Principles and Curses: The Honourable Ruaraidh Erskine of Mar and Some Irish Connections

8 PRINCIPLES AND CURSES: THE HONOURABLE RUARAIDH ERSKINE OF MAR AND SOME IRISH CONNECTIONS Ge a d Cai ns DOI: h ps://doi.o g/10.14712/2571452X.2023.65.2 Abs ac : This essay looks a how Rua aidh E skine o Ma in e ac ed wi h some con empo aneous aspec s o I ish poli ics and cul u e, discussing hese poin s o con ac and hei impac on E skine’s o e all poli ical ou look. I look a some impo an , i li le known and pe haps qui ky, in e ac ions: E skine’s ela ionship wi h he I ish poe and e olu iona y, Pa ick Pea se; E skine’s c i ique o he “Anglo-I ish school” in he o m o he Abbey Thea e and, inally, his engagemen wi h obscu e ideas o es o e he High King o I eland. The e is no speci ic link be ween he h ee poin s o engagemen o he han E skine’s poli ical and cul u al engagemen wi h I eland. An impo an pa o my a gumen is ha E skine’s unde pinning p inciples, ha is his o e a ching belie in he win causes o he Gaelic League and A hu G i i h’s ea ly inca na ion o Sinn Féin, became an o hodoxy o him: an o hodoxy ha uelled p og essi e engagemen wi h I ish language and poli ical ac i is s, and ha also blinke ed him om oppo uni ies o new cul u al ini ia i es in his own coun y. I seek o shed some ligh on a neglec ed Sco ish his o ical igu e h ough his engagemen wi h a neighbou ing coun y ha was e y close o his hea . Keywo ds: Rua aidh E skine o Ma , Sco land, I eland, Pa ick Pea se, Gaelic League, Sinn Féin, Home Rule P inciples, oo, some imes esemble cu ses, in so a , and in so o en, as hey come home o oos .1 Rua aidh E skine o Ma I is ai o say ha he Honou able Rua aidh E skine o Ma (1869-1960) was no o dina y Sco ish na ionalis . E skine was bo n in B igh on, he second son o he 1 Rua aidh E skine o Ma [signed as REM], “The Cel ic and Labou Mo emen s,” Gu h na Bliadhna 15, no. 1 (1918): 96. P inciples and Cu ses 9 i h Ba on E skine. Despi e being educa ed in England, his sense o Sco ish iden i y was s ong, he claimed o ha e lea ned Gaelic om his nanny, and he would commi a la ge pa o his li e o he language h ough his jou nalism and his poli ical ac i i ies. These ac i i ies would include E skine becoming Vice-Chai o he i s Sco ish Home Rule Associa ion (SHRA) in 1892; winning he Sco ish Le o e o suppo Sco ish ep esen a ion a he Pa is Peace Con e ence in 1918-1919; cou ing leading I ish epublicans o suppo o Sco land’s ledgling independence mo emen ; and, helping o se up he Na ional Pa y o Sco land in 1928.2 His e en belie ha Sco land should be an independen na ion se him apa om he majo i y o na ionalis s who belie ed ha some o m o Home Rule o Sco land would be su icien . Then again, E skine o Ma was no ‘o dina y’ in many hings. His liking o he ou landish and, some imes, he ex eme, d ew him o o he cul u al na ionalis s who we e also disillusioned wi h he Home Rule s and hei belie ha a B i ish poli ical pa y a Wes mins e – be i Libe al o Labou – could deli e a Sco ish Pa liamen . E skine did sha e a common in e es in e en s ac oss he No h Channel wi h his ellow Sco ish na ionalis s, which can be aced om he ounda ion o he SHRA in 1886 h ough o he ac i i ies o he Sco s Na ional League du ing he I ish Wa o Independence (1919-1921).3 The Home Rule s we e d awn o I eland, hoping ha Home Rule could be achie ed in andem, and ha he s eng h o he mo emen in I eland may also deli e Home Rule o Sco land (and Wales) oo, al hough i is ai o say ha he i s