The use of English, Czech and French punctuation marks in reference, parallel and comparable web corpora: a question of methodology
Abstract
30
Full text
The use o English, Czech and
F ench punc ua ion ma ks in e e ence,
pa allel and compa able web co po a:
aques ion o me hodology
Olga Nád o níko á (P ague)
ABSTRACT
This pape analyses he equency o six punc ua ion ma ks ( he comma, pe iod, colon, semicolon,
ques ion ma k and exclama ion ma k) in h ee languages (English, F ench and Czech) in h ee di -
e en ypes o co po a— compa able web co po a, la ge monolingual gene al ( e e ence) co po a
and pa allel ( ansla ion) co po a. The aim o he analysis is o iden i y which ype o co pus and
which me hodology a e he mos sui able o con as i e esea ch in o punc ua ion. The da a shows
ha he equency o di e en punc ua ion ma ks is e y sensi i e o he ex ype. The e o e, he
web co po a, con aining uncon ollable amoun s o a ious ex ypes, canno p o ide speci ic and
eliable in o ma ion abou he use o punc ua ion ma ks in agi en language. We a gue ha despi e
hei limi a ions in e ms o size and composi ion as well as he po en ial speci ic ea u es o he lan-
guage o ansla ion, he pa allel co po a used in combina ion wi h he gene al ( e e ence) co po a
p o ide he bes da a o such esea ch.
KEYWORDS:
compa able web co po a, con as i e analysis, pa allel co po a, punc ua ion, e e ence co po a
DOI
h ps://doi.o g/10.14712/18059635.2020.1.2
1. INTRODUCTION
Punc ua ion ma ks ul il mul iple unc ions in a ex — syn ac ic (g amma ical), p o-
sodic and seman ic-p agma ic (Védénina 1980, Qui k e al. 1985, Meye 1987, Ca ach
1994, P a do á e al. 2004, C ček e al. 2010, G e isse and Goosse 2011, e c.). In hei
syn ac ic unc ion, punc ua ion ma ks sepa a e wo ds, clauses and sen ences and
ma k he logical ela ionship be ween hem (see Pagnoulle 2004). A he p osodic
le el, hey indica e pauses and a y he hy hm o he ex 1 while a he seman ic-
p agma ic le el, hey indica e he modali y o he sen ence.
Al hough punc ua ion ma ks sha e he same basic p ope ies ac oss many lan-
guages— hey a e “in e lingual” (Rey-Debo e 1978, Ponge 2011 and o he s), hei e-
quency and speci ic usage may a y acco ding o local con en ions and adi ions.
The aim o his pape is o analyse he equency o six punc ua ion ma ks ( h ee
in e sen en ial: he ull s op, ques ion ma k and exclama ion ma k, and h ee in a-
1 As shown in Qui k e al. (1985) and especially in P imus (2007), he adi ional assump-
ion ha he e is aclose associa ion be ween punc ua ion and p osody is p oblema ic.
OLGA NáDVORNíKOVá 31
sen en ial: he comma, colon and semicolon)2 in h ee di e en languages (English,
F ench and Czech) and o ind ou which ype o co po a and which me hodology
a e he mos app op ia e o con as i e esea ch in o punc ua ion. The analysis will
be conduc ed on h ee ypes o co po a: compa able web co po a (A anea), gene al
( e e ence) co po a and pa allel ( ansla ion) co po a. We assume ha in compa ison
wi h pa allel and gene al ( e e ence) co po a, he ad an age o he A anea co po a
will be hei compa abili y in e ms o size, composi ion and da e o c awling (Benko
2014). Howe e , he gene al ( e e ence) and he pa allel co po a bene i om he high
eliabili y o he da a and he me ada a.
The pape is o ganised as ollows: Sec ion 2 p esen s he h ee ypes o co pus
used in he esea ch, which a e hen analysed indi idually in Sec ion 3. The inal
sec ion o his s udy summa ises he esul s and discusses open ques ions o u u e
esea ch.
2. CORPORA
As men ioned abo e, h ee ypes o co po a we e used in his esea ch: compa able
web co po a (A anea, Benko 2015), la ge gene al ( e e ence) co po a ( he B i ish Na-
ional Co pus, FRANTEXT, Es épublicain, and SYN 6) and apa allel (mul ilingual)
co pus (In e Co p).
The A anea web co po a (see Benko 2014, 2015 and 2017, h p://a anea.juls.sa ba.
sk/a anea_abou /index.h ml) a e ase o la ge monolingual co po a ha ep esen
14 languages: English, including A ican English and Asian English, Czech, Finnish,
F ench, Ge man, Slo ak, Spanish, Hunga ian, I alian, Du ch, Polish, Po uguese,
Uk ainian and Russian.3 The co po a we e c ea ed using he Spide Ling web c awle
a app oxima ely he same ime (in 2013).4 In hei main a ian (Maius), hey ha e
he same size o app oxima ely 1.2 billion okens each, con ain simila (web-speci ic)
ex ypes, and a e a ailable ia he same access pla o m.5 Fo all hese easons, hese
co po a “( o ala ge ex en ) dese e he designa ion o being ‘compa able’” (Benko
2014: 247).
