behavior relationship [ 7 , 23 ]. In this paper, the impact of CSR practices on salesperson turnover intention is analyzed through the lens of the social network theory, see [ 24 ] for a revision. In particular, this study analyzes the effect of CSR perception on salesperson turnover mediated by reputation and emotional organizational pride. In addition, it considers the moderating intervention of salespeople’s interpersonal justice, but measured from the point of view of their direct supervisors. This paper contributes to the literature in several ways. Firstly, it expands the social network theory research framework, not only by using it to explain salespeople turnover as Boles et al. [ 25 ], but also by using it in the CSR and management context where traditionally other theories, such as social identity theory [ 26 ] or social exchange theory [ 27 ], are used. Secondly, this study helps to address the shortage of micro-CSR research [ 7 , 11 ]. In addition, by including the moderating role of interpersonal justice in the mediated CSR-reputation-organizational pride-turnover intention relationship, we attempt to fill the gap in terms of moderators [ 7 , 28 ]. In his review of micro-CSR literature, Glavas [ 28 ] pointed out that only three of the 28 empirical articles on incumbent employees included both mediating and moderating effects together. Thirdly, by analyzing the influence of CSR on salesperson turnover intentions, this study expands the literature on salesperson turnover, an issue that can be very costly for companies [ 13 , 29 ]. Finally, by finding support for most of the proposed hypotheses, and with these outcomes in mind, sales managerial recommendations are proposed. This study is arranged as follows. After the introduction section, the second section corresponds to the conceptual framework and research hypotheses, some of which refer to mediation and moderation situations. The methodology and results are reported in the third and fourth sections. Finally, the fifth section closes the study with conclusions and discussion. 2. Theoretical Development Social network theory claims that individuals interact and relate to other people and groups through ties of variable degrees of strength, ranging from weak ties to strong ties. This theory can be used to explain how ties between employees and organizations are formed and how they influence employee attitudes and behaviors. Based on this study Sustainability 2021,13, 750 3 of 16 context, i.e., CSR and salespeople context, social network theory can explain how an organization interacts with different groups through CSR, between them the salespeople, but in addition, salespeople interact with those groups (customers, family, local community, etc.) and consequently with the company as well. The connections are based on feelings [ 30 ], so if salespeople have a strong connection with any interest group benefited by a company’s CSR actions, a strong link with that company will be created. When ties are strong, high emotional closeness occurs and there are situations of reciprocity between the different parties [ 31 ]. In this case, the ties created by CSR practices and an organization’s reputation generate feelings of organizational pride in salespeople, which will have a positive impact on their intention to remain part of an organization. 2.1. Salespeople’s CSR Perception and Perceived Corporate Reputation Corporate reputation is a perception [ 32 ] based on the subjective impressions residing in the minds of different stakeholders who are directly or indirectly affected by an organization [ 33 ]. Studies on reputation in an employee context have included several perspectives e.g., [ 34 ]. However, this study is interested in understanding the interpretation of the perception of organizational reputation as a factor that helps to increase employee connection with a company [ 35 , 36 ] in order to determine how that influences their attitudes. Organizational reputation therefore defines how external groups view an organization. This perception consequently influences how they see employees working at that company. When employees feel that external parties perceive an organization to have a good reputation, they tend to develop a positive sense of belonging to that group, or in this case, the company [37]. Previous research has analyzed the impact of CSR perceptions on employee perception of organizational reputation [ 38 ], and as a result CSR has been acknowledged as one of the most important tools for creating and managing a good corporate reputation [ 39 , 40 ]. CSR becomes a source of positive signals for external and internal stakeholders, which are used to build the “reputation of the organization” [ 41 ]. One of the main reasons why socially responsible practices are perceived in this way is that they target different interest groups and involve organizational interests beyond economic ones. Therefore, on the basis of these behaviors, a good corporate reputation emerges. Despite the lack of evidence, this study hopes to find that salespeople’s CSR perceptions influence their perception of organizational reputation in the same way. Therefore, the following hypothesis is proposed: Hypothesis 1 (H1). The perception of CSR is positively related to salespeople’s perception of organizational reputation. 