Sco ish Home Rule Associa ion, o med in 1886, was en ious o he pa liamen a y ime allo ed o I eland and,4 one suspec s, en ious o he s eng h o he I ish Pa liamen a y Pa y oo. Fo a mo e cul u al, sepa a is na ionalis like E skine, he island o I eland and i s his o y, cul u e, and poli ics held di e en a ac ions. I eland in he 1890s was going h ough i s own cul u al e i al, wi h he o ma ion o he Gaelic A hle ic Associa ion (GAA) in 1884 and he Gaelic League in 1893, wi h Gaelic games, li e a u e and language posi i ely p omo ed. While no o e ly poli ical, i would no be long be o e he mo e adical cul u al na ionalis s, looking o a deepe change and he poli ical suppo o enac i , would seek a poli ical al e na i e o hei own Home Rule s wi h hei g a i a ion owa ds Wes mins e and i s many cha ms. 2 Fo a gene al in oduc ion o E skine’s li e, see Ge a d Cai ns, No Language! No Na ion! The Li e and Times o he Honou able Rua aidh E skine o Ma (Pe h: Rymou Books, 2021). 3 See Cai ns, No Language! No Na ion! 72-88. 4 Mani es o o he Sco ish Home Rule Associa ion, 01/12/1887, Uni e si y o Glasgow Special Collec ions, MS 1484/11/1-3. Ge a d Cai ns 10 My objec i e in his essay is o b ing E skine’s li e a y and poli ical connec ions wi h I eland and I ish Gaeldom o li e h ough h ee signi ican poin s o in e ac ion: con ac and con as wi h Pa ick Pea se (1879-1916); E skine’s eac ion o he Anglo-I ish school o d ama, especially in he con ex o his own ideas on Gaelic d ama in Sco land; and, inally, his la e ly held belie in he e- in oduc ion o he High King o I eland. These s o ies shed a di e en ligh on E skine’s s o y, illus a ing hope, zeal, as well as isola ion and disappoin men a di e ing imes, and he e is a mo al in hese cul u al connec ions o hose blinke ed by poli ics. Ye , E skine’s en y poin was indeed poli ical, and o ha eason i is use ul o p o ide a sho poli ical backg ound. The Gaelic League O hodoxy I ish language ac i is s b ough some hing esh ha would ha e a long-las ing impac on E skine, especially hei emphasis on he language and i s powe as a de ining cha ac e is ic o hei na ionali y closely allied o no ions o an “I ish I eland.” The sense o an “I ish I eland” in luenced Michael Cusack and Mau ice Da an in ounding he GAA. Spo , ha is Gaelic games, we e one way o eplace English in luences wi h I ish ones. This se he I ish e i alis mo emen in a mo e ex eme di ec ion, and li e a u e, he language, and poli ics would u he con ibu e o his sense o an “I ish I eland.”5 Douglas Hyde, a young T ini y College g adua e, ounded he Gaelic League in 1893 wi h he aim o “de-Anglicising I eland” h ough he use o I ish in i s spoken and w i en o ms, and one memoi is ecalled hei i s ic o y in ob aining he ecogni ion o I ish as “a necessa y subjec in he seconda y educa ion o I ish child en.”6 Such p o es s, combined wi h o he li e a y and social ac i i ies, demons a ed ha he League “in es ed conside able ene gy in o a cul u al pa allel p ojec o imagining spa ial so e eign y.”7 This cul u al e i al challenged he poli ics o bo h I ish Unionis s and Home Rule s almos as s ongly as he ha ed cul u al dominance o England, and his poli ical challenge would b ing abou a e-alignmen and a new poli ical pa y o med by A hu G i i h (1871-1922), a Dublin jou nalis , called Sinn Féin 5 Ca hal Billings, “Speaking I ish wi h Hu ley S icks: Gaelic Spo s, he I ish Language and Na ional Iden i y in Re i al I eland,” Spo in His o y 37, no. 1 (2017): 28. 