Pre-scaling up evaluation of banana technology under irrigation conditions in Abergelle District, Wag-himra Zone, Ethiopia

In e na ional Jou nal o Ho icul u al Science 2022, 28: 39-44. h ps://doi.o g/10.31421/ijhs/28/2022/10787 P e-scaling up e alua ion o banana echnology unde i iga ion condi ions in Abe gelle Dis ic , Wag-him a Zone, E hiopia Wube , A., Mihi e u, A., Asse a, N. & Ayen, K. Socioeconomic and Ag icul u al Ex ension Resea ch Di ec o a e; Seko a D y-land Ag icul u al Resea ch Cen e , Po.Box 62, Seko a, E hiopia Au ho o co espondence: adabes [email protected] Summa y: The s udy was conduc ed o compa e he imp o ed banana echnology agains he local p oduc ion echnique o enhance demand-d i en banana echnology up-scaling and di usion. Da a we e collec ed a he ield and a me s' le els. Desc ip i e and in e en ial s a is ics, cos -bene i analysis and ma ix anking we e employed o analysis. The esul e ealed ha he a e age yield (38.40 on ha-1) o imp o ed banana echnology had a signi ican yield ad an age (47.24%) o e he local p ac ice (p<0.05). Despi e he highe cos o p oduc ion, i s ne e u n was by a highe han he local p ac ice. The bene i -cos a io also displays ha 9.49 E hiopian Bi (ETB) p o i pe 1.00 ETB in es men in an imp o ed echnology package. The o e all a me s' pe cep ions we e laid unde s ongly ag ee and ag ee ca ego ies, and 95% o hem belie ed ha he imp o ed banana echnology was app op ia e o hei a ea and hence accep ed wi h ull con idence. The espec i e o ganiza ions wo king on u al li elihood imp o emen a e he e o e ad ised o up-scale he imp o ed echnology o he wide communi y based on he i iga ion po en ial. Wube , A., Mihi e u, A., Asse a, N., Ayen, K. (2022): P e-scaling up e alua ion o Banana echnology unde i iga ion condi ions in Abe gelle Dis ic , Wag-him a Zone, E hiopia. In e na ional Jou nal o Ho icul u al Science 28: 39-44. h ps://doi.o g/10.31421/ijhs/28/2022/10787 Key wo ds: ‘Bu azu’ banana a ie y, i iga ion po en ial, imp o ed echnology, p e-scale up In oduc ion Banana (Musa acumina a colla), a ui plan o he genus Musa belonging o he amily Musaceae is a pe ennial he baceous plan na i e o Sou heas Asia bu g ows in he wa me a eas o he wo ld. (Menki & Bekele, 2007). Banana anked as he majo op en c ops in he wo ld nex o maize, ice, whea , cassa a, and po a o. I is also conside ed a majo expo ui , widely consumed and a sou ce o employmen oppo uni y o millions o people (A na son, 2019). Banana has c op cycles o 3-5 mon hs and i is a semi-pe ennial c op unde op imum condi ions and e en longe wi h lowe empe a u es o mo e e a ic wa e supply. Banana p oduc ion globally inc eased om 69 o 116 million ons on a e age om 2000-2002 o 2017- 2019 (Ge man e al., 2015). E hiopia has di e si ied ag o- ecologies sui able o he p oduc ion o di e en banana a ie ies. The mos impo an banana a ie ies g own in E hiopia a e ‘Dwa and Gian Ca endish, Robus a and Bu uzua ca endish, Poyo, Williams and G and naine’ (Woldu e al., 2015). Banana-p oducing a me s use u ow i iga ion in d y seasons o supplemen a ion and main ain hei ields un il he yield s a s declining and hen hey s a a new plan a ion in ano he plo (Zinabu, 2019). The ui con ains a good sou ce o nu ien s and mine als and has g ea heal h bene i s o diges ion, hea heal h, and weigh loss, and highly con enien snack ood (Chand ashekha , 2019). I