Gene al (monolingual) co po a a e supposed o be ep esen a i e and balanced
wi h ega d o he a ie y o agi en language (see McEne y— Xiao— Tono 2006:59);
2 This lis is no exhaus i e and o he punc ua ion ma ks could ha e been included in he e-
sea ch; in pa icula , ellipsis do s (suspension poin s), dashes (en-dashes and em-dashes,
see he con as i e esea ch conduc ed by Rod íguez-Cas o 2011), as well as b acke s and
pa en hesis, quo a ion ma ks, and punc ua ion ma ks ope a ing a he le el o he wo d
(hyphens and apos ophes) o a he le el o ex (pa ag aphs, on changes, lis s, e c.).
3 Benko (2014) men ions only 11 languages; o he languages ha e since been added (A ican
English and Asian English, Finnish, Du ch and Po uguese).
4 The deduplica ion was ca ied ou by he Onion u ili y based on n-g ams (Benko 2014: 250
and Benko 2013).
5 In ou esea ch, we accessed he co po a ia he co pus manage KonTex o he Ins i u e
o he Czech Na ional Co pus, based on he Ske chEngine in e ace.
32 LINGUISTICA PRAGENSIA 1/2020
a e e ence co pus should mo eo e emain unchanged. The B i ish Na ional Co pus
(BNC) is a ypical example o such aco pus, as is he Czech e e ence ( e sioned)
co pus SYN 6— hey bo h con ain ala ge amoun o ex s ep esen ing he main
imagina i e/ ic ion, non- ic ion and jou nalis ic ex ypes.6 Howe e , a ep esen a-
i e e e ence co pus is no a ailable o F ench (see Nád o níko á 2007). The co pus
closes o a ep esen a i e e e ence co pus is FRANTEXT (www. an ex . ), ala ge
co pus composed mos ly o ic ion and pa ly also o non- ic ion ( om he 12 h o
he 21s cen u ies). In ou esea ch, we used he subco po a o FRANTEXT o ic ion
and non- ic ion published a e 1950 (31,610,109 and 18,261,370 okens, espec i ely).
To analyse F ench jou nalis ic ex s, we used he Es épublicain 2 co pus (87,984,773
okens), again accessible ia KonTex . The co pus con ains a icles om he F ench
egional jou nal, also called L’Es Républicain, published in 1999, 2002 and 2003.
The In e Co p pa allel co pus (www.ko pus.cz/in e co p) is ala ge mul ilingual
co pus made up o 40 languages, wi h Czech as he pi o language. The whole co pus
con ains 2,108 billion okens (www.ko pus.cz/in e co p and Če mák and Rosen 2012
and Nád o níko á 2016 in F ench). I has been used ex ensi ely in esea ch bo h in
con as i e linguis ics and in ansla ion s udies (see www.ko pus.cz/biblio). The
co pus is di ided in o aco e pa and collec ions. The co e mos ly consis s o ic ion
and pa ly o non- ic ion. The collec ions a e composed o a ious ex ypes: mo ie
sub i les, Acquis communau ai e, ansc ip s o deba es in he Eu opean Pa liamen
and jou nalis ic ex s (collec ions SYNDICATE and P esseu op). In 2017, 18 ansla-
ions o he Bible we e also added o he co pus. The dis inc ion be ween he co e
and he collec ions is impo an o ou esea ch: all co e ex s a e p oo - ead and
alignmen in his pa o he co pus is manually checked and co ec ed in apa allel
ex edi o (see Če mák— Rosen 2012). Fo his eason, he quali y o he ou pu is
highe han in he collec ions, no p oo - ead and aligned only au oma ically, wi h-
ou manual checking. This di e ence is c ucial in con as i e esea ch, and espe-
cially in con as i e esea ch in o punc ua ion, e y sensi i e o he quali y o he
co pus.
3. USE OF PUNCTUATION MARKS IN ENGLISH, FRENCH AND CZECH
Se e al ac o s unde lie he di e ences in English, F ench and Czech punc ua ion.
Fi s , he e a e di e ences in he o e all p inciples o punc ua ion in he h ee lan-
guages. In Czech, he dominan p inciple go e ning he use o punc ua ion ma ks
is he syn ac ic (g amma ical) one, especially in he use o he comma. In English,
and mo e so in F ench, he p e ailing p inciple is mo e p osodic and logical. This
di e ence can be illus a ed by he use o he comma in ela i e clauses: in Czech,
all ela i e clauses a e sepa a ed om he es o he sen ence by commas, whe eas
in English and in F ench he p esence o absence o he comma ma ks he dis inc-
6 In con as o SYN 6, he BNC co pus con ains asec ion o spoken language (app oxi-
ma ely 10% o he whole co pus). This sec ion was no used in ou analysis, as punc ua-
ion is in insically ela ed o he w i en language.