6 John J. Ho gan, Pa nell o Pea se (Dublin: Rich iew P ess, 1948) 92. 7 Aidan Bea y, “The Gaelic League and he Spa ial Logic o I ish Na ionalism,” I ish His o ical S udies 43, no. 163 (2019): 55. Bea y ci es he impo ance o day ips in aising he cul u al awa eness o League membe s. P inciples and Cu ses 11 (Ou sel es). G i i h’s speech o he ounding con e ence o he new pa y on 28 No embe 1905 is ins uc i e: We go o build he na ion up om wi hin, and we deny he igh o any bu ou own coun ymen o shape i s cou se. Tha cou se is no England’s and we shall no jus i y ou cou se o England. The c a en policy ha has o ed ou na ion has been he policy o jus i ying ou exis ence in ou enemy’s eyes. Ou mis o unes a e mani old bu we a e s ill men and women o a common amily, and we owe no na ion an apology o li ing in acco dance wi h he laws o ou being. In he B i ish Libe al as in he B i ish To y we see ou enemy, and in hose who alk o ending B i ish misgo e nmen we see he helo s. I is no B i ish misgo e nmen , bu B i ish go e nmen in I eland, good o bad, we s and opposed o, and in ha holy opposi ion we seek o band all ou ellow-coun ymen.8 One yea be o e E skine had also ounded some hing new. Gu h na Bliadhna (The Yea ’s Voice) would be a qua e ly Ca holic, Na ionalis jou nal wi h he added signi icance ha i was bilingual in Gaelic and English. E skine was e y awa e o he ajec o y o G i i h’s poli ics, especially his s udy o Hunga y, which exis ed independen ly and wi h a dual mona chy ha was sha ed wi h Aus ia.9 Fo G i i h, his model o au onomy should in o m I eland’s aspi a ion al hough Kee has a gued ha G i i h employed “some dubious his o ical in e p e a ion” o he Hunga ian expe ience.10 I should be said ha E skine’s in e es in I eland p e-da ed he o ma ion o G i i h’s new Pa y. In an ea ly piece in Gu h na Bliadhna (1904), he a icula ed his admi a ion o he ad ances o he language mo emen in I eland: To say he u h, I eland has en e ed on his s uggle o he main enance o all ha a sel - espec ing na ion should hold dea o i , a mo e se iously and ho oughly han we ye ha e. I would appea as i he calami y o he ’45 [ e e ence o he 1745 Jacobi e Rising] had knocked all he spi i ou o ou people.11 8 “1905: Founding o Sinn Fein,” Collins 22 Socie y, accessed 4 June 2022, h ps: www. gene almichaelcollins/li e- imes/1905- ounding-sinn- ein. 9 This was a icula ed in “The Resu ec ion o Hunga y,” a se ies o a icles in he Uni ed I ishman newspape in 1904. 10 Robe Kee, The G een Flag (London: Penguin, 2000) 450. 11 Rua aidh E skine o Ma [signed as REM], “I eland and Sco land,” Gu h na Bliadhna 1, no. 2 (1904): 201. Ge a d Cai ns 12 In he same a icle, E skine exp essed he eason why he membe o he Gaelic League was a ole model, and i was poli ical al hough no pa y poli ical. Be he “Na ionalis , To y o Radical,” he joined he League “in he ull knowledge and conscien iousness o he ac ha i is I eland – his na ion – ha he is desi ous o be e . Now, can we u h ully say ha such a lo y concep ion o pa io ism exis s in Sco land?”12 The na u al hing o do would be o each ou o G i i h’s new pa y. By 1907, E skine con ibu ed a piece o Sinn Féin.13 The p e ious couple o yea s, h ough he medium o Gu h na Bliadhna, E skine had bemoaned he lack o a “na ional poli ics” in Sco land. I eland, and he na ional poli ics, a ac ed him. He adop ed a Sinn Féin line o his own coun y and E skine would emain an old- ashioned Sinn Féine – in he G i i h / Gaelic League mould – o he es