con ains so and diges ible lesh ha ing humble suga , i.e., uc ose and suc ose impo an o eplace ene gy and e i alize he human body ins an ly. Because o his wonde ul bene i , a hle es ha e been consuming bananas o ge immedia e ene gy and using hem as supplemen al ood o unde weigh child en (Koeppel, 2008). E en hough E hiopia has sui able ag oecology o he p oduc ion o bananas, he sub-sec o has been challenged by a lack o imp o ed cul i a s, lack o skilled manpowe in ho icul u e, and pos -ha es losses (Geb e-Ma iam, 2003). On he o he hand, he go e nmen o E hiopia has gi en a en ion o he comme cializa ion o ho icul u e and aining o young people in ho icul u e, highe local, as well as in e na ional ma ke demand, go e nmen a en ion o mode n i iga ion cons uc ion, a e good oppo uni ies o banana p oduc ion (CSA, 2020). The co e age and p oduc i i y o banana in he Wag-him a zone a e by a lowe han he na ional and egional a e age (Table 1), and i does no sa is y he ma ke demand o he zone hus banana is impo ed om he sou he n pa o E hiopia (CSA, 2020). Because o he abo e ac o s, Seko a D y-land Ag icul u al Resea ch Cen e has conduc ed an adap a ion ial o di e en banana a ie ies in he las ew yea s and ecommended he 'Bu azu’ a ie y wi h i s p oduc ion packages (imp o ed banana echnology, he ea e ) o he lowlands o he Wag-hime a zone. The e o e, his s udy was conduc ed o i e consecu i e yea s o compa e he imp o ed banana p oduc ion echnology agains he local me hod o p oduc ion, he eby enhancing demand- d i en banana echnology up-scaling and dissemina ion in he s udy a ea. 40 Wube e al. Table 1. Disagg ega ed a ea co e age o ui c ops and banana cul i a s in E hiopia. Loca ions Land co e age P oduc i i y o banana (kg ha-1) F ui c ops (ha) Sha e o banana (%) E hiopia 161,470.82 59.43 8516 Amha a egion 5,823.79 1.5 2271 Wag-him a zone 46.35 0.35 1028 Sou ce: CSA, 2020 Ma e ials and me hods S udy a ea desc ip ion The s udy was conduc ed in Abe gelle dis ic o Wag-him a zone (Figu e 1). The dis ic is ound in he No heas e n pa o he Amha a egion in E hiopia and is loca ed a 13°20ʹN and 38°58ʹE la i ude and longi ude, espec i ely wi hin an al i udinal ange o 1150-2500 m.a.s.l (Mihi e u e al., 2019a). I s annual empe a u e anges be ween 23 oC and 43 oC, while he a e age annual ain all a ies be ween 250-750 mm. Abou 85% o he dis ic ’s ag oecology is cha ac e ized as lowland (kola) ha ing low and e a ic ain all dis ibu ion annually (Mihi e u e al., 2021). The ainy season o he dis ic is oo sho , hence de e mined as he la e-onse (s a s in ea ly July) and ea ly o se (ends in la e Augus ). The s udy dis ic has abou a 17.29% sha e o he o al (16 240 ha) i igable land in he Wag-him a zone (Mihi e u e al., 2019b). Figu e 1. Map o he s udy a ea. Fa me selec ion and esponsibili y-sha ing Two-s age sampling me hod was employed o selec he s udy uni s. In he i s s age, Abe gelle dis ic was pu posi ely selec ed based on banana p oduc ion po en ial in mois u e- sca ce a eas. In he second s age, he i iga ed a mlands and hos a me s we e selec ed join ly wi h ho icul u al expe s and esea che s conside ing he i iga ion po en ial and in e es o implemen he expe imen based on he ecommenda ion (Mihi e u e al., 2020). In combina ion, 82 (14.6% emale) a me s we e selec ed o hos he e alua ion. A amilia iza ion wo kshop was done wi h s akeholde s o c ea