The 1862 Kanlica Conference and Demographic Changes in Northeast Bosnia in the 1860s

The 1862 Kanlica Con e ence and Demog aphic Changes in No heas Bosnia in he 1860s Ami K pić1 ABSTRACT: In his pape , he au ho links he 1862 Kanlica Con e ence wi h he demog aphic changes in No h- eas Bosnia ha occu ed du ing he 1860s. The au ho claims ha he e was adi ec link be ween hese wo, o in o he wo ds, ha he Kanlica Con e ence was amajo ac o ha con ibu ed o changing he demog aphics— mo e p ecisely, swi ching he majo i y be ween he Ch is ians and Muslims in a o o he la e . I ’s impo an o no e i he e ha he Con e ence i sel wasn’ he only eason o he changes, bu he ac o which, in en ionally o no , caused hem. KEYWORDS: Kanlica con e ence, diplomacy, Muslims, Ch is ians, Bosnia, Se bia, Sanjak o Z o nik, demo- g aphics MUSLIM EXPULSION FROM SERBIA The p ocess o libe a ing Se bia and he Se bian people om O oman ule was si- mul aneously also ap ocess o expulsion o he Muslim popula ion om hose a - eas. I s a ed wi h he Fi s Se bian Up ising,2 o e he ea ly 1830s3 and ended wi h he inal expulsion o he Muslims in he 1860s. Un il ha decade, all Muslims we e al eady expelled om he e i o y o he P incipali y o Se bia excep hose li ing in he owns wi h cas les: Belg ade, Smede e o, Šabac, Klado o, Golubac, Ada Kala, Užice, and Soko.4 Acco ding o Sa e Bandžo ić’s esea ch, Muslims we e amajo - i y in he owns o he Sanjak o Smede e o (i. e. P incipali y o Se bia) in he 19 h cen u y— especially in Belg ade (80%), Šabac and Užice (97%). In he nahiyas ( he lowes O oman adminis a i e uni s) o he Sanjak o Smede e o he e we e 58% 1 Ami K pić MA, Depa men o His o y, Facul y o Humani ies and Social Sciences, Uni- e si y o Tuzla, Tihomila Ma ko ića 1, 75000 Tuzla, Bosnia-He zego ina, k pic.ami @ gmail.com, ami [email p o ec ed] 2 L.RANKE, The His o y o Se ia and he Se ian Re olu ion, London 1853, p.114. 3 R.LJUŠIĆ, Kneže ine S bija (1830–1839), Se bian Academy o Sciences and A s: Mono- g aphs ol. DLXX, Depa men o His o ical Sciences no.12, Belg ade 1986, p.323. 4 S.S.H.MUVEKKIT, Po ijes Bosne, Vol. II, Sa aje o 1997, p.1106. 28 PRAGUE PAPERS ON THE HISTORY OF INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS 2/2020 o Muslims in o al, and on he e e o he 1862 C isis— acco ding o Se bian assess- men s— he e we e 12.500 Muslims in he en i e Sanjak.5 Howe e , i should be unde s ood ha i wasn’ only Se bia’s s a e policy o he na ional p og am6 o expel Muslims om i s e i o y. On he con a y, he e we e also o he ac o s. One o hem was he in e na ional diplomacy o he age, and he second one is he O oman Empi e i sel . The O oman leade s o ha age we e no agains expelling Muslims om he e i o ies los by he Empi e, and in some cases, e en he o-be-expelled Muslims we e no agains i ei he . Acommon eason o bo h o hem is abelie ha Muslims should no li e unde he non-Muslim ule.7 An addi ional eason o he Empi e’s leade s was amo e p agma ical one— he Muslim popula ion should no s ay behind he Empi e on i s los e i o ies, o hey did no wan o lea e e en he possibili y o Muslims o ealize hey could li e wi hou he Empi e. Ano he men ioned ac o , in e na ional diplomacy, also had asigni ican ole, al hough no all supe powe s o he age sha ed he opinion.8 Anyway, in e - na ional diplomacy played his ole in he ea ly s ages o he p ocess o libe a ing Se bia om O oman ule also. Indeed, he ounding documen s o he P incipali y o Se bia (1829–1833 sul an’s dec ees, Ha -ı Şe i ) e y clea ly show his poin . The 1830 Ha iše i , issued by sul an Mahmud II ecognizing he au onomous and he edi a y P incipali y o Se bia, o de ed all Muslim ci ilians ou side o six owns o mo e ou .9 This demand could ha e come om Se bia i sel , bu i couldn’ be hea d wi hou 5 S.BANDŽOVIĆ, Bošnjaci ideosmanizacija Balkana: muhadži ski pok e i ip ibježiš a „sul ano- ih musa i a“ (1683.