IS Mentors and Peculiarities in the Development of the Hungarian Information Society

The Jou nal o Communi y In o ma ics, Vol 6, No 2 (2010) IS Men o s and Peculia i ies in he De elopmen o he Hunga ian In o ma ion Socie y Mihály Csó ó Budapes Uni e si y o Technology and Economics (BME), In o ma ion Socie y and Resea ch Ins i u e (ITTK, www.i k.hu), HUNGARY. cso o.mihaly@i k.hu Szilá d Molná Budapes Uni e si y o Technology and Economics (BME), In o ma ion Socie y and Resea ch Ins i u e (ITTK, www.i k.hu), HUNGARY. molna .szila d@i k.hu Abs ac The in o ma ion socie y o Hunga y has de eloped a a mode a e pace in ecen yea s. Abou hal o Hunga ian socie y has been eached by he mo e signi ican de elopmen s in in as uc u e, so his g oup can be conside ed as being conscious ‛ne izens’ who mee he Eu opean a e age in ega d o almos all o he indica o s. Acco ding o he esul s o ou esea ch he digi al di ide in Hunga ian socie y is deepening and he e a e wo main easons o his: i s ly he e y un a o able se lemen s uc u e o he coun y and secondly a lack o in e es in PCs and he In e ne and no mo i a ion o change his. Mos o hose excluded ha e no di ec con ac s wi h he ea u e ools (compu e s, he In e ne ) o wi h pe sons who use hese ools in hei e e yday li es. Social in es men , aining and mo i a ion p og ams o b eak down cul u al and knowledge ba ie s a e necessa y. In oduc ion – he s a e o he in o ma ion socie y in Hunga y In compa ison o he access o ICT ools and o he basic da a o use in he EU membe s a es i can be obse ed ha Hunga y is s ill lagging behind he EU a e age. Acco ding o he analysis made by he Wo ld Economic Fo um (2006), which examines he implemen a ion o he a ge s se in Lisbon ( o become a compe i i e knowledge based economy), i was exac ly in he a ea o he in o ma ion socie y whe e Hunga y showed he weakes pe o mance o he examined dimensions. The numbe o households wi h In e ne access and in e ne use s is s ill low in Hunga y. Conside ing he p opo ion o b oadband access, he pic u e is ambiguous: his da a o Hunga y is well o e he EU a e age (as can be obse ed, he numbe o households ha use a modem o IDSN is hal he EU a e age), and his numbe has e en inc eased since he da a collec ion in 2006. The high a e o b oadband access is o no a ail when he numbe o in e ne use s is so low. All in all, i can be s a ed ha he majo i y o he In e ne use popula ion has changed o e o he solu ions ha a e up- o-da e in he domes ic en i onmen , and so he disad an ages expe ienced by hose excluded om i ha e inc eased e en mo e. In e ne owne households, ype o access and p opo ion o he In e ne use s in Hunga y and he EU a e age: In e ne owne households P opo ion o households using b oadband In e ne access Households using a modem o ISDN o connec o he In e ne P opo ion o egula In e ne use s aged 16-74 EU 27 a e age 65% 56% 8% 60% Hunga y 55% 51% 4% 57% Sou ce: Eu os a 2009 The in o ma ion socie y o Hunga y has de eloped a a mode a e pace in ecen yea s. Abou hal o socie y has been won o e by he impo an in as uc u al de elopmen s (e.g. Schoolne , eHunga y Access Poin s, e-go e nmen and b oadband In e ne in es men s), so his g oup can be conside ed as being conscious ‛ne izens’ mee ing he Eu opean a e age in ega d o almos all o he indica o s. Un o una ely, he independen Minis y o In o ma ics was dissol ed ou yea s ago, and mos o i s esponsibili ies delega ed o he Minis y o Economy and T anspo which is esponsible o se e al o he ields, hus he in o ma ion socie y s a egy accep ed by he go e nmen has no been con inued. Mo eo e , all his is happening in a pe iod when he coun y is acing he di icul and long- e m ask o socializing a o able in as uc u al bases. Acco ding o he esul s o ou esea ch[1] he digi al di ide in Hunga ian socie y is deepening and he e a e wo main easons o his: he e y un a o able se lemen s uc u e o he coun y and he lack o in e es o e en nega i e a i udes owa ds compu e s and he In e ne . Almos 50 pe cen o he adul popula ion is digi ally illi e a e, and mos o hese excluded people ha e no di ec con ac s wi h he ea u e ools (compu e s, In e ne ) o wi h pe sons who use hese ools in hei e e yday li es. The WIP su eys made on he use o compu e s and he In e ne show ha almos hal o he Hunga ian popula ion ha e s ong a e sions o he use o compu e s, and hus o he use o he In e ne o any o he in e ac i e ICT ools. 51 pe cen o he Hunga ian adul popula ion did no use a compu e in 2009, and 53 pe cen a e no in e ne use s acco ding o he es ima es o he Wo ld In e ne P ojec . And hese igu es a e s agna ing. 1 . oldal, összesen: 11 oldal Molná 2016. 02. 12. h p://ci - jou nal.ne /index.php/ciej/ /p in e F iendly/451/602 Access o compu e s, he In e ne and b oadband a home (acco ding o pe cen ages o households, sou ce: Wo ld In e ne P ojec 2004-2009) Un o una ely, he poo esul s o he basic access indica o s e eal he ex emely low- le el digi al li e acy a e o socie y. By 2006 only 32 pe cen o he Hunga ian popula ion had a ended cou ses o e ing some kind o compu e knowledge. In he Scandina ian coun ies his a e was be ween 55-70 pe cen , and e en he EU a e age eached 40 pe cen . The ollowing diag am makes i clea ha he majo i y o he Hunga ian popula ion lea ns he basic skills pe aining o PCs and in e ne usage on hei own, in an au odidac ic way, and ha adul educa ion ha dly o e s any help in his ega d. Whe e did you lea n he basics o PC and in e ne usage?: In p opo ion o all he answe s (%) In p ac ice, while using hem 27.6 Th ough sel -educa ion 19.2 Taugh by colleagues, iends