e awa eness be o e he implemen a ion o he s udy. The a me s and expe s a e hence ained abou he ag onomic p ac ices o bananas and he gene al ex ension app oach. Main s akeholde s ( a me s and De elopmen Agen s (DAs)) we e iden i ied and signed a memo andum o unde s anding (MoU) o ake esponsibili y o he e alua ion p ocess (Table 2). Table 2. Du ies and esponsibili ies o s akeholde s in ol ed in banana echnology e alua ion. Resea che s Fa me s DAs P o ide aining Con i m selec ed plo s and i iga ion si es Deli e inpu s on ime P o ide echnical suppo O ganize ield days P epa e plan ing pi s Plan ing, weeding and ha es ing on ime Main ain sucke quali y T ans e sucke s o in e es ed a me s E alua e he echnology P o ide plan in o ma ion Iden i y a me s and plo s P o ide echnical suppo Follow-up and moni o ing Con ac wi h esea che s Follow-up disease ou b eaks Facili a e sucke exchange Expe imen al ma e ials and implemen a ion One in oduced banana cul i a agains he local geno ype was e alua ed in Abe gelle dis ic o i e (2014-2018) yea s. Banana p oduc ion unde imp o ed managemen echnology (Banana p oduc ion me hod using in oduced new ‘Bu azo’ a ie y applying di-ammonium phospha e and u ea a he a e o 300 g pe ma pe yea in h ee equal spli s, while weeds we e con olled by hand hoeing.) and a me s’ exis ing p ac ice (P oduc ion echnique using local ‘Dinke-1’ banana cul i a wi hou comme cial e ilize and weed managemen a he use o animal manu e o e iliza ion.) we e hus compa ed in he pa icipa o y app oach. The expe imen was laid ou in a simple block design conside ing a me s as eplica ions (Mihi e u, 2019). A e agely, 15 plan s o each cul i a we e plan ed on each plo pe a me . The plan s we e spaced a 2.5 m x 2.5 m (Alemu & Dagnew, 2008), p o iding a popula ion o 1600 plan s ha-1 in he i s yea , and h ee di e en aged plan s (pa en , i s a oon (sucke ) and second a oon (sucke )) pe ma in he emaining wo yea s. I iga ion (wa e ing) was applied h ough u ow wi hin 3 days in e al (Dagnew & Belew, 2013). Da a collec ion and analysis Bo h quan i a i e and quali a i e da a ypes we e collec ed. Quan i a i e da a such as plan g ow h and yield a ibu e eco ds and quali a i e da a like ui quali y cha ac e is ics and pe cep ion we e collec ed o wo c op cycles and a e aged (Mihi e u & Asse a, 2019). The measu ed g ow h pa ame e s we e days o lowe ing and days o ui illing. Yield and yield componen s we e bunch weigh (kg), numbe o hands pe bunch, numbe o ui s pe bunch, ui leng h (cm) and ui gi h (cm) and o al ui yields ( on ha-1). Bunch and inge weigh s we e measu ed using balances. F ui leng h was measu ed using a measu ing ape while ui diame e was measu ed by a digi al calipe a he middle o each ui pe pendicula o i s la ge axis (Zinabu, 2019). The collec ed da a analyzed using mean, pe cen ages, and equency. Pai ed sample - es was used o no e he signi ican di e ence be ween imp o ed and local banana p oduc ion p ac ices. The yield ad an age was assessed using Eq. 1. Technological and ex ension gaps and echnological index we e es ima ed using Eq. 2, 3 and 4 in he o de p o ided (Mihi e u e al., 2019). ΔY = Ys−Yb Yb x 100 (1) TG =Ys −Yb (2) P e-scaling up e alua ion o Banana echnology unde i iga ion condi ions… 41 EG =PY −Ys (3) TI =TG PY x 100 (4) Whe e, ΔY = change o yield, Ys = yield o imp o ed echnology, Yb = local p ac ice