–1875.), Sa aje o 2013, pp.302–303. 6 Mo eo e , e en Ilija Ga ašanin— au ho o he in amous Nače anije, an 1844 documen ega ded by many as abi hplace o he agg essi e Se bian na ionalism and expansion- ism— ook ca e o he issue o Muslims. He w o e in he documen : „One o he main basis is: he p inciple o comple e eligious eedom. This p inciple will ha e o be welcomed by all Ch is- ians and, who knows, o e ime by some Mohammedans oo.“ On he o he place in he doc- umen also: „(…) besides, as a hi d s ep, asho and comp ehensi e people’s his o y o Bosnia could be p in ed, in which he names and glo y o some Muslim- u ned Bosniaks mus no be omi - ed. I is assumed na u ally ha his his o y would ha e o be w i en in aspi i o Sla ic e hnic- i y and comple ely in aspi i o common uni y o he Se bs and Bosniaks.“ T ansla ed (and em- phasized) by A.K. om: M.VUKIĆEVIĆ, P og am spoljne poli ike Ilije Ga ašanina na koncu 1844 god., in: Delo, Vol.11, book 38, Belg ade 1906, pp. 331, 333. These Ga ašanin’s iews a e comple ely in acco dance wi h he sugges ions om F an išek Zach ega ding he Sla ic Ch is ians’ ela ion owa d Bosnian Muslims. V.ZÁČEK, Češko ipoljko učešće upos anku Ga- ašanino a „Nače anija“ (1844), in: His o ijski zbo nik, Vol. XVI, 1963, p.45. 7 As wi h he case o he Muslim expulsion om Hunga y, C oa ia, and Sla onia a e he 1683 O oman mili a y disas e a Kahlenbe g and du ing he subsequen wa . Though, he new Ch is ian au ho i ies we en’ eage o le hose Muslims emain in hei homes ei he . 8 Fo example, unlike he B i ish, he F ench and Russian ep esen a i es a he Kanlica Con e ence sugges ed he subjuga ion o he Muslims o he Se bian ju isdic ion, no he expulsion o hem. J.RISTIĆ, Spoljašnji odnošaji S bije no ijeg emena: D uga knjiga 1860–1868, Beog ad 1887, p.142. 9 The owns (he e unde s ood as u ban se lemen s wi h cas les) we e: Belg ade, Šabac, Smede e o, Užice, Soko, and Klado o. V.STOJANČEVIĆ (ed.), Is o ija s pskog na oda, Book V, Vol.1: Od p og us anka do Be linskog kong esa 1804–1878, Belg ade 1981, p.120. AMIR KRPIć 29 ex e nal suppo . As i is well-known, Se bia’s „ ounding dec ees“ we e made in he con ex o Russian mili a y and diploma ic p essu e on he O oman Empi e and in- deed esul ed om he— o Russia and inhe en ly Se bia— posi i e ou come o he 1828–29 Russo-O oman wa . The e o e, he ole o he „in e na ional communi y“ o he day shouldn’ be neglec ed. Despi e all hese, some Muslims emained in he P incipali y o Se bia un il he 1860s, hough unde O oman, no Se bian ju isdic ion. New Se bian P ince, Miloš Ob eno ić, eage ly ied o ul ill he aims o he Se bian na ional p og am.10* Wi h such in en ions, asimple way o ge achance o igh o one’s aims is o use aseem- ingly insigni ican e en o inciden . The inciden ha spa ked he O oman-Se bian con lic — which consequen ly ini ia ed he expulsion o he Muslims om Se bia o su ounding lands— occu ed in 1862. I is awell-known Čuku česma inciden o June 15 ha yea , alocal inciden in which he Se bian police and O oman o ces also engaged.11 The inciden spa ked awide con lic among he locals, di ided by hei eligious a ilia ion. Sla ic, p o-Se bian newspape s ha e been accusing he O oman side o p o oking he con lic ,12 while he O oman newspape s poin ed o he Se bian side as guil y, e e ing o he B i ish in es iga ion which saw he Se bs as hose who spa ked he con lic because hey ha e no espec ed he obliga ions om he ea lie ag eemen s— which was he eason o he B i ish delega ion o suppo he Se bian side only i hey kep espec ing hei pa o he deal.13 Mo eo e , acco ding o he B i ish consul in Se bia, i was he local Se bs, and po en ially e en he Se bian go - 10 * The aims he e should be unde s ood as apa o o eign policy, no domes ic. Se bia, na - u ally, ied o libe a e i sel om O oman ule, bu i doesn’ mean ha he expulsion o he Muslims was an inhe en pa o he p og am i sel . On he con a y, in he Nače ani- je he e is no men ion o he Muslim expulsion om Se bia. The Muslim expulsion issue was pa o he s a e policy, pa icula ly ha o P ince Mihailo, no o he p og am i sel . 