Burial shafts and chambers of Nefer and Neferhathor in tomb AS 68d. A comparative evaluation of the ceramic finds

PRAGUE E GYPTOLOGICAL STUDIES Con en s REPORTS Bu ial sha s and chambe s o Ne e and Ne e ha ho in omb AS 68d. A compa a i e e alua ion o he ce amic fi nds (Ka a ína A ias Ky na o á) . . . . . . . . .3 Tomb o he chie physician Shepseska ankh (Mi osla Bá a) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .15 A chaeological exca a ion o he mas aba o Queen Khen kaus III ( omb AC 30) in Abusi (Ja omí K ejčí – Ka a ína A ias Ky na o á – Ma in Odle ) . . . . . . . . . . .28 Explo a ion o he bu ial apa men s in omb complex AS 68. P elimina y epo o he 2013 all season (Hana Vymazalo á) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .43 STUDIES Ri ual adi ion and ans e be ween shape and meaning – model bee ja s in s one and po e y (Ka a ína A ias Ky na o á – Lucie Ji ásko á) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .59 A bu ial wi h a s amp seal depic ing a Bes-like fi gu e om Abusi (Ve onika Dulíko á – Ma in Odle – Helena Březino á – Pe a Ha elko á). . . . . . .69 Damage and epai o he Old Kingdom canopic ja s – he case a Abusi (Lucie Ji ásko á) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .76 The mi aculous ise o he Fi h Dynas y – he s o y o Papy us Wes ca and his o ical e idence (Mi osla Ve ne ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .86 Dea eade s, I has been hi een yea s since he fi s issue o P ague Egyp ological S udies was published in 2002. Since hen i has become an impo an and wide-selling jou nal, p o iding bo h he scien ifi c and laymen audience wi h he la es esul s o ou fi eldwo k and a ious s udies in he fi eld o Czech Egyp ology dealing wi h he ci ilisa ions o ancien Egyp and Sudan. A e mo e han a decade o i s exis ence, we a e pleased o launch he fi s issue o he English edi ion o P ague Egyp ological S udies. The English edi ion is dedica ed exclusi ely o he his o y, a chaeology and language o hi d millennium BC Egyp . Ye i also aims o include s udies dealing wi h o eign ela ions du ing he pe iod. A he same ime, we also welcome publica ions on he la es ad ances in he s udy o he en i onmen and s udies e alua ing he signifi cance o applied sciences. Ou p incipal aim is o accommoda e s udies conce ning ei he p ima y esea ch in he fi eld o hose ha b ing up heo e ical inqui ies o essen ial impo ance o he indica ed scope and ime ame o he jou nal. The p esen issue is de o ed o he exca a ions a Abusi , he p incipal fi eld o esea ch o he Czech Ins i u e o Egyp ology. The indi idual epo s a e dedica ed o he exca a ion p ojec s ca ied ou in he py amid fi eld (Khen kaus III), as well as in he Abusi Sou h a ea ( omb complex AS 68, he omb o Shepseska ankh). In addi ion o hese, you will also fi nd mo e heo e ical s udies ocusing on he “Khen kaus p oblem”, which analyses he signifi cance and impo ance o h ee women bea ing he same name du ing he Fou h and Fi h Dynas ies, a s udy dealing wi h model bee ja s and hei ypological e olu ion, an in e es ing seal wi h a fi gu e o Bes, and an in e p e a ion o canopic ja s bea ing signifi can okens o pas ea men on hei bodies. We us ha he English edi ion o P ague Egyp ological S udies, which will be p oduced once a yea , will fi nd a fi m place among o he Egyp ological schola ly jou nals. We a e con inced ha a clea ly defi ned p ofi le o his scien ifi c jou nal will a ac no only he a en ion o many eade s bu also submissions o signifi can con ibu ions om he scien ifi c communi y and hus s eamline majo ad ances in he fi elds o hi d millennium BC Egyp his o y, a chaeology and he like. Mi osla Bá a and Lucie Ji ásko á PRAŽSKÉ EGYPTOLOGICKÉ STUDIE (P ague Egyp ological S udies) Edi o ial boa d P o . Mg . Mi osla Bá a, D . Ao. Uni .