o ela i es 18.5 Wi hin he amewo k o he school sys em, educa ion 18.5 A cou ses wi hin he amewo k o adul educa ion, on own ini ia i e 8.6 A a cou se made obliga o y/sugges ed by an employe 7.1 To al 95.5 (Sou ce: Cen al S a is ical O ice (KSH), 2006) Almos hal o he adul popula ion is no a membe o he ne wo k socie y, and mos o he popula ion do no ha e he sligh es con ac wi h he ea u e ools o he in o ma ion socie y such as PCs o he In e ne . We ha e e y li le in o ma ion on he expec a ions and equi emen s his conside able numbe o people ha e in ela ion o he in o ma ion socie y. Six ou o en non-use s o he In e ne ha e ne e hea d abou he ad an ages o using he ne pe sonally om amily, ela i es o iends. This is well e lec ed in he ac ha oday i is de ini ely he mo i a ion ba ie s – no being in e es ed o no needing he ne – ha a e he main ac o s a he han inancial es ic ions. This, o cou se, may ha e se ious socio-economic consequences. The digi al di ide in Hunga y’s popula ion is al eady pe cep ible alongside he slow de elopmen o he in o ma ion socie y. Un o una ely i is highly likely ha he coun y will emain cul u ally o n in o wo o good: abou one hi d o socie y is able o keep up wi h he changing ends in he in o ma ion socie y, and able o adap o he pe manen echnological changes – e.g. use o mobile ools o b oadband In e ne access – and able o use a wide ange o online se ices while abou wo hi ds o he adul popula ion demons a e no in e es in o ha e a nega i e a i ude owa ds he ea u e ools o he in o ma ion socie y. The la es se o da a om he Wo ld In e ne P ojec highligh s his: while pene a ion and usage is s agna ing, he in ensi y o use is g owing signi ican ly, so he “use -hal ” o he popula ion a e eally aking ad an age o he new echnologies. Thus on one hand he da a shows ha he digi al gap has deepened in Hunga ian socie y, o mos people – almos hal o he adul popula ion – use PCs and o he o he s, he In e ne has no become accep ed o is no equi ed a all as an e e yday ac i i y, meanwhile he in as uc u al de elopmen and in es men implemen ed by he go e nmen ha e no gene a ed an au oma ic change o cul u e. The coun y has de ini ely balked a he challenge posed by he in o ma ion socie y. Hunga y lacks he so in as uc u e and se ices which could p omo e cul u al change and play an impo an ole in b inging ound he non-use s. So a he go e nmen has ocused on he ha d (physical) in as uc u e which is, o cou se, necessa y bu he p ocess was a oo one-sided. A good example o his is he ne wo k o eHunga y poin s which is a pa o he Public Ne wo k P og am. A physical in as uc u e has been es ablished which is used almos exclusi ely by he al eady-use s, and his si ua ion will no change un il human se ices a e also p o ided. The e a e a oo ew oppo uni ies o he non-use s o gain pe sonal expe iences o he ad an ages o e ed by he wo ldwide ne wo k, and he e a e a oo ew expe s and se ices o e ing di ec help. The si ua ion is e en wo se in he small communi ies a ound he coun y. Behind he numbe s: changing cul u al and ma e ial easons The basic da a on digi al li e acy and he di ide o he domes ic in o ma ion socie y a e qui e well known by esea che s and decision make s, howe e , he deepe , cul u al and a i ude-like easons in luencing he sp ead o ICT ools ha e no ye been disco e ed, and he ela ed popula ion segmen a ion has no ye been ca ied ou . 2 . oldal, összesen: 11 oldal Molná 2016. 02. 12. h p://ci - jou nal.ne /index.php/ciej/ /p in e F iendly/451/602 The deepe analyses made wi hin he amewo k o he Wo ld In e ne P ojec , al eady in oduced he ac ha in Hunga y cogni i e obs acles a e making an inc easing con ibu ion o people’s ejec ion o he In e ne . Wi h he help o he WIP ques ionnai e hese wo aspec s can be disce ned h ough he ollowing a iables: Ma e ial aspec Owned compu e no good enough No own compu e Too expensi e Access oo slow Di icul o ge access Cogni i e aspec Does no need i No in e es ed Does no know how o use i Fea o echnology I is no o child en Po nog aphy Pe sonal da a p o ec ion Vi uses Too many ads Analyzing hese da a we can see ha he cogni i e aspec s ha e inc eased in signi icance du ing he las decade. Why no use he In e ne ? (In he pe cen age o non-use s Sou ce: WIP, 2002- 2009) Those s essing ma e ial easons p ima ily e e o inancial ones. I is possible ha ob aining an up- o-da e compu e also allowing he use o he In e ne ep esen s oo g ea a inancial bu den o he amily, o access is oo expensi e, complica ed o slow. Conside ing he ac ha he coun y s ill has hund eds o small se lemen s wi h no b oadband In e ne a a payable p ice o no such se ice a all, he la e conside a ions mus be gi en se ious conside a ion. The educ ion in he numbe o he ma e ial aspec s can be explained by se e al ac o s. The cos s o In e ne usage ha e conside ably allen du ing he las ou yea s, and la a e b oadband In e ne access has become gene al. The inc easing signi icance o he cogni i e ba ie s is p ima ily he esul o a lack o in e es . Acco ding o he la es da a, almos hal o he non-use s a oid he In e ne because hey hink hey do no need i . In ega d o he equency o he answe s he second cause is lack o in e es and he hi d one is he lack o a compu e . I is wo h b eaking down he cogni i e aspec s in o ca ego ies in espec o he absence o mo i a ion ( he In e ne is no in e es ing, no use ul), insu icien knowledge (does no know how o use i ), ea s (nega i e a i udes and expe iences) and he possible echnological es ic ions. As al eady men ioned, he bigges obs acles a e de iciencies in mo i a ion and knowledge. Sou ce: WIP, 2002-2006 Bu wha can be ound in he backg ound o his passi e esis ance and ejec ion? Se e al ac o s could be men ioned he e bu due o limi ed space we will d aw a en ion o an in e es ing pa allel which lies in he ac ha nei he poli ics no socie y is 3 . oldal, összesen: 11 oldal Molná 2016. 