OLGA NáDVORNíKOVá 33
ion be ween explica i e and de e mina i e ela i e clauses (see Vinay and Da bel-
ne 1995: 189).
The e a e also speci ic con en ions conce ning indi idual punc ua ion ma ks in
acco dance wi h he s ylis ic and ypog aphic adi ions o he co esponding lin-
guis ic communi y. Fo example, F ench uses mo e commas han English o sepa a e
he ini ial ad e bial om he es o he sen ence (see Guillemin-Flesche 1981: 139,
Ponge 2011: 132 and Vinay and Da belne 1995: 189).7 O e use o exclama ion ma ks is
conside ed apo en ial signal o emo ionalism o limi ed powe s o sel -exp ession
in English (Newma k 1988: 58) as well as in Czech.8 The e a e also impo an di e -
ences in he use o he semicolon, which is mo e equen in F ench han in English
and conside ably mo e equen in F ench han in Czech (see Newma k 1988: 58 o
English-F ench and Nád o níko á and Šo olo á 2016: 203–204 o F ench-Czech).
Finally, acco ding o Fab icius-Hansen (1996, 1998 and 1999), he use o punc-
ua ion ma ks may also e lec di e ences in he no ms ha languages ollow wi h
espec o in o ma ional densi y, i.e. he way o packaging discou se in o ma ion in
sen ences. Compa ing No wegian and Ge man non- ic ional ex s on he basis o dis-
cou se ep esen a ion heo y (DRT), Fab icius-Hansen shows ha Ge man, p e e -
ing high in o ma ional densi y, encodes in o ma ion in long, hie a chical sen ences.
In con as , No wegian, based on he low in o ma ional densi y p inciple, has amo e
pa a ac ic, inc emen al s yle. Thus, when ansla ing om Ge man in o No wegian,
sen ences a e spli mo e equen ly han in he opposi e di ec ion (see Nád o níko á
2017a o a quan i a i e analysis o his issue in English, F ench and Czech). The e-
o e, ahigh ela i e equency o inal punc ua ion ma ks may be in e sely p opo -
ional o he in o ma ional densi y o a ex . Fab icius-Hansen (1999: 204) adds ha
amo e e ined use o punc ua ion ma ks, including use o he colon and semicolon,
also co ela es wi h ahigh deg ee o in o ma ional densi y. This issue goes, howe e ,
beyond he la gely quan i a i e scope o his s udy, since many o he impo an ac-
o s in luence in o ma ional densi y de ined in his way, e.g. he ex ype ( ic ion
s non- ic ion, Nád o níko á and Šo olo á 2016) and he numbe o ini e and non-
ini e clauses wi hin he sen ence (Fab icius-Hansen 1999).
3.1 USE OF PUNCTUATION MARKS
IN THE ARANEA COMPARABLE WEB CORPORA
The ad an age o he A anea web co po a in linguis ic esea ch is he la ge size, com-
pa abili y and awide ange o con empo a y ex sou ces, which ange om ad e -
isemen s o wa e spo s equipmen o ama eu poe y. Ano he ad an age is ha
hese co po a ep esen di e en a ie ies o language, e.g. F ench spoken/w i en
in F ance as well as F ench used in Canada, Swi ze land and Belgium. Despi e he e-
cen da e o compila ion, he A anea co po a ha e al eady been used in monolingual
7 In his s udy, we do no deal wi h he pu ely ypog aphic di e ence be ween he English
decimal poin (3.96) and he F ench i gule décimale (3,96).
8 Ce ain esea che s see he di e ences in he use o exclama ion ma ks as a esul o he
di e en “men ali y” o linguis ic communi ies (Rybák 1986: 181, in acompa ison o Rus-
sian and Slo ak).
34 LINGUISTICA PRAGENSIA 1/2020
as well as in con as i e esea ch (see Wach a czyko á and Ga abík 2016 o Slo ak
and K a och ílo á and Jind o á 2017 o Spanish and Po uguese). In his sec ion, we
will explo e hei usabili y in con as i e punc ua ion esea ch.