11 Š.HODŽIĆ, Mig acije muslimanskog s ano niš a iz S bije usje e ois očnu Bosnu, in: Članci ig ađa za kul u nu is o iju is očne Bosne, No. II, 1958, p.66. Repo s he on inciden we e di e en . Acco ding o he Ge man his o ian Leopold on Ranke, he inciden b oke ou o he a gumen be ween local Muslims and O hodox Ch is ians o e he biza e ques ion— who will be he i s o ake wa e om he Čuku česma. One Sa a Pe o ić was killed in he inciden . Local Se bian police soon a i ed and a es ed wo O oman soldie s suspec ed o being esponsible o he mu de . Then local Muslims eac ed and s a ed o shoo , which p o oked he a en ion o Se bian and O - oman adminis a ion o ice s and o eign consuls as well. F.KARČIĆ, P o okol kon e enci- je uKanlidži 1862.: p a no-his o ijska analiza od edaba omuslimanskom s ano niš u, in: 150 godina od p o je i anja muslimana iz Kneže ine S bije: zbo nik ado a sa Naučnog sim- pozijuma 150 godina od p o je i anja muslimana iz Kneže ine S bije, 07.–08.09.2012. god., O ašje 2013, p.73. 12 Na odne no ine, Vol. XXXVIII, No.72, Zag eb Sep embe 25, 1862; Na odne no ine, Vol. XXXVIII, No.73, Zag eb, Sep embe 26, 1862. 13 A.Z.FURAT, Muslimanske mig acije iz S bije nakon 1862. godine: os na osmansku š ampu, in: 150 godina od p o je i anja muslimana iz Kneže ine S bije: zbo nik ado a sa Naučnog simpozi- juma 150 godina od p o je i anja muslimana iz Kneže ine S bije, 07.-08.09.2012. god., O aš- je 2013, p.195. 30 PRAGUE PAPERS ON THE HISTORY OF INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS 2/2020 e nmen i sel , ha caused he con lic .14 In ac , he Se bian go e nmen in ended o use he inciden as an excuse o peace ul expulsion o he Muslims om i s e i o- y,15 and ha ask was awa ded o P ime Minis e Ilija Ga ašanin.16 Because o hese e en s, ep esen a i es o he Eu opean Powe s o ha age on July 8 eques ed17 he O oman go e nmen o o ganize acon e ence, o which he O omans ag eed. E en be o e he Con e ence, he Uni ed Kingdom and he Empi e o Aus ia sided wi h he O omans,18 while he F ench Empi e and he Russian Empi e sided wi h Se bia.19 The Con e ence20 las ed om July 22 un il Sep embe 4, when he sides signed adocumen i led AP o ocol On The Ques ion o Se bia Signed in Cons an- inople in 1862.21 Aques ion o he Muslims in Se bia was no aho opic du ing he nego ia ions, since o he ques ions we e mo e impo an , such as he e y legali y o he bombing o Belg ade om he Belg ade cas le, size o he Se bian a my, and des uc ion o p ese a ion o he cas les in he conce ned owns.22 E en ually, h ee ou o wel e a icles o he P o ocol di ec ly o indi ec ly conce ned he Muslims, and one sole conclusion was eme ging ou o hem: all emaining Muslims we e go- ing o be expelled om he owns hey held acco ding o he 1856 Pa is Peace T ea y; he owns we e going o be ans e ed o he Se bian au ho i y, and in e u n o expulsion he Muslims we e going o be inancially compensa ed.23 14 S.BANDŽOVIĆ, U lozima deosmanizacije XIX s oljeća: muhadži ski pok e i iz Kneže ine S bi- je uBosansku posa inu, in: Mig acije iB čko: zbo nik ado a / Međuna odna naučna kon e enci- ja Mig acije injiho u icaj na d uš ena ip i edna k e anja na ši em pod učju B čkog od poče ka XVII do k aja XX s oljeća, od žane uB čkom, 13.i14.sep emb a 2019. godine, Tuzla 2020, p.39. 