02. 12. h p://ci - jou nal.ne /index.php/ciej/ /p in e F iendly/451/602 disposed o ope a ing in a ne wo k-like way. I is e y p obable ha he e is an in e - connec ion be ween poli ical dis us and he – hope ully empo a y – s agna ion in he e olu ion o he in o ma ion socie y in Hunga y since bo h poli ical and social cul u e a e domina ed by igid opinions, opposing g oups and dis us ; people a e dep essed; he popula ion canno be mobilized; hey do no a el o wo k, s udy o spend hei spa e ime elsewhe e; and public adminis a ion is p o iding a low le el o pe o mance. The ICT sec o o he Hunga ian economy and a na ow, younge and mo e educa ed segmen o he popula ion is de eloping p og essi ely and adap ing o he oppo uni ies p o ided by echnological ad ances, while he s a e, ou public adminis a ion and mos o socie y is less able o willing o keep up. Fo he majo i y, new in o ma ion and communica ion echnologies mean des uc ion, e ea and he u he weakening o social no ms and communi ies. Meanwhile, he mino i y, ecognizing he new oppo uni ies and he c ea i e powe , a e accep ing he opinion ha changing ou li e s yles and habi s and adap ing ou sel es, he old alues a e no only sus ainable bu can e en be s eng hened and new ones can be es ablished. Fo hose making deep analyses o he ‘ne izens’ o in o ma ion socie y i is no su p ising ha hese people do no simply own he ea u e ools o he in o ma ion e a bu also make use o hem in o de o en ich hei social, economic and cul u al esou ces[2]. The da a om he Wo ld In e ne P ojec make i clea ha he use s o compu e s and he In e ne ha e wide social con ac s han he non-use s whose con ac ne wo k is a lo na owe . Among hose who s a ed using he In e ne be ween 2001 and 2003 he p opo ion o he pe sons who ha e a iend inc eased by six pe cen . We a e he e o e p obably igh o assume ha he In e ne also helped people o make iends, so i s use has a posi i e impac on making social con ac s and he e olu ion o he mo e ne wo k-like ope a ion o socie y. (Albe -Dá id-Molná , 2006). The un a o able s uc u e o se lemen s and he ole o ne wo ks I has now become clea ha he success o he in o ma ion socie y g ea ly in luences he capabili y o small communi ies and small se lemen s o e ain hei popula ions. This p oblem is pa icula ly acu e in Hunga y whe e, because o he peculia s uc u e o se lemen s, 36 pe cen o he popula ion li es in illages. The numbe o se lemen s wi h ewe han 1,000 inhabi an s is o e 1,700, and hose wi h ewe han 500 people amoun o some 1,040, so e e y hi d Hunga ian se lemen has less han 500 inhabi an s. Such a disp opo iona e s uc u e o se lemen s is ha d o ind anywhe e else in Eu ope which is also indica ed by he ac ha he numbe o he inhabi an s who li e in small se lemen s is h ee imes highe in Hunga y han he a e age in Eu ope. The numbe o small se lemen s is pa icula ly high in he coun ies o Ba anya, Zala, Bo sod-Abaúj-Zemplén, Vas, Somogy and Veszp ém. Hunga y is a coun y wi h one o he lowes numbe s o inhabi an s pe municipali y. (Abou 700 pe sons pe municipali y while his numbe can each as high as 130,000 in G ea B i ain which cons i u es an ex eme example in his espec .) The low popula ions o he small illages in many cases makes i un easible o main ain basic se ices and ins i u ions, al hough i is ob ious ha he school, he pos o ice o he communi y house a e a he ocus o inno a ion. I is no acciden ha he closing down o he local ( ixed) pos o ices and he in oduc ion o he mobile pos al se ice (in he middle o he decade) led o s ong opposi ion om he locals a ec ed by i The eal eason o hei p o es ing lies in he ac ha in ega d o social con ac s, i.e. communica ion – o he oppo uni y o dissemina e inno a ions – i is no a all he same whe he he mobile pos o ice eaches many people in many places one by one o he small pos o ice p o ided he oppo uni y o many people o mee in a ixed place. These wo solu ions ep esen ano he dimension o quali y. This ype o se lemen s uc u e places eno mous s ain on Hunga ian socio-economic policy. Oddly enough, he small se lemen s igh ing esou ce gaps p ima ily y o sa e money on he e y ins i u ions ha play an essen ial ole in discou aging local in ellec uals, young people and amilies om mo ing away. Gene ally i is he lib a y, he communi y house, he local pos o ice and he school ha a e sac i iced i s , howe e , hese ins i u ions a e absolu ely necessa y o he main enance o e en de elopmen o he local communi y esou ces. Sociologis s highligh h ee cha ac e is ics o he unde de elopmen o he declining u al egions: economic ecession (which leads o o ganiza ional and ins i u ional closu es), unde -de eloped li e ci cums ances (income, consump ion, in as uc u al supply and de iciencies) and he disad an ageous demog aphic end: he apid aging and na u al dec ease in he numbe o he popula ion and hus he apid educ ion in he numbe o inhabi an s in hese se lemen s. The geog aphical and in as uc u al isola ion o he small se lemen s is inc easingly esul ing in hei socio-economic exclusion and isola ion. The si ua ion is con adic io y because acco ding o cu en no ions o mode niza ion success ul e i o ies a e hose ha a e able o sol e hei cu en socio-poli ical p oblems wi h p og essi e