Presentational capacity of English transitive verbs: On some semantic and FSP aspects of SEIZE

P esen a ional capaci y o English ansi i e e bs: On some seman ic and FSP aspec s o SEIZE Ma in Adam (B no) ABSTRACT E en hough anumbe o e bs, owing o hei syn ac ic-seman ic cha ac e is ics, end o ope a e p ima ily in P esen a ion o Quali y Scales espec i ely, mos e bs gene ally appea o be capable o ac ing wi hin bo h he scales. In au hen ic communica ion, he sen ence pe spec i e is de e - mined by a ious c i e ia: apa om he ela i e “weigh iness” o he pos e bal modi ica ion, i is especially he con ex -independence o he subjec along wi h he p esen a ional capaci y o he e b ha plays ac ucial ole. This pape se s ou o explo e he syn ac ic and seman ic quali ies o he ansi i e e b seize. Making use o wo la ge co po a, he p oposed case s udy ies o delimi unde wha condi ions seize ends o ope a e in one o he wo dynamic seman ic scales. Model sen- ences a e con as ed in e ms o hei p esen a ional/quali a i e ea u es wi h special ega d o he phenomenon o subjec — e b seman ic a ini y. KEYWORDS FSP, p esen a ion, quali y, e b, ansi i e DOI h ps://doi.o g/10.14712/18059635.2019.2.4 1. OPENING REMARKS D awing on Fi bas’s insigh ul obse a ions (e.g. Fi bas 1975: 45–70; 1992: 41–65, 77 ; 1995: 5–8), ecen esea ch in o he heo y o unc ional sen ence pe spec i e (FSP) has demons a ed ha he syn ac ic-seman ic cha ac e is ics o he English ansi- ional1 e b play ac ucial ole wi hin he o e all sen ence pe spec i e (e.g. Duško á 2008: 67–77; 2015: 256–68; Chamonikolaso á 2010: 86–93; Adam 2013: 51–53, 157 ; 2014: 179–194; 2016: 9–15; Chamonikolaso á e al. 2015: 9–18). In he amewo k o he heo y o FSP, sen ences implemen ei he P esen a ion o Quali y Scale (summa ized e.g. in Fi bas 1992: 66–69); i ollows ha — unde a ou able condi ions— mos e bs gen- e ally appea o be capable o ac ing wi hin bo h he dynamic seman ic scales. How- e e , i has become clea ha ce ain e bs end o ope a e in one o he scales, mainly hanks o hei syn ac ic and seman ic p ope ies (e.g. he e b ca ego ies ela ed o ansi i i y, complemen a ion, e c.). Thus, o ins ance, e bs o exis ence and appea - ance mani es an ob ious inclina ion owa ds p esen a ion, while o he s, such as e bs o mo ion, appea o be capable o ac ing wi hin bo h he scales depending on hei syn ac ic seman ic con igu a ion. Inciden ally, i is he e o e mo e p ecise o speak 1 Unlike he e m “ ansi i e” used in connec ion o he ansi i e cha ac e o he e b (syn ac ic alency) elsewhe e in he ex , he e m “ ansi ional” e e s o he FSP concep o he ansi ion (i.e. he ansi ional uni ope a ing be ween he heme and he heme). MARTIN ADAM 179 o “ e bs in p esen a ion o quali y use” a he han o he simpli ying dis inc ion o pu ely p esen a ion o quali y e bs. T ansi ional e bs o ei he cha ac e ac , as i we e, as “pi o pins” a ound which he emaining sen ence elemen s a e a anged, hus gi ing he communica i e uni one o he wo pe spec i es (Adam 2013: 162–165). Ap ly elabo a ing on he amous appea ance o he wo- aced Ancien Roman god named Janus (Adam 2016: 8–9), he god o ansi ions (ga es, doo s, passages e c.), who was able o look bo h o he pas and o he u u e, Fi bas (1992: 91) s esses he ansi ional e b’s “capabili y o poin in wo di ec ions— in ha o he Th and in ha o he Rh— and simul aneously o link he Th and he non-Th”; his special cha ac e , in Fi bas’s opinion, places he ansi ional e b in he cen e o he sen ence, which “se es bo h as a ield o syn ac ic ela ions and as a ield o FSP ela ions” (ibid.). Such a wo-sided cha ac e o he ansi ional e b may also be eadily