Table 1 shows he equency o he six punc ua ion ma ks which we ocus on in
his s udy.9
ARA-
NEUM
( okens)
Anglicum
Maius
(1,200,023,361)
F ancogallicum
Maius
1,200,004,721
Bohemicum
Maius10
1,200,000,138
DIN
( a ge - e e-
ence co pus)
abs. q. ipm abs. q. ipm abs. q. ipm EN–
–FR
CS–
–FR
CS–
–EN
comma 44,867,269 37,389 50,473,489 42,061 59,030,867 49,192 –6 8 14
ull s op 36,977,921 30,814 32,562,309 27,135 44,273,355 36,894 6 15 9
colon 3,609,504 3,008 5,869,354 4,891 5,291,201 4,409 –24 –5 19
ques ion
ma k 2,093,370 1,744 2,135,119 1,779 2,437,335 2,031 –1 7 8
semicolon 1,613,443 1,345 1,313,170 1,094 488,442 407 10 –46 –54
exclam.
ma k 1,416,417 1,180 2,501,888 2,085 1,256,457 1,047 –28 –33 –6
Table 1.F equency o six punc ua ion ma ks in English, F ench and Czech in he A anea web co po-
a (abs. q. = absolu e equency; ipm = ins ance pe million, ela i e equency). The highes alues
among he h ee languages a e highligh ed. All he di e ences be ween he h ee languages a e s a is-
ically signi ican a he le el o p < .001 (acco ding o achi-squa ed es ).
We can see ha in he h ee languages, he mos equen punc ua ion ma ks a e
he comma and ull s op. This obse a ion co esponds o common expec a ions and
o he indings o p e ious esea ch (see Qui k e al. 1985: 1613, Nád o níko á and
Šo olo á 2016: 203–204). Fi s , gi en he abo e-men ioned di e ences be ween he
punc ua ion sys ems in Czech in compa ison wi h English and F ench, i is no su -
p ising ha he comma is mos equen in Czech. Second, he ela i e equencies o
he ull s op co obo a e he hypo hesis ega ding he di e ence be ween he h ee
languages in e ms o in o ma ional densi y: he ull s op is mos equen in Czech,
less equen in English, and he leas equen in F ench, which is conside ed he
denses . Finally, he equency o exclama ion ma ks co obo a es he adi ional
s a emen s conce ning he di e ences be ween F ench, on he one hand, and Czech
9 We sea ched he co pus using he ollowing egula exp essions: [wo d=","], [wo d=" ."]</
s> (we added he end-o -sen ence a ibu e o elimina e he decimal poin o he poin s a -
e abb e ia ions), and [wo d=":"], [wo d=" ?"], [wo d=";"] and [wo d=" !"].
10 Fo Czech (and Russian and Slo ak), he “Maximum” e sion, con aining mo e han 3 bil-
lion okens, is a ailable. Ne e heless, he ad an age o abigge co pus would no com-
pensa e o he loss o compa abili y wi h he o he co po a, whe e such ala ge amoun
o da a is no a ailable. Howe e , o monolingual esea ch, he Maximum e sion is
a aluable sou ce o da a (e.g. o esea ch on neologisms, see Mud ocho á 2019).
OLGA NáDVORNíKOVá 35
and English, in which his punc ua ion ma k is encoun e ed less equen ly, on he
o he .11 Ne e heless, all hese esul s ha e o be e i ied in a wo old analysis: i s , o
asce ain he eliabili y o he composi ion o he co pus; second, o analyse in de ail
he s a is ical signi icance o he di e ences obse ed in Table 1.
We checked he composi ion o he co pus by i s looking a he absolu e and
ela i e equencies o he punc ua ion ma ks acco ding o he di e en <doc>; i.e.
he di e en URL pages om which he co pus is compiled. Taking, o example, he
equency o he ull s op in he F ench A aneum co pus, we obse e ha he co -
pus is ai ly di e si ied. The examples a e aken om mo e han 100,000 URL pages,
wi h an a e age o 305 occu ences pe page. Some pages a e sys ema ically mo e
ep esen ed han o he s (in absolu e numbe s); in he F ench co pus, o example,
he Swiss page www.abbaye-sain -benoi .ch con ains 85,136 ull s ops. (This page also
ops he lis o commas, ques ion ma ks, colons and semicolons.) Ne e heless, ow-
ing o he ex emely la ge size o he co pus, his numbe amoun s o only 0.2% o he
o al numbe o ull s ops in he co pus.12
Ano he po en ial issue associa ed wi h web co po a is quali y o da a. Fi s , i
is necessa y o iden i y he language o he URL. The o e whelming majo i y o he
pages ha e been agged in he co ec language bu because o he ex emely la ge
size o he co pus, mis akes a e ine i able. In he F ench equency lis o ques ion
ma ks, o example, we ind aweb page in Russian (www.ai o-xxi. u) and in he ull
s op equency lis apage in English ( anked second in ela i e equency). Howe e ,
o he language modi ica ions may be less e iden . Fo example, he web page www.
in o- u k.be p o ided he hi d-highes numbe o ull s ops while he names o he
edi o s sugges ha hei na i e language may no be F ench.