o his li e, albei wo king wi h, and poli ically li ing wi h, le -winge s, epublicans, and o he cul u al na ionalis s om bo h Sco land and I eland a a ious imes. E skine and Pea se Pa ick Pea se and Rua aidh E skine we e ellow a elle s. Language ac i ism adicalised hei poli ics. Bo h we e Home Rule s a one poin and bo h men would go on o shape he sepa a is wing o na ionalism in hei espec i e coun ies. A jus six een yea s o age, Pea se had joined he Gaelic League in 1896, joining i s na ional execu i e commi ee h ee yea s la e . In 1903, Pea se ook o e as edi o o he League’s bilingual jou nal, An Claidheamh Soluis (Swo d o Ligh ).14 In an impo an essay on E skine and he I ish in luence on Sco ish discon en , Pa ick Wi makes he poin ha he wo men p obably me a an Eis ed odd in Sou h Wales in 1899.15 The connec ion con inued when E skine, in 1905, in i ed Pea se o submi an a icle o Gu h na Bliadhna. Educa ion in he wes o I eland would be he chosen heme. The Gaelic League had been ac i e on he subjec o I ish educa ion o many yea s, Pea se being p ominen in hese ac i i ies. In 1905 he spoke a a mee ing in he Ro unda (in Feb ua y) o ganised by he Dublin Dis ic Commi ee o he 12 E skine, “I eland and Sco land” 203. 13 Rua aidh E skine o Ma , “I eland and Sco land,” Sinn Féin, 13 July 1907. The i le was he same as he i le o he ea lie a icle in Gu h na Bliadhna. 14 Ruán O’Donnell, 16 Li es: Pa ick Pea se (Dublin: The O’B ien P ess, 2016) 20-23. 15 Pa ick Wi , “Connec ions ac oss he No h Channel: Rua aidh E skine and I ish In luence on Sco ish Discon en , 1906-20,” The I ish S o y, 17 Ap il 2013, accessed 4 June 2023, h ps://www. hei ishs o y.com/2013/04/17/connec ions-ac oss- he-no h-channel- ua aidh-e skine-and-i ish-in luence-in-sco ish-discon en -1906-1920/. P inciples and Cu ses 13 League, on P ima y Educa ion in I eland along wi h Douglas Hyde and John Redmond o he I ish Pa y. The League we e p o es ing a he “s a a ion policy” adop ed by he T easu y owa ds educa ion in I eland. The ollowing mon h, Pea se lec u ed in he Ca holic Comme cial Club on “The I ish Uni e si y Ques ion: Wan ed, a Policy!”16 I was i ing ha Pea se e u ned o his subjec o enligh en his Sco ish Gaelic iends. Pea se achie ed luency in I ish du ing isi s o Connema a and became known in he a ea as “Fea Bhaile Á ha Clia h” (The Dublin Man).17 His a icle was a c i ique o he “Na ional” schools and hei policy in I ish-speaking a eas.18 Sco ish Gaels should unde s and ha I ish child en we e p e en ed om con e sing “in he only language hey know.”19 This was sys emic, c ea ing an “educa ion” sys em ha sough o elimina e he language and any ace o na ionali y om hei young minds and o inculca e he belie “ ha he English Go e nmen is Almigh y P o idence,” and ha emig a ion is no bad hing.20 Pea se lis s he ailings o he sys em, ese ing his bigges c i icism o he eache – pupil ela ionship: he eache has only English while he pupils ha e only I ish, wi h no way o communica ion. The Sco s mus app ecia e “ he s e nness o he igh being waged in I eland” o he language.21 E skine ce ainly ook he message and used his jou nal o hink abou he gene al s a e o Sco ish educa ion. He de eloped a heme a ound he need o c ea e a “na ional a mosphe e” ha would be conduci e o Gaelic – and Ca holic – educa ion in Sco land.22 E skine’s ideas we e no based on he kind o obse a ions made by Pea se. Ra he , hey we e ins inc i e, ejec ing he kind o “b oad-minded, libe al” alues o be ound in he English sys em. Signi ican ly, E skine did no de elop his ideas a ound wha he ac ually mean by “a mosphe e” and, ins ead, based his a gumen a ound he “i educible minimum demand” ha Gaelic should be augh in all Sco ish schools, Lowland and Highland. The ha d line ha Gaelic was he na ional language o Sco land ep esen ed enough jus i ica ion and no conside a ion was gi en o some o he 16 O’Donnell, 16 Li es: Pa ick Pea se 27-28. 