Map of archaeological features in Abusir

PES XXV/2020 7METODOLOGY With interruptions, the archaeological site of Abusir has been explored for more than acentury. The main expeditions that have worked there under the guidance of Ludwig Borchardt, Georg Steindorff, Zbyněk Žába, Miroslav Verner or Miroslav Bárta (ongoing) used different approaches to the identification and cataloguing of the individual features.This article aims to provide all interested parties with necessary concordance to the current method of numbering and registration of archaeological features and anotion of their positions within the site. Majority of principal structures and pyramid complexes have been published or are currently being prepared for publication in the monograph series Abusir. Many minor features whose processing is largely still under way are being gradually published in the Czech or English version of the journal Pražské egyptologické studie / Prague Egyptological Studies, especially in the form of preliminary archaeological reports containing the main characteristics of the archaeological entities under study and their interpretation. Some archaeological reports can be found in other journals and monographs published in the Czech Republic and abroad. An overview of the site’s history and research results can be found in various publications from recent years, mostly catalogues (Verner 1990; Benešovská – Vlčková 2006; Verner – Benešovská 2008; Krejčí 2010; Verner 2017; Bárta 2020). The archaeological concession of the Czech Institute of Egyptology, Faculty of Arts, Charles University in Abusir covers an area of approximately 2 km2 divided into three main zones – Central Abusir (AC), Abusir West (AW) and Abusir South (AS). Central Abusir contains the pyramid complexes of Fifth Dynasty rulers, the tombs of royal family members as well as tombs and burials from later periods. Abusir West is characterized by large shaft tombs from the Saite-Persian period. Abusir South served above all as acemetery for officials, their families and members of their households in the Early Dynastic Period, the Old Kingdom and, in alimited extent, also in the subsequent periods when many so-called secondary burials were located there, usually concentrated close to larger Old Kingdom tombs. The image of the site’s archaeological history is made complete by partial research carried out in the area of the Lake of Abusir situated in the south-eastern part of the concession adjoining the village of Abusir where Georg Steindorff and Uvo Hölscher worked, and of the temple of King Ramesse II on the eastern edge of the concession, spatially categorized within Abusir South. Map of archaeological features The history of the numbering of archaeological features in the Abusir area can be traced back to the first excavations by John Shae Perring, who documented the internal spaces of Abusir’s three main pyramids in 1838. APrussian expedition headed by Karl Richard Lepsius followed in 1842–1843. He made anumbered list of Egyptian pyramids including those in Abusir, but some of his identifications are mistaken. Lepsius also examined atomb in Abusir South built for overseer of the magazines and property custodian of the king, Fetekti (AS 5). The first brief excavation of Ptahshepses’ mastaba led by French researcher Jacques de Morgan took place in 1893. Ludwig Borchardt worked in Abusir in 1900–1908, concentrating above all on the dominant pyramid complexes (Sahure, Neferirkare and Niuserre) and several adjacent tombs and organizing the features according to the names of their owners. Steindorff and Hölscher, who studied the Early Dynastic cemetery in the area of the Lake of Abusir, used asquare grid to identify and set the location of the individual tombs and burials. The individual squares were denoted by letters in the east-west direction and by numerals in the northsouth one. The features within each single square, e.g. B 13, were numbered from 1; in this particular case, square B 13 and features/tombs 1–6. The cemetery was later published by Hans Bonnet, which is why it is known as “Bonnet’s Cemetery” in the literature (Bonnet 1928: Taf. 1). Zbyněk Žába, the first director of what was then the Czechoslovak Institute of Egyptology, started to work in Abusir in 1960. His excavations concentrated exclusively on the mastaba of Vizier Ptahshepses, which he denoted by the letter “P” (AC 8 in the present system). After Žába’s death, his successor František Váhala continued examining the tomb until his death in 1974. The Czechoslovak archaeological concession was extended in 1976, and an expedition led by Miroslav Verner started to use letters of the alphabet to denote the individual archaeological structures. The first examined structure – the complex of Queen Khentkaus II, was denoted by the letter “A” (AC 14 in the present system). An important step in the systemization of our knowledge of Abusir was afield archaeological survey carried out by Miroslav Verner in the early 1990s (Verner 1990) in the areas of Central Abusir, Abusir West and the Lake of Abusir. During the research, Miroslav Verner mapped not only already published archaeological Map of archaeological features in Abusir1 Miroslav Bárta – Vladimír Brůna – Ladislav Bareš – Jaromír Krejčí – Veronika Dulíková – Martin Odler – Hana Vymazalová 1 The work on this scientific output was enabled by the Progres Q11 grant Complexity and resilience. Ancient Egyptian civilization in amultidisciplinary and multi-cultural perspective at Charles University and VEG 2020 subsidy, Ref. No. MSMT-40214/2019-1. 8 PES XXV/2020 METODOLOGY Fig. 1 Geodetic measurement in the burial chamber of vizier Qar (AS 16) (photo K. Voděra) Fig. 2 Geodetic measurement of the tomb of Kairsu (AC 33), pyramid of Neferirkare in the background (photo P.Košárek) PES XXV/2020 9METODOLOGY features but also those that had not been examined yet. Within his system, he denoted them by codes in the area of Central Abusir (the resulting map was published for example in Krejčí – Arias Kytnarová et al. 2014: 25, Fig. 2.1). Excavations in the so-called Abusir South area started in 1991. The first examined feature – the mastaba of scribe Kaaper – was denoted as “AA”, because all letters of the alphabet had been assigned to other structures already.It started to be evident that this labelling system was becoming impractical. The label “OO” (present feature AS 38) was attained by 2010, heralding the end of this gradually less and less suitable system of registration. The features were renumbered upon the beginning of the excavation of an extensive anonymous tomb from late Third Dynasty which was labelled AS 54 within anew system that is used to this day (Bárta 2011). Altogether 116 features are registered in Abusir South (excluding Bonnet’s Cemetery) at present. The number in Central Abusir reaches 34, and the new labelling system has been used there since the archaeological season 2009. The examination of the tomb of Prince Werkaure, labelled as pyramid no. XXIII by Lepsius and originally as tomb T by the Czech expedition, was completed already under the new label AC 26. Shaft tombs from the First Millennium BC occur in Abusir West. Miroslav Verner’s expedition also used letters of the alphabet there, making local features part of asingle continual line, like the tombs in Abusir South examined from 1991. The first archaeological structure, ashaft tomb belonging to the official Udjahorresnet, was originally labelled “H” (AW 1 in the present system). The excavations began in 1980. Six large structures have been registered there so far. In 2018, the Czech Institute of Egyptology finally gained concession also for an area on the boundary of Abusir and Saqqara and started the research of socalled Ty’s Cemetery. This complicated the numbering of the features, as the numbering systems of Karl Richard Lepsius, Auguste Mariette, Jacques de Morgan, James Quibell, Cecil Firth and Walter B. Emery (Spencer 1974 with numbering concordance and literature) are all mixed up in this area, partially overlapping with the so-called Saqqara North area. Ty’s complex was originally labelled D 22 (Mariette 1889: 237–241). The excavation of the