Mo e impo an ly, he equency o punc ua ion ma ks may be skewed by an
o e ep esen a ion o hei speci ic uses. This is especially ue o he semicolon,
which is used equen ly by e-shops o lis ing pu chasable i ems. Thus, 46,654 oc-
cu ences o he semicolon in he Czech A aneum co pus, i.e. 10% o he o al numbe
o okens, come om he webpage o he publishing house G ada. I his webpage
we e o be emo ed, he ela i e equency o his punc ua ion ma k would be e en
lowe in Table1, wi h 368 ins ead o 407 ipm.13 The equency o he semicolon is also
excep ional in he English sub-co pus o A anea: in con as o p e ious con as-
i e esea ch (see Sec ion 1) and he da a based on e e ence co po a (see Sec ion 3.2,
Tables 2–4), he equency o he semicolon is highe in English han in F ench. Due
o he lack o mo e gene al me ada a in he web co po a, i is di icul o iden i y he
exac eason o his di e ence.
11 In all h ee languages, exclama ion ma ks a e equen ly used in pe sonal commen a ies
and blogs as well as in ad e ising (Only six mo e shopping days ’ il Ch is mas!).
12 Simila ly, 228,000 commas ob ained om his Swiss page ep esen only 0.46% o he 50
million commas in he whole co pus.
13 Ano he issue associa ed wi h web co po a is he quali y o he lack o p oo - eading.
Fo example, on he English si e www.melindadoli le.com, apos ophes we e eplaced by
ques ion ma ks in he co pus.
36 LINGUISTICA PRAGENSIA 1/2020
The second pa o he analysis o he esul s in Table 1 deals wi h he s a is ical sig-
ni icance o he di e ences obse ed be ween he languages. Acco ding o he esul s
om achi-squa ed es , all he di e ences a e s a is ically signi ican a he le el o
p < .001. Howe e , his esul con i ms only ha enough da a was a ailable o he
analysis; mo eo e , wi h such high absolu e equencies, he esul s a e usually s a-
is ically signi ican . The e o e, we also es ed he e ec size o he di e ences by he
means o he di e ence index (DIN, see C ček and Fidle 2015), as shown in he las
h ee columns o Table 1 ( he a ge co pus is always he i s men ioned). The DIN
akes in o accoun only he ela i e equencies in he a ge co pus (A) and in he
e e ence co pus (B):
The DIN alues may a y be ween 100 and –100, 100 meaning ha he analysed i em
occu s only in he analysed ( a ge ) co pus, and no a all in he e e ence co pus,
and 100 meaning ha he i em was ound only in he e e ence co pus. A alue o 0
indica es ha he ela i e equency o he i em is he same in bo h co po a. The e-
sul s po en ially in e es ing o analysis s a a app oxima ely 50, bu wi h ou da a
based on high absolu e equencies, he h eshold o signi icance may be e en lowe .
Conside ing he da a p esen ed in Table 1, we can s a e ha , in gene al, he di e en-
ces be ween he h ee languages in he equency o use o punc ua ion ma ks a e
no conside able in he A anea web co po a. E en he adi ionally men ioned dis-
c epancies in he use o exclama ion ma ks do no each he c i ical alue h eshold
o 50, al hough hey do con i m he mo e in equen use o exclama ion ma ks in
Czech and English in compa ison wi h F ench. The only clea ly dis inguished di e-
ence be ween he h ee languages is he low equency o he semicolon in Czech in
compa ison wi h English and F ench.
In o de o iden i y he po en ial idiosync asies o he web co po a, we will now
compa e his da a wi h ha ob ained om he la ge monolingual ep esen a i e gen-
e al co po a o he h ee languages.
3.2 USE OF PUNCTUATION MARKS IN MONOLINGUAL GENERAL CORPORA
Monolingual gene al co po a, such as he B i ish Na ional Co pus o he SYN co pus
o he Czech Na ional Co pus, a e designed o ep esen as much as possible agi en
language o language a ie y as awhole (see McEne y— Xiao— Tono 2006: 15). An
ad an age o hese co po a is he eliabili y o he da a, since he ex s, chosen ca e-
ully acco ding o aspeci ic sampling ame, a e supplemen ed wi h de ailed me a-
da a. Thanks o hese me ada a, i is possible o selec subco po a co esponding o
speci ic ex ypes, which mos o en a e ic ion, non- ic ion and jou nalis ic. Fu -
he mo e, he size o he gene al co po a is la ge enough e en o e y ad anced e-
sea ch.