15 U.TATIĆ, S a F ancuske po odom bomba do anja Beog ada 1862. godine, in: Vojnois o ijski glasnik, No.1, 2018, p.15. 16 J.RISTIĆ, Spoljašnji odnošaji S bije II, p.50. 17 Eu opean s a es eques ed he con ening o acon e ence based on A icle 28 o he 1856 Pa is Peace T ea y, acco ding o which Se bia, as an O oman assal p incipali y, was un- de collec i e p o ec ion o he signa o ies. A.OAKES, R.B.MOWAT (eds), The G ea Eu o- pean T ea ies o he Nine een h Cen u y, Ox o d 1930, p.182. 18 U.TATIĆ, S a F ancuske po odom bomba do anja Beog ada 1862. godine, p.16. 19 J.RISTIĆ, Spoljašnji odnošaji S bije II, p.133. 20 Rep esen a i es o he Uni ed Kingdom, he Empi e o Aus ia, he F ench Empi e, he Kingdom o P ussia, he Russian Empi e, and he Kingdom o Sa dinia pa icipa ed a he 1862 Kanlica Con e ence. F.KARČIĆ, P o okol kon e encije uKanlidži 1862., p.74. 21 N.RAĐENOVIĆ, A.ĐORĐEVIĆ, P o okol kon e encije uKanlidži, in: Zbo nik ado a P a nog akul e a uNišu, No. LV, Niš 2012, p.118. 22 J.RISTIĆ, Spoljašnji odnošaji S bije II, pp. 135, 143, 148. 23 A . 1.: „(…) The O oman go e nmen will comple ely ans e he p ope y o he Se bian go - e nmen , unde he condi ion o compensa ion o he owne s, o all land and houses o he own o Belg ade cu en ly belonging o he Muslims (…)“; A . 3.: „The Se bian go e nmen will make su e o eimbu se, in goods o money, all mo ables le by Muslims in hei homes o shops a e hey e ea ed o he cas le (…)“; A . 8.: „The Sublime Po e will unde ake immedia e measu es, in co-ope a ion wi h he Se bian go e nmen , so ha all Muslim inhabi an s, who ha e li ed a ound he i e es ablished poin s which i (i.e. he Po e) possesses unde he T ea y, (…) may be dep i ed o hei possessions and wi hd awn om Se bian e i o y as soon as possible.“ T ans- la ed by au ho om: F.KARČIĆ, P o okol kon e encije uKanlidži 1862., p.76. Fo ull Eng- lish ansla ion o he P o ocol see: S.TRIFUNOVSKA (ed.), Yugosla ia h ough documen s: AMIR KRPIć 31 Sul an Abdulaziz o icially accep ed he expulsion o he Muslims om he P inci- pali y by issuing an o de ( e man) in he second hal o Sep embe and P ince Miloš Ob eno ić o icially accep ed he o de on Oc obe 6 and published i in he newspa- pe s aday la e . E en be o e he o icial decision in Kanlica, he O oman Empi e au- ho i ies o de ed he expulsion o Muslims om Užice, which indeed s a ed almos immedia ely a e he own wen on i e24 on Sep embe 8 which las ed o acouple o days. Sla ic p ess, such as Na odne no ine („People’s news“ in li e al ansla ion) om Zag eb, chee ully sp ead he news on expulsion o Užice’s Muslims, in such away ha may be ha dly unde s andable e en o ha ime:25 Thank God, he e a e no mo e Tu ks in Užice! Today s a s anew li e in ou bo ough;— uly i s a s om he ashes o ou homes, bu ou soul is calm, and we hope he good days o happiness and p og ess will come, and hey will come o ou all Užice, o as Isaid he e a e no mo e Tu ks he e. On Sep embe 11 he las anspo le . We mou n hem as men when we emembe how di icul was hei a ewell, bu we don’ mou n hem as Tu ks. E e y anspo was ollowed by one o wo companies o he people’s a my and e e y hing was al igh . Tu ks we e ans e ed o Bosnia in Bajina Baš a by e ies a i ed om Z o nik. Since hey ecei ed he news ha hey ha e o mo e, hey comple ely changed. They a en’ anymo e hose Tu ks who once used o oll up hei slee es and p oudly walk h ough he s ee saying: „E e y Tu k will chase 20 Vlachs wi h akni e only!