obse ed in he a ea o he sen ence pe spec i e as such, in i s essen ial communica i e o ien a- ion: whe eas he ypically ansi ional e b ep esen s he solid cen e o he sen- ence (hence he “pi o pin” idea in Adam 2016: 8), he heme and he heme ake di e en posi ions unde gi en ci cums ances (FSP ac o s), al e ing he wo sphe es. The cu en esea ch indings ha e shown ha he mos p omising s ep a his poin is he case analysis o indi idual e bs ha appea in bo h he scales wi hin he co po a unde examina ion. I is belie ed ha in es iga ing hei syn ac ic-seman ic p ope ies in con ex may shed ligh no only on po en ial common denomina o s bu also on unc ional di e ences. 2. RESEARCH TOPIC, METHOD AND CORPUS The p esen pape o e s aco pus-based analysis he aim o which is o examine he syn ac ic and seman ic quali ies o he e b seize in di e en FSP con ex s, indica - ing unde wha condi ions i ends o ope a e in one o he wo dynamic seman ic scales. (seize was epea edly iden i ied as one o hose e bs ha can appea in bo h dynamic seman ic scales; see e.g. Adam 2013: 97–105; 2016: 7–9, 14 .) I is necessa y o no e ha he e b seize, ob iously in line wi h i s ansi i i y, displays a aceable inclina ion o occu p edominan ly in he Quali y Scale; i s ope a ion in p esen a i e con ex s is he e o e o pa amoun impo ance since i can adumb a e he sub le p o- cesses and ac o s ha de e mine he pe spec i e o he sen ence in he gi en syn- ac ic and seman ic coo dina es. Ano he ela ed aspec ha has p o ed o play asig- ni ican ole in he complex phenomenon o sen ence pe spec i e is he SV seman ic a ini y; he poin is ha ansi i e e bs a e, by na u e, p o o ypically p edisposed o ope a e wi hin he Quali y Scale and hei la en p esen a ion po en ial can be ig- ge ed by hei seman ic a ini y wi h he subjec (see e.g. Fi bas 1992: 60–61; S oboda 2005: 225 ; Duško á 1999: 247 ; 2008: 72–73; Adam 2013: 109–131). To sum up, he co pus-based con as i e analysis ca ied ou in he scope o he p esen s udy should p o ide an answe o he ollowing esea ch ques ion: Wha , in e ms o i s syn ac ic-seman ic cha ac e is ics, p edisposes he English ansi ional e b seize o se e in he P esen a ion and Quali y Scales espec i ely? Acon as i e analysis o one e b capable o ope a ing in wo dis inc sen ence pe spec i es seems 180 LINGUISTICA PRAGENSIA 2/2019 o be an auspicious s ide in depic ing he dis inc i e ea u es o he e b’s endency o ope a e in he P esen a ion and/o Quali y Scale sen ences. Due o he cu en absence o a agged English FSP-o ien ed co pus and o he sake o as a is ically ele an size o he co pus (c . Chamonikolaso á e al. 2015: 9–18), model sen ences, ex ac ed om he B i ish Na ional Co pus (hence o wa d BNC) h ough he Ske ch Engine conco dance as well as he English-Czech pa al- lel co pus In e Co p (abb e ia ed he ea e IC), will be con as ed and discussed in e ms o hei p esen a ional/quali a i e ea u es. The sample sen ences we e se- lec ed andomly om he co pus-d i en da a. Mo e speci ically, i s ly all sen ences ea u ing he e b lemma “seize” we e ex ac ed elec onically i espec i e o he FSP s uc u e o he sen ences. The sea ch was ca ied ou in o de o ecei e acomple e lis o such sen ences; ne e heless, o make he co pus selec ion s a is ically ep e- sen a i e as well as manageable in e ms o he con as i e analysis he esul s we e hen hinned a andom o 2,500 i ems in bo h he sub-co po a (5,000 in o al), which hen cons i u e he esea ch sample. Fo he pu poses o he FSP analysis, indi idual dis ibu ional ields we e asc ibed co esponding dynamic seman ic unc ions and p esen ed in ag aphically simpli ied cha ( he numbe o he