The tombs of Kaisebi (AS 76) and Ptahwer (AS76b) at Abusir South

REPORTS PES XIX/2017 3 Resea ch in his a ea was ini ia ed in 2014, when he sou he n wall o AS 54 was being cleaned. By ha ime, he no he n açades o h ee new mas abas had come o ligh , di ided om AS 54 by a na ow co ido unning in he eas -wes di ec ion. They we e labelled AS 76 ( he wes e nmos ), AS 77 ( he cen al), and AS 78 ( he eas e nmos ). The exca a ion o he s uc u es was planned o he sp ing season o 2015 bu las ed un il he end o ha yea . AS 77 and AS 78 we e amily mud b ick mas abas, whe eas AS 76 was buil o limes one. Tomb AS 76 was cons uc ed in wo phases. The i s one consis ed o a a he small ec angula mas aba wi h a chapel ( ig. 1), an ex e nal niche, a se dab, and wo sha s. La e on, he o iginal s uc u e was enla ged by an annexe (AS 76b) a ached o he eas e n wall o AS 76, which included ano he o e ing place and wo bu ial sha s ( ig. 2). The ombs o Kaisebi (AS 76) and P ahwe (AS 76b) a Abusi Sou h Ve onika Dulíko á – Lucie Ji ásko á – Hana Vymazalo á – Ka a ína A ias Ky na o á – Pe a Ha elko á The exca a ions a Abusi Sou h ha e al eady unco e ed many ombs ha ha e added aluable in o ma ion o he gene al knowledge o he de elopmen o he Old Kingdom socie y, i s bu ial and une al habi s, and las bu no leas social ela ions and hei impac on he li es o ancien Egyp ian o icials. One o he la es disco e ies is he omb o Kaisebi (AS 76) and he adjoining s uc u e o P ahwe (AS 76b), which a e loca ed o he sou h o he anonymous mas aba (AS 54) lying on he mos p ominen spo o he whole Abusi Sou h a ea ( o mo e in o ma ion on his omb, see Bá a 2010 and Ji ásko á 2011). Kaisebi and P ahwe buil hei ombs be ween his huge mas aba (AS 54) and a ecen ly disco e ed 18.5 m long boa , bo h da ed o he end o he Thi d Dynas y.1 Fig. 1 Kaisebi’s chapel wi h an o e ing s and in si u sho ly a e i s disco e y in he sp ing season o 2015 (pho o M. F ouz) PES XIX_2017_ epo s_3-89_PES 14.12.17 9:31 S ánka 3 4PES XIX/2017 THE TOMBS OF KAISEBI (AS 76) AND PTAHWER (AS 76B) Fig. 2 Plan o he a ea sou h o omb AS 54 wi h he h ee mas abas and o he s uc u es exca a ed in 2015 (d awing M. Bá a, L. Ji ásko á, M. Odle , M. Pe e ko á Hloucho á, J. Tu ek, L. Vařeko á) PES XIX_2017_ epo s_3-89_PES 14.12.17 9:31 S ánka 4 O iginal mas aba AS 76 – he omb o Kaisebi The o iginal mas aba was o ien ed in a no h-sou h di ec ion, being 10.50 m long and 8.50 m wide. The heigh o i s walls was p ese ed o 2.10 m. I s walls we e buil o limes one blocks, and he co e was a compac ill o limes one chips mixed wi h sand. The eas e n wall o he mas aba was one wi h Z-mason y added as i s casing. Behind his wall was a no h-sou h unning co ido . The en ance o he co ido was si ua ed app oxima ely in on o he chapel in he sou he n pa o he omb. The c uci o m chapel (2.38 × 1.15 m), illed wi h yellow sand and limes one chips, was pa ed wi h medium-size limes one slabs, and i s limes one walls p ese ed in some pa s up o 1.52 m we e once deco a ed in colou ul wall pain ings. Un o una ely, only hei lowe pa s we e p ese ed in hei o iginal posi ions, all co e ed wi h a ha d mix u e o sal and sand. The conse a ion ea men o he wall deco a ion is s ill in p ocess. A ew iny, loose agmen s o wall deco a ion we e ound in he ill o he une a y chapel. The sho en ance co ido o he chapel was deco a ed wi h pain ed low elie . On he no he n wall was a sailing scene, om which only wo oa s emained. Thei o ien a ion poin s o he mo emen o he boa inside he omb. The sou he n pa depic ed men walking ou side he chapel ca ying bi ds. In he eas e nmos sec ion, pa o a cal ’s head lying on he g ound is s ill isible. The mo i s o he no he n and sou he n walls o he chapel we e ep esen ed only by pain ings ( ed ou lines on a whi e base) ha we e coulou ed in showing he deceased, ano he man, a woman and o e ing bea e s. Un o una ely, only he lowe pa s o he scenes ha e su i ed ( igs. 3 and 4). THE TOMBS OF KAISEBI (AS 76) AND PTAHWER (AS 76B) PES XIX/2017 5 Fig. 4 The igu e o Kaisebi and his son depic ed on he no h wall o his une a y chapel (pho o M. F ouz) Fig. 3 Remains o he depic ion o Kaisebi, his wi e and son on he sou h wall o his une a y chapel (pho o M. F ouz) PES XIX_2017_ epo s_3-89_PES 14.12.17 9:31 S ánka 5 The depic ion on he sou he n wall o iginally co e ed all i s su ace; i displays h ee s anding igu es, he omb owne walking o he eas and a emale o he same scale s iding opposi e him ( ig. 3). Thus, hey a e acing each o he . A hi d igu e, a male depic ed a a smalle scale si ua ed be ween hem, eached only o he heigh o hei knees. He is walking in he same di ec ion as he omb owne and is holding he s a o he deceased in he igh hand. Reg e ably, he scene is only pa ly p ese ed, wi h he legs su i ing o he knees o bo h bigge igu es and he smalle pe son p ese ed o shoulde s (wi hou he head). The poo s a e o p ese a ion o he chapel is closely connec ed o he absence o he igu es’ labels. In his espec , no insc ip ion iden i ying he indi iduals is a ailable. In acco dance wi h he Old Kingdom p inciple o omb deco a ion, he scene p esen s he omb owne , his wi e and hei eldes son. The owne o he omb e iden ly wea s a sho kil and his wi e is clo hed in a long, igh - i ing d ess and embellished by ankle s. Thei adul son is also d essed in a sho whi e kil . Wi es o omb owne s we e depic ed in hei dwellings o e e ni y, e en a he same scale as hei husbands, om he Fou h o he la e pa o he Fi h Dynas y, p ecisely un il he ea ly eign o Djedka e (Ro h 1999: 39). The no he n wall bea s a scene ep esen ing he omb owne and his son; only he lowe pa o he depic ion up o Kaisebi’s knees has su i ed ( ig. 4). The omb owne is walking o he eas , while a male indi idual a a no iceably smalle scale eaches sligh ly abo e Kaisebi’s knees and is s iding in he same di ec ion. Bo h a e d essed in sho whi e kil s. As s a ed abo e, i is p obably a ques ion o he eldes son o he omb owne . He is holding he a he ’s s a in he le hand and g asps a bi d wi h his igh hand. A naked man b inging an an elope o yx colou ed whi e walks owa ds hem. The scene is labelled as in mA-HD, “b inging he species o o yx an elope”. The naked indi idual is depic ed a a sligh ly smalle scale han he son o he omb owne . In bo h depic ions o he amily, he adul son is d essed in a sho whi e kil and holds his a he ’s s a in one hand, while a bi d is clu ched in his o he hand. Al hough he pain ing is hea ily soiled, on he basis o con as ing pho og aphs, i is e iden ha he bi d has a opkno on his head, which means ha on he no h wall o he une a y chapel, he son is holding a hoopoe by he wings. This bi d was closely connec ed wi h child en in he deco a ion o he Old Kingdom ombs. Such ep esen a ion was exclusi ely si ua ed in une a y chapels om he Fou h o he Six h Dynas ies. Amandine Ma shall (2015) has ecen ly demons a ed ha he hoopoe-and-child associa ion had special conno a ion in he men al wo ld o ancien Egyp ians. This bi d