cemetery near Ty’s mastaba led to the identification of sculptor Ptahwer as the owner of anew tomb southeast of Ty’s complex in 2019. The tomb was assigned anew label, D 71. For the time being, the numbering continues with Mariette’s system, within which the letter Aplus the serial number of the feature was used for tombs from the Early Dynastic Period, the letter B for the early Fourth Dynasty, C for the middle Fourth Dynasty, D for the Fifth Dynasty, E for the Sixth Dynasty and F for features with uncertain dating (Spencer 1974: 2). Arevision survey and restoration has taken place of the chapel of atomb north of Ty’s mastaba labelled D 21 by Mariette, belonging to apalace administrator by the name Neferherenptah (Mariette 1889: 236–237). This area was plotted already in earlier maps of Saqqara; the most detailed of them were published years ago (Smith 1936; Spencer 1974 with additions). The current map of archaeological features was created in the GIS ArcMap environment based on the results of geodetic measurements of archaeological features on the background of asatellite image from the WV-4 system from 19th December 2018. The mapping of the site as such naturally proceeded also from all available map materials starting with Lepsius’ earliest detailed map (all the maps were re-published in Bárta – Brůna 2006). For the sake of clarity, the selection of monuments was generalized to make the map readable in an analogous form. The ground plans of important features are drawn, along with apoint stating aunique code. Other features are only labelled by apoint situated in their centre and the code. The map includes asynoptic table of tomb codes and an overview of their owners (tab. 1). The analogue form is limited by the scale and does not show all features. In order to provide acomplete overview of the Abusir concession, an application has been created in the environment of an Internet map server on the ArcGIS Online platform, which enables users to view all archaeological features at the site in detail.2 Method The basic documentary method is geodetic measurement of detailed points in apredefined geodetic network (figs. 1 and 2). The first geodetic work in Abusir, related to the excavation of Ptahshepses’ mastaba in 1962, was carried out by the expedition’s geodesists after their return from field work in Nubia (Tlustý – Vosika 1963). It concerned the stabilization of the network of posts and their longitudinal and angular surveying using aZeiss Theo 010 theodolite (fig. 3). The astronomic orientation of the resulting geodetic network was performed in order to be later able to determine the orientation of the whole mastaba and the nearby pyramid field. The azimuth was determined by locating Polaris with amean error of the ten times determined azimuth reaching± 4.1cc (Tlustý – Vosika 1964). Geodetic works on the Abusir concession continued in 1985–1986, 1987, 1990–1991 and 1995. Alocal geodetic network was gradually built, uncovered archaeological features were geodetically surveyed within it as was the terrain of the concession with an aim to create acontour line plan in the archaeological map of Abusir (Vachala – Švec 1989; Švec – Vosika 1992; Procházka – Švec 2003; Procházka – Vachala 2003). Systematic geodetic measurements began in 2001; gradually, the terrain within the whole concession was surveyed in order to create a3D digital terrain model 2 http://www.abusirnecropolis.com. Verified on 15th July, 2020. 10 PES XXV/2020 METODOLOGY Fig. 3 Geodetic measurement with the theodolite Zeiss Theo 010 in the boat-shaped room of the mastaba of Vizier Ptahshepses (photo M. Zemina) PES XXV/2020 11METODOLOGY (DTM) of the site. The results were visualized in the environment of ageographic information system (GIS) (Brůna 2002). Geodetic surveying of underground features – shafts, burial chambers and other parts of underground structures of the studied monuments – is also under way. Satellite records acquired in 2003 have complemented geodetic measurements and considerably helped in the creation of the archaeological map (Bárta – Brůna 2005). KAP (Kite