-P o . D . Pe e Jánosi P o . Pe e De Manuelian Junio p o . D . Joanne Rowland Mg . Rena a Landg á o á, Ph.D. D . Gab iele Pieke D . Teodozja Rzeuska Execu i e edi o s Mg . Ve onika Dulíko á Mg . Lucie Ji ásko á Mg . Ma ie Hloucho á Publishe Cha les Uni e si y in P ague, Facul y o A s, Czech Ins i u e o Egyp ology, Cele ná 20, 110 00 P aha 1, h p://egyp ologie. .cuni.cz The publica ion was p epa ed wi hin he P og amme o he De elopmen o Fields o S udy a Cha les Uni e si y, No. P14 “A chaeology o non-Eu opean Regions”, subp og amme “Resea ch o ancien Egyp ian ci iliza ion. Cul u al and poli ical adap a ion o he No h A ican ci ilisa ions in ancien his o y (5000 B.C. – 1000 A.D.)” Pho og aphs and illus a ions A chi e o he Czech Ins i u e o Egyp ology FA CU, Jiří Vaněk (Na ional museum) Language e iew An hony Pa ick A ias, B.A. Typog aphy PhD . Oleg Man Typese ing and p in SERIFA, s. . o., Jinonická 80, 150 00 P aha 5 ISSN 1214-3189 Copy igh Cha les Uni e si y in P ague Pho og aph on he on page A econs uc ion o he o e ing place in on o he alse doo o Ne e in omb AS 68d (pho o M. F ouz) XV/ 2015 CZECH INSTITUTE OF EGYPTOLOGY REPORTS PES XV/2015 3 The aim o his pape is o compa e wo se s o ce amic inds om he wo main sha s unco e ed in omb AS 68d, namely Sha 1 ( ha o he omb owne , Ne e ) and om Sha 2 ( e y likely belonging o his wi e, Ne e ha ho ). Bo h names a e a es ed on he alse doo o Ne e , si ua ed oughly wes o his sha (Bá a – Vymazalo á – Dulíko á e al. 2014: 29, Fig. 10). Bo h hei bu ial chambe s we e obbed and hus he sha s mus ha e been dis u bed, bu despi e his ac , la ge numbe s o ypologically and me ically simila essels and hei agmen s we e unco e ed in he ills o hese sha s. This pape shall concen a e on he impo ance and in e p e a ion o he spa ial dis ibu ion o hese ce amic inds, and hus he issues o da ing and he p o iding o pa allels shall be ouched upon only occasionally as hey a e no he main opic o his analysis. The sha and bu ial chambe o Ne e The sou he nmos sha (Sha 1) in omb AS 68d was exca a ed du ing he 2014 season. I belonged wi hou any doub o he main owne o he omb, he high o icial Ne e , Bu ial sha s and chambe s o Ne e and Ne e ha ho in omb AS 68d. A compa a i e e alua ion o he ce amic inds Ka a ína A ias Ky na o á In he cou se o he yea s 2012–2014 in he a ea o Abusi Sou h, he Czech Ins i u e o Egyp ology unco e ed a la ge complex o an un il hen unknown p incess o he Fi h Dynas y, She e neb y, possibly a daugh e o King Nyuse e (Vymazalo á – Dulíko á 2012 and 2014). The complex is e y la ge and consis s o an open pilla ed cou ya d and ou ock-cu ombs (AS 68a – AS 68d) ha a e si ua ed sou h and sou heas o i (see plan 1 in Vymazalo á in his issue). Du ing he cou se o he explo a ion, ex ensi e une a y ac i i y was a es ed, no only in he ombs bu also in he open cou ya d and he adjoining co ido be ween he ock-cu ombs and he omb o Ne e shepes/Memi (AS 67). In he whole complex, 29 sha s we e buil du ing he span o he la e Fi h o he e minal Six h Dynas y. The complex is unique in se e al ea u es, one o hem also being he quan i y, quali y and ele ance o he ce amic inds, a la ge amoun o which we e ound in p ima y con ex s such as he bu ial chambe s o deposi s in he sha s. In o he cases, e en he mixed con ex s had high spa ial dis ibu ion alue as hey a e he emains o he o iginal in en ional deposi s. Fig. 1 A en a i e econs uc ion o he use o s ands wi h pla e s du ing i uals, in on o he alse doo o Ne e (AS 68d). The ce amics we e all ound in agmen s in he sha o Ne e (pho o M. F ouz) as is a es ed by his alse doo unco e ed in si u oughly wes o he sha (see ig. 1). The ce amic inds om his sha we e e y ex ensi