oken in he elec onic co pus, he p e e bal sec ion— he dynamic seman ic unc ions o he Phenomenon (Ph) o he Bea e o Quali y (B) depending on he ype o scale, he ansi ional e b— unc ioning as P esen a ion (P ) o Quali y (Q), and inally, he pos e bal sec ion ea u ing he Se ing (Se ) o Speci ica ion (Sp) espec i ely (Fi bas 1992: 66 ; c . Chamonikolaso á and Adam 2005: 59–69; Chamonikolaso á 2010: 86–94). Apa om he numbe o he hi in he i s column, he able displays he sen ence con aining he que y lemma (i.e. seize), a ound which he es o he ex is cen ally spli up, hus p o iding he necessa y con ex . I needed, he con ex a ailable may be easily expanded in he elec onic on- line e sion. Below, in Table 1, is asample demons a ion o he co po a ( he hema ic elemen s a e in bold p in ): Ph / B P / Q Se / Sp BNC2484 in o he os -gleamed blue o he nigh . An idea seized he . Fo he li e’s sake Chesa yn h u ned BNC218 Rioms. In Ap il 1295, howe e , he F ench seized he own a e a io among he English oops. BNC224 og was hinne ou he e. Sud- denly acoughing i seized him, and as ab o agony lanced h ough Table 1.Co pus sample The FSP analysis i sel had o be execu ed manually. As ega ds i s s a is ical esul s, he sen ences which implemen he P esen a ion Scale amoun o ame e 1.28 pe cen (64 i ems ou o 5,000 in o al); his inding is associa ed wi h he e b’s ansi i i y— and, consequen ly, wi h i s na u al inclina ion o ope a e in he Quali y Scale. The e- maining communica i e ields a e logically ep esen ed by Quali y Scale sen ences (98.72 pe cen )— o de ails see Table 2 below: MARTIN ADAM 181 Co pus Seize ( o al) Seize in P Scale Seize in Q Scale BNC 2,500 27 1.08% 2,473 98.92% In e Co p 2,500 37 1.48% 2,463 98.52% To al 5,000 64 1.28% 4,936 98.72% Table 2.Co pus indings 3. PRESENTATION VS QUALITY The ela i ely indis inc bo de line be ween he P esen a ion and Quali y Scales has aised anumbe o ques ions in ecen FSP esea ch (Fi bas 1999: 305–317; Duško á 1999: 249–262; 2015: 202–208, 256–268; S oboda 2005: 225–230; 2006: 215–220; Cham- onikolaso á and Adam 2005: 59–69; Chamonikolaso á 2010: 86–93; Adam 2013: 157–165; 2016: 10–18; D ápela 2012: 43–49; Roh aue 2015: 148 , 162–164; B ůho á and Malá 2017: 19–38). Wha e e he main issues, all he au ho s, as ama e o ac , ul i- ma ely a emp o sol e in icacies associa ed wi h FSP in e p e a ion, and he qual- i y s p esen a ion scale dis inc ion in pa icula . In his espec , pe haps he mos oublesome con igu a ion o he heme- heme s uc u e is posed by sen ences ha a e po en ially capable o bo h ap esen a ion and quali a i e in e p e a ion, iz. communica i e uni s ea u ing an ini ial hema ic subjec (e.g., Panic seized me). De- i ing om he in e play o all he FSP ac o s in ol ed ( iz. con ex , linea modi- ica ion and seman ics in w i en discou se, accompanied by in ona ion in spoken discou se) he sen ence pe spec i e hen e lec s he dis ibu ion o he deg ees o communica i e dynamism. C . he wo possible FSP in e p e a ions o iden ical syn- ac ic s uc u es below (indi idual uni s display he basic Rh-T -Th s uc u e and a e asc ibed co esponding dynamic seman ic unc ions; he hema ic uni s a e p e- sen ed in bold): (1) Panic (Rh | Ph) seized (T | P ) me (Th | Se ). P esen a ion Scale (2) Panic (Th | B) seized (T | Q) me (Rh | Sp). Quali y Scale In example (1) he second mos ecu ing sub ype o p esen a ion sen ence pa e n, iz. ha wi h a hema ic subjec in he ini ial, i.e. p e e bal posi ion, is exempli ied. Such acon igu a ion is pe cei ed as he p o o ypical, canonical ype o p esen a ion (Duško á e al. 1988: 62, 531–532). In i , he ini ial sen