2.2. Salespeople’s CSR Perception and Organizational Pride Pride is an important emotion for boosting everyday social behavior [ 42 ]. Organizational pride implies that individuals develop a sense of self-esteem or pleasure in being members of what they consider a good organization [ 43 ]. Based on social network theory, the tie between a company and its salespeople—generated by CSR perception—produces a feeling of organizational pride. Salespeople who belong to a socially responsible company and who are connected with other groups that benefit from those CSR practices are also motivated to feel pride for their company. The literature has documented the existence of various mechanisms for influencing employee pride [ 43 , 44 ]. For example, an organization’s moral character as perceived by its employees is one of the most important sources of organizational pride [ 45 ]. At this point, it is important to consider the potential effect of socially responsible practices on an organization’s business strategy. De Roeck, El Akremi, and Swaen [ 46 ] suggest that when employees’ CSR perceptions are aligned with their CSR standards, they feel organizational pride. Employees feel better about themselves and, consequently, about the company when Sustainability 2021,13, 750 4 of 16 they feel that they are part of an organization that participates in social, environmental and economic issues [ 47 ]. The development of these practices can affect employees’ sense of belonging to their company and their self-concept, thereby increasing their sense of pride. On another level, when employees judge their company’s CSR actions positively, they are more likely to feel that their organization is concerned about aspects that go beyond obtaining economic benefits and are more likely to develop a sense of pride in belonging to that organization. Feeling like members of a company that cares about their present and future, beyond profitability, makes employees proud to belong to it [ 48 ]. This is similar to when an individual judges the fairness of group processes [49]. In the sales-force field, although there is no evidence, similar behavior is expected. Therefore, this leads to the following hypothesis: Hypothesis 2 (H2). Salespeople’s perception of CSR is positively related to organizational pride. 2.3. Perceived Reputation and Organizational Pride Employees are proud of their company when they consider it to be an organization with prestige, a good image, and a good reputation. Employees who perceive their company as having a good reputation will have an improved feeling of connection with it, and their organizational pride will also be influenced [ 35 , 50 ]. Therefore, as a result of the psychological attachment and the sense of joining associated with being part of an organization, salespeople who work in a company with a good reputation tend to have increased organizational pride. Consequently, the following hypothesis is proposed: Hypothesis 3 (H3). Perceived reputation is positively related to organizational pride. 2.4. Organizational Pride and Salesperson Turnover Intention Turnover intention can be understood as a conscious and deliberate willingness to leave an organization [ 51 ]. The desire to leave an organization may be conditioned by multiple factors: Individual, organizational, work-related, environmental, and psychological [ 52 ]. What is clear regarding turnover is that an employee will voluntarily terminate their relationship with an organization, often at a cost to both [53]. Dutton, Dukerich, and Harquail [ 54 ] noted that employees who experience organizational pride might be more likely to remain in their company, resulting in lower turnover intention. Individuals have improved perceptions of their organization’s behavior when they feel a connection with it. This improvement could result, for example, from their shared ways of doing things and of dealing with facts. If employees experience organizational pride, their attitudes toward their organization may be more positive, thereby increasing the probability that the employees will remain in the company. In the same way, Gouthier and Rhein [ 55 ] suggest that if employees are proud to be part of the organization in which they work, they will show a positive attitude toward their work, which will negatively influence their intention to voluntarily leave their company. Therefore, the following hypothesis is proposed: Hypothesis 4 (H4). Organizational pride is negatively related to salesperson turnover intention. 