yield, PY = po en ial yield, TG = echnological gap, EG = ex ension gap and TI = echnology index. To assess he p o i abili y o imp o ed echnology o e he local p ac ice, economic a iables we e calcula ed using Eq. 5 and 6. Va iable cos is he cos ha a ies wi h changes in ou pu while o al e enue is o al income ob ained by mul iplying he quan i y sold by uni p ice. Technologies ha ha e mo e han one bene i -cos a io a e p o i able (Mihi e u & Asse a, 2019). GM =TR −TVC (5) BCR =TR TVC (6) Whe e, GM=g oss ma gin, TR= o al e enue, TVC= o al a iable cos , BCR=bene i -cos a io. To d aw he a me s’ pe cep ion o echnology p e e ence, senso y a ibu es and consume accep abili y o ui s om ea men s, colo , ex u e, as e, ea liness, disease eac ion and gene al accep abili y we e sco ed by panelis s using a i e-poin Like scale (1-1.8 = s ongly disag ee, 1.8-2.6 = Disag ee, 2.6- 3.4 = Neu al, 3.4-4.2 = Ag ee, 4.2-5 = s ongly ag ee). The scale sco es o each a ibu e we e compu ed in a simple anking ma ix (De Boe & Thijssen, 2007). ∑𝑁𝑁 𝑛𝑛 (7) Whe e, N is a alue gi en by he g oup o a me s o each ea men based on he selec ion c i e ia, and n is he numbe o selec ion c i e ia used by a me s. Seconda y da a was also collec ed om di e en esea ch documen s, websi es, zonal and dis ic ag icul u al o ice epo s o iangula ion wi h he indings. Resul s and discussion Plan g ow h and pe o mance The e we e highly signi ican di e ences (p≤0.05) among ea men s in su i al a e, days o lowe ing, days o ui illing, bunch weigh , numbe o ui s pe bunch and ui leng h. On he o he hand, ea men s did no show signi ican a ia ions in he numbe o ui s pe bunch and ui gi h (Table 3). The yea ly su i al a e o plan ed sucke s was 94.84%, which shows imp o ed echnology's be e su i al end. The be e su i al a e o imp o ed echnology may be di ec ly associa ed wi h he applica ion o ecommended p oduc ion package componen s. The imp o ed echnology was he ea lies o lowe , and had a sho du a ion o ha es ; sho e ime o lowe , i was also ea ly ma u ing. This esul is consis en wi h he inding o Goncal es e al. (2018) who epo ed ha he imp o ed me hod o banana p oduc ion educes he days o ma u i y and sho ens he ime om lowe ing o ha es . The imp o ed echnology ga e an a e age bunch weigh o 24 kg, which b ings a yield di e ence o 11.34 kg pe bunch om he locally a ailable banana p oduc ion echnique. The a iance in ime aken o shoo ing, shoo ing o bunch ma u i y and om plan ing o ha es could be explained p edominan ly by inna e gene ic a iabili y a ibu es o imp o ed and local cul i a s. The ma u i y pe iod and accep able ea ing quali y a ainmen a he ea ly s age o de elopmen a e i al ag onomic a ibu es o bananas (Njuguna e al., 2008). The a e age yield o imp o ed banana echnology was 38.40 on ha-1 while he local echnique had 20.26 on ha-1. The pai ed - es alue in Table 3-4 shows ha he imp o ed echnology has a 47.24% yield ad an age o e he local p ac ice (p<0.05). The esul con i med ha imp o ed echnology could enhance he p oduc i i y o bananas and he income o smallholde a me s. The echnological gap o 18.14 on ha-1, e ealed ha he banana p oduc ion p oblem could be o e come by adop ing he imp o ed a ie ies wi h hei p oduc ion package componen s. On he o he hand, he ex ension gap o 7.2 on ha-1, exhibi s ha i was impossible o eplica e he yield a ained a he esea ch si e in a eal a m