and up- o-da e in e en ions ha es ablish compe i i e ad an ages. The mul i a ious p oblems o he small se lemen s ha e long been ecognized, howe e , he solu ions ound ha e been spo adic, empo a y and pa ial. This is because a he minis ies conce ned he e ha e always been se e al ‘ esponsible pe sons’ o he a ious asks and ins i u ions, wi h a esul ing lack o adequa e coo dina ion and s a egic p essu e and nei he he need no he no ion o in eg a ed managemen o he occu ing p oblems has e ol ed. Ne e heless, i is a he ema kable ha in each case we come ac oss a de iciency in he in o ma ion and knowledge p ocesses, and he s uc u al easons a e always he same: •p oblems o size e iciency, business/ma ke /budge unsus ainabili y, • esou ce gaps in es ablishing and/o main aining p ope ies, •pe manen lack o (quali ied) human esou ces ha can be ac i a ed di ec ly, •lack o in as uc u e ( elephone, cable TV, he In e ne ) and he di icul ies o accessing he na ional basic sys ems. So wha a e he possible solu ions, and wha a e he esea ch indings ha could help us o map ou adequa e me hods o in e en ion? O e coming he cogni i e obs acles, mo i a ing he popula ion, awakening he demand o changes and p omo ing he mo e ne wo k-like ope a ion o socie y canno be implemen ed wi hou social in e media ies ( eache s, lib a ians, IS-men o s, social wo ke s, e c.) P e ious esea ch on he in e -connec ions be ween social capi al and In e ne usage (Albe -Dá id-Molná 2006) has d awn a clea pic u e: he social en i onmen o In e ne use s is iche han ha o non-use s. The p obabili y ha he g oup wi h a 4 . oldal, összesen: 11 oldal Molná 2016. 02. 12. h p://ci - jou nal.ne /index.php/ciej/ /p in e F iendly/451/602 iend, a ela i e li ing ab oad o in he coun yside o ha ing a ended a pa y o iends du ing he mon h p io o he da a collec ion o an In e ne use is 1.5-2.5 imes highe han he p obabili y o he g oup wi h membe s ha do no ha e such con ac s. I is pe haps e en mo e impo an ha a e excluding he e ec s o all he o he ac o s we ind ha he g oup wi h iends is wice as likely o ha e s a ed using he In e ne in he examined pe iod (2001-2003) han he g oup lacking iends. So i is ob ious ha he non-use s o he In e ne ha e less social capi al, howe e , in mos cases his no only indica es he ac ha hey ha e less social con ac s in e ms o numbe s and a na owe social ne wo k bu also indica es ha hey ha e ewe people om whom hey can ask o ad ice o help in connec ion wi h he ICT ools o he use and usage o he In e ne . They lack he communica ion channels h ough which hey would be able o see he app op ia e examples and he social and echnical cons ain s and oppo uni ies.. In his con ex hose communi y places p ima ily in small se lemen s whe e he necessa y se ices a e p o ide, , and which also p o ide social places o people o mee , alk, exchange in o ma ion, s udy o elax a e e y highly alued . Acco ding o ou ea lie esea ch (Molná 2004, Albe -Dá id-Molná 2006) In e ne usage is no p ima ily in luenced by di ec amily con ac s bu by iends and acquain ances. We ha e also obse ed ha he main ac o is no he quan i y bu he quali y o hese con ac s. In he sp ead o compu e and In e ne usage he decisi e elemen s a e he weak con ac s ( iends, acquain ances o a ious expe s he indi idual can each) in he es ablishmen and main enance o which communi y places ha p o ide access o he ICT ools – e.g. lib a ies, local pos o ices, communi y houses o ele-houses – play a p ima y ole. So ou da a makes i clea ha he dissemina ion o inno a ions is indeed conside ably in luenced by he so ex u e o social con ac ne wo ks since he bo de line be ween he na ow social con ac s o he non-use s o he In e ne and he social skills o he use s and s a e s is e y acu e. The impo ance o he a ious communi y places and o iends in he In e ne usage o he new use s is especially wo hy o a en ion. Because o his i is e y un o una e and pa adoxical ha in he small se lemen s wi h poo economic condi ions i is exac ly hese communi y places ha a e i s sac i iced, and i is exac ly he ep ession o weak con ac s ha allows us o say ha Hunga ian socie y’s lack o places o con ac pu s eno mous obs acles in he pa h o dissemina ing ICT ools. Howe e su p ising i is, he p o es s agains mobile pos o ices subs i u ing o local pos o ices o igina e in he ou s anding impo ance ha communi y places ha e in acili a ing weak con ac s, ea s conce ning he loss o hese acili ies, and people’s in en ion o p o ec hem whe e e possible (Molná -Székely-Ka alics 2005). The local pos o ices a e no only ins i u ions ha p o ide a ious se ices bu also places ha s eng hen and main ain communi y eeling. The inhabi an s no only go o he pos o ice o pos a le e bu also because he e hey a e p o ided wi h a “communi y se ice o ee” main ained by local people: hey can mee o he people and iends and can ge in o ma ion on he local e en s e c. All his con ibu es o he imp o emen o communi y eeling and he ex ension o people’s social con ac ne wo k. F om a sociological aspec an ins i u ion “wi h many people isi ing one place” is basically di e en om he one “wi h one pe son isi ing many places”. The ole o social in e media ies Resul s om se e al esea ch p ojec s demons a e ha he numbe o Hunga ians li ing in o al digi al isola ion is e y high. In ela ion o his segmen o he popula ion he g ea es challenge aced by social policy is ha hey a e nei he mo i a ed, no open o in e es ed, and no ex e nal suppo can be p o ided o hem. The main sou ce o isola ion is he non-use s’ na owed sys em o con ac s due o which he basic