Howe e , schola s conduc ing con as i e esea ch ha e o deal wi h he ac ha
hese co po a a e no compa able o di e en languages, nei he in size (c . Tables 2,
DIN = 100 ×
elFQ(A) – elFQ(B)
elFQ(A) + elFQ(B)
OLGA NáDVORNíKOVá 37
3 and 4), no in composi ion. In non- ic ion, o example, he h ee co po a con ain—
in di e en p opo ions— ex s om a ious scien i ic domains. These a e academic
as well as non-academic and ex s anging om quan um physics o ex s abou soci-
ology and he au omobile indus y. Tex s classi ied as “jou nalis ic” o “newspape ”
a e also he e ogeneous: abloids, spo s news, edi o ials, commen a ies, e c., use e y
di e en language— and di e en punc ua ion. Finally, he ca ego y o “imagina-
i e” ex s may include poe y, d ama, no els, e c. In o de o assu e ( ela i e) compa-
abili y wi h he co e o he pa allel co pus used in Sec ion 3.3, we es ic ed his las
ex ype o no els, i.e. “p ose” in he BNC and in SYN 6 and “ omans” in FRANTEXT.14
Tables 2, 3 and 4 show he absolu e and ela i e equencies o he six analysed
punc ua ion ma ks in he h ee gene al monolingual co po a in ic ion, non- ic ion
and jou nalis ic ex ypes, including he di e ence index (DIN) o his da a in
compa ison wi h da a om he A anea co po a (see Table 1). In he compa ison, he
A anea co po a a e he a ge co po a and he gene al monolingual co po a a e he
e e ence co po a. The DIN alues show ha he equencies o punc ua ion ma ks
obse ed in he web co po a (Table 1) a e di e en om esul s ob ained in he mono-
lingual e e ence co po a. All he di e ences be ween he A anea co po a and he
co esponding monolingual co po a a e s a is ically signi ican (acco ding o achi-
squa ed es ) and he highes alues (DIN and ipm) among he h ee languages a e
highligh ed.
Fic ion
BNC
(15,644,928)
DIN
(A a-
nea)
FRANTEXT
(31,610,109)
DIN
(A a-
nea)
SYN 6
(22,493,302)
DIN
(A a-
nea)
abs. q. ipm abs. q. ipm abs. q. ipm
comma 973,841 62,246 –25 2,222,988 70,325 –25 1,802,248 80,124 –24
ull s op 929,584 59,418 –32 1,354,006 42,835 –22 1,155,414 51,367 –16
colon 18,611 1,190 43 130,408 4,126 8 75,709 3,366 13
ques ion
ma k 138,914 8,879 –67 149,258 4,722 –45 152,402 6,775 –54
semicolon 27,806 1,777 –14 61,091 1,933 –28 18,538 824 –34
exclam.
ma k 46,518 2,973 –43 124,591 3,941 –31 118,051 5,248 –67
Table 2.F equency o six punc ua ion ma ks in English, F ench and Czech in ic ion in gene al co po-
a (abs. q = absolu e equency; ipm = ins ance pe million, ela i e equency). The DIN shows he di -
e ence be ween he gene al ( e e ence) co pus and he co esponding A anea co pus ( a ge co pus).
14 To make su e ha ou co po a a e ep esen a i e o con empo a y language, we used only
hose sub-co po a con aining ex s published a e 1950. S ill, he co po a a e no ully
compa able: ex s (samples) in he BNC we e published mainly be ween 1975 and 1993,
he majo i y o ex s in he ic ion and non- ic ion subco pus in FRANTEXT we e pub-
lished be ween 1950 and 1980, whe eas he SYN 6 subco po a (and Es épublicain) con-
ain ex s published mainly in he 21s cen u y. In all he sub-co po a, only non- ansla ed
(o iginal) ex s we e used in his esea ch. The BNC and FRANTEXT do no con ain ans-
la ions; in SYN 6, he sou ce language was limi ed o Czech.
38 LINGUISTICA PRAGENSIA 1/2020
Non-
ic ion
BNC (31,885,063) DIN
(A a-
nea)
FRANTEXT
(18,261,370)
DIN
(A a-
nea)
SYN 615
(36,618,042)
DIN
(A a-
nea)
abs. q. ipm abs. q. ipm abs. q. ipm
comma 1,513,828 47,478 –12 1,126,234 61,673 –19 2,382,766 65,071 –14
ull s op 1,155,912 36,252 –8 564,010 30,885 –6 1,466,519 40,049 –4
colon 78,418 2,459 10 86,576 4,741 2 124,123 3,390 13
ques ion
ma k 27,868 874 33 23,004 1,260 17 37,284 1,018 33
semicolon 91,031 2,855 –36 72,088 3,948 –57 57,448 1,569 –59
exclam.
ma k 5,490 172 75 9,703 531 59 18,748 512 34
Table 3.F equency o six punc ua ion ma ks in English, F ench and Czech in non- ic ion in gene al
co po a (abs. q = absolu e equency; ipm = ins ance pe million, ela i e equency). The DIN shows
he di e ence be ween he gene al ( e e ence) co pus and he co esponding A anea co pus ( a ge
co pus).