e and exceeded hose unco e ed in he neighbou ing Sha 2 o his wi e (see in a). The ill o he sha was no homogenous, and as a esul , he ce amic inds we e collec ed in se e al le els, each ha ing a di e en con ex numbe . The e we e al oge he six ce amic con ex s in he sha . The la ges amoun o po e y, a leas 83 indi idual essels, came om he op laye o he sha , om a dep h down o 1.00 m, and included e y la ge agmen s o s ands (77.AS68d.2014). The mos dis inc i e con ex (78.AS68d.2014) came om a dep h o 3.00 m, whe e nume ous ce amic agmen s we e ound in a clus e in he sou heas e n co ne o he sha , oge he wi h animal bones (374/AS68d/2014). Ye ano he concen a ion o po e y was unea hed a a dep h o 3.00 m (80.AS68d.2014) in he sou hwes e n co ne o he sha , also accompanied by animal bones (375/AS68d/2014). Con ex 79.AS68d.2014 illed he a ea a ound and unde nea h his con ex , o a dep h o 3.50 m. Ca e ul documen a ion o he ce amic inds was necessa y, as du ing he ollowing econs uc ion o he inds, agmen s om di e en le els o he sha we e ound o complemen each o he , hus p o ing he dis u bed na u e o he sha . To gi e an explici example, a la ge a wi h a spou was unco e ed in h ee di e en con ex s; some body she ds came om con ex 77, one hal o he spou and la ge pa o he body was ound in con ex 78 and he o he hal plus mos o he body she ds om con ex 79. I a essel was ound in pieces in di e en con ex s, he inal essel numbe was alloca ed acco ding o he one wi h la ges amoun o sizeable pieces, in his case con ex 79. Finally, he e was a base o a bee ja (82.AS68d.2014) ound a he bo om o Sha 1, in on o he pa ly dis u bed mud b ick wall leading in o he bu ial chambe . Howe e , his bee ja should no be seen as any emnan o o e ings o omb goods bu a he as e use om seconda y i ual ac i i ies connec ed o he bu ial – i was ound wi h a hick laye o mo a (o a simila ough whi e subs ance) inside and he e o e mos likely se ed as a con aine o mo a designa ed o sealing he sa cophagus o whi ening he closing wall. While i was e iden ly used du ing he sealing i uals, i s p esence a he bo om o he sha may be in en ional only in he sense ha such a ja could no be la e eused o any o he pu pose due o eligious belie s and hus had o be abandoned he e. Vessels illed wi h mo a o a di e en whi e subs ance (such as ine plas e ) a e commonly ound a he bo om o bu ial sha s, mos no ably in Giza, Nazle Ba an, Saqqa a and Meidum.1They a e no o be con used wi h he eligious meaning and unc ion o ully in ac bee ja s o en unco e ed in si u on he bo om o sha s wi h alse Nile mud illing inside, such as a ja om Sha 5 in he omb o p ies Ne e inpu (Bá a e al. 2014: Figs. 3.56, 3.57) and in he ombs o he Lake o Abusi ceme e y (ye unpublished). Some o hese la e bee ja s we e addi ionally also sealed wi h a s oppe and undoub edly se ed as an o e ing du ing he closing i uals.2 The ce amic inds om he sha bo e se e al in e es ing cha ac e is ics, such as a la ge pe cen age o ce ain classes. Among hese, he classes o s ands and pla e s 4PES XV/2015 BURIAL SHAFTS AND CHAMBERS OF NEFER AND NEFERHATHOR Fig. 2 Almos ully econs uc ed pla e unco e ed in agmen s in a clus e o po e y and animal bones a a dep h o 3.00 m in he sha o Ne e (pho o K. A ias Ky na o á) we e by a he mos dominan . Also, a la ge numbe o hese s ands and pla e s we e able o be econs uc ed o ull p o ile, wi h mo e han 70 % o hei im and base diame e s p ese ed. All his could poin o he ac ha he ill o he sha , al hough dis u bed, was no composed o some acciden al e use bu a he ha la ge pa s o he o iginal ill o he sha we e s ill in place. The agmen s om which hese essels we e econs uc ed measu ed om la ge (especially sha s o s ands) o e y small ( im and base she ds) and all