con ex . So, a lowe echnological index (39.78%) depic s he easibili y o imp o ed banana echnology in he a me 's con ex . To b idge he gap be ween de eloped and ans e ed echnology, he e is a need o s eng hen he ex ension ne wo k on op o p o iding a en ion o en i onmen -speci ic echnological ecommenda ions (Mihi e u e al., 2019b). P o i abili y and compa a i e ad an age Acco ding o CIMMYT (1988), yield in a me s' eal con ex is lowe han he yield a esea ch si es despi e he same echnology. The e o e, he yield ob ained om each ea men was adjus ed by 10%, and he a m ga e p ice was aken as he selling p ice (Abeje e al., 2016). Sucke p oduc ion is also an addi ional income sou ce o banana p oduce s. The pa icipan a me s we e sold sucke s om he imp o ed banana echnology and go 25-50 bi pe sucke on a e age. Simila a iable cos s we e assumed as cons an and he bene i -cos a io was compu ed on a hec a e based. The esul e ealed ha he o al a iable cos o a me s' p ac ice was lowe han he imp o ed banana p oduc ion echnology. The imp o ed echnology p o ided 718 114.17 ETB ha−1, while he a me s’ p ac ice ga e 242,397.9 ETB ha−1 (Table 5). The bene i -cos a io o 94.9%, hence sugges s ha o e e y 1.00 ETB in es men in imp o ed echnology, a me s can ge an addi ional income o 9.49 ETB a e eco e ing he ini ial cos o 1.00 ETB. This inding ag ees wi h Mihi e u & Wube (2021) who con eys ha using imp o ed p oduc ion echnology is p o i able as compa ed o he a me s’ p oduc ion echnique. Smallholde a me s' banana p oduc ion is mos ly o he ma ke and small o consump ion (Os e ag e al., 2005). The main ma ke places we e he dis ic own (Ni uak) and Zonal own (Seko a) which a e 17 km and 50 km a om he p oduc ion si e, espec i ely. The main oad linking Seko a wi h Mekele (ci y o Tig ay egional s a e) is c ossing a banana- p oducing si e, and ha c ea es a good ma ke oppo uni y o p oduce s. 42 Wube e al. Table 3. Compa ison o g ow h pe o mances o imp o ed and local banana p oduc ion p ac ices ac oss c op cycles. Whe e, SR=Su i al Ra e, DF=Days o lowe ing, DFF=Days o ui illing, BW=Bunch weigh , NHP=Numbe o hands pe bunch, NFB=Numbe o ui s pe bunch, FL=F ui Leng h and FG=F ui gi h. No e: ***, ** a e signi ican le els a 1% and 5% Sou ce: Field Su ey, 2014/15-2017/18 Table 4. Yield pe o mance and gap analysis o di e en banana p oduc ion p ac ices a Abe gelle dis ic . No e: *** is a signi ican le el a 1% Sou ce: Field Su ey, 2014/15-2017/18 Table 5. P o i abili y and compa a i e ad an age o di e en banana p oduc ion me hods. Sou ce: Field da a (2017/18) Table 6. Fa me 's p e e ences and pe cep ions o di e en banana p oduc ion me hods. P e e ence pa ame e s 5-poin Like sco e S a is ical es Imp o ed Local S d. - alue Sig. Colo 4.80 4.00 0.80 0.024 ** Tex u e 4.40 4.20 0.28 0.124 ns Tas e 4.40 3.80 0.60 0.032 ** Ea liness 4.60 3.60 1.04 0.002 *** Disease eac ion 3.20 3.28 0.02 0.102 ns Ma ke abili y 4.60 4.22 0.24 0.140 *** Low pe ishabili y 3.80 3.60 0.02 0.042 ** Labo in ensi e 3.95 4.24 0.34 0.218 ns Ease applicabili y 3.86 4.00 0.23 0.123 ns Gene al accep abili y 4.60 3.86 0.84 0.034 ** To al sco e 41.81 38.8 Mean 4.18 3.88 Rank 1 2 Sou ce: Ou su ey, (2017-18) T ea men s Plan g ow h pe o mance SR (%) DF DFF BW (kg) NHPB NFB FL(cm) FG(cm) Imp o ed a ie y 94.84±1.02 379.5±1.22 405.5±71.65 24±2.75 9.0±1.43 187±12.98 22.8±1.22 3.95±0.39 Local a ie y 72.36±1.42 416.0±1.38 411.9±15.38 12.66±3.96 10.57±2.09 147.23±39.98 12.9±1.38 3.4±0.10 S d. 22.48 36.5 6.4 11.47 1.57 39.77 9.9 0.55 - alue 2.04 3.46 0.24 2.01 0.23 1.06 1.18 0.19 Sig. 0.042** 0.002*** 0.034** 0.016** 0.135 0.001*** 0.023** 0.167 T ea men s Range yield index ( on ha −1 ) Mean yield ( on ha -1 ) S d. - alue Sig. Technology gap ( on ha −1 ) Ex ension gap ( on ha −1 ) Technological index (%) Imp o ed 22.42 – 46.48 38.40 3.64 2. 