2.5. Turnover Intention: Mediation Hypotheses Building on the previous arguments, this paper proposes that CSR perceptions, if positive, are a good instrument to generate organizational reputation [ 39 , 40 ] and a sense of organizational pride [ 46 ] among employees. Organizational pride increases when there is a positive judgment about a company’s reputation [ 35 , 50 ]. In sum, good CSR perceptions strengthen the bond between individuals and their organizations and consequently, salespeople will develop attitudes and behaviors that are beneficial to a company. This phenomenon is explained by the theoretical framework of social network theory. When Sustainability 2021,13, 750 5 of 16 employees feel proud of their organization, their sense of belonging and commitment improves and, as a result, their intention to leave their company is reduced. Based on these arguments, the following is proposed: Hypothesis 5 (H5). Salespeople’s CSR perception negatively influences their turnover through the sequential mediation of perceived organizational reputation and organizational pride. 2.6. Interpersonal Justice: Moderation Hypothesis According to Hacker-Wright [ 56 ], the virtue of justice compels individuals to be concerned about vulnerable things or creatures. This concern implies a willingness to eliminate or reduce inequalities or unjust situations as much as possible [ 57 ]. From this perspective, to act under the virtue of justice is to achieve equality in every situation in daily life. Those who possess this virtue also tend to be in a position to increase the capabilities of individuals [ 57 ]. Individuals who are considered to possess a high sense of justice are understood to achieve excellence [ 58 ]. Following Colquitt [ 59 ], interpersonal justice can be understood as a virtue related to the extent to which an individual will treat another with dignity, respect, and politeness. To date, the academic literature in the organizational field has dealt extensively with justice from an organizational standpoint, i.e., employees’ or other stakeholders’ perception of whether an organization with which they deal is fair and treats them fairly [ 59 – 62 ] however, little attention has been devoted to an organization’s nature as a virtue. Even so, some authors consider that within organizational justice, the interpersonal justice component— which has clear nuances—could be related to the virtue of justice. Interpersonal justice is understood as having respect for the persons involved in decision-making i.e., it is measured by the degree to which, during a decision-making process, the persons involved are treated with respect and dignity [63,64]. Since previous studies have shown the positive relationship between interpersonal justice and CSR, this work focuses on that individual-level construct. There are several studies linking CSR and justice. Aguinis and Glavas [ 6 ] and Rupp et al. [ 65 ] suggest that an employee’s response to CSR practices depends on their perception of how fairly or unfairly they are treated in their company. However, recent studies suggest that interpersonal justice is more psychologically meaningful to employees than other kinds of justice, such as distributive or procedural [ 66 ]. Therefore, this paper proposes that employees who have high standards of justice will feel better in companies that develop practices based on principles of justice, for example, by engaging in socially responsible activities. This in turn will influence salespeople’s emotional organizational pride, followed by their attitudes and behaviors. For an individual with high standards of justice, the relationship between CSR perceptions and the results derived from these perceptions (i.e., organizational pride) is more positive. There is evidence that perceptions of justice are positively related to employees’ sense of pride [67]. Consequently, the following hypothesis is proposed: Hypothesis 6 (H6). Interpersonal justice moderates the relationship between salespeople’s CSR and their sense of pride. In short, the impact of CSR perception on a salesperson’s turnover through organizational reputation and organizational pride is stronger when the salesperson has a high level of interpersonal justice and is weaker when the salesperson has a low level of interpersonal justice. A brief overview of the previous hypothesized connections