Aerial Photography) and terrestrial laser scanning data were added to the documentary methods in the subsequent years (Brůna 2013; Brůna – Brejcha – Bárta 2014). New geodetic points were added to the existing local geodetic network and destroyed points replaced in the spring of 2017. Geodetic surveying of selected stabilized points using aLeica Viva GNSS GPS receiver took place in collaboration with Egyptian geodesy company Hi-Tech Surveying (Brůna et al. 2018). The GPS receiver was used to determine the geographical and planar coordinates of altogether 17 geo detic points in the coordinate system WGS 84. Nine of them were existing points of the local coordinate network, eight newly stabilized points. The 3D Helmert transformation was used to determine the transformation coefficients. The nine geodetic points with known coordinates from the local coordinate system and from the WGS 84 system were used for the calculation. The method used was spatial linear conformal similarity transformation with coefficient equalization according to the least squares method. This so-called seven-element transformation is defined by seven parameters – three translations along the coordinate axes, three rotations around the coordinate axes and ascale coefficient. The resulting transformation key enabled the transformation of all geodetic measurements from the local coordinate system to the WGS 84 coordinate system (Brůna et al. 2018). Since the autumn of 2017, all geodetic measurements at the Abusir site are performed in the global coordinate network, including apossibility of adding data from other sources. conclusions The creation of maps, plans and sketches represents an integral part of archaeological research. The specific conditions of the desert environment and its climate influence also the techniques of excavations and methods of documentation. Amap of archaeological structures and features is one of the main outputs of recording and documentation; the interconnection of geodetic data with data from remote surveys, ground laser scanning and field documentation provides archaeologists with unique spatial data and information that support and improve their research. This confirms the critical importance of multidisciplinary collaboration between archaeology and other sciences, including geoinformatics. At the same time, such cooperation only makes sense if archaeologists clearly define questions and problem areas of the research, as the application of even the latest data gathering and documentation methods makes no sense in the absence of aclear research strategy. The map of archaeological features in Abusir makes it clear that the individual documented and dated features show atemporal dynamic. In the Third Millennium BC, the Abusir South area became an important burial complex for the Third – Sixth Dynasty royal court officials, probably continuing into the First Intermediate Period. The pyramid necropolis reflects the royal ideology and the development of the state during the Fifth Dynasty in avery specific way. Four rulers with other members of the royal family and some of the highest officials of the country, such as Khentkaus II and III, Kairsu or Vizier Ptahshepses, were buried there at that time. Acertain restoration of the relevance of Abusir’s pyramid necropolis can be observed during the New Kingdom, with several tombs and the temple of Ramesses II being built and the cult taking place in Sahure’s complex. Egypt’s turbulent history in the SaitePersian period is reflected in the shaft tomb cemetery. Finally, the spatial and temporal structure of so-called secondary burials in Abusir’s pyramid field and in other parts of the site indicates the political, demographic and religious transformations of the country in the late First Millennium BC.The analysis of the position, age, architectural style, decoration and many other elements related to the individual features in Abusir allow us to create arather detailed picture of the site’s development on the background of historical and social transformations of ancient Egyptian civilization. BiBliography: Bárta, Miroslav 2011 “An Abusir mastaba from the reign of Huni”, in: Callender, Vivienne Gae – Bareš, Ladislav – Bárta, Miroslav – Janák, Jiří – Krejčí, Jaromír (eds.). Times, Signs and Pyramids. Studies in Honour of Miroslav Verner on the Occasion of His Seventieth Birthday, Prague: Charles University in Prague, pp. 41–50. Bárta, Miroslav – Brůna, Vladimír 2005 “Egypt’s Pyramids from on High”, KMT. Amodern journal of ancient Egypt 16/4, pp. 43–49. 