ence elemen is ep esen ed by acon ex -independen subjec , which is only hen ollowed (in conco d wi h he e- qui emen s o he English wo d o de p inciples) by he e b exp essing exis ence o appea ance on he scene (c . Duško á 1999: 248–250); he sen ence may also open wi h ascene-se ing empo al o spa ial hema ic ad e bial, he posi ion o which is a he ola ile. As a esul , he end- ocus p inciple is no applied. I should be no ed, howe e , ha sen ences wi h a hema ic subjec in ap e e bal posi ion a e, as a ule, conside ed unma ked by na i e speake s o English. Example (2), pe haps somewha a i icial, ye con ex ually plausible, p esen s asen ence ha implemen s he Quali y Scale: unde he ci cums ances, he con ex - dependen subjec (Panic) se es as aBea e o Quali y and is elabo a ed by he mos 182 LINGUISTICA PRAGENSIA 2/2019 dynamic elemen o he communica i e uni ( heme), i.e. he Speci ica ion (me), he possible con ex being pe haps acon as be ween he speake and ano he pe son (…me, no him, e c.). As men ioned abo e, seize ep esen s a ansi i e e b and so p o o ypically ope a es in he Quali y Scale. In ex. (2), some hing new, decon ex ual- ized is said abou he subjec , and so he highes deg ee o communica i e dynamism is ca ied by he di ec objec (me). Ye , i mus be no ed ha i is sen ence (1) ha is ex ac ed as an au hen ic piece o language om he co pus, no example (2), which has been modelled o he sake o compa ison only. Gene ally speaking, he English e b can ope a e in he P esen a- ion Scale i i “exp esses he exis ence o appea ance on he scene explici ly o wi h su icien implici ness” (Fi bas 1995: 65; c . Adam 2013: 107–115). Whe eas he explici p esen a i e e bs ep esen a ela i ely homogeneous se ypically ec ui ed e.g. om he e b classes o he e bs o exis ence/appea ance on he scene, e bs o emission, e bs o c ea ion, e bs o mo ion and he like (Adam 2013: 115–116, 160, 164; o a ine-g ained classi ica ion o e bs see also Le in 1993: 250 ), he e bs ha exp ess p esen a ion implici ly a e seman ically much mo e a ied. As men ioned abo e, he common denomina o ha is capable o enhancing hei p esen a i e po- en ial is he seman ic a ini y be ween he con ex independen subjec and he p esen a i e e b (Fi bas 1992: 60–62; S oboda 2005: 224 ; Duško á 1999: 248 ; Adam 2011: 23–30; D ápela 2012: 43–49). Such SV seman ic a ini y is ypically obse ed in he ields o na u al/supe na u al phenomena, auna and lo a, senso y ac ions, in- he en quali ies o inanima e objec s, e c. (Adam 2013: 109–116, 121 ). C . example (3) below:2 (3) Soon (Th | Se ), wo cups o ea (Rh | Ph) we e s eaming (T | P ) on he able (Th | Se ). The e bal ac ion is so seman ically inhe en o he subjec (cups o ea— s eaming) ha i is he subjec ha akes o e he communica i e p ominence a he expense o powe o he e bal con en (c . Adam 2013: 113–115; 2016: 7–18). The s a ic seman ics o he e b— e en i exp essing aspeci ic ype o ac ion— is educed o ha o p e- sen a ion; in o he wo ds, he seman ic con en o he e bal elemen is so na u al o he agen employed ha he ull e b se es o deno e a o m o exis ence o appea - ance on he scene. 