is further elaborated in our proposed model for evaluating the nexus between CSR perception and salespeople turnover intention (see Figure 1). The figure describes the moderated mediation model. It is comprised of a total of five constructs, where CSR perception is the independent variable, and turnover is the dependent. At the same time, the constructs reputation and organizational pride intervene as mediators and interpersonal justice as moderator. As indicated in the figure’s legend, with the exception of interpersonal justice, all variables Sustainability 2021,13, 750 6 of 16 have been self-evaluated by the vendors. While interpersonal justice was assessed by their direct supervisors. Sustainability 2021, 13, x FOR PEER REVIEW 6 of 18 A brief overview of the previous hypothesized connections is further elaborated in our proposed model for evaluating the nexus between CSR perception and salespeople turnover intention (see Figure 1). The figure describes the moderated mediation model. It is comprised of a total of five constructs, where CSR perception is the independent variable, and turnover is the dependent. At the same time, the constructs reputation and organizational pride intervene as mediators and interpersonal justice as moderator. As indicated in the figure’s legend, with the exception of interpersonal justice, all variables have been self-evaluated by the vendors. While interpersonal justice was assessed by their direct supervisors. Figure 1. Proposed model. Source: Authors’ elaboration. 3. Methodology 3.1. Data Collection Procedure and Sources The data comes from 176 supervisor–salesperson dyads (composed of a ratio of almost 1:1) who worked at 96 Spanish companies from 11 activity sectors, including banking services, the automobile industry, the pharmaceutical industry, etc. Respondents answered a personal questionnaire which their sales manager or human resources representative gave them. Previously, this study’s researchers had contacted those managers by e-mail or telephone to explain their objectives. Once managers had agreed to participate, the researchers gave them the questionnaires in person. The supervisor sample is made up of 67.6% males and 32.4% females. They have an average age of 43 years, have more than 10 years of experience in a sales position, and have been working for their companies for an average of 15 years. The salespeople sample is made up of 55.1% females with an average age of 41 years, a mean sales experience of 14 years, and a mean organizational tenure of 10 years. Thus, the sample is composed of experienced salespeople, which is consistent with similar studies on the consequences of employee perceptions of CSR and which report a moderately high employee average job tenure [68,69]. Figure 1. Proposed model. Source: Authors’ elaboration. 3. Methodology 3.1. Data Collection Procedure and Sources The data comes from 176 supervisor–salesperson dyads (composed of a ratio of almost 1:1) who worked at 96 Spanish companies from 11 activity sectors, including banking services, the automobile industry, the pharmaceutical industry, etc. Respondents answered a personal questionnaire which their sales manager or human resources representative gave them. Previously, this study’s researchers had contacted those managers by e-mail or telephone to explain their objectives. Once managers had agreed to participate, the researchers gave them the questionnaires in person. The supervisor sample is made up of 67.6% males and 32.4% females. They have an average age of 43 years, have more than 10 years of experience in a sales position, and have been working for their companies for an average of 15 years. The salespeople sample is made up of 55.1% females with an average age of 41 years, a mean sales experience of 14 years, and a mean organizational tenure of 10 years. Thus, the sample is composed of experienced salespeople, which is consistent with similar studies on the consequences of employee perceptions of CSR and which report a moderately high employee average job tenure [68,69]. The salespeople provided ratings of CSR perceptions, organizational reputation, organizational pride, and control variables. The supervisors provided ratings of each subordinate’s interpersonal justice. 