17 Regina Uí Cholla áin, “O Chéi inn go Con adh: The Re i alis s and he 1916 Rising,” S udies in A s and Humani ies 2, no. 1 (2016): 8. 18 These we e UK s a e adminis e ed, non-denomina ional p ima y schools. 19 Pa ick Pea se, “Educa ion in he Wes o I eland,” Gu h na Bliadhna 2, no. 1 (1905): 377. 20 Pea se, “Educa ion in he Wes o I eland” 377. 21 Pea se, “Educa ion in he Wes o I eland” 379. 22 Rua aidh E skine o Ma [signed as REM], “Educa ion and ‘A mosphe e,’” Gu h na Bliadhna 2, no. 4 (1905): 320. Ge a d Cai ns 14 basic, p ac ical issues ha migh a ise om he cu iculum o he eaching s a . Le S Columba inspi e, he a gued, as he “E angelis o Sco land.”23 A dis inc spin-o was in he adicalisa ion o E skine’s poli ics. E skine was mo ing owa ds a poli ical posi ion in a ou o Sco ish independence. He en isioned a uni a y Gaelic S a e in Sco land and by 1907 could asse : “We ega d he Sinn Féin s andpoin , namely, ha i is be e o ha e no hing o do wi h Wes mins e as by a he wises , mos digni ied, and mos consis en a i ude o all Na ionalis s, I ish o Sco ish o adop .”24 Pea se’s poli ics we e also e ol ing, and his inna e sepa a is poli ical posi ion led him in an inc easingly epublican di ec ion. Thei jou neys we e con empo aneous bu independen . Pea se p oclaimed he I ish Republic ou side Dublin’s Gene al Pos O ice a Eas e 1916, and his ac ion would lead o he las poin o con ac , albei indi ec , be ween he wo men. As wo ld wa aged, and he I ish ebels we e condemned o hei alleged olly and eason, E skine o Ma de ended hem. The e we e wa ime censo s o con end wi h, and he e o e E skine’s a icle only came ou in he au umn edi ion o he Sco ish Re iew.25 E skine begins by conceding ha he ebels could no hope o con end wi h he mili a y powe o England and sees a compa ison wi h he epea ed, ailed a emp s o he Sco ish Jacobi es. Bo h equi ed o eign mili a y assis ance. E skine sees wo easons o he Rising. The i s was he o ma ion o Sinn Féin. While G i i h played no pa in he ebellion, he sepa a is poli ics o his Pa y len hemsel es o i s cause. Secondly, England, and in pa icula he P ime Minis e , Hen y Asqui h, was o blame in i s insis ence ha i was waging a wa o ee Belgium and he small na ions: “In he ci cums ances in which ha coun y was hen placed, wha o he e ec on I eland could his [Asqui h’s] c y o ‘Long li e he Small S a es!’ p oduce he ein han ha which i ac ually had du ing Eas e Week?”26 E skine concludes by looking o he h ee Cel ic na ions o I eland, Sco land, and Wales o seek o build a new “Cel ic Con ede acy” a e he Wa has come o an end. Howe e , I eland’s claim mus be acknowledged, and “no hing sho o he ull possession o libe y,” he a gued, will “con en hem o lay aside hei esis ance o he le elling and de-na ionalising endencies o English ule and ci ilisa ion. This is he ue sp ing o he ecen I ish ising.”27 23 E skine, “Educa ion and ‘A mosphe e’” 320. 24 “Edi o ial,” Gu h na Bliadhna 4, no. 4 (1907): 406. 25 A poin well made by Wi , “Connec ions ac oss he No h Channel.” Fo all ha , E skine’s suppo was b a e and con empo aneous. 