was mos ly g asped by he eldes son in he scenes pic u ing a a he and his child o child en. Ma shall’s examina ion o hese scenes has led o he conclusion ha he hoopoe symbolised he u u e ans e o powe om a a he o his eldes son wi hin he une a y iconog aphy. Likewise, he mo i o g asping he a he ’s s a had he same symbolic meaning (Ma shall 2015: 63). The no he n pa o he eas e n wall bea s emains o wo egis e s o bu che ing scenes. A soli a y male igu e pain ed in ed colou is si ua ed below he lowe mos egis e ( ig. 5). I undoub edly does no i wi h he o iginal deco a ion concep o he chapel, as is indica ed by he posi ion o he igu e and he s yle o i s execu ion. The pain ing was placed sligh ly abo e he loo le el, a he le el o he second cou se o mason y. The man s ides igh owa ds he chapel en ance. He wea s a sho p ojec ing kil wi h a poin and a shoulde leng h wig. His igh a m is ben and es s on his ches . The s a e o p ese a ion does no enable us o obse e he posi ion o his igh hand and o his le a m, bu wha emains migh e oke an ado a ion ges u e. The pain s okes e eal ha he au ho o his ske ch was an expe ienced pe son who ende ed he p opo ions o he human igu e wi hou an auxilia y g id. Impe cep ible aces o a sign (o signs) a e isible abo e he head o he igu e, indica ing possible emains o an insc ip ion. The wes e n wall o he chapel con ains he well- p ese ed alse doo . Remains o he bu che ing scenes a e si ua ed o he eas o i ; only wo egis e s ha e su i ed. The s a e o p ese a ion di e s on he no he n pa o he wes e n wall; whe e only he lowe bo de ing line emains. 6PES XIX/2017 THE TOMBS OF KAISEBI (AS 76) AND PTAHWER (AS 76B) Fig. 5 A male igu e pain ed in ed colou on he eas e n wall o Kaisebi’s une a y chapel, placed sligh ly abo e he loo le el. T aces o a sign o signs a e ba ely isible abo e he man’s head (d awing J. Malá ko á) PES XIX_2017_ epo s_3-89_PES 14.12.17 9:31 S ánka 6 The alse doo o Kaisebi and his i le Al hough he alse doo was ound in si u se in o he wes e n wall o he chapel, i s uppe mos pa wi h he une a y epas scene on he panel and he uppe mos lin el wi h he o e ing o mula a e missing (1.38 × 1.05 m; ig. 6 and pl. 1). Thei p ese ed heigh co esponds app oxima ely wi h he maximal su i ing heigh o he walls in he une a y chapel. The alse doo o iginally consis ed o a leas h ee sepa a e pa s: a) wo pai s o jambs wi h he cen al niche and he d um, b) he lin el, c) he panel, wo ape u es and a chi a e. The panel is comple ely missing. A simila si ua ion is ound in he omb o he o icial and p ies , Rahe ep a Abusi (Bá a 2001: 65, 67, pls. XXIX–XXXIII). No agmen s we e ound du ing he explo a ion o he omb and he su ounding s uc u es. The egula i ual pu i ica ion ac i i y pe o med in he chapel included epea ed whi ewashing o he alse doo , due o which he doo seemed o be made o a whi e piece o s one wi h emains o sunken elie . Howe e , he e o s o a es o e p o ed i o be beau i ully deco a ed. Thanks o he laye s o ancien whi ewash, all he colou s we e p o ec ed, and a e es o a ion, came ou as s ong and b igh as i newly applied (a simila ci cums ance can be obse ed, o example, in he mas aba o In i (AS 22); see Bá a – Vachala e al., o hcoming). The doo i sel was cu om whi e limes one o excellen quali y and was pa ly pain ed ed in imi a ion o mo e p ecious g ani e. The hie oglyphic signs included blue, g een, black, o ange and ed colou s. The insc ip ions on he alse doo a e o a he unusual o m, because he lin el and jambs bea only o e ing o mulae, epi he s and a pe sonal name, while he i le o he omb owne is no included. His name – Kaisebi – is men ioned se e al imes no only on he alse doo , bu also in he hie a ic insc ip ions insc ibed on he walls o he omb. The male pe sonal name Kaisebi, “My ka is coming” occu s spo adically du ing he Old Kingdom pe iod (Gou don 2007: [699] 3; Scheele-Schwei ze 2014: 709 [3510]; no lis ed in Ranke). Only h ee occu ences o his pe sonal name a e a es ed so a . Apa om he ecen ly disco e ed bea e o his name in Abusi Sou h, he name Kaisebi is o be ound in he mid-Fi h Dynas y mas aba o he wo b o he s Nyankhkhnum and Khnumhe ep a Saqqa a. This indi idual was he son o he “o e see o manicu is s o he G ea House”, Khnumhe ep. He is depic ed among Khnumhe ep’s child en in he wall deco a ion o he mas aba (Moussa – Al enmülle 1977: Ta el 72, Sz. 32.3), whe e he is labelled a “hem-ka-p ies ” and “ba be ”. Ha ing wo ked in he sphe e o body ca e, his Kaisebi ollowed in his a he ’s oo s eps ( o he wo king ac i i ies o he membe s o his amily du ing ou gene a ions, see Dulíko á – Mařík 2017: igs. 3, 4, 13 and 14). The second occu ence o he name, Kaisebi, is a es ed in he oughly incised insc ip ion on he o e ing able ound eused as oo ing in g a e G 7000 SE 198 in he Eas e n Ceme e y a Giza.2Kaisebi om Giza was employed as a sc ibe du ing he la e Fi h o he Six h Dynas y; he exac da ing is unce ain. In omb AS 76, Kaisebi’s name appea s w i en on he d um o he alse doo , as well as on i s jambs. Howe e , no in o ma ion on his social and adminis a i e posi ion is o be ound he e. His i les, hus, mus ha e been p esen on he los panel wi h he une a y epas scene. The a i y o he deco a ion o he alse doo lies also in he o e ing lis loca ed in he cen al niche, pain ed in blue colou ( ig.7). Al hough he lowe pa o he niche is qui e damaged, i seems ha he lis con ains by and la ge 72 squa es in ou columns and eigh een ows including a leas 78 i ems: 1) mw zT, “liba ion o wa e ”; 2) (cD ) cnT , “incense”; 3) c i-Hb, “sac ed oil”, one ja ; 4) c T, “sac ed oil”, one ja ; 5) nXnm, “sac ed oil”, one ja ; 6) wAw , “sac ed oil”, one ja ; 7) HA -aS, “sac ed (bes ceda ) oil”, one ja ; 8) HA -THnw, “sac ed (bes Libyan) oil”, one ja ; 9) wADw, “g een eye pain ”, one bag; 10) mcdm , “black eye pain ”, one bag; 11) wnxw, “clo h”, wo; 12) cD cnT , “incense on he i e”; 13) qbHw TA 2,“liba ion o wa e and wo balls o na on”; 14) xAw , “one o e ing able”; 15) H p ncw , “an o e ing o he king”; 16) H p wcx , “an o e ing in he b oad hall”; 17) Hmci, “si down! ( o ea )”; 18) Snc Dwiw iaw- A, “b eak as ”; 19) -w , “w -loa ”; 20) - H, “baked b ead”; 21) Ds , “ja o ale”; 22) Hnk xnmc, “xnmc-bee ”; 23) Ay Snca, “one se ing o b ead”; 24) Snc Dwiw Sbw, “ ood – one each o b ead and bee ”; 25) cw , “mea ”; 26) mw a, “wa e ”; 27) bd, “na on”; 28) Snc Dwiw iAw- A, “b eak as ”; 29+30) -w , “w -loa ”, - H, “baked b ead”; 31) HTA, “b ead”; 32) nH w, “b ead”; 33) dp i, “b ead”; 34) pzn, “b ead”, ou ; 35) Snc, “b ead”, ou ; 36) -imy- A, “b ead which is baked in he ea h”; 37) xn w, “b ead”; 38) Hbnnw , “b ead”; 39) qmHw qmA, “b ead”; 40) idA -HA, “b ead”; 41) pA , “b ead”; 42) [-AS ], “b ead”; 43) HDw, “onions”; 44) xpS, “ o eleg”; 45) iwa, “bee hind high”; 46+47) zxn, “kidney”, cw , “bee hind shank”; 48–51) damaged; 52) iw -HA , “mea ”; 53+54) c , “species o duck”, p, “species o duck”; 55+56) z , “species o duck”, c, “species o duck”; 57–78) damaged. The canonical o e