2 O he sub ypes o SV seman ic a ini y may be illus a ed by he ollowing examples ex- ac ed om Adam 2013: 146 ( he hema ic subjec is in bold, he ansi ional e b is un- de lined, and he so o a ini y is speci ied in he pa en heses): Ada k spide y shadow lashed ac oss he ga dens on he hillside. (senso y e ec s— isual, acous ic, ol ac o y, e c.); Aghos o asmile ho e ed on M s Swallow’s lips. ( acial exp essions and bodily eelings); Aligh b eeze sp ang up. (na u al and supe na u al phenomena); Abi d suddenly chi ped om he b anch o a ee. ( auna and lo a), e c. MARTIN ADAM 183 4. ANALYSIS AND DISCUSSION As cla i ied a he beginning o he p esen pape , he cu en esea ch is in en ion- ally ocused on he condi ions and ci cums ances ha make i possible o a ansi i e e b o ope a e wi hin he P esen a ion Scale, iz. he e b seize. The analysis below will hus compa e and con as au hen ic sen ences wi h seize ha we e de ec ed in bo h he dynamic seman ic scales: he p esen a ion and Quali y Scales espec i ely. Special a en ion will be paid bo h o hei syn ac ic cha ac e is ics and o he po en- ial ole o SV seman ic a ini y. Table (3) below ea u es a andomized selec ion o he co pus hi s (no acomple e lis ) in which he sen ences implemen he P esen a ion Scale ( o he sake o anspa - ency, he hema ic Phenomena— he con ex -independen subjec s— a e in bold): Co pus Ph P Se BNC2116 Asudden ea seized him: (…) BNC2324 Awa e o panic seized he . BNC2381 Ag ea longing o Toby seized me. BNC2484 …, an idea seized he . BNC224 …, acoughing i seized him, (…) BNC1453 …, ano he spasm seized him. BNC1705 Such adespai seized him. BNC1962 Ala m seized he . BNC2090 …, asudden, ho wa e o panic seized he . IC24 Aghas ly s age- igh seized him. IC25 Te o seized me. IC26 A emp a ion seized him. IC30 A ouch o hys e ia seized he . IC31 An impulse o gene osi y seized him. Table 3.Seize: P -scale co pus examples I is ob ious ha all he hi s gi en in Table 3 a e ma ked by apeculia syn ac ic s uc- u e: he e bs a e ansi i e, ye he di ec objec s do no pe o m he dynamic se- man ic unc ion o Speci ica ion (which would be heo e ically assumable), bu ha o aSe ing. Fu he mo e, all hese Se ings a e in a iably ealized as single-wo d pe sonal p onouns (him, he ); such s iking conciseness o he pos e bal sec ion de - ini ely has o do wi h he sen ence pe spec i e. The poin is ha i is he con ex -in- dependen subjec s ha ca y he highes deg ee o communica i e dynamism. Con- sequen ly, he sen ences a e pe spec i ed owa ds hei subjec s and implemen he P esen a ion Scale. As has been ecalled abo e, esea ch has con incingly indica ed ha in p esen a ion sen ences wi h hema ic p e e bal subjec s i is o en he seman ic a ini y be ween he subjec and he e b ha plays ac ucial, i no decisi e, ole in he sen ence pe spec i e (Adam 2013: 118 ; 2014; c . Duško á 2015: 267–8). Simila ly he e, he subjec s a e unan- 184 LINGUISTICA PRAGENSIA 2/2019 imously ep esen ed by ela i ely s ong men al, physical and spi i ual phenomena ha a e ela ed o human body and mind, bo h posi i e and nega i e: panic, hough , idea, demon, c amp, and he like. In o he wo ds, “seizing somebody o some hing” is he modus i endi o hese en i ies and so hey can implici ly exp ess exis ence on he scene. I seems ha i is he SVseman ic a ini y ha made i possible o he ansi i e e b seize o p esen aphenomenon on he scene; wi hou he ob ious a ini y, he sen ences would be in e p e ed as hose implemen ing he Quali y Scale. In he sample sen ences in Table 3, he ac ion is ob iously so seman ically inhe - en o he subjec s (i.e. so s ongly subjec - ela ed) ha i is he subjec ha akes o e he communica i e p ominence a he expense o powe o he e bal con en . The s a ic seman ics o he e b seize hen— e en i exp essing aspeci ic ype o ac ion— is educed o ha o p esen a ion. In o he wo ds, he seman ic con en o he e bal elemen is so na u al o he agen s employed ha he ull e b se es o deno e a o m o exis ence o appea ance on he scene in an implici way (c . he Fi - basian concep o implici exp ession o exis ence/appea ance, especially in Fi bas 1992: 88–89; 1995: 65). I ollows ha he