social connec ions and in e ac ions ha could p omo e he dissemina ion o inno a ions a e missing. Na owed social con ac s cause conside able disad an ages especially in ob aining in o ma ion on new oppo uni ies and ools. F om he ollowing diag ams i is clea ha in he acquisi ion o pe sonal compu e s o In e ne access i is no amily membe s o ela i es who a e mos equen ly asked o ad ice bu a he acquain ances o expe s – who in ac cons i u e weak social con ac s. Sou ce o he ad ice gained when buying a PC (acco ding o he pe cen age o households ha pu chased hei PC, in mo e han one possible answe ): F iends, acquain ances 40% Expe s 35% Family membe s 16% Colleagues 15% O he ela i es 7% Ob ained ad ice om nobody 16% Sou ce: Minis y o In o ma ics and Telecommunica ion 2005 Sou ce o he ad ice ob ained when buying he In e ne access (acco ding o he pe cen age o households ha pu chased hei In e ne access, in mo e han one possible answe ): Expe s 35% F iends, acquain ances 31% Family membe s 24% 5 . oldal, összesen: 11 oldal Molná 2016. 02. 12. h p://ci - jou nal.ne /index.php/ciej/ /p in e F iendly/451/602 Colleagues 14% O he ela i es 4% Ob ained ad ice om nobody 25% Sou ce: Minis y o In o ma ics and Telecommunica ion 2005 All hese a e impo an indica o s since in examining he digi al di ide in Hunga ian socie y i can be obse ed ha he majo i y o he non-use s ha e ela ions wi h nei he he ools no he expe s who a e pe ec ly com o able in he in o ma ion socie y. 57 pe cen o he non-use s li e in households wi h no In e ne , PC o In e ne use , and ano he 20 pe cen ha e no In e ne access o In e ne use household membe s bu do ha e a PC. These wo g oups a e o ally isola ed om he ea u e ools o he in o ma ion socie y. Non-use s o he In e ne in pe cen age o he pe sons li ing in he households The household has Thei p opo ion acco ding o he pe cen age o he non- use s o he In e ne PC In e ne In e ne use yes yes yes 9% yes no yes 12% no no yes 2% yes no no 20% no no no 57% Sou ce: Ene en 2005 The isola ion o mo e han hal o he non-use s om he in o ma ion socie y is ein o ced by no e en ha ing hough o ying he In e ne . Ha e you e e hough o ying he In e ne ? (acco ding o he pe cen age o non- use s): Ne e hough o i 54% Yes, bu has no ied i 24% Yes, and has also ied i 20% Yes, bu a e ying i did no use i 2.00% Sou ce: Ene en 2005 In addi ion o he e y s ong subjec i e limi s – lack o mo i a ion and in e es – o he mic o le el bu objec i e obs acles also in luence his si ua ion. Mo e han hal (66 pe cen ) o he non-use s o he In e ne ge no encou agemen o help om o he pe sons. Has anyone e e encou aged you o use he In e ne ? (acco ding o he pe cen age o non-use s): Yes, a amily membe 15% Yes, acquain ances 13% Yes, colleagues 5% O he pe sons 1% Nobody 66% Sou ce: Ene en 2005 The lack o in e nal mo i a ion and ex e nal help has he g ea es e ec on he elde ly and poo e g oups. F om he in o ma ion socie y pe spec i e i is absolu ely impossible o each hem a he momen . These people make up hal o adul Hunga ian non- use s, and hei numbe is a ound h ee million o 30 pe cen o he o al Hunga ian adul popula ion. The missing link: he IS-men o The need o es ablish a new p o ession also appea ed as a esul o hese esea ch indings. The IS-men o [3] is a quali ied and p ac iced suppo e based in communi y access poin s who p o ides pe sonal help o people in imp o ing hei li e si ua ions and li e oppo uni ies p ima ily h ough he use o mode n ICT ools and ne wo k se ices. The men o s’ p ima y ask is o help people o he wise unable o independen ly use he se ices p o ided by he in o ma ion socie y, and who canno exploi he oppo uni ies p o ided by in o ma ion and communica ion echnology. The men o could be he connec ing link ha b ings he new se ices and oppo uni ies o 6 . oldal, összesen: 11 oldal Molná 2016. 02. 12. h p://ci - jou nal.ne /index.php/ciej/ /p in e F iendly/451/602 he digi al wo ld close o he communi y’s equi emen s and cul u al adi ions and his could e en bene i hose who ha e no ye ealized i s ad an ages. The Hunga ian IS-men o p og am is a unique ini ia i e. The solu ion is peculia mainly because he quali ied IS-men o in addi ion o using he in o ma ics ools - is also in o med abou he social si ua ion and he p oblems o he a ge g oup. A he communi y access poin s[4] he men o p o ides suppo in making use o he oppo uni ies p o ided by he ICT ools,and in managing li e si ua ions. To ul ill his ask, he/she gi es complex suppo , p omo es he socio-economic p ocesses o he indi iduals and he communi ies, and hus helps o inc ease equali y and oppo uni ies o disad an aged pe sons and egions. The undamen als o he IS-men o se ice o p o ession al eady exis in he Na ional In o ma ion Socie y S a egy accep ed in 2001: he sec ion on social policy s essed ha “ he ins i u ions need expe s who a e, by eason o hei quali ica ion and a i udes, able o media e as in e aces be ween he use s and he non-use s”. The eGo e nmen ’s 2005 S a egy p esen ed a he beginning o 2004 calls he expe whose pa icipa ion is basically necessa y in he socializa ion o he elec onic se ices an ‘IS men o ’. When he p og am bookle s o he Na ional In o ma ion S a egy we e elabo a ed i was al eady ob ious ha mos o Hunga ian socie y would no be able o in eg a e in o he digi al cul u e wi hou help. The main a ge g oups o he e-Inclusion p og am we e he elde ly, disabled people and he Roma; he people mos disad an aged in ega d o he digi al di ide. The highligh ed a ge o he p og am was o build human in as uc u e h ough he IS-men o