Cribriform-morular variant of thyroid carcinoma

Key words Thyroid • Cribriform-morular • Familial adenomatous polyposis • Beta-catenin • APC gene • WNT signaling pathway How to cite this article: Cameselle-Teijeiro JM, Sobrinho-Simões M. Cribriform-morular variant of thyroid carcinoma. Pathologica 2019;111:1-3. https://doi.org/10.32074/1591-951X-66-18 Correspondence: José M. Cameselle-Teijeiro, Anatomía Patológica, Hospital Clínico Universitario, Travesía Choupana s/n, 15706 Santiago de Compostela, Spain - E-mail: [email protected] Editorial Cribriform-morular variant of thyroid carcinoma J.M. Cameselle-Teijeiro1, M. Sobrinho-Simões2 1Department of Pathology, Clinical University Hospital, Galician Healthcare Service (SERGAS), FIDIS, University of Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela, Spain; 2i3S Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Institute of Molecular Pathology and Immunology of University of Porto (IPATIMUP), Porto, Portugal OPEN ACCESS© Copyright by Società Italiana di Anatomia Patologica e Citopatologia Diagnostica, Divisione Italiana della International Academy of Pathology PATHOLOGICA 2019;111:1-3; doi: 10.32074/1591-951X-66-18 It is very rewarding for endocrine pathologists to see, in the new book of the World Health Organization (WHO) classification of endocrine organs1, how the molecular characterization of thyroid tumours has confirmed the types and subtypes of tumours previously recognized by less sophisticated techniques. The cribriform-morular variant of papillary thyroid carcinoma (PTC) is a paradigmatic example of this close correlation between the classical morphological aspects and genetic-molecular alterations. In fact, this morphological-molecular correlation in the cribriform-morular variant of PTC is so distinctive that we have recently found that cribriform-morular thyroid carcinoma is a more appropriate denomination2. In this brief article, we summarize the main features that have justified this new designation. After the first descriptions of associations between thyroid tumours and familial adenomatous polyposis (FAP) (for a review, see Cameselle-Teijeiro et al.)2, it was Harach et al.3 who first recognized the unusual histological features of thyroid tumours that were commonly multifocal and predominantly occurring in young women in the setting of FAP. Later, Cameselle-Teijeiro and Chan 4 proposed the name of cribriform-morular variant of PTC, for morphologically similar sporadic tumours that usually occur as single nodules in patients with no germline APC gene mutation (without FAP). Now, as a consequence, we know that clinicians should be alerted to the possibility of FAP when a case of cribriform-morular thyroid carcinoma is diagnosed3. Cribriform-morular thyroid carcinomas are usually well-delimited neoplasms microscopically showing a blending of cribriform, papillary, follicular, solid and trabecular patterns with squamoid morules2-5 (Fig.1). Cribriform and follicular structures lack colloid, and solid areas are composed of oval to spindle cells. Papillae are lined by tall or cuboidal cells with occasional nuclear features of conventional PTC and frequent nuclear pseudostratification. Morules with biotin-rich clear nuclei but without keratinization can appear in variable proportions in cribriform, follicular, papillary, solid and/or trabecular areas. This is the only primary thyroid tumour with strong nuclear and cytoplasmic immunoreactivity for β-catenin 2 5. Tumour cells are negative or focally positive for thyroglobulin, but always positive for thyroid transcription factor 1 (TTF1) and negative for calcitonin. There is characteristic positivity for alpha and beta-estrogen and progesterone receptors, cytokeratin (CK) 7, CK 19 and negativity for CK 20. Morules are also positive for β-catenin and can easily be distinguished by their positivity for CD10, CA19.9 and CDX2, an intestine-specific homeobox gene transcription factor. In fine needle aspiration biopsy the cytological samples are hypercellular and usually show nuclear features of conventional papillary thyroid carcinoma, but the presence of cribriform and/or morular structures, as well as the nuclear positivity for β-catenin are highly indicative of cribriform-morular thyroid carcinoma25. J.M. Cameselle-Teijeiro, M. Sobrinho-Simões2 In normal follicular cells the APC protein, along with axin, glycogen synthetase kinase 3β (GSK3β) and casein kinase 1α (CK1α), forms a destruction complex that maintains the cytoplasmic concentrations of β-catenin low. The characteristic positivity for β-catenin in familial cases of cribriform-morular thyroid carcinoma results from the permanent activation of the wingless (WTN/β-catenin) signaling pathway secondary to germline APC gene mutations. In these cases β-catenin accumulates in the cytoplasm and then is translocated into the nucleus where it produces the constitutive expression of genes