ing lis in he cen al niche o he alse doo can also be ound in he mas abas o h ee indi iduals bu ied a No h Saqqa a. Bo h an “inspec o o he G ea House”, Nenkhe e ka (D 47, Ma ie e 1889: 304–309), and We i enp ah, who was employed in he legal sphe e and in he depa men o oyal documen s (unnumbe ed omb, James 1961: Pl. XXVIII), a e da ed o he mid-Fi h Dynas y, o he eign o King Nyuse e. The hi d man, a “singe o he G ea House”, Rame yp ah, li ed in he la e Fi h Dynas y (C 22, Ma ie e 1889: 152–156). Ano he o icial whose alse doo niche embodied he o e ing lis , an “inspec o o hose who a e in a endance”, Same y, mos p obably cons uc ed his omb a Saqqa a as well. The s ela, cu en ly loca ed in Bologna, is da ed o he la e Fi h Dynas y (Fische 1976). The canonical o e ing lis s we e no only inco po a ed in he cen al niches o alse doo s, bu in he panels, a chi a es, ape u es and doo jambs ( o ea ises on o e ing lis s, see e.g. Ba a 1963; Hassan 1948) . Mos o he alse doo s which inco po a e he canonical o e ing lis ange om he eign o Ne e i ka e o Djedka e (S udwick 1985: 29). The ecen ly unea hed alse doo in he ock-cu omb o Ne e a Abusi Sou h (AS 68d), which includes an o e ing lis on i s panel and in he ape u e, comes om he mid-Fi h Dynas y (Bá a – Vymazalo á – Dulíko á e al. 2014: 27–29, ig. 10). The p opo ion o he a he wide cen al niche o Kaisebi’s alse doo and he absence o o us moulding also suppo he pe iod p eceding he Six h Dynas y. THE TOMBS OF KAISEBI (AS 76) AND PTAHWER (AS 76B) PES XIX/2017 7 PES XIX_2017_ epo s_3-89_PES 14.12.17 9:31 S ánka 7 8PES XIX/2017 THE TOMBS OF KAISEBI (AS 76) AND PTAHWER (AS 76B) Fig. 6a, b The alse doo o Kaisebi a e cleaning (pho o M. F ouz, d awing J. Malá ko á) PES XIX_2017_ epo s_3-89_PES 14.12.17 9:31 S ánka 8 THE TOMBS OF KAISEBI (AS 76) AND PTAHWER (AS 76B) PES XIX/2017 9 PES XIX_2017_ epo s_3-89_PES 14.12.17 9:31 S ánka 9 The es o he alse doo bea s o e ing o mulae and a lis o impo an eas days comp ising 11 es i als ca ed in o bo h inne jambs: The lin el: H p di ncw , H p di Inpw, nb A Dc , q c . m X -nT , KA(.i)-zbi, “An o e ing which he king gi es and an o e ing which Anubis (gi es), he lo d o sac ed land ha he may be bu ied in he nec opolis Kaisebi”. The insc ip ions on he inne jambs a e almos mi o images (excep he las signs a he end o he columns): H p di ncw , H p di Inpw, xn y zH-nT . P -x w n. Hnq m wp np , ©Hw y , py np , wAg, Hb Zk , Hb w , kH, p Mnw, Abd n cAD, ( p) Abd, ( p) cmD , “An o e ing ha he king gi es and an o e ing ha Anubis (gi es), who p esides o e he di ine boo h. In oca ion o e ings may come o h o him (consis ing o ) b ead and bee on he ( eas s o ) he Fi s day o he yea , Tho h, New Yea ’s eas , wagy, Soka - es i al, he G ea eas , he ekeh eas ( he es i al o bu ning), coming o h by Min, he sadj eas , ( he i s day o ) he mon h and o he hal -mon h”. A ex on he ou e jambs ha ends wi h he igu e o he omb owne minu ely di e s no only in he size and a angemen o pa icula hie oglyphic signs, bu also in he usage o some wo ds. Righ ou e jamb: H p di ncw , H p di Inpw, Hp(y). H wAw n w xpp , q c . m X -nT , imAx(w) [x ] nT Aa, KA(.i)-zbi, “An o e ing ha he king gi es and an o e ing ha Anubis (gi es), ha he walks on he beau i ul oads, ha he may be bu ied in he nec opolis e e ed [wi h] he g ea god, Kaisebi.” 10 PES XIX/2017 THE TOMBS OF KAISEBI (AS 76) AND PTAHWER (AS 76B) Fig. 7 De ail o he o e ing lis placed in he cen al niche o Kaisebi’s alse doo , pain ed in blue colou (pho o M. F ouz) Fig. 8 A wooden hand. Remains o one o a leas wo wooden s a ues o Kaisebi ound in his se dab and une a y chapel (pho o M. F ouz) Fig. 9 A wooden khe ep-scep e (14a/AS76/2015) was o iginally pa o a s a ue which ep esen ed he digni a y, Kaisebi (pho o M. F ouz) PES XIX_2017_ epo s_3-89_PES 14.12.17 9:31 S ánka 10 THE TOMBS OF KAISEBI (AS 76) AND PTAHWER (AS 76B) PES XIX/2017 11 Le ou e jamb: H p di ncw , H p di Inpw, Hp(y). H wAw n w xpp imAx(w) H .cn, q c m X -nT iAw n ( ) w , KA(.i)-zbi, “An o e ing ha he king gi es, an o e ing ha Anubis (gi es), ha he walks on he beau i ul oads, on which honou ed ones walk, ha he may be bu ied in he nec opolis a a good old age, Kaisebi.” The leng h o he insc ip ion is une en. I ex ends o he bo om on he inne jambs, whe eas on he ou e ones, i is sho e due o he igu es o Kaisebi, which ep esen he only su i ing po ayals o he omb owne . In con as o he ex on he jambs execu ed in sunken elie , Kaisebi’s depic ion is en i ely pain ed. His s iding igu e wea s a sho , whi e kil and a b oad colla , holds a long wooden s a in one hand, while a handke chie is g asped in he o he hand. I he e had been no hie a ic insc ip ions w i en on he a ious walls o AS 76, he e would ha e been no in o ma ion p ese ed on a leas one o Kaisebi’s i les, cmcw hAy (n) zAb, “ he elde o he judicial/audience hall” (Jones 2000: 813, no. 2974). The wo d hAy deno es “ga eway” o “en ance hall” (Hannig 1995: 487), and cmcw signi ies a pe son who is p o essionally senio (Hannig 1995: 709–710). The i le was connec ed wi h he legal sphe e; howe e , he exac compe ence o i s holde is no ully known (c . Philip-S éphan 2008: 54). Michel Baud conside s i o be a new ank i le (Baud 2000: 259). The same i le migh ha e been bo ne by Kaisebi’s p esumed ela i e, P ahwe , o he i le appea s on a hie a ic insc ip ion in he chapel o he annexe (AS 76b, see below). Six een o he indi iduals bu ied o embodied in he deco a ion p og amme o he ombs a Abusi we e also associa ed wi h he i le cmcw hAy (n) zAb o i s a ian cmcw hAy , anging om he ea ly Fi h o he end o Six h Dynas y (see ab. 1). Th ee places whe e his i le occu s can be iden i ied: se en digni a ies wi h his i le we e depic ed in he py amid complex o Sahu e (El Awady 2009: Pls. 5 and 9). The es a e o be ound wi hin wo omb clus e s. Six men bea ing his i le a e connec ed wi h he omb complex o Vizie Qa and his amily (Bá a e al. 2009) and wo i le holde s we e bu ied nea by, namely he sun p ies , Ne e inpu (Bá a e al. 2014), and He epinpu ( ecen ly unco e ed omb AS 85, ye unpublished). Apa om Kaisebi and P ahwe , he hi d loca ion o holde s o he i le cmcw hAy (n) zAb a Abusi is ep esen ed by Kaape Junio , who buil his omb no a om hei s (AS 61, as ye unpublished). I is wo hy o men ion ha i hese o icials had o choose only one i le om hei i ula y o eco d hei name and posi ion on ce ain a e ac s o monumen s (s a ues, hie a ic insc ip ions on omb walls, en y in oyal monumen s, e e ence in ombs o somebody else’s, e c.), hey p e e ed o selec he i le cmcw hAy (n) zAb, e en wi hou any ank i le. Such p e e ence may be no iced, o example, in hie a ic insc ip ions on Ne e inpu’s mas aba (Vymazalo á 2014), bu also in he labels o se en o icials po ayed in he causeway o Sahu e’s py amid complex, o he sons o Vizie Qa in hei a he ’s omb, o he sons o he judge, In i, and o a dependan in his mas aba. Based on his obse a ion, o he indi iduals collec ed in Table 1 who a e known only om hie a