ne wo k (in addi ion o he physical in as uc u e which was ypically made up o he eHunga y Poin s): o es ablish a ne wo k o communi y access poin s whe e i would no only be possible o ul ill he equi emen s o he special use o ICT ools bu whe e an IS-men o wi h a good knowledge o in o-communica ion echnology (‘an in o ma ics expe and a social wo ke in one’) would also be a ailable. I was clea ha placing echnological ools and making hem accessible a public places is only use ul i hey ha e a a o able socio-economic impac . One o he mos impo an e ec s is he ein o cemen o a sense o communi y in emo e, small se lemen s. I access o a copy machine, a compu e o b oadband In e ne a an eHunga y poin , lib a y, pos o ice o ele-co age has no impac on s eng hening, building o es o ing a communi y i is a was e o money because he ools will only be used by he al eady-use s (s uden s, young and quali ied people). The mos se ious p oblem is aced by he small se lemen s whe e he e is ha dly any human esou ce le ha could be buil on, so he e ension powe o hese communi ies is apidly dec easing. Dozens o sociological wo ks ha e been w i en on he nega i e impac s o he inadequa e wo king o hese basic s uc u es o socie y and on how damaging hei ailu e o ul ill hei asks can as o example h ough he ailu e in he ansmission o no ms, posi i e ole models, and basic social alues. Despi e being awa e o hese ac s no angible s ep was made by he poli ical decision make s o public adminis a ion o in oduce he IS-men o p o ession un il he aining o In o ma ion Socie y Consul an s – ins ead o IS-men o – was s a ed wi h he suppo o he Minis y o Economy and T anspo a he end o 2006. The aim o his aining is o gi e special consul an educa ion o he quali ied expe s wi h diplomas wo king (o e en jus in e es ed) in he ield o he in o ma ion socie y so ha hey can make use o his knowledge in hei e e yday wo k. The e a e essen ial di e ences be ween he concep s o he IS-men o and ha o he IS-consul an . The IS-consul an s a e ained o pe suade people ha he In e ne is no some hing in e nal, and ha i o e s se ices ha a e impo an in e e yday li e. This ask can eally be ul illed by a consul an in a lib a y bu his is no communi y de elopmen , and does no p omo e social in eg a ion. This is a he a e lexi e se ice: should someone en e he ac ual p emises, which a e like a helpdesk, he consul an will y o ind answe s o hei ques ions using ICT ools. Thus he IS-consul an can each he people who a e mo i a ed and in e es ed in he digi al wo ld bu who lack knowledge, ools o access. Howe e , he IS-men o is p oac i e: he/she ies o each he people who a e no awa e o he ad an ages o e ed by he ICT ools and online se ices, collec s hei equi emen s and expec a ions, iden i ies he p oblem g oups o he communi y and ies o engage wi h hem using a di e en ool pack, and a di e en app oach. Consequen ly, an IS-men o wo ks a a communi y o communi y se ice le el e en i he/she p o ides help o indi iduals as well. As opposed o his, he IS-consul an only o e s pe sonalized help and consul a ion. The IS-consul an is likely o suppo he people open o he use o ICT ools bu who a e unawa e – because hey ha e ne e been clea ly in o med – o he oppo uni ies a ailable e.g. help in he managemen o hei o icial dealings, communica ion, using bank se ices, e c. I no known how big his g oup (wi h a posi i e a i ude bu limi ed access and knowledge) is in Hunga y. The e is no p ecise da a bu elying on he segmen a ion ials o o he esea ch wo k we can es ima e i a abou 15 pe cen o he adul Hunga ian popula ion. This g oup is a lo smalle han ha which can be e ec i ely engaged only h ough an IS-men o se ice. The IS-men o – building on he consul an ’s ole – is p ima ily se o each hose adaman ly s aying away om and ejec ing he digi al wo ld o who a e excluded om i . And as hese s a es a e no p ima ily ela ed o he le e ‘e’ bu a he o social, socio-poli ical, communi y de elopmen and educa ional p oblems, hey need an expe wi h app op ia e compe encies. The case s udy o Apa han Apa han , basic da a Apa han is a illage nea he own o Bonyhád in Tolna Coun y wi h a popula ion o abou 1,200 people. The popula ion is mixed: Hunga ians, Swabians, Szekelys and abou wo pe cen Roma. One impo an cha ac e is ic o he illage is ha almos all o he adul s ha e a job: many o hem wo k in he local ag icul u al coope a i e and many o hem ha e a job in he nea es own, Bonyhád in he shoe ac o y, he enamel plan o a he d essmake ’s shop. Two yea s ago a d essmake wo kshop s a ed ope a ing in Apa han wi h 40 employees which means wo k o 21 amilies. The illage has 51 indi idual en ep eneu s, 17 o hem in indus y and he o he s in ag icul u e. 7 . oldal, összesen: 11 oldal Molná 2016. 02. 