26 Rua aidh E skine o Ma , “Who Fea s o Speak o Eas e Week,” Sco ish Re iew 39 (Au umn 1916): 369. The lack o a ques ion ma k a he end o he i le is no ewo hy. 27 E skine, “Who Fea s o Speak o Eas e Week” 374. P inciples and Cu ses 15 E skine was no a aid o announce his as a ac . Fo easons o censo ship, E skine could no men ion he leade s’ names o he execu ions. P i a ely, he was c i ical o hei ecklessness in unde aking he Rising.28 Howe e , he unde s ood Pea se’s mo i es, and hose o his ellow ma y s. As E skine pu i h ee yea s la e , he Rising “pa ed he way o I eland o ind he soul again.”29 E skine ne e made any pe sonal e e ence o Pea se by name, ye his suppo – pa as i was o E skine’s imme sion in he coming I ish Re olu ion – is a i ing acknowledgemen o he ideas ha he hea d his I ish colleague espouse in Wales back in 1899 and, pe haps, a deepe connec ion wi h he Rising and i s aims han any indi ec pe sonal connec ion wi h Pea se alone. E skine’s Poli ics and he Anglo-I ish School In June 1906, Dublin’s Abbey Thea e played six nigh s in Glasgow as pa o a ou o Sco land. Though unawa e o his success ul ou , E skine would become highly awa e o he Abbey g oup and wha hey ep esen ed in e ms o he so- called Anglo-I ish School o hea e. E skine would go on o p omo e Gaelic d ama in Sco land. His ision would be se ou o e a se ies o a icles in Gu h na Bliadhna, as de ailed and analysed comp ehensi ely by Pe a Johana Ponca o á.30 E skine looked o I eland, as he o en did, o inspi a ion. The Abbey Thea e was launched as he I ish Li e a y Thea e (ILT) in 1899 and i s i s p oduc ion was W.B. Yea s’s The Coun ess Ca hleen in Dublin’s Ancien Conce Rooms. Douglas Hyde, P esiden o he Gaelic League, was ini ially welcoming o he ini ia i e belie ing ha an Anglo-I ish hea e had alue in he p ocess o de-Anglicisa ion.31 The i s play, ea u ing allusions o paganism, d ew adi ional Ca holic c i icism and was in e up ed somewha in amously by wen y Uni e si y College Dublin s uden s.32 The c i icism would in ensi y as he new ILT sough o p omo e I ish d ama h ough he medium o English. As Pa ick 28 E skine o Cha les Loch, le e , 6 June 1916, Cha les Loch pape s, Uni e si y o Glasgow, Gaelic Collec ion, Gaelic Co espondence 1. Loch was a Gaelic collec o and en husias based in Aus alia. 29 Rua aidh E skine o Ma , “Ch onicles o he Qua e s,” Sco ish Re iew 42 (Summe 1919): 230. 30 Pe a Johana Ponca o á, “‘A Fi ing O e ing o he Gaelic Thalia o Melpomene’: Rua aidh E skine o Ma and D ama in Sco ish Gaelic,” Li e a ia P agensia 30, no. 59 (2020): 77-92. 31 P.J. Ma hews, Re i al: The Abbey Thea e, Sinn Féin, he Gaelic League and he Coope a i e Mo emen (Co k: Co k Uni e si y P ess, 2003) 19. 32 Ma hews, Re i al 54. Ge a d Cai ns 16 J. Ma hews explained, “ he ques ion o whe he an I ish hea e in he English language was possible would become a majo poin o con en ion be ween elemen s wi hin he Gaelic League and leading igu es wi hin he I ish Li e a y Thea e.”33 Pea se summed he eeling o many in he League camp when he labelled he ILT’s e o s as “a he esy.”34 J.M. Synge’s plays came in o pa icula c i icism, especially his po ayal o he wes o I eland in his Playboy o he Wes e n Wo ld (1907). To add insul o inju y, he “Sinn Féin ideologues,” o use Fos e ’s ph ase, objec ed o he Abbey Thea e o ganising police (s a e) p o ec ion o he play o go ahead.35 Yea s belie ed ha hei ini ia i e was essen ial o he c ea i e de elopmen