such as MYC, CCND1 (cyclin D1), Axin2 and DKK1, involved in cell proliferation and loss of differentiation2. Consistent with Knudson’s two-hit model, additional APC somatic mutations have also been found in about 50% of thyroid carcinomas associated with FAP. Interestingly, the diagnosis of cribriform-morular thyroid carcinoma is prior to a diagnosis of FAP in up to 40% of cases26. Because most germline APC mutations related to thyroid cancer occur in the same genomic area associated with congenital hypertrophy of the retinal pigmented epithelium, fundoscopy is a good clinical approach to confirm the germline APC mutation while awaiting genetic studies5. In sporadic cribriform-morular thyroid carcinomas, somatic APC gene mutations (exon 15 at codon 1309) with a negative dominant effect, or combinations of somatic mutations in phenotypically equivalent genes such as CTNNB1 and AXIN1 are involved in the constitutive activation of the WTN/β-catenin pathway. Although BRAF gene mutations have not been found in these tumours, it has been proposed that the presence of RET/PTC1 and RET/PTC3 rearrangements, as well as mutations in PIK3CA and K-RAS genes, could also act as additional upstream effectors in the WTN/β-catenin pathway 2 7. The striking predominance of this tumour in young women (ratio female-male of 61:1) fits with the strong positivity for alpha and beta-estrogen receptors and progesterone Fig. 1. Cribriform-morular thyroid carcinoma showing a predominant cribriform pattern (A), and strong nuclear and cytoplasmic immunoreactivity for β-catenin (B). The morules are positive for CD10 (C). A C B CRIBRIFORM-MORULAR VARIANT OF THYROID CARCINOMA 3 receptors in tumour cells, and additionally suggests a promoter growth role for sex hormones in the development of this tumour type 2 5. This neoplasm generally has a good prognosis, but neuroendocrine differentiation8, poorly differentiated features (including high Ki-67 labeling index)9 and/or telomerase reverse transcriptase (TERT) promoter mutations10 may help to predict more aggressive clinical behaviour in cribriform-morular thyroid carcinomas. Cribriform-morular thyroid carcinoma is a distinctive neoplasm that seems to emerge from endodermal non-committed follicular cells. In this rare thyroid tumour, the constitutive activation of the WTN/β-catenin pathway justifies its primitive intestinal-like appearance. Its peculiar clinicopathological and molecular features support its consideration as an independent tumour entity. Acknowledgments Supported by Grant PI15/01501-FEDER from the Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Ministry of Science, Innovation and Universities, Spain conflict of interest stAtement None declared. References 1 Lloyd RV, Osamura RY, Klöppel G, et al (eds.). World Health Organization Classification of Tumours. Pathology and genetics of tumours of endocrine organs. 4th ed. Lyon: IARC Press 2017. 2 Cameselle-Teijeiro JM, Peteiro-González D, Caneiro-Gómez J, et al. Cribriform-morular variant of thyroid carcinoma: a neoplasm with distinctive phenotype associated with the activation of the WNT/β-catenin pathway. Mod Pathol 2018;31:1168-79. 3 Harach HR, Williams GT, Williams ED. Familial adenomatous polyposis associated thyroid carcinoma: a distinct type of follicular cell neoplasm. Histopathology 1994;25:549-61. 4 Cameselle-Teijeiro J, Chan JK. Cribriform-morular variant of papillary carcinoma: a distinctive variant representing the sporadic counterpart of familial adenomatous polyposisassociated thyroid carcinoma? Mod Pathol 1999;12:400-11. 5 Cameselle-Teijeiro JM, Eloy C, Amendoeira I, et al. Rare familial tumours. In: Cameselle-Teijeiro JM, Eloy C, SobrinhoSimões M (eds.). Rare tumors of the thyroid gland: diagnosis and WHO classification. 1 ed. Berlin: Springer 2018 pp. 57-77. 6 Ito Y, Miyauchi A, Ishikawa H, et al. Our experience of treatment of cribriform morular variant of papillary thyroid carcinoma; difference in clinicopathological features of FAP-associated and sporadic patients. Endocr J 2011;58:685-9. 7 Giannelli SM, McPhaul L, Nakamoto J, et al. Familial adenomatous polyposis-associated, cribriform morular variant of papillary thyroid carcinoma harboring a K-RAS mutation: case presentation and review of molecular mechanisms. Thyroid 2014;24:1184-9. 8 Cameselle-Teijeiro J, Menasce LP, Yap BK, et al. Cribriformmorular variant of papillary thyroid carcinoma: molecular characterization of a case with neuroendocrine differentiation and aggressive behavior. Am J Clin Pathol 2009;131:134-42. 9 Nakazawa T, Celestino R, Machado JC, et al. Cribriform-morular variant of papillary thyroid carcinoma displaying poorly differentiated features. Int J Surg Pathol 2013;21:379-89. 10 Oh EJ, Lee S, Bae JS, et al. TERT Promoter mutation in an aggressive cribriform morular variant of papillary thyroid carcinoma. Endocr Pathol 2017;28:49-53. Received and accepted: December 17, 2018