12. h p://ci - jou nal.ne /index.php/ciej/ /p in e F iendly/451/602 Tolna Coun y, Hunga y Despi e his he egion is no eally de eloped. The buying powe index in Tolna Coun y is 91.5 pe cen [5] o he na ional a e age ( his index is 135.4 pe cen in he capi al), and in Apa han i is e en lowe a 85.5 pe cen . The esou ces necessa y o he success ul ope a ion o he illage a e aised by ope a ing he ins i u ions economically. In ano he se lemen loca ed in he same coun y and wi h simila ea u es he main enance o he school, he kinde ga en, he communi y house and he lib a y cos s abou HUF 110-120 million (app. € 500 000) a yea in which he s a e’s no ma i e suppo amoun s o abou HUF 60-70 million. The main enance o he e y same ins i u ions in Apa han cos s HUF 80 million, so he bu den placed upon he municipali y by ha ing he ins i u ional budge ‘complemen ed’ is a lo smalle . The local au ho i y mainly sa es money h ough wage cos s: ins ead o he 6-8 pe sons s a gene ally wo king in such se lemen s hey only pay ou ull- ime employees who mus do hei bes in he se e al ields hey a e alloca ed. The ci ed employmen da a allow he conside able sums o money spen on subsidies elsewhe e o be eed up. Howe e , economical ope a ion i sel would no be enough: he amoun s eed up in his way a e spen on inno a i e de elopmen s in o de o s eng hen social cohesion and o encou age people no o mo e away. In 2004 he oo ball eam was suppo ed by HUF 1.3 million (€ 5,000). Ca e ing o all he child en a kinde ga en o p ima y school is ee as a e all he school books while a HUF 15 housand (€ 60) school s a ing suppo is paid o each child. A Ch is mas each child and low income pensione is gi en p esen s. Those wishing o se le in he illage can buy plo s o land o symbolic amoun s o money. Howe e , he a ea eally wo h ocusing on is he In e ne ne wo k o he illage. In o ma ion echnology – a new app oach The se lemen conside s IC echnologies as oppo uni ies o de elopmen ; Apa han is a eal e- illage. Cable phone (which could be ound only in he school and he mayo ’s o ice a he beginning o he 90s) is ins alled in 80 pe cen o he houses, and he co e age o he h ee mobile phone se ices cu en ly ope a ing in Hunga y is also comple e. Apa han has i s own cable ele ision se ice which is main ained a a p oduc ion cos by he local au ho i y, and he subsc ip ion o 40 channels cos s only HUF 2,500 (app. € 10) a mon h. The ele ex o he ne wo k is used o ansmi local in o ma ion and echnical help such as wha needs o be done i someone’s compu e is in ec ed by i uses. Conside ing he condi ions in Hunga y he g ea es achie emen is he in oduc ion o b oadband In e ne which is now accessible in almos hal o he houses in he illage which means a pene a ion eaching o e en exceeding ha in he capi al o Hunga y, Budapes . The subsc ip ion ee o he In e ne is HUF 1,500 (€ 6) pe mon h which is e y low. The g ea es i ue o he abo e de elopmen s is ha hey we e es ablished om he illage’s own esou ces. The In e ne is p o ided by he municipali y h ough a Wi-Fi ne wo k which needed wo ansmission owe s o a o al ou lay o HUF 6-7 million (€ 24-28 000). All he wo k ha could possibly be ca ied ou was done wi h communi y coope a ion: he s eel s uc u e o he owe s was cons uc ed in he locksmi h wo kshop o he neighbo ing illage, and exca a ion and cable wo ks we e ca ied ou by he employees o he local au ho i y. I was no necessa y o ge pe mission o es ablish he WiFi ne wo k, as in acco dance wi h he egula ions i me ely had o be egis e ed. A p esen he bandwid h gained om he se e is 3 Mbi /sec. Building a e minus cos s abou HUF 50,000 (€ 200) o each house, hal o which is paid by he municipali y as a subsidy. The cos s o his we e educed by op ing o use a locally de eloped ae ial o es ablish he necessa y con ac . In he case o Apa han he o al cos o he WiFi and in o ma ics in es men es ablished om i s own esou ces amoun ed o abou HUF 10 million (€ 40,000). The bandwid h c ea ed in his way (11-54 Mbi in p inciple) is pe ec ly adequa e o mee ing demand, al hough he se lemen is al eady planning u he de elopmen s since he wo ld has mo ed, especially du ing he las wo o h ee yea s, owa ds applica ions o bandwid h as b oad as possible. Cu en ly he ne wo k has abou 120 pe sonal use s, and he e a e 14 compu e s in he school, nine in he communi y house and se en in he municipali y o ices. The nine compu e s loca ed in he illage lib a y can be used o ee. I is ema kable ha he school o such a se lemen has 26 compu e s. This indica es one o he success c i e ia o he p ojec : he educa ion o in o ma ics has been o ou s anding impo ance in he illage since he ea ly 90s, and one i h o he popula ion has passed he ECDL (Eu opean Compu e D i ing License) exam. The child en a e augh in o ma ics om he i h g ade a school (bu hey a e no allowed o play games on he school compu e s). Two hi ds o he child en pass he ECDL exam by he ime hey lea e p ima y school. A quali ica ion in in o ma ics is a mus o public employees and public o ice s. The demand gene a ed in his way has been an impo an ac o in he success o he local ne wo k since he e a e se e al gene a ions ha ha e g own up using compu e s and he In e ne in a na u al way and in hei e e yday li es. The aining cou ses o ganized by he p ima y school o he adul s on he use o he In e ne a e also popula – i was impossible o ansmi his knowledge in he ea ly 90s. The su eys made in he illage p o ide s ong e idence o subs an ia e he ac ha seconda y, weak con ac s play a e y impo an ole in echnological dissemina ion: in he se lemen he knowledge abou how much impo an in o ma ion is a ailable on he In e ne in a ious ields (e.g. on calls o p oposals o ag a ian suppo ) sp ead om 8 . oldal, összesen: 11 oldal Molná 2016. 02. 