ic insc ip ions e y p obably bo e u he i les, e.g. Kaape Junio , He epinpu, Kaisebi and P ahwe .3 Se dab wi h s a ues To he wes o he chapel, an elonga ed no h-sou h o ien ed se dab was si ua ed (5.00 × 1.00 m), buil in limes one, p ese ed o a heigh o 1.70 m. I had o iginally con ained an unknown numbe o wooden s a ues (Exc. No. 14/AS76/2015, see ig. 8), bu only a ew agmen s we e collec ed in i s sou he n pa in a ill o yellow sand mixed wi h limes one chips. One smalle le oo and one bigge le oo a e he emains o a leas wo s a ues made o ama iscus (Tama ix sp.) and acacia (Acacia c . nilo ica), espec i ely. The smalle oo bea s aces o yellow och e, as well as ano he agmen ha ea u es a emale b eas . The bigge oo was once pain ed ed and he e o e belonged o a male. Tiny agmen s wi h emains o black colou p obably come om a pedes al o one o he wooden s a ues. Ano he piece was an excellen ly p ese ed x p-scep e made o ceda (Ced us libani; see ig. 9). A e y simila scep e, 27 cm long, was ound nea one o he wooden s a ues disco e ed in he se dab o Me ne u’s mas aba da ed o he mid-Fi h Dynas y (Ve ne – Callende 2002: 76). O he simila examples om Abusi a e also da ed o he Fi h Dynas y and come om he anonymous omb AS 47,4si ua ed close o Kaisebi’s omb, and om he bu ial chambe o he p ies , Ne e inpu (Bá a e al. 2014: 102). In he case o he la e wo ins ances, he scep es we e pa o he bu ial equipmen , and hey we e ound by he hand o he deceased in he sa cophagus. Ex e nal niche and sha s In he no he n pa o he co ido o he o iginal mas aba, he e was ano he o e ing place ep esen ed by a wide niche ha esembled a alse doo . The niche is 2.59 m all and 1.04 m wide, and consis s o a single pai o jambs and a cen al niche. I is mos ly made o he same blocks o s one as he su ounding wall, bu in he uppe ecessed pa , i seems o bea a cen ally o ien ed panel wi h wo wide side ape u es. Behind his doo , wo sha s we e loca ed (numbe ed 1 and 4; see ig. 10), which we e unusually modes , bo h in cons uc ion and in con en s. Nei he o hem we e ound undis u bed. Sha 1 measu ed 1.25 × 1.15 m a i s mou h, and i was 4.50 m deep. I s a chi ec u e was e y simple, and he e was no bu ial chambe a all, only a shallow niche illed wi h mud b icks. The body i sel was ound in a s ange, disa icula ed posi ion, in he a ea o he sou h-wes e n co ne o he bo om o he sha . The e we e no aces o bu ial equipmen ; only po e y was collec ed in he ill o he sha i sel . Reg e ably, he gende o he deceased was no unambiguously de e mined on he basis o he an h opological analysis o agmen s o bones. The bu ied indi idual was an adul , bu he exac age is unde e minable ( o he an h opological analyses, see below). Sha 4 was si ua ed o he no h o he se dab and o he wes o Sha 1. I measu ed 1.27 × 1.22 m a i s opening and eached a dep h o 3.35 m. I was le un inished. The walls o he sha we e lined wi h mud b icks and da k plas e in i s uppe pa and wi h une en limes one agmen s in i s lowe pa (c . ig. 10). The ill o he sha consis ed o yellow wind-blown sand. The loo was made o a la. I seems ha Sha 4 was cons uc ed PES XIX_2017_ epo s_3-89_PES 14.12.17 9:31 S ánka 11 Junio (AS 61, ye unpublished). The insc ip ions in Kaisebi’s se dab include his name as well as o he insc ip ions. His name was w i en on se e al blocks on he eas wall o he se dab, which we e loca ed jus behind he chapel, i.e. igh o he wes o Kaisebi’s alse doo . Hie a ic insc ip ions om he omb o P ahwe (AS 76b) In he omb o P ahwe , which adjoins he ex e nal eas wall o mas aba AS 76 (see abo e), hie a ic insc ip ions in ed pain can be ound on he ex e nal no h wall o he omb, as well as on he walls o i s co ido and i s chapel. An insc ip ion comp ising a da e and he name o he omb owne was w i en in ed pain on he no h ex e nal wall o AS 76b, on i s lowe -mos cou se o mason y. The insc ip ion uns o e h ee blocks o mason y and also o e he mo a in he seams, and his clea ly shows ha i was w i en a e he blocks we e placed in he omb. Only a pa o his insc ip ion is p ese ed oday due o he badly e oded su ace o he cen al block; i eads: Abd 1 (?) p cw 18 (?) /// P[ ]H-w , “ he 1s (?) mon h o he p -season day 18 (?), […] P ahwe ”. The missing pa o he insc ip ion pe haps con ained P ahwe ’s i le ( ig. 15). The name o he omb owne is also w i en on one o he blocks on he eas wall o he co ido o P ahwe ’s omb leading o he chapel. Se e al insc ip ions we e documen ed on he co ido ’s wes wall. The i le and he name o he omb owne seem o ha e been w i en he e h ee imes one a e he o he ; howe e , hey a e ha dly legible due o he high salini y o he blocks. Ano he insc ip ion was added in ed pain on a lowe cou se o blocks o he wes wall o he co ido and co e ed wo blocks o limes one. I con ains a da e: Abd 1 p cw 18, “ he 1s mon h o he p -season day 18” ( ig. 16). The name o he omb owne was w i en again on ano he block unde nea h. Each o hese insc ip ions on he wes wall o he co ido ex end o e mo e han one block o limes one. The e o e, i is clea ha (simila o he no h wall) hese insc ip ions we e w i en a e he cons uc ion o he co ido . Mo e insc ip ions we e ound in he chapel o P ahwe ’s omb; howe e , oday only small aces can be ound on he sou h wall and in he no heas co ne . The o me insc ip ion seems o be w i en o e wo blocks, i.e. a e he comple ion o he chapel. One o he blocks on he no h wall o he chapel bea s he owne ’s name while ano he block shows he emains o wha possibly was a i le: [zAb] cmcw h///, “[judicial] elde [o he cou /audience hall]”. Too li le is p ese ed o his insc ip ion o con i m i s eading, o o conclude whe he he i le e e ed o P ahwe o a he o Kaisebi, who held he i le unde discussion (see abo e). The wes wall o he omb ea u ed se e al insc ip ions as well, which a e badly p ese ed due o he e oded su ace o he limes one blocks. I is clea , howe e , ha one insc ip ion comp ises a pa o he name and i le o Kaisebi, while ano he con ains only his name. Discussion on he hie a ic insc ip ions om he ombs o Kaisebi and P ahwe The hie a ic insc ip ions documen ed on he ombs o Kaisebi (AS 76) and P ahwe (AS 76b) p o ide us wi h in e es ing e idence conce ning he wo a chi ec u ally connec ed ombs. The builde ’s insc ip ions on he eas wall o Kaisebi’s omb men ion only his name and i les, con i ming ha his wall wi h i s Z-mason y casing o med he ex e nal eas wall o Kaisebi’s mas aba (see abo e), o which P ahwe a ached his omb’s no h and sou h walls 18 PES XIX/2017 THE TOMBS OF KAISEBI (AS 76) AND PTAHWER (AS 76B) Fig. 16 Hie a ic insc ip ion e e ing o a da e on he wes wall o he co ido in P ahwe ’s omb (d awing H. Vymazalo á) Fig. 15 Hie a ic insc ip ion on he no h wall o P ahwe ’s omb, ex ending o e h ee blocks o mason y (d awing H. Vymazalo á) Fig. 14 Hie a ic builde ’s insc ip ion on he sou h wall o Kaisebi’s omb, in an upside-down posi ion (d awing H. Vymazalo á) PES XIX_2017_ epo s_3-89_PES 14.12.17 9:31 S ánka 18 (see he plan in ig. 2). A he same ime, P ahwe ’s omb bo e only his own insc ip ions, indica ing ha he annexe, AS 76b, was nei he planned no cons uc ed by Kaisebi ( o discussion on hie a ic insc ip ions in he Abusi Sou h ombs, see Vymazalo á, o hcoming). This e idence, howe e , does no indica e a which poin in ime P ahwe ’s annexe was added o Kaisebi’s omb. Kaisebi’s omb ea u es ypical builde s’ insc ip ions bo h in he se dab and on he sou h and eas walls, while P ahwe ’s omb con ains no only se e al builde s’ insc ip ions bu also a di e en ype o insc ip ions, which we e w i en a e he cons uc ion o he omb. This is no e y common, bu ano he example o such hie a ic insc ip ions can be ound in Abusi on he sou h wall o Ne e inpu’s omb (Vymazalo á 2014: 71; o a mo e de ailed discussion, see Vymazalo á, o hcoming). The wo da es, a es ed on he no h wall o he omb and he wes wall o he co ido , e e o he same season, and i is likely ha also he mon h and day we e iden ical (o a day o wo apa ). We assume ha he insc ip ions on he no h wall o he omb and he wes wall o he co ido we e w i en down a he same ime and ha hey ela e ei he o he cons uc ion o he omb in i s inal s age, o o he bu ial ime o he omb owne (see also Vymazalo á, o hcoming). The dis ibu ion o he insc ip ions in P ahwe ’s omb pe haps ollows he access ou e o he omb’s isi o s. The insc ip ion on he no h wall indica es ha he isi o s came om he no h-eas , passing h ough he co ido be ween ombs AS 54 and AS 77–78, and hen had o u n sou h and pass be ween omb AS 77 and P ahwe ’s omb o each i s en ance. The insc ip ions hen con inued inside he omb on he wes wall o he co ido and pe haps also on he sou h wall o he chapel. The loca ion o he en ance on he sou h side o P ahwe ’s omb is no p ac ical in ega d o he access ou e, bu i was undoub edly planned o be as nea as possible o he en ance o Kaisebi’s omb, allowing pe haps he space in on o he en ances o be used as a communal cou ya d (see also abo e) by he dependan s o he omb owne s. These hie a ic insc ip ions on P ahwe ’s omb show ha he e was a need o speci y his omb’s owne ship, pe haps o emphasize ha i was he e whe e he cul place o P ahwe himsel was loca ed. A need o such iden i ica ion migh be ela ed o he posi ion o his chapel deepe inside he omb a he no he n end o he co ido (see abo e and he plan in ig. 2). The e is no e idence o elie s and insc ip ions ha migh ha e once deco a ed he en ance and he chapel, and he young age o he deceased om he majo sha (Sha 2) indica es ha he omb owne migh ha e died p io o inishing he deco a ion o his omb. A he same ime, howe e , he choice o he hie a ic sc ip ins ead o hie oglyphs o he abo e men ioned insc ip ions migh e lec he limi ed means o he omb owne (o his dependan s) bu i also may e lec he di ec ion o hese insc ip ions owa ds he isi o s o he nec opolis ins ead o he di ine sphe e. Po e y analysis o he omb o Kaisebi (AS 76) The explo a ion o he main omb (AS 76) b ough o ligh se e al ce amic con ex s. In he co ido leading o he chapel o Kaisebi, po e y was collec ed om he su ace laye and om he ill, bu he amoun s we e gene ally a he small. The agmen s om he su ace laye s (1.AS76.2015) we e all highly e oded and included a a ie y o pla e s, bee ja s and b ead o ms. The opmos laye o he ill e en con ained a la ge im and body agmen o a Thi d In e media e/La e Pe iod s o age ja made o Ma l D (2-1.AS76.2015), oge he wi h ypical la e Old Kingdom wa e, including ine ja s and bowls. The ill o he chapel (3.AS76.2015) con ained a la ge a ie y o po s, including some o he wise cha ac e is ic ea ly Old Kingdom ypes, such as bowls wi h an inne ledge (Abusi ype B-10; wo examples) and ca ina ed bowls wi h angula shoulde s, la ges diame e a he shoulde and olled im (Abusi ype B-1d; i e examples). These pa icula ypes can be mos likely seen as in usi e om he building ac i i ies ha dis u bed he a ea o he ea ly Old Kingdom neighbou ing s uc u es, mos p ominen ly he anonymous mas aba (AS 54), posi ioned immedia ely no h o he omb o he la ge wooden boa (AS 80) ound sou h o he omb. By a he mos ele an was an example o cul ic po e y, being an almos ully p ese ed s and (Exc. No. 9/AS76/2015), which was unco e ed in si u in on o Kaisebi’s alse doo (see ig. 1 and pl. 1; also Dulíko á – Ji ásko á – A ias Ky na o á 2016: ob . 6). The uppe pa o he s and was b oken and had allen in o he deb is bu was econs uc ed o ull p o ile du ing he analysis. The s and is o a la e da e (possibly he ea ly Six h Dynas y) and is a e y dis inc ype, namely wi h a e y all X-shaped body (maximum heigh o 51.50 cm) wi h highly conical walls. I was no only co e ed wi h a high quali y ed-slip and ho oughly polished bu also plas e ed in hick, i egula laye s (see also A ias 2017: Figs. 4.57 and 5.12–5.13). Po e y unco e ed in si u in he cul ic spaces o he ombs is a he a e, al hough he e a e enough cases o es ablish he main cha ac e is ics. This po e y was usually o high quali y ma e ial, co e ed no only wi h well-polished ed slip bu also, as a ule, coa ed in a hick whi e wash o plas e . I was designa ed o long- e m placemen , unlike he o i e o e ings ha we e b ough in on a egula basis (see also Rzeuska 2006: 513; A ias 2017: 199–203). The bes documen ed is he p esence o all, massi e s ands ha we e posi ioned in on o he alse doo o in on o niches in he co ido chapels. A Abusi , we ha e se e al a es a ions o such a cus om, anging om he Fi h o he end o he Six h Dynas y. The s ands we e o en e y all, wi h a heigh o a ound 50 cm and some imes we e “deco a ed” wi h excised windows. The mos no able examples om Abusi include a ully in ac s and ha was posi ioned on he no h side o he sou he n niche in omb AS 13 (Bá a 2001: 41, Pl. XXIIb), complemen ed by a clea imp in o a la ge s and in on o he no he n niche (Bá a 2001: 41, Pl. XXIb). Ano he documen ed example came om he la e Fi h Dynas y omb o Gegi (AS 7). In his chapel, wo ully in ac , la ge, hou -glass shaped s ands we e ound in si u on each side o he alse doo o he main owne (Bá a 2001: 126, Pl. XLIVb–c). The ceme e y o Giza has also p o ided us wi h a limi ed amoun o simila s ands. In Fi h Dynas y omb G 1457, a all A-shaped ed-slipped and polished s and was THE TOMBS OF KAISEBI (AS 76) AND PTAHWER (AS 76B) PES XIX/2017 19 PES XIX_2017_ epo s_3-89_PES 14.12.17 9:31 S ánka 19 20 PES XIX/2017 THE TOMBS OF KAISEBI (AS 76) AND PTAHWER (AS 76B) Fig. 17 Rep esen a i e essels om h ee main con ex s (Sha s 1, 2 and 3) in ombs AS 76 and AS 76b (d awing K. A ias Ky na o á, L. Vařeko á) PES XIX_2017_ epo s_3-89_PES 14.12.17 9:31 S ánka 20 disco e ed ully in ac in si u in on o he alse doo o Nisu ne e (Reisne – Smi h 1955: Fig. 129, 34-11-9).I addi ionally bo e a e ical hie a ic insc ip ion in black ink.5 An e en la ge s and was p ese ed in omb G 1407. I was ound collapsed on i s side bu o he wise in ac in on o he niche, oge he wi h a limes one o e ing able and a base ha se ed as he suppo o he s and (Reisne – Smi h 1955: Fig. 129, 34-12-3). A Saqqa a Wes , a ully in ac