2006 Satellite Atlas of the Pyramids: Abu Ghurab, Abusir, Saqqara, Dahshur / Satelitní atlas pyramid: Abú Ghuráb, Abúsír, Sakkára, Dahšúr, Plzeň: Dryáda. Bárta, Miroslav (ed.) 2020 Kings of the Sun, Prague: National Museum. Benešovská, Hana – Vlčková, Petra (eds.) 2006 Abúsír. Tajemstvípouštěapyramid / Abusir. Secrets of the Desert and the Pyramids, Praha: Národní muzeum. Bonnet, Hans 1928 Ein frühgeschichtliches Gräberfeld bei Abusir, Leipzig: J. C. Hinrichs. Brůna, Vladimír 2002 “Úloha geoinformatiky při archeologickém výzkumu v Abúsíru”, Pražské egyptologické studie I, pp. 43–47. 2013 “Využití KAP (Kite Aerial Photography) při dokumentaci výzkumu v Abúsíru”, Pražské egyptologické studie XI, pp. 37–43. 12 PES XXV/2020 METODOLOGY Brůna, Vladimír – Brejcha, Marcel – Bárta, Miroslav 2014 “Laserové skenování Duaptahovy skalní hrobky vjižním Abúsíru”, Pražské egyptologické studie XIII, pp. 31–37. Brůna, Vladimír – Odler, Martin – Bárta, Miroslav – Megahed, Mohamed 2018 “New geodetic control network of Czech concession at Abusir”, Prague Egyptological Studies XXI, pp. 125–128. Krejčí, Jaromír 2010 The Royal Necropolis in Abusir, Prague: Charles University, Faculty of Arts [Abusir XVIII]. Krejčí, Jaromír – Arias Kytnarová, Katarína et al. 2014 Mastaba of Werkaure I. Tombs AC 26 and AC 32 – Old Kingdom Strata, Prague: Faculty of Arts, Charles University in Prague [Abusir XXIV]. Mariette, Auguste 1889 Les mastabas de l’Ancien Empire. Fragment du dernier ouv rage de A. Mariette, Paris: F. Vieweg. Procházka, Jaromír – Švec, Mojmír 2003 “Vývoj geodetické sítě naúzemí české koncese v Abúsíru ajeho výškopisná mapa 1 : 2000”, Pražské egyptologické studie II, pp. 144–154. Procházka, Jaromír – Vachala, Břetislav 2003 “Surveying in Egyptology”, Göttinger Miszellen 192, pp. 67–82. Smith, William Stevenson 1936 “Appendix C. Topography of the Old Kingdom cemetery at Saqqarah”, in: Reisner, George Andrew. The development of the Egyptian tomb down to the accession of Cheops, Cambridge – London: Harvard University Press – Oxford University Press – H. Milford, pp. 390–411. Spencer, A. Jeffrey 1974 “Researches on the topography of North Saqqara”, Orien - t alia. Nova Series 43, pp. 1–11. Švec, Mojmír – Vosika, Otakar 1992 “Geodézie v egyptologii”, Stavební obzor 2, pp. 18–22. Tlustý, Jaroslav – Vosika, Otakar 1963 “Hledání ztraceného Jižního chrámu vNubii geodetickými metodami”, Geodetický obzor 9/51, pp. 184–189. 1964 “Geodetické práce v abusirském pohřebišti v Egyptě”, Geodetický obzor 10/52, pp. 41–44, 71–72. Vachala, Břetislav – Švec, Mojmír 1989 “Geodetická dokumentace objektů odkrytých československým egyptologickým ústavem UK v Abúsíru”, in: Hašek, Vla dimír (ed.). Geofyzika varcheologii amoderní metody terénního výzkumu adokumentace, Brno: Archeologický ústav ČSAV, pp. 307–311. Verner, Miroslav 1990 Objevování starého Egypta, 1958–1988 / Unearthing Ancient Egypt, 1958–1988, Praha: Univerzita Karlova. 2017 Abusir. The Necropolis of the Sons of the Sun, Cairo – New York: The American University in Cairo Press. Verner, Miroslav – Benešovská, Hana 2008 Unearthing Ancient Egypt. Fifty Years of the Czech Archaeological Exploration in Egypt, Prague: Faculty of Arts, Charles University in Prague. Miroslav Bárta Czech Institute of Egyptology, Faculty of Arts, Charles University miroslav[email protected] Vladimír Brůna Czech Institute of Egyptology, Faculty of Arts, Charles University vladimir[email protected] Ladislav Bareš Czech Institute of Egyptology, Faculty of Arts, Charles University [email protected] Jaromír Krejčí Czech Institute of Egyptology, Faculty of Arts, Charles University jaromir[email protected] Veronika