“ One old me hese days when Isaw him o : „Iswea o he Tu kish ai h, how ou Books say and wha is he policy o he Miloš’s son o you s, God allows ha we s op as a as Sy ia. One pa o he o-be-expelled Muslims s a ed o mo e ou in Sep embe owa ds Vi- din. Expulsion om Belg ade owa ds Niš s a ed in Oc obe , as well as owa ds Bos- nia, ha is Sanjak o Z o nik mainly, which was he closes , igh ac oss he D ina i e . Some o hem c ossed he D ina, and o he s c ossed he Sa a i e . Muslims o Šabac s a ed o mo e ou by he end o Oc obe , mainly owa ds B čko in he no h o Bosnia, and be o e No embe 15 he Muslims o Soko we e also mo ed ou , de- spi e being he ones who p o es ed he mos agains he expulsion.26 Those Muslims F om i s c ea ion o i s dissolu ion, Dod ech -Bos on-London 1994, pp.44–47. Full ex o he P o ocol and he e man sen by he Sul an o P ince Mihailo in Se bian language was pub- lished in: S bske no ine, Vol. XXIX, No.112, Belg ade, Sep embe 12, 1862, pp.399–400. 24 A i e b oke in he own o Užice wen on i e on Sep embe 8.Ilija Ga ašanin accused he Muslims o he i e, jus i ying i by he ac ha he Muslims p e en ed he Se bs om pu ing he i e ou . Muslims, howe e , p e en ed Se bs om en e ing he own, ea - ing ha du ing he i e igh ing, Se bs would ob Muslim shops, as happened ea lie in Belg ade. H.ORUÇ, Seoba muslimana iz Kneže ine S bije i o mi anje no ih naselja uBosni (1862–1865), in: 150 godina od p o je i anja muslimana iz S bije, p.207. 25 Na odne no ine, Vol. XXVIII, No.95, Zag eb Oc obe 22, 1862. T ansla ed and emphasized by au ho . 26 „I old you in he las le e some hing abou how he Tu ks o Soko bi e ly p o es agains he Im- pe ial dec ee, and abou how badly hey welcomed he en oys who we e ad ised hem o peace ul- ly mo e ou .“ Na odne no ine, Vol. XXVIII, no.103, Zag eb, Oc obe 31, 1862. T ansla ed by au ho . 32 PRAGUE PAPERS ON THE HISTORY OF INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS 2/2020 who mo ed owa ds he Sanjak o Z o nik we e se led be o e he end o No embe . In ha way, all Muslims li ing in owns o Se bia we e mo ed ou , excep he small g oup o abou 30 p ominen Muslims in Belg ade, and hose li ing in Klado o, Mali Z o nik, and Saka .27 IMMIGRATION AND SETTLEMENT OF THE EXPELLED MUSLIMS By he end o 1862, 15 households wi h 36 male membe s emig a ed om Belg ade o B čko, 134 households o O ašje, and 25 households o G adačac. F om Užice he e we e a o al o 533 households wi h 1.243 people, o which 235 households wi h 498male membe s mo ed o Go nja Azizija (Azizija Uppe , oday Bosanski Ša- mac), 140 households wi h 300 male membe s o Donja Azizija (Azizija Lowe , o- day O ašje), 89 households wi h 215 male membe s o B ezo o polje, 23 households o Bijeljina, 22 o S eb enica, 14 o G ačanica, 12 o Tuzla and 3 households o Vlase- nica. F om Soko, he e we e 141 households wi h 373 male membe s se led in Kozluk, 32households wi h 69 male membe s in Bosanski Šamac, 31 households wi h 79 male membe s in B ezo o polje, and one household in O ašje. O he Muslims expelled om Šabac, 148 households wi h 375 male membe s we e se led in B ezo o polje, 25 households wi h 57 male membe s in Bosanski Šamac, and 25 households wi h 47male membe s in O ašje.28 Town → Kaza ↓ Belg ade Užice Soko Šabac To al Homes Men Homes Men Homes Men Homes Men Homes Men Tuzla Low. 1 3 107 594 8 57 1 5 117 659 Tuzla Upp. 25 143 1 5 26 148 B čko 34 206 44 158 78 364 Z o nik 3 8 98 497 39 224 140 729 G adačac 7 25 2 11 27 157 36 193 G ačanica 26 173 1 6 1 9 28 188 S eb enica 2 6 96 546 199 1219 297 1771 Vlasenica 1 5 13 77 2 14 16 96 To al 14 47 401 2247 321 1840 2 14 738 4148 Table 1.Anumbe o he expelled Muslim males se led in he kazas o he Sanjak o Z o nik un il he end o 1863.29 27 H.ORUÇ, Seoba muslimana iz Kneže ine S bije, p.207. Muslims o Klado o we e mo ed ou in 1865, mos ly owa ds Vidin. Ibid., p.207. 