o hem had sha p, une oded edges wi hou any aces o being exposed o sun, wind o o he elemen s. Some pla e s we e able o be glued almos ully om mo e han 10 indi idual agmen s (e.g. see ig. 2). The o he classes unco e ed in he sha s included some b ead moulds and bee ja s. The wo ce amic con ex s (78.AS68d.2014 and 80.AS68d.2014) ha we e collec ed a ound he animal bones, a a dep h o 3.00 m in he sou heas e n and sou hwes e n co ne o he sha , con ained only a small numbe o indi idual essels, bu some o hese we e able o be econs uc ed almos ully, such as pla e 78-4.AS68d.2014 ( ig. 2) and s and 80-1.AS68d.2014 (see ig. 4). The animal bones ha e no ye unde gone an analysis; i is he e o e impossible o s a e whe he he bones we e pa o a single animal o wo di e en ones. Howe e , i is impo an o s ess ha he ce amic agmen s om hese wo con ex s complemen ed each o he well, especially in he case o pla e s. The whole assemblage is mos cha ac e is ic o i s high numbe o s ands, ha ing a high p edominance o e all he o he ce amic classes. These s ands a e no all iden ical and hey belong o h ee main g oups; namely all hou -glass shaped s ands, lowe biconical s ands and inally low ing BURIAL SHAFTS AND CHAMBERS OF NEFER AND NEFERHATHOR PES XV/2015 5 Fig. 3 Selec ed ce amic essels om he ill o Sha 1 (d awing K. A ias Ky na o á, L. Vařeko á) s ands. Fo each g oup, he specimens a e e y simila in quali y, sizes and su ace ea men . The all hou -glass shaped s ands (Abusi ype S-1a) ha e ei he a simple o a olled im ( ig. 3). The examples wi h a simple im (S-1aI) a e sligh ly smalle , wi h ape u e diame e s be ween 12.50 and 13.00 cm, base diame e s o 10.50–12.50 cm and e y cons an heigh s o 23.00–23.50 cm ( ig. 3, second ow and ig. 4).3Those wi h olled o modelled im (S-1aII) a e isibly la ge , wi h ape u e diame e s o 13.00–15.00 cm, base diame e s o 12.00–14.00 cm and heigh s o 27.50–29.00 cm ( ig. 3, i s ow and ig. 5 ).4The e we e also wo medium- sized biconical s ands, wi h heigh s o only 15.50–16.00 cm. Finally, he small ing s ands o Abusi g oup S-6 we e also cons an in hei sizes, wi h ape u e and base diame e s o 10.00–12.00 cm and heigh s be ween 11.00 and 14.50 cm (see ig. 3, hi d ow).5F om his enume a ion i should be clea ha his was no andom e use bu a he he emnan s o a single deposi o a speci ic se and ha he o iginal numbe o s ands in his sha mus ha e been e y high. The di e en g oups o s ands se ed a di e se pu pose; om iconog aphic ep esen a ions i is clea ha while low ing s ands we e used as s ands o all ja s and especially bee ja s, he all biconical s ands we e a he used o bowls o pla e s, c ea ing hus he o m o a able (see also ig. 1). 6PES XV/2015 BURIAL SHAFTS AND CHAMBERS OF NEFER AND NEFERHATHOR Fig. 4 Example o a all hou -glass shaped s and wi h a simple im and base (Abusi ype S-1aI) om he sha o Ne e (pho o M. F ouz) Fig. 5 One o he all hou -glass shaped s ands wi h a olled im and base (Abusi ype S-1aII) om he sha o Ne e . The le -o e clay on he base is clea ly isible (pho o M. F ouz) Fig. 6 De ail o he inne walls o a all hou -glass shaped s and, wi h a hin laye o le -o e clay isible (pho o K. A ias Ky na o á) As a ule, all hese s ands we e made o medium ine Nile sil B1 ab ic. The all hou -glass shaped s ands we e buil up om coils and inished on a wheel in wo di e en pa s ha we e joined in he middle, esul ing in a e y ough inne middle su ace which is cha ac e is ic o his g oup. All he low ing s ands we e made on a wheel, also om coils. A p edominan numbe o hese s ands we e le uncoa ed and we e only we -smoo hed, lea ing ho izon al o diagonal smoo hing ma ks on he ou e body. An in e es ing echnological de ail is he li le a en ion ha was gi en o he bases o hese s ands – in almos all cases, while he ims o he s ands we e ca e ully smoo hed, he bases a e o en le ough, wi h supe luous clay emaining on he inne and some imes e en he ou e walls o he base ( ig. 6 and see also ig. 5). In all cases om his sha , i was he e o e possible o iden i y whe he a diagnos ic she d o a s and belonged wi hou any doub o a im o a base. Besides he s ands, he pla e s we e he mos common ce amic class. In he whole a ea o he sha , we unco e ed nume ous agmen s belonging o a leas 25 di e en pla e s. Some o hem we e able o be pains akingly econs uc ed o ull shape.6Mos o hese pla e s belong o so called Abusi g oup P-3, wi h ei he a ine o deepe g oo e unde he inne im ( ig. 7). Addi ionally, mos o hese pla e s sha e simila ea u es; as a ule, hey we e made o oughe ab ic, such as mos commonly Nile sil B2. Despi e his ac , almos all o hem we e co e ed wi h a hin laye o ed slip on hei uppe (inne ) su aces and some imes also on he ou e im. While hei inne su aces a e oughly smoo hed, hei bo oms we e only pounded and le u he un ea ed. The class o ja s was su p isingly unde ep esen ed. Conce ning bee ja s, he e we e nume ous ims, body BURIAL SHAFTS AND CHAMBERS OF NEFER AND NEFERHATHOR PES XV/2015 7 Fig. 7 One o he ed-slipped pla e s o g oup P-3 (wi h a g oo e unde he inne im) unco e ed in he sha o Ne e (pho o K. A ias Ky na o á) Fig. 8 A bee ja om Sha 1, econs uc ed o ull p o ile om agmen s. I was pa ly co e ed wi h a hin laye o Nile mud on he ou e shoulde s (d awing K. A ias Ky na o á, L. Vařeko á) she ds and base agmen s, bu only one example could be econs uc ed o ull p o ile, p o iding us hus wi h some me ic da a. This bee ja (77-6.AS68d.2014) was unco e ed in agmen s in he opmos laye o he sha . I belongs o Abusi ype J-1b wi h a low s aigh neck, o oid body and poin ed base ( ig. 8). The bee ja was 33.00 cm all, wi h an ape u e diame e o 8.50 cm and a maximum diame e o 17.00 cm. These dimensions a e in acco dance wi h he ime pe iod be ween he i s and he second s age o he nea by omb o Ne e inpu, hus e y likely he eign o King Nyuse e (see cha 1 in K ejčí – A ias Ky na o á – Odle in his issue). This pa icula bee ja is an exempla y case o obse ing some echnological de ails conce ning he making o hese ja s. They we e commonly buil by hand om h ee sepa a e pa s – he base, he main body and inally he neck. In his case, he neck i sel was inished on a u ning de ice. On he lowe body, he poin a which he body and base we e connec ed is clea ly isible bo h om inside and ou side. The main body o he ja was smoo hed; on he inne walls, he e a e isible aces o e ical smoo hing in wo le els. The ou e shoulde s and lowe body we e smoo hed wi h diagonal s okes. Addi ionally, he uppe shoulde s we e co e ed wi h a hin laye o mud. Such a su ace ea men is no unusual; i is clea ly isible on ea ly Old Kingdom bee ja s, such as hose om anonymous omb AS 54 (see ig. 7 in A ias Ky na o á – Ji ásko á in his issue). The pu pose is unclea – in he case o he ja s om AS 54, hei ou e walls we e en i ely co e ed in a compac laye o mud, and his could ha e se ed ei he as addi ional wa e -p oo ing o as he mal insula ion. As a as ja 77-6.AS68d.2014 is conce ned, only an a emp a he mal insula ion can be seen, as he laye he e is e y hin and only andomly dis ibu ed o e he shoulde s, seeming mo e symbolic han unc ional. The e we e nume ous no able ce amic inds om he ill o Sha 1 bu no all can be discussed in his pape . One in e es ing ind ha shall be men ioned is ce amic ool 79-1.AS68d.2014, which was ound in agmen s in he middle a ea o he sha , unde nea h and a ound he clus e wi h animal bones. I is an example o a ool made om a ce amic she d, e y likely o iginally belonging o a ine unslipped ja . I has an