Jou na-
lis ic
BNC (10,527,721) DIN
(A a-
nea)
Es épublicain
(87,984,773)
DIN
(A a-
nea)
SYN 6
(214,186,383)
DIN
(A a-
nea)
abs. q. ipm abs. q. ipm abs. q. ipm
comma 442,385 42,021 –6 5,134,134 58,353 –16 12,560,703 58,644 –9
ull s op 404,819 38,453 –11 3,307,902 37,596 –16 11,592,891 54,125 –19
colon 42,306 4,019 –14 519,973 5,910 –9 465,457 2,173 34
ques ion
ma k 7,787 740 40 71,800 816 37 549,892 2,567 –12
semicolon 10,687 1,015 14 326,919 3,716 –54 26,280 123 54
exclam.
ma k 2,503 238 66 85,479 972 36 177,322 828 12
Table 4.F equency o six punc ua ion ma ks in English, F ench and Czech in jou nalis ic ex s in
gene al co po a (abs. q = absolu e equency; ipm = ins ance pe million, ela i e equency). The
DIN shows he di e ence be ween he gene al ( e e ence) co pus and he co esponding A anea co -
pus ( a ge co pus).
The compa ison o he da a ob ained om he gene al co po a, independen ly om
he web co po a, con i med some o he adi ional con as i e obse a ions men-
ioned in Sec ion 2. Fo example, we can obse e ahighe ela i e equency o he
comma and he ull s op in Czech, wi h he excep ion o he ull s op in ic ion, whe e
he ela i e equency is highe in English han in Czech. The da a also shows asys-
ema ically high ela i e equency o he colon and semicolon in F ench, indica -
ing amo e e ined, i.e. mo e elabo a ed use o punc ua ion men ioned by Fab icius-
15 Non- ic ion in SYN 6 was limi ed o books om he ca ego ies PRO, SCI and POP. In
FRANTEXT, his gen e includes “essais” and “ ai és”. In he BNC, he domain “in o ma-
i e” includes academic and non-academic books and pe iodicals.
OLGA NáDVORNíKOVá 45
ges s ha he esea ch o shi s in punc ua ion has o be in insically linked o he
con as i e analysis o he syn ax o he wo o h ee languages unde examina ion,
especially wi h ega d o in o ma ional densi y (see Sec ion 1).
F om ame hodological poin o iew, i is impo an o poin ou ha in his analy-
sis o pa allel da a, we compa ed he absolu e equencies o punc ua ion ma ks in
he analysed sub-co po a because he sou ce and a ge ex s a e conside ed equi a-
len . In ac , he da a in Table 5 shows ha he ela i e equencies a e no 100% eli-
able o compa ing ypologically di e en languages. Czech, asyn he ic language,
encodes he same in o ma ion in ewe wo ds han ela i ely analy ic languages, such
as English and F ench. As he ela i e equencies a e based on he numbe o okens,
i is ine i able ha he ela i e equencies o punc ua ion ma ks will be highe in
ex s w i en in languages ha encode in o ma ion in ewe wo ds. This can be seen,
o example, in he equency o he ull s op in ansla ions om English in Table5:
he absolu e equency is highe in ansla ions in o F ench han in o Czech, bu he
ela i e equency is highe in Czech han in F ench, due o he lowe numbe o o-
kens in he Czech sub-co pus (1,210,677 in F ench s. 1,104,054 in Czech). This obse -
a ion is c ucial o in e p e ing he da a ob ained om compa able web co po a and
gene al co po a in Sec ions 3.1 and 3.2. In ac , all he ela i e equencies o Czech
should be econside ed by aquo ien co esponding o his di e ence, as all he ela-
i e equencies in Czech would be lowe .
Thus, pa allel co po a seem o be mo e sui able o con as i e punc ua ion
esea ch han compa able o gene al co po a. Despi e he issues caused by hei
limi ed size and by po en ial idiosync asies in oduced by he ansla o , pa allel
co po a allow o mo e p ecise quan i a i e esea ch due o he di ec compa ison
o absolu e equencies. In addi ion, hey allow o a ine-g ained quali a i e analy-
sis o he shi s and co espondences o punc ua ion ma ks in indi idual sen ences.
Howe e , gene al monolingual co po a a e in aluable in hei ole as e e ence
co po a as hey e eal po en ial biases o bo h ansla ed and non- ansla ed ex s
con ained in he pa allel co pus (c . asimila me hodology sugges ed in Johansson
1998 and 2007).
4. CONCLUSION
The aim o his pape was o inden i y which ype o co pus and which me hodol-
ogy a e he mos app op ia e o con as i e esea ch in o punc ua ion. The analy-
sis based on he compa ison o English, F ench and Czech la ge gene al monolin-
gual co po a has shown ha he equency o punc ua ion ma ks is e y sensi i e
o he ex ype ( ic ion, non- ic ion and jou nalis ic). Fo his eason, A anea web
co po a a e no asui able sou ce o da a o con as i e esea ch in o punc ua ion,
despi e hei compa abili y in size, da e o compila ion and me hods by which hey
we e c awled. In ac , he exac composi ion o he web co po a, in e ms o p opo -
ions o di e en ex ypes, canno be iden i ied, and sou ces anging om exce p s
om he Bible o eal es a e ad e isemen s a e oo he e ogeneous o p o ide speci ic
da a abou he use o punc ua ion ma ks in agi en language. Mo eo e , apa om
46 LINGUISTICA PRAGENSIA 1/2020
he ex ype, o he uncon ollable a iables ha e aconside able in luence on he
esul ing equencies in A anea web co po a, especially he o e ep esen a ion o
a ious speci ic uses o punc ua ion ma ks, such as he use o he semicolon o sepa-
a e pu chasable i ems in e-shops.