Dulíková Czech Institute of Egyptology, Faculty of Arts, Charles University veronika.duliko[email protected]uni.cz Martin Odler Czech Institute of Egyptology, Faculty of Arts, Charles University martin.od[email protected] Hana Vymazalová Czech Institute of Egyptology, Faculty of Arts, Charles University [email protected] PES XXV/2020 13METODOLOGY IDO NAME AC1 Pyramid complex of Sahure AC2 Pyramid complex of Neferirkare AC3 Pyramid complex of Raneferef AC4 Pyramid complex of Nyuserre AC5 Mastaba of Weserkafankh AC6 Anonymous mastaba AC7 Mastaba of Djadjaemankh/Tepemankh AC8 Mastaba of Vizier Ptahshepses AC9 Mastaba of Ptahshepses Junior II AC10 Mastaba of Princesses (Khamerernebty, Meretites, Kahotep) AC14 Pyramid complex of Queen Khentkaus II AC15 Mastaba of Princess Khekeretnebty AC16 Mastaba of Prince Neserkauhor AC17 Mastaba of Faaf, called Idu, and Khenit AC18 Mastaba of Mernefu AC19 Mastaba of Hedjetnebu AC22 Pyramid complex Lepsius no. 24 (Queen Reputnebu ?) AC23 Mastaba of Nebtyemneferes AC24 Double mastaba Lepsius no. 25 (Princess Hanebu ?) AC25 Mastaba of Prince Nakhtsare AC26 Mastaba of Prince Werkaure AC27 Enclosure wall south of the valley temple of Nyuserre AC28 Causeway of the pyramid complex of Nyuserre AC29 Mastaba of Kakaibaef AC30 Mastaba of Queen Khentkaus III AC31 Anonymous mastaba AC33 Mastaba of Kairsu AW1 Shaft tomb of Udjahorresnet AW2 Shaft tomb of Iufaa AW3 Shaft tomb of Padihor AW4 Anonymous shaft tomb AW5 Shaft tomb of Menekhibnekau AW6 Anonymous shaft tomb AS1 Mastaba of Kaaper AS3 Mastaba of Hetepi AS4 Mastaba of Rahotep and Isesiseneb AS5 Mastaba of Fetekty and Mety AS6 Anonymous mastaba AS7 Mastaba of Gegi AS10 Mastaba of Ity AS11 Anonymous mastaba AS12 Mastaba of Shedu AS13 Anonymous mastaba AS14 Anonymous mastaba AS15 Anonymous mastaba IDO NAME AS16 Mastaba of Vizier Qar AS17 Burial chamber of Qar Junior AS18 Burial chamber of Senedjemib AS19 Burial chamber of Iykay AS20 Mastaba of Hetepi AS22 Mastaba of Inti AS23 Anonymous mastaba AS24 Anonymous mastaba AS25 Anonymous mastaba AS26 Anonymous mastaba AS27 Anonymous mastaba AS28 Anonymous mastaba AS29 New Kingdom mastaba AS31 Anonymous mastaba called “KK” AS33 Anonymous mastaba called “MM” AS34 Mastaba of Iymery AS36 Mastaba of Ptahhotep AS37 Mastaba of Neferinpu AS38 Mastaba of Kaiemtjenenet AS39 Mastaba of Shepseskafankh AS43 Mastaba of Sankhuptah AS50 Anonymous mastaba called “MM East III” AS54 Anonymous mastaba of Third Dynasty, reign of Huni AS61 Mastaba of Kaaper Junior AS68 Pillar courtyard of Princess Sheretnebty AS68a Rock tomb of Duaptah AS68b Rock tomb of Shepespuptah AS68c Rock tomb of Sheretnebty and her anonymous husband AS68d Rock tomb of Nefer and Neferhathor AS70–73 New Kingdom temple and mastabas of Old Kingdom AS76 Mastaba of Kaisebi AS76b Mastaba of Ptahwer AS77 Anonymous mastaba AS78 Anonymous mastaba AS79 Anonymous mastaba AS80 Wooden boat of Third Dynasty AS82 Mastaba of Hemshesemtet AS82b Mastaba of Inpuhotep AS98 Mastaba of Ankhires AS103 Four small mud brick tombs, one of the owners Neferetiwes AS104 Mastaba of Nyankhseshat D21 Anonymous mastaba D22 Mastaba of Ty D71 Mastaba of Ptahwer E7 Structures from First Millennium BC Tab. 1 Table with archaeological structures mentioned in the map 14 PES XXV/2020 PES XXV/2020 15 22 PES XXV/2020 METODOLOGY Apart of the complex is also awooden boat AS 80. Selected bibliography: Bárta 2011b; Bárta et al. 2014: 17; Peterková Hlouchová 2017; Jirásková 2019b. AS 55 Excavation: 2009 Description of the structure: Limestone edge, probably worked in the Old Kingdom. Selected bibliography: unpublished. AS 56 Identification: 1991, unexcavated Description of the structure: Tomb south of AS 1 and AS 91. Selected bibliography: unpublished. AS 57 – AS 57a–c and d–e Excavation: 2007, 2010 Description of the structure: Small mud brick tombs consisting of ashaft and avaulted room, attached to the west wall of the tomb of Neferinpu (AS 37), Sixth Dynasty. Selected bibliography: Vymazalová et al. 2011: 47–54. AS 58 Excavation: 2010 Description of the structure: Small mud brick tomb underneath the tomb of