28 S.BANDŽOVIĆ, U lozima deosmanizacije XIX s oljeća, p.49–52. Copies o he names o all Muslim males who mo ed om he Se bian owns o se lemen s in he Sanjak o Z o nik a e being kep in he A chi e o he Tuzla Can on (ATK) unde signa u es: O ijen alna zbi ka (OZ)— 44 F, ATK, OZ— 45 F, ATK, OZ— 46 F, ATK, OZ— 47 F, ATK, OZ— 48 F, ATK, OZ— 49 F. 29 Š.HODŽIĆ, Mig acije muslimanskog s ano niš a, pp.139–141. AMIR KRPIć 33 The go e no s o he p o inces o Niš, Vidin, and Bosnia we e in cha ge o assis ing he accommoda ion o he Muslim e ugees who a i ed in hei eyale s. On No em- be 18, Bosnian go e no Osman-pasha in o med he G and Vizie ha abou 1.300 households wi h abou 7.000 membe s had mo ed o Bosnia. Au ho i ies planned o se le ala ge numbe o e ugees on he o me ie s o Husein-Cap ain G adašče ić in he Sanjak o Z o nik. I is es ima ed ha each household would ecei e be ween 40 and 100 ac es o land. In addi ion o building houses, he s a e se aside ano he 400.000 g oschens o build o he acili ies in he se lemen s ha we e planned o be buil o e ugees.30 In he i s hal o 1863, he cons uc ion o he men ioned se le- men s began in he Sanjak o Z o nik, and hose we e Kozluk, B ezo o Polje, Go nja Azizija, and Donja Azizija.31 Acco ding o he plans, he new se lemen s we e o ha e he shape o achessboa d wi h wide s ee s ha would in e sec a igh angles, be- ween which he e would be space le o he cons uc ion o squa es, mosques, and ga dens.32 Acco ding o he plan om June 1863, Donja Azizija and Go nja Azizija we e going o be buil as owns wi h 200 o 300 houses each, and B ezo o polje and Ko- zluk as illages wi h 350 and 210 houses, espec i ely. A e he go e no isi ed he se lemen s ha we e unde cons uc ion in he second hal o ha yea , a e- po was compiled in No embe , which showed ha he cons uc ion o e ugee se lemen s was nea ing comple ion. In he own o Kozluk— which was Osman Mahza -pasha’s a m and which his wi e dona ed wi hou any compensa ion o he cons uc ion o a e ugee se lemen — 120 houses o Muslims expelled om Sokol had been buil by ha ime, and i was planned ha each household would ecei e one ield o cul i a e he land. In o he places p o ided o e ugee se lemen s, he land was aken om he owne s on he p inciple o exchange, ie. landowne s e- cei ed compensa ion in he o m o land in o he loca ions. In B ezo o polje, whe e he immig a ion had al eady been comple ed by ha ime, 300 houses we e buil o he Muslims o Užice and Šabac. 200 houses o Muslims om Belg ade, Užice, and Šabac we e buil in Donja Azizija and 250 houses o Muslims om Užice and Sokol in Go nja Azizija.33 Al hough he e we e some obs acles, he O oman au ho i ies we e mos ly suc- cess ul in se ling Muslims expelled om Se bia in he Sanjak o Z o nik, which he Consul Gene al o Aus ia desc ibed as he mos aluable hing o he ime spen in Bosnia.34 The g adual bu comple e expulsion o Muslims showed he a i ude o he Se bian na ional policy owa ds hem, ha is, i mean ha i he Se bian na ional p og am is ul illed, he e will mos likely be no place o Muslims in ha s a e. A ha ime al eady he animosi y owa ds Se bia began o mani es i sel . Aus ian sou ces s a e ha Muslims sensed he dange om Se bia,35 and in case hey had o 30 H.ORUÇ, Seoba muslimana iz Kneže ine S bije, p.208. 31 Ibid., p.208. 32 S.BANDŽOVIĆ, Bošnjaci ideosmanizacija Balkana, 327. 33 H.ORUÇ, Seoba muslimana iz Kneže ine S bije, pp.209–210. 34 G.ŠLJIVO, Naselja anje muslimanskih p ognanika (muhadži a) iz Kneže ine S bije uz o nički kajmakamluk 1863. godine, in: P ilozi, No.30, Sa aje o 2001, pp.92–93. 35 G.ŠLJIVO, Bosna iHe cego ina 1861–1869, Tešanj 2005, p.475. 