98 0.001*** 18.14 7.20 39.78 Local 14.60 – 28.58 20.26 Cos -Bene i I ems T ea men s Imp o ed Local Adjus ed yield ( on ha-1) 345.6 182.30 Income om sucke (ETB ha-1) 375 - To al e u n (ETB ha-1) 725,760 246,110.4 Cos o e ilize (ETB ha-1) 3933.33 - Labo cos o he package (ETB ha-1) 3,712.5 3,712.5 To al cos s ha a y (ETB ha-1) 7,645.83 3,712.5 G oss ma gin, GM = TR-TVC 718,114.17 242,397.9 Cos -Bene i Ra io, CBR = TR/TVC 94.9 66.3 Wo king hou pe day = 8 hou s Time o package p ac ices = 220 hou s pe yea ha-1 (220/8=27.5 days) Local banana selling p ice pe kg = 13.5 ETB Imp o ed banana selling p ice pe kg = 21 ETB A e age ield wage a e o labo = 135 ETB/pe son P ice o e ilize in ETB pe kg =12.5 1 ETB (E hiopian Bi ) = USD 27.8 P e-scaling up e alua ion o Banana echnology unde i iga ion condi ions… 43 Pe cep ion and echnology p e e ence Mean sco es and s anda d de ia ions we e calcula ed o all i e-poin Like Scale i ems o measu e a me s’ pe cep ions (Mihi e u, 2019). The o e all a me s' pe cep ion laid unde he ca ego ies o s ongly ag ee and ag ee, which shows ha he a me s ha e accep ed he imp o ed echnology wi h ull con idence (Table 5-6). Despi e s a is ically signi ican di e ence (p≤0.05) in colo , as e, ea liness, ma ke abili y, low pe ishabili y and he gene al accep abili y pa ame e s, he simple anking ma ix esul e ealed ha a me s had con idence in bo h imp o ed and local banana p oduc ion me hods. The eason o he p ice di e ence and highe ma ke demand o imp o ed banana echnology was due o he la ge ui size and good as e. The applicabili y o new echnology has played impo an ole in adop ion and in ensi y. As a esul , 95% o a me s belie ed ha he new banana echnology is easily unde s andable and app op ia e o hei ma ginal lowland a ea. Mo e han 80% o a me s p e e o use na u al e ilize o e comme cial due o easy a ailabili y and lowe cos . This esul is in line wi h Zinabu (2019) who indica ed ha due o he highe cos o a i icial e ilize , a me s ins ead apply animal dung and compos o hei banana ields as o ganic e ilize s a plan ing. In he end, ield days we e o ganized in ol ing di e en s akeholde s o isi and e alua e he p oduc ion me hods. The pa icipan s p e e ed he imp o ed echnology o i s ea liness, colo , ma ke abili y and low pe ishabili y. Howe e , he imp o ed banana echnology was c i icized o i s poo disease ole ance ac oss seasons. Conclusions The imp o ed banana p oduc ion echnology p o ided a highe yield and ne economic e u n han he local me hod o banana p oduc ion. The imp o ed echnology was ully accep ed by a me s wi h ull con idence, hus demand o he imp o ed echnology was c ea ed o s akeholde s du ing he ield day o p omo e and dissemina e in po en ial i iga ion a eas. The inding hence unde sco es u he up-scaling o he imp o ed echnology o o he a eas ha ing simila ag o-ecology and i iga ion po en ial. 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