Kaiemtjenenet (AS 38), mid Fifth Dynasty. Selected bibliography: Vymazalová et al. 2011: 13–16. AS 59 Excavation: 2007, 2010 Description of the structure: Anonymous tomb with asmall court adjoining the north side of the tomb of Kaiemtjenenet, mid Fifth Dynasty. Selected bibliography: Vymazalová et al. 2011: 34–46. AS 60 Excavation: 2010 Description of the structure: Anonymous mud brick structure with asingle shaft, by the north wall of the tomb of Kaiemtjenenet (AS 38) and underneath the west wall of AS 59, early to mid Fifth Dynasty. Selected bibliography: Vymazalová et al. 2011: 34–46. AS 61 Excavation: 2010, 2016 Description of the structure: Stone-built mastaba of the elder of the judicial hall Kaaper Junior. The mastaba lies east of the huge mud brick AS 54, mid-Fifth Dynasty. Selected bibliography: Dulíková 2019b. AS 62 Excavation: 2010, 2016 Description of the structure: Anonymous mud brick structure lies south of mastaba of Kaaper Junior (AS 61), east of AS 54 and west of AS 95. Selected bibliography: unpublished. AS 63 Excavation: 2010 Description of the structure: Mud brick tomb south of AS 62. Selected bibliography: unpublished. AS 64 Identification: 2010, unexcavated Description of the structure: Mud brick tomb of unknown owner, south of AS 65, Third Dynasty. Selected bibliography: Dulíková et al. 2015; Jánosi 2017. AS 65 Excavation: 2010, 2016, 2018 Description of the structure: Stone-built mastaba of the chief physician Neferherptah, lies south to mastaba of the inspector of physicians Ptahhetep (AS 36), late Fifth/early Sixth Dynasty. Selected bibliography: Dulíková et al. 2015; Jánosi 2017. AS 66 Excavation: 2012, 2016, 2018 Description of the structure: Area to the south of the open courtyard of Sheretnebty (AS 68) and west of the tomb AS 69. Selected bibliography: Vymazalová – Megahed 2017: 66–80. AS 67 Excavation: 2012 Description of the structure: Stone tomb of the overseer of the scribes of the crew Nefershepes, lies east of the strairway of the burial complex of princess Sheretnebty (AS 68), mid-Fifth Dynasty, reign of Nyuserre. Selected bibliography: Bárta et al. 2014: 17–20; Bárta – Vymazalová 2018; Bárta 2019c. AS 68 Excavation: 2012, 2013 Description of the structure: The burial complex of Princess Sheretnebty and her family, mid to late Fifth Dynasty, with secondary burial shafts from the late Fifth to late Sixth Dynasty. Selected bibliography: Vymazalová – Dulíková 2012; Bárta et al. 2014: 20–33; Vymazalová – Dulíková 2014; Vymazalová 2015; Vymazalová 2016; Arias 2017; Arias 2019a; Vymazalová 2019f; Vymazalová 2019i; Vymazalová 2019j; Vymazalová 2019k. AS 68a Excavation: 2012, 2013 Description of the structure: The rock-cut tomb of Duaptah, inspector of the Great House, second half of the Fifth Dynasty. Selected bibliography: Vymazalová – Dulíková 2012: 343; Vymazalová 2015: 48–50; Vymazalová 2019c; Vymazalová 2019l; Vymazalová – Havelková 2019. AS 68b Excavation: 2012, 2013 Description of the structure: The rock-cut tomb of Shepespuptah, the chief of justice of the Great House, second half of the Fifth Dynasty. Selected bibliography: Vymazalová – Dulíková 2012: 343–345; Vymazalová 2015: 50; Vymazalová – Havelková 2016; Vymazalová 2019g. AS 68c Excavation: 2012, 2013 PES XXV/2020 23METODOLOGY Description of the structure: The rock-cut tomb of Princess Sheretnebty and her family, mid-Fifth to early Sixth Dynasty. Selected bibliography: Vymazalová – Dulíková 2012; Vymazalová – Dulíková 2014; Vymazalová 2015: 50– 56; Vymazalová 2016; Arias 2017; Arias 2019a; Bárta – Vymazalová 2018; Vymazalová 2019f; Vymazalová 2019k; Vymazalová 2019j. AS 68d Excavation: 2012, 2014 Description of the structure: The rock-cut tomb of Nefer, the overseer of the Two Treasuries, and his family, including his spouse Neferhathor, mid-Fifth Dynasty, the reign of Nyuserre. Selected bibliography: Bárta et al. 2014: 15–38; Arias Kytnarová 2015; Odler 2015; Bárta 2019f; Bárta 2019i; Dulíková 2019g; Dulíková 2019h. AS 69 Excavation: 2012, 2015, 2016, 2017 Description of the structure: Mastaba situated above the rock-cut tombs of Nefer (AS 68d) and