In con as o he web co po a, he ad an age o he gene al monolingual co po a
is he quali y o me ada a ha allows us o speci y he composi ion o he co pus, o
example, he speci ic domains o non- ic ion. Howe e , hei usabili y o con as i e
esea ch in o punc ua ion is limi ed because, s ic ly speaking, hey a e no compa-
able in size o composi ion. Mo eo e , gene al monolingual co po a ha e o com-
pa e only ela i e equencies in he languages unde s udy, bu hose a e no eliable
when compa ing ypologically di e en languages. As e ealed by he compa ison o
absolu e and ela i e equencies o punc ua ion ma ks in pa allel co po a, ela i e
equencies a e biased when da a o mo e syn he ic languages, such as Czech, was
compa ed wi h da a o mo e analy ic languages, such as F ench and English. In ac ,
as mo e syn he ic languages encode he same in o ma ion in ewe wo ds han less
syn he ic languages, he di e ence in he numbe o okens o he co pus al e s he
ela i e equency. Fo his eason, all he ela i e equencies o Czech compa ed
wi h English and F ench should be econside ed by aquo ien co esponding o his
di e ence.
Thus, he ad an age o pa allel co po a in compa ison wi h gene al monolingual
co po a and compa able web co po a is he possibili y o compa e di ec ly he abso-
lu e equencies o di e en punc ua ion ma ks in he sou ce ex s and hose in he
co esponding ansla ions, as hey a e conside ed equi alen . Pa allel conco dances
also allow o aquali a i e analysis o he shi s and co espondences o he punc-
ua ion sys ems in di e en languages. Ne e heless, se e al me hodological limi a-
ions o pa allel co po a ha e o be aken in o accoun , namely hei limi ed size and
composi ion, speci ic ea u es o he language o ansla ion, idiolec s o au ho s o
ansla o s, e c.
In o de o a oid o a leas iden i y he po en ial in luence o he speci ic ea-
u es o he language o ansla ion, some me hodological p inciples ha e o be e-
spec ed while wo king on pa allel co po a (see also Nád o níko á 2017b and 2017c).
The analysis has o be bidi ec ional and he da a o bo h ansla ed and non- ans-
la ed language has o be compa ed o he da a in he e e ence (monolingual) co po a
(see Johansson 1998). In he speci ic esea ch in o punc ua ion, he da a showed ha
punc ua ion ma ks should be analysed no sepa a ely bu as asys em because ade-
c ease in he equency o one punc ua ion ma k in ansla ion is o en compensa ed
by an inc ease in he equency o ano he punc ua ion ma k. Fo example, he use o
he semicolon is closely linked o he use o he comma and he ull s op.
Fu u e con as i e esea ch in o punc ua ion ma ks may ocus mo e on quali a-
i e analysis, conside ing he changes in hei di e en uses a he han he o e all
equencies. F om he con as i e poin o iew, i will be in e es ing o examine he
syne gy o changes o punc ua ion and o he modi ica ions in ansla ion, such as
adding connec i es o mo ing non- ini e e b o ms o ini e ones, in o de o iden i y
mo e gene al s uc u al di e ences be ween languages. Finally, bu jus as impo -
an , amo e ho ough compa ison o punc ua ion ma ks in di e en ex ypes such
OLGA NáDVORNíKOVá 47
as ic ion, non- ic ion and jou nalis ic and hei ansla ions may e eal speci ic con-
en ions o he impac o edi o ial guidelines. Thus, u he esea ch in o punc ua-
ion, s ill unde explo ed wi hin linguis ic esea ch, may become akey o unlocking
e y complex sys ems.
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50 LINGUISTICA PRAGENSIA 1/2020
Acknowledgemen s
This wo k was suppo ed by he Eu opean Regional De elopmen Fund-P ojec „C ea i i y and
Adap abili y as Condi ions o he Success o Eu ope in an In e ela ed Wo ld“ (No. CZ.02.1.01/0.0
/0.0/16_019/0000734).
This esea ch was suppo ed by he Cha les Uni e si y p ojec P og es Q10, Language in he shi -
ings o ime, space, and cul u e.
Olga Nád o níko á
Depa men o Romance S udies
Facul y o A s, Cha les Uni e si y
Nám. Jana Palacha 2, 11638 P aha
ORCID ID: 0000-0001-7709-3901
olga.nad o niko a@ .cuni.cz