e b ha ope a es in seman ic a ini y wi h i s subjec seman ically suppo s he cha ac e o he subjec : one may eadily say ha seizing is an inb ed way o exis ence, o a he appea ance, o coming diseases, bodily symp oms, men al o spi i ual seizu es, e c. Table 4 below o e s a ull, exhaus i e enume a ion o all he con ex independen phenomena aced in he co pus ha a e p esen ed on he scene h ough he e b seize. In he able, he indi idual hema ic subjec s a e classi ied in o se e al ca ego- ies in e ms o hei lexical seman ics (i he i em appea ed mo e han once in he co pus, i s occu ence in gi en in he pa en heses): Seman ic ield Rh (Phenomena) P - e b ea panic (8x), e o (6x), ea (4x), despai (3x), g ie (2x), anxie y (2x), ala m, es lessness, sel -pi y, ago aphobia, aghas ly s age- igh , a eeling o s inging melancholy, ablack age, a ouch o hys e ia seize desi e desi e (2x), longing, loa hing ambi ion, emp a ion, a eckless da ing physiological p ocess acoughing i / abou o coughing (2x), spasm, shudde s, e e , adeadly nausea, climax men al p ocess idea (3x), hough , madness, eligious mania spi i ual powe demon, e il spi i body apai o hands, se e al pai s o s ong g ey hands, ho small inge s, ag ip s onge and colde han i on Table 4.Seman ic ields o he Phenomena p esen ed by seize Ob iously, all he con ex -independen hema ic subjec s ou lined in Table 4 abo e epo as iking seman ic a ini y wi h he e b seize. Thei common seman ic de- nomina o can be asc ibed alabel o “human, s ong, p e ailingly nega i e physical and men al p ocesses”, wi h ea being by a he mos equen seman ic ield. Admi - MARTIN ADAM 185 edly, e en hough i is possible o classi y he indi idual Phenomena in o anumbe o seman ic ca ego ies, hese may a imes o e lap; inciden ally, his obse a ion also es i ies o he o e all high deg ee o seman ic a ini y wi h he e b. I ollows ha such SV a ini y hus cons i u es one o he i al ea u es ha enhance, i no de e - mine, he abili y o he ansi i e e b seize o p esen aPhenomenon on he scene. Fu he mo e, he sen ences unde examina ion display an ex emely analogous minimal syn ac ic pa e n: Phenomenon— seized— p onoun: Panic seized me / Te o seized he , and he like. Whe eas he p e e bal pa in a iably ea u es he con- ex -independen subjec , whe he ealized by asingle wo d o de eloped by an a i- bu e, he pos - e bal sec ion is, on he con a y, ex emely sho , and o en minimal. On op o ha , he su p isingly uni ied se o he o ms o he e b seize ( iz. he pas simple ense seized) also adds o he o e all uni o m cha ac e o he sen ences un- de sc u iny. To sum up, he dynamic seman ic unc ions o sen ence elemen s seem o be closely ela ed o he lexical seman ics o bo h he e b and he subjec , in he SV seman ic a ini y in pa icula . In he a ea o FSP esea ch, apa om he in e play o he h ee ac o s (con ex , linea modi ica ion and seman ics), he e a e wo mo e aspec s ha may co obo a e (o , al e na i ely, e u e) asen ence in e p e a ion: (i) in ona ion (abo e all he placemen o he nuclea s ess on he hema ic subjec in English), which o cou se joins he in e p e a ion in spoken discou se only, and (ii) he ansla ion o ano he language, such as Czech, which— owing o di e en FSP p io i ies— p ima ily e lec s he g adual ise o he deg ees o communica i e dy- namism in unma ked sen ences. Thus, by scanning (po en ial) Czech equi alen s ha s ic ly ollow he end- ocus p inciple one may u ilize ano he indica o o he FSP in e p e a ion. Table 5 below con as s he wo language mu a ions ex ac ed om he pa allel co pus In e Co p ( he non-pa allel co pus BNC logically does no p o- ide ansla ions): English o