ellipsoid shape, and due o i s smoo h uppe and lowe su ace and clea ly wo n edges, i has o be assumed ha i se ed as a sc ape o smoo he ( ig. 9). Such ools a e gaining mo e in e es , and in Abusi , se e al pieces ha e been unco e ed o da e.7 The closes pa allels a e hose ha come om he omb o P ince We kau e in Cen al Abusi (A ias Ky na o á 2014b: Fig. 4.103:T and Fig. 4.104). The p esence o ce amic ools in a sha is unusual; howe e , i mus be s essed ha s one ools such as lin kni es ha e been ound bo h in i ual and bu ial sha s (see e.g. Rzeuska 2006: 451, 496, Table 4, Table 7; A ias Ky na o á 2014b: 86). While hese lin kni es undoub edly se ed a e y di e en unc ion, e y likely connec ed di ec ly o he cu ing o he animal pieces ha a e ound as o e ings in hese sha s, i is possible ha ce amic ools could also ha e had some so a unknown cul ic pu pose. I is, howe e , mo e likely ha hey we e pa o seconda y echnical po e y (used as a smoo hing o sc aping ool) ha was le behind only acciden ally. I is o no li le in e es ha a leas wo examples o ine ja s wi h isible aces o deep e ical smoo hing, which could ha e esul ed om he use o such a ool, we e unco e ed in he sha o Ne e . None o hese we e able o be econs uc ed o ull p o ile, bu wo we e spindle-shaped ja s wi h poin ed bases, while he las one is a la ge ja wi h a icula ed shoulde s, simila o he one almos ully p ese ed in he sha o Ne e ’s wi e (Bá a – Vymazalo á – Dulíko á e al. 2014: Fig. 13). Compa ed o he plen i ul po e y om he sha , he ce amic inds om he bu ial chambe o Ne e seem a he poo . Howe e , he bu ial chambe was disco e ed wi h a pa ially collapsed and uns able ceiling, and hus only pa o he o iginal omb goods we e able o be eco e ed du ing he isky cleaning wo ks. While he o iginal ex en o he i ems placed in his chambe is unclea , he e we e a leas wo di e en essels – one bee ja ound in agmen s (83-3.AS68d.2014 and 83-4.AS68d.2014) and a ca ina ed bowl, so called Meidum bowl, also b oken o pieces (83-1.AS68d.2014). As a as he bee ja is conce ned, i could no be econs uc ed o ull p o ile, bu due o he quali y o he she ds, i ing and colou s o he she ds and hei su ace ea men , i is clea ha hese agmen s belonged o a single essel, which had a sligh ly o al mou h wi h a diame e o 10.50 × 11.00 cm. Such dis igu a ion is no unusual and p obably occu ed ei he du ing he d ying (Rzeuska 2006: 385) o he i ing o he essels (Junke 1950: 16), when hey we e s acked on 8PES XV/2015 BURIAL SHAFTS AND CHAMBERS OF NEFER AND NEFERHATHOR Fig. 9 Comple e ce amic sc ape unco e ed in he middle pa o he sha (pho os K. A ias Ky na o á) each o he o placed oo igh ly in ows. In addi ion o he bee ja agmen s, he bu ial chambe also yielded an in ac mud s oppe om un i ed mud (83-2.AS68d.2014). As he bee ja im is incomple e and o al in shape, he associa ion o he mud s oppe wi h i is en a i e, bu hey could ha e belonged oge he . The mud s oppe has he shape o a unca ed cone (Abusi ype D-4), simila o hose ound in si u in he undis u bed bu ial chambe o p ies Ne e inpu in omb AS 37 (A ias Ky na o á 2014a: Figs. 7.8, 7.9), bu his one is o mo e compac ma e ial, wi hou isible aces o coiling and smoo hing on he ou e walls. The p esence o a sealed bee ja in a bu ial chambe is e y common, and he essels we e pa o he omb goods o he deceased, ep esen ing di e en i ems needed o he a e li e. In he case o a ious ja s, hese ep esen ed di e se luids, in his case na u ally he bee . I is no ewo hy ha in he abo e-men ioned in ac bu ial chambe o p ies Ne e inpu en such bee ja s we e unco e ed, p obably designed as an a e li e pe diem a ion o he p ies . The ca ina ed bowl unco e ed in agmen s eas o he sa cophagus, unde nea h he collapsed ceiling, was able o be econs