12. h p://ci - jou nal.ne /index.php/ciej/ /p in e F iendly/451/602 mou h o mou h which p omo ed accep ance and dissemina ion. People use he In e ne p ima ily o sea ch o in o ma ion, o make phone calls and play ne wo k games. Success is well indica ed by he € 100,000 suppo won o a mode n animal ans e uck s a ion in 2006 in an applica ion which hey ound h ough he In e ne . This call o applica ion and he employmen s uc u e p esen ed abo e bo h e lec he ac ha he popula ion wo king in he ag icul u al o indus ial sec o s is mainly encou aged o use he In e ne h ough educa ion. As well, he equi emen o spa e ime ac i i ies and cheape communica ion a e addi ional easons, and no simply o wo k place needs, A he same ime, he knowledge gained a school means a compe i i e ad an age on he labo ma ke o he inhabi an s o Apa han (i is qui e possible ha his is one eason o he ou s anding employmen a e). Lessons lea ned In 2005 ENETEN[6] made a ocus g oup su ey in he se lemen he esul s o which co obo a e he ac s and opinions p esen ed abo e: The mos popula applica ions a e co esponding, b owsing in spa e ime (spo s, ca s) and school opics, playing online games and making phone calls. Some o hese – in addi ion o o he people’s expe iences – had ou s anding impo ance in beginning o use he In e ne . (“I was e y much in e es ed in co esponding”, “We isi ed a couple whe e he woman was cha ing all he ime, and enjoyed i so much ha she couldn’ alk abou any hing else”.) As o he ques ion o how he In e ne has changed people’s li es he answe s gi en usually e e ed o he alloca ion o hei ime (sleeping and wa ching TV we e educed he mos a e s a ing o use he In e ne con ac ). An in e es ing poin is ha use s do no hink abou how o pe suade non-use s in he adi ional way (in as uc u e o some kille -applica ion) bu a he s a in he a eas o hobbies and spa e ime ac i i ies (“one o my iends is ond o ishing, I was able o show him pages on i ”), and he e ha e also been examples o ge ing a iend o use he In e ne . Howe e , he In e ne is no jus o he young as people o all ages use he ne wo k. As o he ques ion o why he In e ne is used by so many in Apa han only one esponse was gi en: “I depends on he mayo . I we didn’ ha e his mic owa e, I wouldn’ ha e i .” This answe h ows ligh on wha is pe haps he mos impo an gene a o behind he de elopmen s i.e. a single pe son, he mayo o he illage, who in oduced he s udy o in o ma ics as a eache o he subjec and was he i s pe son in he illage o do so since 1990. M . Gyö gy Szűcs who pe o ms his ole as mayo o no emune a ion is also he in o ma ics expe [7] o he illage. His example shows ha i is possible o build a ne wo k in a small and isola ed illage wi h consis en wo k and pe ec planning bu wi h no signi ican suppo , almos exclusi ely om p i a e esou ces e en in a pos - ansi ion coun y ha ha dly abounds wi h oppo uni ies. As a inal conclusion we can s a e ha he ne wo k in Apa han includes all he ac o s ha can a ise in success ul communi y p ojec s and make a small se lemen ha is qui e ypical o o he Hunga ian illages o simila size success ul. 1. Dedica ed leade ship wi h long- e m and de ini e ideas and a ge ed ope a ions app oaching he p oblems inno a i ely and sea ching o up- o-da e answe s. 2. C ea ing he app op ia e needs and le el o consciousness – p ima ily h ough educa ion and spa e ime ac i i ies and he oppo uni y o join an ope a ing sys em. 3. P ecise use and planning o esou ces making he ne wo k sus ainable e en unde bad economic condi ions. I is pe haps e en mo e impo an ha he seconda y, weak con ac s – as expe ienced in he in e iews and he ocus g oups – a e s ong in he se lemen which has had a posi i e impac on needs. All his, howe e , could no be main ained wi hou echnological suppo which means ha he ope a ion om own esou ces also includes pe sonal echnical suppo by hose no (ye ) able o make use o he ICT oppo uni ies on hei own. This model suppo s he iew ha mo ing o wa d om he p esen Hunga ian si ua ion could be bes sol ed by using he communi y app oach ( ele-houses and se ice cen e s) and ins i u ionalizing he suppo e p o ession. Conclusion I has now become clea ha no in o ma ics in as uc u al in es men can be success ul unless i can exe an impac on he communi y o can ini ia e communi y de elopmen o mechanisms ha imp o e oppo uni ies. I hese a e lacking socie y’s abili y o adap will na u ally be e a ded. I seems ha Hunga ian socie y is no able – since i has no ye been gi en any help o encou agemen by, o example, he poli ical class – o p oduce su icien social capi al o enewal. I is p obable ha he pace o ans o ma ion equi ed o Hunga y by he in o ma ion socie y challenge subsequen o he economic, poli ical and social ansi ion is oo g ea . Howe e , in mapping he obs uc i e ac o s and dange s and de ining he app op ia e ways o in e en ion he desi e o e mina e hese concep s o ci il socie y and sociology p o ides use ul ood o hough . Social in e media ies can play a c ucial ole in b idging he de ici be ween echnology and people who a e lagging behind. Especially because hese people do no wan o adop echnology – bu me ely wan be e se ices. Un o una ely he e a e di e en concep s o in e media ies in Hunga y and no clea signal, which is also essen ial o people o accep new ways o beha ing. The ini ia i es a e he e bu o li e up o hei po en ial is ano he ques ion. E e y solu ion is only iable in local ci cums ances, and a leas one ‘champion’ is needed. The example o Apa han shows us ha communi y ac ion and a comp ehensi e ision can lead o success. Bibliog aphy Albe , F. – Dá id, B. – Molná , Sz. (2006). The e olu ion o In e ne use and social capi al in Hunga y. The esul s o a longi udinal esea ch. F om: In e ne .hu 3. A minu e pic u e o he Hunga ian socie y 3., TÁRKI Social Resea ch Cen e, 2006., pp. 69-110. ITHAKA (2006) The map o he digi al u u e: Repo on he esul s o he Wo ld In e ne P ojec esea ch in Hunga y, 2006. Re ie ed Ap il 25, 2007 om h p://www.i haka.hu/index.php?name=OE- DocManage & ile=download&id=2854&ke e =N&showheade =N 9 . oldal, összesen: 11 oldal Molná 2016. 02. 12. h p://ci - jou nal.ne /index.php/ciej/ /p in e F iendly/451/602