Six h Dynas y s and complemen ed by a bowl was ound in si u in on o he sou he n alse doo in Chapel 11 in he omb o Me e nebe (Rzeuska 2001: 165–167, Pls. 29, 34–36; Rzeuska 2006: Pl. XI, 4). The s and is much smalle han he examples om Abusi , wi h a heigh o only 26 cm and a im diame e o 9.5 cm. I belongs o he common hou -glass shaped s ands (Abusi ype S-1aII, Saqqa a Fo m 216, see Rzeuska 2006: Pl. 152, no. 774). A bell-shaped bowl wi h a modelled im was also ound ully in ac and wi h aces o a whi e subs ance bo h inside and ou side (Rzeuska 2006: Pl. 98, no. 490). In nume ous cases, no only he s ands bu also he alse doo s we e co e ed wi h a hick laye o plas e . In he case o s ands, his was o iginally in e p e ed as imi a ion o limes one ma e ial. Howe e , i is likely ha while he manu ac u e s migh ha e a emp ed o imi a e a mo e p ecious ma e ial, i ual pu i y played an equal, i no bigge , ole. Usually, alse doo s, o e ing ables and walls o chapels we e epea edly whi ewashed du ing cul ic i uals, and some imes i was possible o iden i y nume ous subsequen laye s o plas e (c . Ku aszkiewicz 2002: 59; Rzeuska 2006: 513). The s ands ha we e placed in on o he alse doo we e e y likely pa o he “pe manen ” equipmen o he chapels and we e used o epea ed o e ings, in combina ion wi h open shapes such as bowls (see also Bá a 2001: 127; Rzeuska 2006: 513; A ias 2017: 195–198). In his espec , i mus be no ed ha he ill o Kaisebi’s chapel included a bee ja base (3-14.AS76.2015), used as a con aine o mo a o plas e , ha can be di ec ly associa ed wi h he whi e- washing o he walls o he chapel and he s and. F om he se dab, only e y ew ce amic agmen s we e collec ed, including se e al bee ja s o cha ac e is ic la e Fi h Dynas y shape wi h an o oid body, con ac ed mou h and pa ly poin ed base (Abusi ypes J-1aI and J-1aII), a es ed e.g. in he complex o P incess She e neb y (AS 68), he omb o Ne e inpu (AS 37) and he omb o Kaiem jenene (AS 38; see Vymazalo á e al. 2011; c . A ias 2017: 223–234, Fig. 5.1; A ias Ky na o á 2011: Fig. 15, 9.AS37.2007 and 14.AS37.2007; e c.). The h ee mos no ewo hy inds om he se dab included a agmen o a bowl wi h a simple con ac ed im (Abusi B-4a), analogical e.g. o he ully p ese ed example unco e ed in si u in he bu ial chambe o Ne e min in Sha 2 o omb AS 68a (see A ias 2017: 85–88, Figs. 3.117–3.118). The second was a la ge ine pla e wi h la ing walls, p ese ed o ull p o ile, wi h pa allels ound in la ge numbe s e.g. in di e se con ex s om he omb o P ince We kau e a Abusi Cen e (AC 26; A ias Ky na o á 2014: Figs. 4.82–4.83). The las is a agmen o a e y ine ja made o Ma l A, ha ing a all colla ed neck. Analogical ja s a e e y a e and a es ed in only e y ew cases, hose o which di e om each o he , exhibi ing an ea ly Old Kingdom ce amic adi ion ha con inued in o he la e pe iods (see also A ias Ky na o á – Ji ásko á 2015: 63–64). A ully p ese ed ja wi h a colla ed neck was also ound in he Fi h Dynas y omb o p ies ess Nensedje kai a Giza (G 4631B; Reisne – Smi h 1955: Fig. 101, 14-1-47). Sha 1 o omb AS 76 p o ided us wi h only a hand ul o ele an ce amic agmen s. Some o hem we e o ch onological alue, such as wo sho s ands espec i ely wi h a la lowe im and a simple uppe im ( ype S-5, see ig. 17, nos. 11-2.AS76.2015 and 11-3.AS76.2015), o he wise a es ed in nume ous examples in secu ely da ed con ex s om he la e Fi h Dynas y, such as he sha s o Ne e and Ne e ha ho in AS 68d, he so-called husband in AS 68c and Duap ah and Ne e min in AS 68a (see also A ias Ky na o á 2015: Fig. 3, 77-34.AS68d.2013; A ias 2017: 257; Fig. 5.14). The con ex in Sha 1 also con ained a agmen o a e y ine ca ina ed bowl wi h a all im and angula shoulde s wi h equal im and shoulde diame e , analogical e.g. o he ully p ese ed example om he bu ial chambe o Ne e (Sha 1 in AS 68d, A ias 2017: Fig. 3.260). Besides se e al pla e s and mo e s ands, he sha also con ained a b ead o m p ese ed almos o ull p o ile, exhibi ing a la e Fi h Dynas y ype wi h a ounded base and angula shoulde . This bo e a po ma k on i s ou e walls consis ing o a simple e ical s oke ( ig. 17, 11-1.AS76.2015). No ably, he ill o he sha did no con ain la e Six h Dynas y wa es. On he o he hand, he a eas a ound he omb supe - s uc u e yielded a mix u e o Fi h and Six h Dynas y po e y, wi h a dis inc p esence o ce amic ypes ha a e equi alen o hose ha come om he co e and Sha 3 o he annexe. Among hese, he mos impo an ones we e all and slim bee ja s wi h a sha ply poin ed base (Abusi ype J-1c), p ese ed in di e se con ex s a ound he main omb (8.AS76.2015, 10.AS76.2015). Po e y analysis o he omb o P ahwe (AS 76b) Based on he ce amic analysis, i is o li le doub ha he annexe o P ahwe was buil conside ably la e , du ing he cou se o he Six h Dynas y. Unluckily, he a chaeological si ua ion was e y complica ed, and in some cases, laye s o he co e ill and i s deb is we e di icul o di e en ia e om he des uc ion o he uppe pa o he sha s. The ac emains ha he a ea abo e bo h sha s (4.AS76b.2015) con ained a la ge amoun o ce amic essels ypical o he ea ly eign o Pepy II, as a es ed by pa allels om well-da ed con ex s in he ceme e y o Saqqa a Wes – mos p ominen ly, he al eady men ioned all slende bee ja s wi h a poin ed base (Abusi ype J-1c; see Rzeuska 2006: Table 1, Fo m 10). The same ype (J-1c) also appea s in almos 20 indi idual examples in he ill o Sha 3 (con ex 13.AS76b.2015), in some cases p ese ed o mo e han 3/4o he p o ile. All o hem had all bodies (wi h a maximum p ese ed heigh o 33 cm and an es ima ed ull heigh o a ound 38 cm, see ig. 17, hi d ow), and e y slim maximum body diame e s o only a ound 14 cm. Pa allel essels we e unco e ed e.g. in he ombs o Pehenp ah and Seshemne e a Saqqa a THE TOMBS OF KAISEBI (AS 76) AND PTAHWER (AS 76B) PES XIX/2017 21 PES XIX_2017_ epo s_3-89_PES 14.12.17 9:31 S ánka 21 Wes , da ed by epig aphic e idence o he i s hal o he eign o Pepy II (Rzeuska 2006: Pls. 29–30). A Abusi , wo ully p ese ed examples we e unco e ed in he addi ional Six h Dynas y Sha s 5 and 6 in he ock-cu omb o P incess She e neb y (AS 68c, see A ias 2017: Figs. 3.201 and 3.206), as well as o e 50 essels om se e al sha s in he anonymous ombs AS 84 and AS 84b (ye unpublished). A he same ime, i mus be s essed ha he ill o Sha 3 con ained small agmen s o ea ly Old Kingdom ce amics consis ing o bee ja s wi h a colla im (J-1h, see A ias Ky na o á – Ji ásko á 2015: 61–63, Fig. 7), which undoub edly o igina ed ei he om he anonymous mas aba (AS 54), o he la ge wooden boa (AS 80), whe e hey we e ound in dozens o examples. I is e y likely ha his sha was buil du ing he ea ly eign o Pepy II, due o he la ge p esence o po e y da ing o his pe iod. The in usi e po e y can be in e p e ed as a esul o cleaning o building ac i i ies in he neighbou ing a ea ha was la e used as deb is du ing he illing o he sha . I should be no ed ha he sha also con ained a bee ja base used as a mo a con aine (13-19.AS76b.2015). Acco