34 PRAGUE PAPERS ON THE HISTORY OF INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS 2/2020 choose be ween Aus ia and Se bia, hey would p e e o choose Aus ia i hey we e p omised eligious and p ope y secu i y.36 Sho ly a e he expulsion o Muslims om he a o emen ioned Se bian owns, he au ho i ies o he P incipali y o Se bia— and seemingly he Se bian O hodox people— began o pu p essu e on Mali Z o nik and Saka , wo small Muslim-popu- la ed se lemen s on he igh bank o he D ina. In la e 1862, he Se bian go e nmen complained agains he O oman go e nmen abou , among o he issues, he ac ha he wo se lemen s we e s ill unde O oman ule.37 On his occasion, a he begin- ning o nex yea , nego ia ions began on he bo de , mo e p ecisely on he issue o Mali Z o nik, which Se bia wan ed o ake o e , and he O oman s a e did no wan o cede.38 This dispu e las ed h oughou he yea ,39 and e en he nex ew o hem, since Se bia did no in end o gi e in. In ac , he hen P ime Minis e o he P incipal- i y o Se bia, Ilija Ga ašanin, belie ed ha Se bia mus always ha e an un esol ed issue wi h he O oman s a e. In 1865, he w o e o Jo an Ris ić: “Mali Z o nik, as li le as i is,40 is o become he subjec o g ea e en s”, and again in 1866 ha o Mali Z o nik, he will “ask Ali-pasha o emp y his place o he Tu ks. I doesn’ ma e i he succeeds o no .“41 These wo ds a e he bes indica o o he a i ude o Se bian s a e poli ics owa ds his issue. Taking as an a gumen he ac ha he ade ou e passes h ough Mali Z o nik, om he e y beginning o his dispu e, he Se bian go e nmen in ended o expel he emaining Muslims om i s e i o y by occupying hese wo se lemen s. In his speech a he opening o he Na ional Assembly in 1864, P ince Mihailo said, among o he hings: The Tu ks, who li ed ou side he owns o Belg ade, Šabac, Užice, and Sokol, we e expelled, and he owns o Užice and Sokol we e des oyed, bu he e a e s ill Tu ks o emig a e om Mali Z o nik and Saha , and he Cas le o ea down. (…),”42 o which he ecei ed an answe om he Assembly on behal o he Se bian peo- ple:”(…) bu you, b igh lo d, will no be su p ised when you hea , ha we a e e y sad ha he Tu ks s ill li e in Saka and Mali Z o nik (…).”43 Al hough in 1867 ce ain solu ions we e eached o he sa is ac ion o he Se bian side,44 hese wo se lemen s emained unde he O oman ule as apa o he Sanjak o Z o nik un il he occupa ion o Bosnia in 1878.45 36 G.ŠLJIVO, BiH 1861–1869, 2005, p.494. 37 Na odne no ine, Vol. XXVIII, No.141, Zag eb Decembe 17, 1862. 38 Na odne no ine, Vol. XXIX, No.3, Zag eb Janua y 5, 1863. 39 Na odne no ine, Vol. XXIX, No.229, Zag eb Oc obe 8, 1863. 40 Li e ally ansla ed Mali Z o nik is Li le Z o nik. 41 G.ŠLJIVO, Bosna iHe cego ina 1861–1869, Planjax, Tešanj 2016, pp.429–430. 42 Domob an, No.93, Zag eb Sep embe 5, 1864; Na odne no ine, Vol. XXX, No.203, Zag eb Sep embe 6, 1864. 43 Domob an, No.95, Zag eb Sep embe 7, 1864; Na odne no ine, Vol. XXX, No.205, Zag eb Sep embe 9, 1864. 44 No i Pozo , Vol. I, No.36, Vienna Oc obe 16, 1867; Na odne no ine, Vol. XXXIII, No.239, Za- g eb Oc obe 17, 1867; No i Pozo , Vol. I, No.41, Vienna Oc obe 22, 1867. 45 S.BANDŽOVIĆ, U lozima deosmanizacije XIX s oljeća, p. 33. AMIR KRPIć 35 DEMOGRAPHICS IN NORTHEAST BOSNIA CENSUS DATA AND PROJECTIONS The e en s in Se bia du ing 1862 ega ding he issue o Muslims in ha coun y, in luenced he demog aphic pic u e in he no heas e n a ea o Bosnia, back hen adminis a i ely known as he Sanjak o Z o nik. The demog aphic pic u e can be aced back o he in oduc ion o he anzima in Bosnia when he i s o icial cen- sus was conduc ed. Acco ding o ha census, in he Eyale o Bosnia, including He - zego ina and No i Paza , he e we e 547,155 male heads*, o which 119,288 in he Sanjak o Z o nik o 21.8%, which made his sanjak he mos populous in he en i e eyale . In eligious e ms, he majo i y o he popula ion in he Sanjak we e Ch is- ians (O hodox and Ca holics oge he ). The e we e 64,030 o 53.68% o hem, and 52,918 o 44.36% Muslims. The es o he popula ion we e Roma— 2,340 o 0.85%, and Jews.46 The e we e, howe e , some doub s ega ding he accu acy o his census. In May 1861, he Na odne no ine om Zag eb w o e: „En i e popula ion was coun ed imme- dia ely a e Ome -pasha implemen ed he anzima in Bosnia in 1851 and 1852; bu hose numbe s a e e y un eliable, o acco ding o M . Gilj e ding, ha numbe is much smalle han he ac ual one.