uc ed o almos ull shape ( ig. 10). The bowl was o e y high quali y, being made o Nile sil A and co e ed ho oughly wi h a well-polished ed slip o hue 10R4/8. I had a all ecu ed im and angula shoulde s, wi h iden ical ape u e and shoulde diame e s (21.00 cm) and a medium deep body wi h a heigh o 7.50 cm. All i s ypological and me ic ea u es poin o he ac ha his bowl was manu ac u ed in he la e Fi h Dynas y (Op de Beeck 2004: 265, Table 3), wi h all ese a ions o he limi a ions o such a da ing.8Bowls such as hese we e commonly placed in he bu ial chambe s ep esen ing BURIAL SHAFTS AND CHAMBERS OF NEFER AND NEFERHATHOR PES XV/2015 9 Fig. 10 Almos ully p ese ed ca ina ed bowl unco e ed in she ds in he bu ial chambe o Ne e (pho o M. F ouz) mos likely he ood o he deceased. The e we e no o he agmen s belonging o a di e en bowl, so i is e y likely ha his was he only one. The ce amic inds o Ne e ha ho Sha 2 was e y likely c ea ed o he wi e o he main owne , Ne e ha ho , and a he ime o i s disco e y in he au umn o 2012, i was ound pa ly emp y o a dep h o abou 3.00 m. The iden i ica ion o he owne is based on he g ounds o he epig aphic e idence, wi h he name a es ed on he alse doo o he husband, Ne e (si ua ed immedia ely wes o Sha 1) and he ac ha she would be expec ed o ha e been bu ied in his nex , second sha o he omb. The an h opological analysis con i med ha a emale was bu ied in he sa cophagus o he bu ial chambe o Sha 2 and hus he associa ion o Ne e ha ho wi h he owne o his sha is ela i ely conclusi e. Ce amic inds we e unco e ed in se e al le els o he sha and i s bu ial chambe .9Unlike he abo e-men ioned sha , hese we e all assigned a single ce amic con ex numbe (44.AS68d.2012), only di e en ia ed by he le e s o he baske s and in he desc ip ion. Simila o Sha 1, he bu ial chambe o Sha 2 was also obbed and, he e o e, a leas pa o his sha mus ha e been emp ied. Howe e , clus e s o po e y in ce ain co ne s o he sha poin o he ac ha i was p obably no emp ied ully. The ill was a he compac , consis ing o b own sand mixed wi h a l, limes one chips and agmen s. The mos ele an con ex was a clus e o la ge ce amic agmen s in he sou heas e n co ne o he sha a a dep h o 2.70–3.50 m, consis ing e y likely o he emains o he o iginal sha deposi . I s con en s we e comp ised p edominan ly o s ands, pla e s and ine po e y. Roughly unde nea h his deposi was a sca e o animal bones (186/AS68d/2012), ound along he eas e n, wes e n and no he n side o he sha , as well as agmen s o wood (185/AS68d/2012). Smalle amoun s o disa icula ed po e y om Sha 2 came om below he clus e , om a dep h o 3.50 m and deepe . Finally, a he bo om o he sha , a a dep h o 6.50 m and di ec ly connec ed o he en ance in o he bu ial chambe , he emains o nume ous agmen s o po e y we e ound ( ig. 11). This clus e consis ed mainly o s ands, as well as a ully p ese ed b ead o m and she ds o ine po e y, including a bowl wi h a hick laye o a ine whi e subs ance inside, e y likely plas e in ended o coa ing. This bowl (44-5.AS68d.2012) is o Abusi ype B-2c, namely wi h ben -sided walls and a spou ed im ( ig. 12). Bo h cu ed spou s we e ound, al hough he essel was p ese ed only o abou 55 % o i s diame e . The use o such ine po e y as a con aine o plas e is less usual, bu in p inciple i e lec s he simila disco e y o a bee ja base wi h mo a illing a he bo om o Sha 1 and has o be in e p e ed in a simila way (see sup a). This was no he only ine po e y used as a con aine o plas e – he con ex in on o he sealing wall con ained agmen s o ano he essel, o much less usual shape, also wi h a laye o whi e subs ance on i s inne walls. I is e y small, wi h an ape u e diame e o only 18.50 cm and a heigh o 9.50 cm. The mos unusual ea u es a e i s