o he na ion and belie ed ha o “a meaning ul engagemen , he Gaelic cul u al inhe i ance would happen in English un il I ish could i al i .”36 Pe haps, in a backhanded way, he Abbey’s c i ics ealised his. G i i h used his Uni ed I ishman pape o un playw i ing compe i ions in English, in addi ion o such names as Cons ance and Casimi Ma kie icz, Willie Pea se, Te ence MacSwiney and Bulme Hobson se ing up hei own hea ical / d ama g oups; he la e wo, bo h p ominen epublicans, se up hei companies in Co k and Uls e espec i ely.37 I seems o be ano he a ian o he old p agma ism e sus p inciple deba e. While he Gaelic ue belie e s would label he Abbey Thea e as he “Anglo-I ish school,” he Thea e’s p agma ic app oach and hei belie in he cul u al side o he li e a y e i al would so en he hea s o many o he c i ics. In Sco land, E skine also p o ides an example o his so ening. In addi ion o he se ies o ou a icles on Gaelic d ama, he e appea ed a piece in Gu h na Bliadhna in Win e 1912 on he “Anglo-Cel ic school.”38 This a icle is unsigned, bu i is almos ce ainly he wo k o E skine, whose cha ming and some imes qui e beau i ul p ose, could also gi e way o in empe a e language. The line adop ed is e y hos ile o he e o s o he Abbey Thea e and is p omp ed by a epo o hei ecen ou o he Uni ed S a es. The ou ing pa y we e pel ed wi h o en eggs a some o hei p oduc ions. The au ho conside s he mo ali y o such ac ions, bu la e s a es ha a is s should expec his. The Gaelic League’s en oy o he US, Fa he O’Flanagan is quo ed ex ensi ely. Lady G ego y’s plays ha e 33 Ma hews, Re i al 24. 34 Ma hews, Re i al 58. 35 R.F. Fos e , Vi id Faces: The Re olu iona y Gene a ion in I eland, 1890-1923 (London: Allen Lane, 2014) 257. 36 Ma hews, Re i al 103. 37 See Fos e , Vi id Faces 232 o an in o med and li ely discussion o hese g oups and hei impac . 38 “The Gaelic Mo emen and he Anglo-Cel ic School,” Gu h na Bliadhna 9, no. 1 (1912). P inciples and Cu ses 23 Cai ns, Ge a d. No Language! No Na ion! The Li e and Times o he Honou able Rua aidh E skine o Ma . Pe h: Rymou Books, 2021. Came on, Alasdai . “Thea e in Sco land: 1214 o he P esen .” In Sco land: A Cul u al His o y, edi ed by Paul H. Sco , 145-58. Edinbu gh: Mains eam, 1993. “Edi o ial.” Gu h na Bliadhna 4, no. 4 (1907). E skine o Ma , Rua aidh. Changing Sco land. Mon ose: Re iew P ess, 1931. E skine o Ma , Rua aidh. “Ch onicles o he Qua e s.” Sco ish Re iew 42 (Summe 1919): 226-35. E skine o Ma , Rua aidh [signed as REM]. “Educa ion and ‘A mosphe e.’” Gu h na Bliadhna 2, no. 4 (1905): 320. E skine o Ma , Rua aidh [signed as REM]. “Gaelic D ama.” Gu h na Bliadhna 11, no. 2 (1914): 206-219. E skine o Ma , Rua aidh [signed as REM]. “I eland and Sco land.” Gu h na Bliadhna 1, no. 2 (1904): 197-206. E skine o Ma , Rua aidh [signed as REM]. “The Cel ic and Labou Mo emen s.” Gu h na Bliadhna 15, no. 1 (1918): 96. E skine o Ma , Rua aidh. “Who Fea s o Speak o Eas e Week.” Sco ish Re iew 39 (Au umn 1916): 354-74. Fe is, William. The Gaelic Commonweal h. Being he Poli ical and Economic P og amme o he I ish P og essi e Pa y. Dublin: Talbo P ess, 1923. Fos e , R.F. Vi id Faces: The Re olu iona y Gene a ion in I eland, 1890-1923. London: Allen Lane, 2014. Ho gan, John J. Pa nell o Pea se. Dublin: Rich iew P ess, 1948. Kee, Robe . The G een Flag. London: Penguin, 2000. “King’s Thea e – The Cel ic D ama.” Glasgow He ald (5 June 1906): 6. Ma hews, P.J. 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