“47 Special O oman go e nmen al agen s Ahmed Dže de -pasha and Pasko Vasa-e endi, who we e on amission in Bosnia du ing he 1860s, also had simila doub s.48 Nex da a was b ough by he o icial 1865 p ojec ions. Acco ding o i , 639,425 males49 li ed in he Vilaye o Bosnia— excluding he Sanjak o No i Paza — ou o which 177,685 li ed in he Sanjak o Z o nik o 27.79%. The la ges eligious communi y in he Sanjak we e s ill O hodox Ch is ians, wi h 85,697 male heads, which means ha hey made up 48.23% o he o al numbe o men in his sanjak. They we e ollowed by Muslims, which numbe ed 62,563 males o 35.21%, and hen Ca holics wi h 29,332 males o 16.51%. The e we e 93 Jewish men and hey made up 0.05%. Compa ing hese wi h he co esponding da a in o he sanjaks, i can be concluded ha almos one- hi d o all Muslim males (29.82%) and all O hodox males 46 P.VASA, Bosna iHe cego ina za ijeme misije Dže de -e endije, Sa aje o 1958, p.28. 47 Na odne no ine, Vol. XXVII, No.120, Zag eb May 27, 1861. M . Gilj e ding men ioned he e is he Russian consul, Aleksanda Fjo odo ič Gilj e ding, who w o e a a elogue o iginal- ly i led Pojezdka po Ge cego ine, Bosnii iS a oj Se bii. Bosna načale goda. 1858 opiski Impe a o skago ussko o geog a ičeskago obšes a. Kniúka izdana pod edakcii A.F.Gil- j e dinga. ansla ed in o Se bian by B anko Čulić. Rega ding he 1851 census, he consul no ed: „Popula ion was coun ed soon a e Ome -pasha en o ced anzima (1851 and 1852), bu he esul s a e e y un eliable and he popula ion numbe , acco ding o his census, is much small- e han in eali y.“ Also: „I epea ha his census is no co ec and he numbe s don’ ma ch he eali y. Howe e , i p o ides apic u e o nume al ela ion be ween he Muslim and Ch is ian pop- ula ion.“ A.GILJFERDING ( ans. B.ČULIĆ), Pu o anje po He cego ini, Bosni iS a oj S biji, Sa- aje o 1972, pp.330, 332. 48 P.VASA, Bosna iHe cego ine za ijeme misije Dže de -e endije, p.30. 49 Coun ing he same men- o-women a io (1:1) as in 1851/52, oughly 1,278,850 inhabi an s li ed in he Vilaye o Bosnia in 1865. 42 PRAGUE PAPERS ON THE HISTORY OF INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS 2/2020 Sanjak o Z o nik, was he main ac o ha pu weigh balance in a o o Muslims. Thousands o o me ly Se bian Muslims swi ched he eligious majo i y in No heas Bosnia. The e o e, decisions a he 1862 Kanlica Con e ence had signi ican e lec ions on he neighbo ing a eas. Al hough being adiploma ic ic o y o Se bia, i was his con- e ence ha , in en ionally o no — and ce ainly no — changed he demog aphic pic u e in No heas Bosnia, no only in pe cen age, by inc easing he numbe o Muslims, bu by dec easing he numbe o Ch is ians as well. Tha was unques iona- bly anega i e consequence o he e en s on O oman-Se bian ela ion, and he Se - bian au ho i ies ealized ha in he mid-1860s and ook ac ions o s op he ou low o he O hodox Ch is ians (who we e supposed o be Se bs by Se bia’s s a e policy and i s na ional p og am o o eign policy) om „ he s ill unlibe a ed lands,“ caused by he Con e ence in pa (wi h Se bia’s law on he se lemen o o eigne s— adop ed also due o he Con e ence decisions, because much o land emained acan a e he Muslims le — being he o he pa ).