ding o he ce amic e idence, we can assume ha Sha 2 was used e en sligh ly la e . Howe e , he deb is om he sha (14.AS76b.2015) was again highly mixed and b ough o ligh a a ie y o e y di e en ypes, including some e y agmen ed ea ly Old Kingdom wa es (e.g. bowls wi h an inne ledge and ca ina ed bowls wi h modelled ims and angula shoulde s), Fi h Dynas y po e y (especially deep ben -sided bowls wi h modelled ims, all hou -glass shaped s ands and b ead o ms wi h ounded bases), as well as all bee ja s wi h poin ed bases o he Six h Dynas y. Also in his sha , he e was a essel used as a con aine o mo a ; howe e , in his case i was a b ead o m wi h a be elled im ( o a discussion on epu posed po e y, see also A ias 2017: 173, 178–180). The mos ch onologically ele an ce amic emains we e unco e ed in he bu ial chambe ha is a ibu ed o he o icial, P ahwe , himsel (see also sup a). The chambe was ound dis u bed bu con ained some o i s o iginal omb equipmen , mos no ably ou la ge bee ja s and hei mud s oppe s sca e ed a ound he bu ial (15.AS76b.2015, ig. 12; A ias 2017: 169, Figs. 4.22–4.23). These belong o ype J-1d wi h a all ubula ape ing body and a ounded base (see ig. 17, middle ow and ig. 18), which is mos cha ac e is ic o he second hal o he eign o Pepy II, as a es ed by analogies e.g. om he ombs o Nypepy and lady Khe i a Saqqa a Wes (c . Rzeuska 2006: Pls. 15–17, esp. nos. 27 and 28), al hough i migh ha e also occu ed ea lie du ing he cou se o he Six h Dynas y. The ja s we e a he massi e, wi h heigh s o 34.5–35.5 cm and maximum diame e s o 16–16.5 cm. All ou we e illed wi h Nile mud i ually ep esen ing bee o he a e li e o he deceased and we e o iginally sealed wi h mud s oppe s, which we e able o be econs uc ed o ull p o iles om hei agmen s ( ig. 19, c . A ias 2017: Figs. 4.24–4.26). The p esence o bee ja s ins ead o ine s o age ja s, as well as he lack o any o he ine po e y (mos no ably bowls) can be ei he indica i e o he lowe social s a us o P ahwe o he ac ha his bu ial chambe was ho oughly obbed. An h opological analysis o skele ons om ombs o Kaisebi and P ahwe In he omb complex o Kaisebi and P ahwe , wo human skele ons we e ound. A g acile skele on was unco e ed (50/AS76/2015) a he bo om o Sha 1 o he o iginal mas aba, AS 76 (abo e-men ioned). Bo h skull and pos c anial skele on we e poo ly p ese ed. Almos all bones including c anial and pel ic bones we e agmen ed, which complica ed an es ima ion o sex and age-a -dea h. Thus, eg e ably, i is only possible o s a e ha his skele on belonged o an adul indi idual, acco ding o he den al a i ion o he p ese ed ee h p obably olde han 40 yea s (Lo ejoy 1985). Some ma ke s on he c anial bones e e mo e p obably o emale han male. No 22 PES XIX/2017 THE TOMBS OF KAISEBI (AS 76) AND PTAHWER (AS 76B) Fig. 18 Th ee o he all bee ja s wi h ubula ape ing bodies and ounded bases, unco e ed in he bu ial chambe o Sha 2 in omb AS 76b. F om he le , ja s 15-6.AS76b.2015, 15-7.AS76b.2015 and 15-8.AS76b.2015 (pho os K. A ias Ky na o á) PES XIX_2017_ epo s_3-89_PES 14.12.17 9:32 S ánka 22 comple e long bones we e p ese ed; he e o e, e en an es ima ion o s a u e was no possible o s a e. This skele on does no exhibi any degene a i e changes o e en pa hological condi ions. The second human bu ial (60/AS76b/2015_a) was ound in Sha 2 o he annexe o AS 76. The bu ial chambe was dis u bed and he o iginal posi ion o he skele on was inde e mina e. The body was e y p obably o iginally placed in a wooden co in. An almos comple e skele on was p ese ed; only he skull was pa ially damaged, and he igh acial pa and mandible we e missing. Acco ding o an an h opological analysis mainly based on pel ic bones (B ůžek 2002; Mu ail e al. 2005; Lo ejoy e al. 1985; Schmi 2005), he skele on belonged o a male who died be ween 20 and 25 yea s. The man was app oxima ely 164 cm all (Rax e e al. 2008). Se e al pa hologies we e disce nible on he skele on. A comp ession ac u e o he p oximal end o he adius ( adial head) as well as a ac u e o wo ibs, which we e coalesced, indica es some auma ic expe ience. Degene a i e changes o he join s a e mainly connec ed wi h ad anced age. Conside ing he young age o P ahwe (see Discussion), he degene a i e changes obse ed a he le scapula (ac omiocla icula join ), bo h na icula bones a he ins ep o a he ou h ho acic e eb a, a e p obably connec ed wi h some kind o physical s ess o habi ual ac i i y. On he o he hand, he i s wo ho acic e eb ae we e coalesced mainly a he do sal and le pa s o he bodies, in e e eb al space was p ese ed and he e eb al a ches we e no used. All hese condi ions show ha he deceased had a congeni al diso de . Ne e heless, an x- ay examina ion is necessa y in o de o p o e he pas exis ence o his skele al mal o ma ion. Discussion The wo ombs, AS 76 and AS 76b, a e a chi ec u ally closely connec ed. Thei a chi ec u e and posi ion aises many ques ions abou hei owne s and hei ela ionship. Kaisebi’s o iginal mas aba s e ched o e an a ea o 89.25 m2. O he holde s o he i le cmcw hAy (n) zAb bu ied a Abusi du ing he Fi h Dynas y buil la ge ombs: Kaape Junio (AS 61) 119.49 m2and Ne e inpu (AS 37) 169.10 m2(Bá a e al. 2014). Obse ing he sa elli e image, we can su mise ha Kaisebi, espec ing olde s uc u es, was limi ed on space o he cons uc ion o his omb. The mas aba o Kaisebi was a he small in size, and also he bu ial sha s can be conside ed unequi alen o he deco a ed chapel wi h a beau i ul alse doo , which by i sel seems o co espond wi h he s a us o he omb owne . Simila ombs om he la e pa o he Fi h Dynas y usually ha e he main bu ial sha descending o a mo e o less spacious bu ial chambe . Con a ily, Sha s 1 and 4 we e e y shallow and modes , wi h no chambe s a hei ends, and he e was no bu ial equipmen a all. The bu ial apa men s da ed o he same ime as Kaisebi’s and belonging o owne s wi h a simila s a us usually con ained canopic ja s, se s o model essels, se s o model coppe ins umen s and ce amic bee ja s o wine ampho ae and bowls (e.g. Sha 1 in he mas aba o Ne e inpu (AS 37), Bá a e al. 2014). Due o his disc epancy, he e was ano he a emp o ind he main bu ial place, he chambe o Kaisebi. The only a ailable place was be ween he chapel and Sha 1, bu no aces o ano he sha opening we e de ec ed. Sha 4, which seems o be un inished, shall be excluded. Only Sha 1 is le o conside , bu he e is a p obabili y ha he bones collec ed he e belonged o a emale, pe haps o he wi e o he omb owne . The alse doo men ions only Kaisebi, and a male wooden s a ue was o iginally placed in he se dab. I is highly imp obable ha he was bu ied elsewhe e. Mo eo e , he no he n niche si ua ed in he co ido o AS 76 was p obably he o e ing place o Sha 1, and he chapel should ha e had i s own bu ial chambe si ua ed below i s loo , accessible h ough a sha o he no h o i . The omb o P ahwe (AS 76b) was a ached o ha o Kaisebi, and hey sha ed a single co ido as he only access o bo h s uc u es. In his espec , he e mus ha e been a ela