3.2. Measures To measure the variables, 7-point scales ranging from 1 (strongly disagree) to 7 (strongly agree) were used. The original scales are written in English, so Brislin’s methodology [ 70 ] was employed to translate them into Spanish. In the pretest (with a sample of five pairs of questioners), it was found that respondents were unable to adequately assess the two items that measure the governmental dimension of Turker’s [ 71 ] CSR scale. Those Sustainability 2021,13, 750 7 of 16 items refer to paying taxes and complying with legal regulations, which do not fit with a CSR definition based on voluntary corporate actions. Therefore, the CSR to government dimension was not included in the study. Turker’s [ 71 ] three dimensional scale was used to measure CSR. It was composed of 14 items: 6 items to measure the social/environmental/NGO dimension, 5 items to measure the employee dimension, and 3 items to measure the customer dimension. Their respective Cronbach’s alpha values were 0.94, 0.90, and 0.70 and the overall scale had a Cronbach’s alpha value of 0.79. Organizational reputation was measured with a 4-item scale developed by Ahearne, Mathieu, and Rapp [ 72 ] and its Cronbach’s alpha was 0.91. Organizational pride, a 3-item scale created by Gouthier and Rhein [ 55 ] was used and had a Cronbach’s alpha of 0.93. Turnover was measured with a 3-item scale proposed by Fournier et al. [ 73 ]. Its Cronbach’s alpha was 0.92. Supervisors were asked to indicate their perception of the salesperson’s interpersonal justice. Colquitt´s [59] 4-item scale was used to measure that variable, and its Cronbach’s alpha was 0.87. Salespeople’s demographic aspects can influence the relationships between the study variables, so as in other studies [ 3 , 46 ] the gender and age of the sellers have been included as control variables. 3.3. Measurement Model (Scale Validity and Reliability) IBM SPSS AMOS program was used to conduct the confirmatory factor analysis (CFA). It confirmed that all indicators loaded substantially (>0.5) and significantly ( p< 0.05 ) on their respective constructs, confirming the existence of convergent validity. The model fit presented acceptable values (X 2 = 608.56, d.f. = 333, p< 0.001, root mean square error of approximation—RMSEA = 0.07, comparative fit index—CFI = 0.93, incremental fit index—IFI = 0.93, Tucker-Lewis index—TLI = 0.92). Additionally, the composite reliability index and extracted variance index exceeded critical values of 0.7 and 0.5, respectively [ 74 ]. Fornell and Larcker’s [ 75 ] approach was used to asses discriminant validity. Table 1shows the means, standard deviations, and bivariate correlations of all 5 constructs and 2 control variables used in the conceptual model. Pearson’s correlation coefficients are used in order to assess the strength of the relationship between the constructs used on the proposed model. The results of Pearson’s coefficient show that CSR is positively correlated with reputation (r = 0.59, p< 0.01), pride (r = 0.53, p< 0.01), and is negatively correlated with turnover (r = − 0.21, p< 0.01). Reputation was positively correlated with pride (r = 0.63, p< 0.01) and negatively with turnover (r = − 0.26, p< 0.01). Finally, pride is negatively correlated with turnover (r = −0.38, p< 0.01). Table 1. Means, standard deviations, and correlations among variables. Mean S.D. 1 2 3 4 5 6 1. CSR 5.38 0.97 2. Reputation 5.67 1.05 0.59 ** 3. Pride 5.85 1.18 0.53 ** 0.63 ** 4. Justice 6.33 0.79 0.09 0.06 0.11 5. Turnover 2.36 1.65 −0.21 ** −0.26 ** −0.38 ** − 0.05 6. Gender 1.55 0.50 −0.05 −0.05 −0.10 − 0.01 − 0.01 7. Age 41.13 8.74 0.01 0.01 0.04 − 0.10 − 0.04 −0.21 ** ** p< 0.01. Source: Authors’ calculation. Corporate social responsibility (CSR). 3.4. Common Method Variance Bias and Multicollinearity To control the occurrence (or absenteeism) of potential common method variance (CMV) bias, a combination of approaches was used. On the one hand, the questionnaire was designed to prevent the introduction of complex factors that might limit the respondents’ capacity to answer accurately, thereby reducing potential sources of method bias, the Sustainability 2021,13, 750 8 of 16 indicators of the model variables were included in different sections of the questionnaire and the interviewees were ensured that their answers would remain anonymous [ 76 ]. On the other hand, a CFA approach to Harman’s one-factor test to assess whether a single latent factor accounted for all manifested variables [ 77 ] was used. The outcomes of the single-factor CFA model were compared to those of the multifactor measurement model in which all indicators loaded on their corresponding constructs, and the outcomes suggested that CMV was not thought to be a risk in this study. The variance inflation factor (VIF) was used to evaluate the presence of multicollinearity among variables. VIFs ranged from 1.64 to 1.94, providing evidence that multicollinearity was not a problem in this study. 