iginal Czech ansla ion Despai seized me. Zmocnilo se mě zou als í. Panic seized he . P opadla panice. Te o seized he . Zach á il ji děs. …as an ex aneous wa e o anxie y o he child seized him. …, k e ého popadla nepa řičná úzkos odí ě. Sel -pi y seized him. Upadl do sebelí os i. Now abou o coughing seized him. Vzápě í se ozkašlal. Fo he i s ime in my li e a eeling o o e - powe ing s inging melancholy seized me. Pop é ži o ě se mě zmocnil d i ý poci boles ně doléhající melancholie. Aghas ly s age- igh seized him. Zmocnila se ho příše ná éma. … un il he oin seized he . … askončila uhe oinu. A ouch o hys e ia seized he . …, z edla se ní lna sko o až jakési hys e ie. A emp a ion seized him. Ale najednou dos al jiný nápad. Table 5.English P sen ences and hei Czech ansla ion equi alen s (In e Co p) 186 LINGUISTICA PRAGENSIA 2/2019 The me e unc ional compa ison o he wo coun e pa s e eals he wo ypes o linea modi ica ions in aclea -cu jux aposi ion. Whe eas he English p esen a ion sen ences display hei hemes (con ex -independen subjec s) logically in he ini ial posi ion due o he equi emen s o English g amma , ac ually iola ing he end- o- cus, he Czech ansla ion equi alen s place hei mos dynamic communica i e uni s in a iably in he inal posi ion in line wi h he Czech wo d o de p inciples. Thus, he FSP in e p e a ion o he English communica i e ields— ha o P esen a ion Scale— is e lec ed, and suppo ed, by he compa a i e analysis. Inciden ally, his in e p e a ion is equally applicable o all he cases o e ed by In e Co p— in all he Czech ansla ions o English p esen a ion sen ences he heme is placed in he inal posi ion and hus e lec s he g adual ise o communica i e dynamism. In acco dance wi h wha has been said abo e, Duško á (2008: 72–73) also men- ions seman ic a ini y obse ed be ween he e b and he subjec as an accompa- nying phenomenon o p esen a ion sen ences. Commen ing on a ious possibili ies a ou ing he p esen a ional in e p e a ion, she claims ha he p esen a ion e bs mani es ing a ini y may be— wi h iden ical e ec — unc ionally eplaced by e bs ha exp ess exis ence/appea ance on he scene in apu ely explici manne . Thus, he co pus sen ence Asudden ea seized him, o ins ance, could be analogously exp essed by means o an explici p esen a ion e b (4), by aloca i e ad e bial cons uc ion in he objec posi ion (5), by apassi e cons uc ion (6), no o speak o an exis en ial he e-cons uc ion p ope (7). C . he pa aph ased modi ica ions: (4) Asudden ea appea ed in him / his mind. (5) He had asudden ea in him / his mind. (6) He was suddenly seized by ea . (7) Suddenly, he e was a ea in him / his mind. Apa allel ans o ma ion is na u ally unhea d-o in he sen ences implemen ing he Quali y Scale; in hem, some hing new is said abou he con ex -dependen Bea e o Quali y and he p edica ion does no exp ess exis ence/appea ance on he scene any mo e. I ollows ha he e b(s) used canno be eplaced by aP - e b wi hou chang- ing he FSP o he sen ence. The co pus da a, o cou se, display a o ally opposi e se o seman ic-syn ac ic ea u es in he case o seize sen ences implemen ing he Quali y Scale. Howe e , o ge acomple e pic u e o he seman ic and FSP aspec s o he e b seize, i is also necessa y o discuss his pa allel (and ac ually much mo e equen ) possibili y o sen ence pe spec i e. Fi s ly, c . a andomized selec ion o sample sen ences iden i- ied in he co pus: Co pus B Q Sp BNC141 … he ebels who seized an ai o ce base a e a as alema e. BNC164 … he o de wen ou o seize he unpublished ex s and pla es. BNC218 In Ap il 1295, howe e , he F ench seized he own a e a io among he English oops.