ionship be ween bo h men. Mo eo e , i seems ha P ahwe migh ha e held he same i le connec ed wi h THE TOMBS OF KAISEBI (AS 76) AND PTAHWER (AS 76B) PES XIX/2017 23 Fig. 19 Mud s oppe s belonging o bee ja s om he bu ial chambe o Sha 2 in omb AS 76b (pho o K. A ias Ky na o á) PES XIX_2017_ epo s_3-89_PES 14.12.17 9:32 S ánka 23 legal ma e s as Kaisebi. Resea ch on wo king ac i i ies in he Old Kingdom shows a g owing end om he mid-Fi h Dynas y o he ans e s o pos s o unc ions wi hin amilies (Dulíko á 2016: 71–134). The e o e, one would expec hem o be a he and son. I his was so, P ahwe could ha e buil wo sha s in he annexe o himsel and his a he , who migh no ha e inished his own bu ial place. The deco a ion o his chapel poin s o he unexpec ed and ea ly dea h o Kaisebi. The en ance co ido is execu ed in low elie , whe eas he inside is only pain ed, as i i was necessa y o inish he deco a ion quickly. The owne o Sha 3 is no known, since he e we e no bones ound a he bo om. The o he bu ial o AS 76b, in Sha 2, belonged o an adul male. Conce ning he hie a ic insc ip ions in AS 76b, he bu ial chambe o Sha 2 was p epa ed o P ahwe , whose well-being in he a e li e was main ained in he only chapel o AS 76b. Howe e , he e is an obs acle o he a he and son in e p e a ion, again, and ha is he da ing o he po e y in Sha s 2 and 3 o he eign o Pepy II. The chapel o Kaisebi was da ed acco ding o o he pa allels o he la e pa o he Fi h Dynas y, which is oo a om he eign o Pepy II, and so i is imp obable ha he wo men we e a he and son. Ne e heless, al hough se e al gene a ions a e be ween hem, he kinship be ween hese wo indi iduals canno be excluded. The bu ial place o Kaisebi hus emains unknown and may come o ligh wi h u u e esea ch in he ye unexca a ed immedia e neighbou hood o AS 76. Addendum: The s udy was compiled wi hin he amewo k o he Cha les Uni e si y P og ess p ojec Q11 Complexi y and esilience. Ancien Egyp ian ci ilisa ion in mul idisciplina y and mul icul u al pe spec i e, and was inancially sup- po ed by he Minis y o Cul u e o he Czech Republic (DKRVO 2017/19, Na ional Museum, 00023272). No es: 1The membe s o he eam aking pa in he exca a ion, documen a ion, analyses o inds and p ese a ion o Kaisebi’s and P ahwe ’s ombs: chie o he mission Mi osla Bá a, Egyp ologis s and a chaeologis s Ve onika Dulíko á, Lucie Ji ásko á, Mohamed Megahed, Ma in Odle , Ma ie Pe e ko á Hloucho á, Jan Tu ek and Hana Vymazalo á, ce amologis Ka a ína A ias Ky na o á, su eyo Vladimí B ůna, conse a o Ma in D ořák, an h opologis s Šá ka Bejdo á, Hana Píšo á and Pe Velemínský, zoologis Zdeňka Sů o á and bo anis Jan No ák. Ou hanks belong o all eam membe s and also o Egyp ian colleagues, inspec o s o he Minis y o S a e o An iqui ies: Tame Ragab Abdalla, Mahmoud Shaban, Sayed Shibl and Emad Fa ouk. 2h p://www.gizapy amids.o g/ iew/objec s/asi em/Si eFinds@1456/ 0? :s a e: low=d3c2533b-bdee-4074-8b25-ae411339224b. 3A da abase o o icials p edominan ly bu ied wi hin he Memphi e ceme e y du ing he Old Kingdom, he Maa -base comp ising da a on abou 3,700 indi iduals, was launched in 2006 by Ve onika Dulíko á and has been unning con inuously since. The Maa -base spans he Thi d o he Eigh h Dynas ies. 4Ye unpublished omb, he a chi e o he Czech Ins i u e o Egyp ology, Exc. No. 14-1/ASW/2007. Fo he ce amic epo , see A ias Ky na o á (2011). 5Fo de ailed iews o he s and and insc ip ion, see no. 34-11-9 in www.gizapy amids.o g. Bibliog aphy: El Awady, Ta ek 2009 Sahu e – The Py amid Causeway. 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S eindo , Geo g – Hölsche , U o 1991 Die Mas abas wes lich de Cheopspy amide. Tl. 2., h sg. und bea bei e on Al ed G imm, F ank u am Main: Lang [Muen- chene Aegyp ologische Un e suchungen 2]. S udwick, Nigel C. 1985 The Adminis a ion o Egyp in he Old Kingdom. The Highes Ti les and Thei Holde s, London: Kegan Paul In e na ional [S udies in Egyp ology]. Ve ne , Mi osla 1992 Baug a i i de P ahschepses-Mas aba, P ague: Cha les Uni e si y in P ague [Abusi II]. Ve ne , Mi osla – Callende , Vi ienne Gae 2002 Djedka e Family Ceme e y, P ague: Cha les Uni e si y in P ague – Se Ou [Abusi VI]. Vymazalo á, Hana 2010 “Builde s’ insc ip ions in he omb o Iyme y”, in: Bá a, Mi osla – Coppens, Filip – Vymazalo á, Hana e al. Tomb o He epi (AS 20), Tombs AS 33–35 and AS 50–53, P ague: Cha les Uni e si y in P ague [Abusi XIX], pp. 201–204. 2014 “Hie a ic insc ip ions on he mason y o he mas aba”, in: Bá a, Mi osla e al. The Tomb o he Sun P ies Ne e inpu (AS 37), P ague: Cha les Uni e si y in P ague [Abusi XXIII], pp. 72–80. o hcoming “Hie a ic insc ip ions in he Old Kingdom ombs a Abusi ”, in: Ve hoe en, U sula – S enja, Gülden (eds.). Ägyp ologische Binsen-weishei en III. Fo men und Funk ionen de Edi ion und Paläog aphie on al ägyp ischen Ku si sch i en, Mainz. Vymazalo á, Hana e al. 2011 The omb o Kaiem jenene (AS 38) and he su ounding s uc u es (AS 57–60), P ague: Cha les Uni e si y in P ague, Facul y o A s [Abusi XXII]. In e ne esou ces: h p://www.gizapy amids.o g Abs ac : The exca a ions a Abusi Sou h ha e al eady unco e ed many ombs ha ha e added aluable in o ma ion o he gene al knowledge o he de elopmen o he Old Kingdom socie y, i s bu ial and une al habi s, and las bu no leas social ela ions and hei impac on he li es o ancien Egyp ian o icials. One o he la es disco e ies is he omb o “ he elde o he judicial hall”, Kaisebi (AS 76), and he adjoining omb o P ahwe (AS 76b), which a e loca ed o he sou h o he anonymous mas aba (AS 54), lying on he mos p ominen spo o he whole Abusi Sou h a ea. Kaisebi and P ahwe buil hei ombs be ween his huge mas aba (AS 54) and a ecen ly disco e ed 18.5 m long ship, bo h da ed o he end o he Thi d Dynas y. Tomb AS 76 was cons uc ed in wo phases in he cou se o he la e Fi h and Six h Dynas ies. The i s one consis ed o a a he small ec angula mas aba wi h a chapel, a no he n niche, a se dab, and wo sha s. The c uci o m chapel o Kaisebi’s mas aba wi h colou ul wall pain ings con ains a well-p ese ed alse doo in si u. La e on, he o iginal s uc u e was enla ged by an annexe (AS 76b) a ached o he eas e n wall o AS 76, which included ano he o e ing place and wo bu ial sha s. Abusi Sou h – Old Kingdom – mas aba – alse doo – hie a ic insc ip ion – po e y – Fi h Dynas y – Six h Dynas y Ve onika Dulíko á ( e onika.duliko a@ .cuni.cz) Czech Ins i u e o Egyp ology, Facul y o A s, Cha les Uni e si y Lucie Ji ásko á (lucie.ji asko a@ .cuni.cz) Czech Ins i u e o Egyp ology, Facul y o A s, Cha les Uni e si y Hana Vymazalo á (hana. ymazalo a@ .cuni.cz) Czech Ins i u e o Egyp ology, Facul y o A s, Cha les Uni e si y Ka a ína A ias Ky na o á (ka a ina.a ias@ .cuni.cz) Czech Ins i u e o Egyp ology, Facul y o A s, Cha les Uni e si y Pe a Ha elko á (pe a_ha elko [email p o ec ed]) Depa men o An h opology, Na ional Museum in P ague 26 PES XIX/2017 THE TOMBS OF KAISEBI (AS 76) AND PTAHWER (AS 76B) PES XIX_2017_ epo s_3-89_PES 14.12.17 9:32 S ánka 26