4. Results To test the mediation and moderation hypotheses, serial multiple mediation analysis and conditional process analysis [ 78 ] were used, both were based on multiple regression analysis by ordinary least squares. Specifically, Model 6 [ 78 ] (see Figure A1 on Appendix Ato know model development) and PROCESS macro for SPSS program was used for the mediation analysis. This model, which has two mediating variables and proposes that variable X (CSR) influences variable Y (turnover) through variables M1 (reputation) and M2 (pride), thereby collecting four possible effects (one direct effect and three indirect effects). Model 7 [ 78 ] (see Figure A2 on Appendix Ato know model development), a conditional process model, was used for the moderation analysis as presented in hypotheses 6, with X being the CSR variable, M1 being pride, W being interpersonal justice, Y being turnover, and reputation being a covariate. In this way, it is possible to not only compare whether the relationship between CSR and pride is contingent on interpersonal justice but also to estimate whether the indirect effects of CSR on turnover, through pride, depend on interpersonal justice. To avoid interpretation problems with certain coefficients and given the measurement scales of certain considered variables (which do not include the value zero), the interaction term variables are focused on the mean centered. Likewise, in the mediation and moderation analyses, gender and age control variables are included. Table 2shows the non-standardized regression estimates. The results indicate that CSR perception positively influences the company’s reputation (a1 = 0.63, p< 0.001) and, in turn, organizational pride (d21 = 0.54, p< 0.001), which has a negative and significant effect on a salesperson’s intention to leave a company (b2 = − 0.49, p< 0.001). These results support hypotheses 1, 3, and 4. Moreover, CSR has a positive and significant effect on pride (a2 = 0.30, p< 0.001), which supports hypothesis 2. Table 2. Model coefficients for the conditional process analysis in the mediation. Consequences (Model 6) M1 (Reputation) M2 (Pride) Y (Turnover) Antecedents Coeff. SE pCoeff. SE pCoeff. SE p Constant 2.33 0.56 <0.001 1.28 0.61 0.04 6.15 1.06 <0.001 CSR 0.63 0.07 <0.001 0.30 0.09 <0.001 0.01 0.15 0.96 Reputation — — — 0.54 0.08 <0.001 −0.06 0.15 0.68 Pride — — — — — — −0.49 0.13 <0.001 Control Variables Coeff. SE pCoeff. SE pCoeff. SE p Gender −0.04 0.13 0.74 −0.13 0.14 0.35 −0.18 0.24 0.46 Age 0.00 0.01 0.98 0.00 0.01 0.32 −0.01 0.01 0.59 R-squared 0.35 0.35 0.15 F 30.37 30.37 5.77 pvalue <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 Note: Each column is a regression model that predicts the criterion at the top of the column. The Coefficient (Coeff.) values are standardized coefficients, thus they determine the relative strength of different variables in the model. Source: Authors’ calculation. Sustainability 2021,13, 750 9 of 16 The results show that there is no direct relationship between CSR perception and the turnover intention (see Table 3). However, they do confirm two indirect means of influence, which are that CSR perception influences salesperson turnover via the mediator, organizational pride, and via the two mediators, reputation, and organizational pride. Therefore, the two variables proposed in the model are confirmed as mediators, but the results highlight the importance of organizational pride since it is the mechanism through which the two indirect effects of CSR on turnover occur. Table 3. Direct and indirect effects of CSR perception on turnover. Direct effect Effect SE pLLCI ULCI CSR->Turnover 0.01 0.15 0.95 −0.29 0.31 Indirect effect Effect BootSE pBootLLCI BootULCI CSR->Reputation->Turnover −0.04 0.11 −0.61 −0.15 CSR->Reputation->Pride->Turnover −0.17 0.11 −0.34 −0.07 CSR->Pride->Turnover −0.15 0.07 −0.32 −0.05 Total effect Effect SE pLLCI ULCI CSR->Turnover −0.35 0.13 0.01 −0.60 −0.10 Source: Authors’ calculation. The contrast of Model 7 [ 78 ] confirms that interpersonal justice moderates the relationship between CSR and organizational pride, but not in the expected sense ( a21 = −0.19 , p< 0.02 ): The higher the level of a salesperson’s interpersonal justice, the smaller the positive influence of CSR on organizational pride (see Table 4). Table 4. Model coefficients for the conditional process analysis in the moderation. Consequences (Model 7) M2 (Pride) Y (Turnover) Antecedents Coeff. SE pCoeff. SE p Constant 2.96 0.62 <0.001 6.20 1.15 <0.001 CSR 0.29 0.09 <0.001 0.01 0.15 0.96 Reputation 0.51 0.08 <0.001 −0.06 0.15 0.68 Pride — — — −0.49 0.13 <0.001 Justice 0.08 0.09 0.33 — — — CSR x interpersonal justice −0.19 0.08 0.02 — — — Control variables Coeff. SE pCoeff. SE p Gender −0.09 0.14 0.51 −0.18 0.24 0.46 Age 0.00 0.01 0.63 −0.01 0.01 0.59 R-squared 0.68 0.38 F 23.84 5.77 pvalue <0.001 <0.001 Note: Each column is a regression model that predicts the criterion at the top of the column. 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