Sheretnebtej (AS 68c), mid-Fifth Dynasty. Selected bibliography: Bárta et al. 2014: 33–34; Vymazalová – Megahed 2017: 66–71. AS 69b Excavation: 2012 Description of the structure: Small structure within the tomb AS 69, containing burial of three wooden model boats, mid-Fifth Dynasty. Selected bibliography: Bárta et al. 2014: 33–34; Megahed 2019. AS 69c Excavation: 2012, 2015 Description of the structure: Secondary tomb along the east wall of AS 69, late Old Kingdom. Selected bibliography: Vymazalová – Megahed 2017: 71–72. AS 69d Excavation: 2012 Description of the structure: Small tomb attached to the west wall of AS 69, Sixth Dynasty. Selected bibliography: Vymazalová – Megahed 2017: 72–74. AS 70 Excavation: 2012, 2017 Description of the structure: Mud brick additions to the stone-built temple AS 70 from the New Kingdom. Selected bibliography: Bárta et al. 2014: 34–38; Bárta et al. 2018; Mynářová 2019. AS 71 Excavation: 2012, 2017 Description of the structure: Mud brick tomb under New Kingdom temple, Third or Fifth Dynasty. Selected bibliography: Bárta et al. 2014: 34–38; Bárta et al. 2018. AS 72 Excavation: 2012, 2017 Description of the structure: Mud brick tomb under New Kingdom temple, Third or Fifth Dynasty. Selected bibliography: Bárta et al. 2014: 34–38; Bárta et al. 2018. AS 73 Excavation: 2012, 2017 Description of the structure: Stone-built temple, New Kingdom, reign of Ramesse II. Selected bibliography: Bárta et al. 2014: 34–38; Bárta et al. 2018; Mynářová 2019. AS 74 Excavation: 2013 Description of the structure: Mud brick structure most probably connected to the burial ritual of the tomb of Neferinpu (AS 37), second half of Fifth Dynasty. Selected bibliography: Bárta et al. 2017. AS 75 Excavation: 2013 Description of the structure: Remain of amud brick tomb with a niche, between AS 37 and AS 74, built before the tomb of Neferinpu (AS 37). Selected bibliography: Bárta et al. 2017. AS 76 Excavation: 2014, 2015 Description of the structure: Stone-built mastaba of the elder of the judicial hall Kaisebi. The mastaba lies south of the huge mud brick AS 54 and west of the additional structure AS 76b, late Fifth Dynasty. Selected bibliography: Dulíková et al. 2017; Arias 2019e. AS 76b Excavation: 2014, 2015 Description of the structure: Stone-built additional structure for Ptahwer, adjacent from east to the mastaba of Kaisebi (AS 76), Sixth Dynasty. Selected bibliography: Dulíková et al. 2017. AS 77 Excavation: 2015 Description of the structure: Anonymous mud brick mastaba lies south of the huge mud brick AS 54, west of the mud brick mastaba AS 78 and north of the boat (AS 80), late Fifth Dynasty. Selected bibliography: Dulíková et al. 2017: fig. 1. AS 78 Excavation: 2015 Description of the structure: Anonymous mud brick mastaba situated south of huge mud brick AS 54, east of the mud brick mastaba AS 77 and north of the boat (AS 80), late Fifth Dynasty. Selected bibliography: Dulíková et al. 2017: fig. 1. AS 78b Excavation: 2015 Description of the structure: Anonymous mud brick structure annexed from the south to mud brick mastaba AS 78, late Fifth Dynasty. Selected bibliography: Dulíková et al. 2017: fig. 1. 24 PES XXV/2020 METODOLOGY AS 79 Excavation: 2015 Description of the structure: Mastaba of overseer of the household Khemetnu, and his family lies north of the huge mastaba AS 31, Sixth Dynasty. Selected bibliography: Dulíková 2019a. AS 80 Excavation: 2015, 2016 Description of the structure: Awooden boat, apart of the funerary complex of tomb AS 54, Third Dynasty, reign of Huni. Selected bibliography: Bárta 2019k. AS 81 Excavation: 2015 Description of the structure: Anonymous mud brick mastaba west of Kaaper’s mastaba (AS 1) and east of the mud brick mastaba AS 78, Fifth Dynasty. Selected bibliography: unpublished. AS 82 Excavation: 2015 Description of the structure: Rock-cut tomb of the judicial dignitary Hemshezemtet, lies west of mastaba of Khemetnu and his family (AS 79), Sixth Dynasty. Selected bibliography: Dulíková 2019c; Dulíková 2019e. AS 82b Excavation: 2015 Description of the structure: Mud brick structure containing wooden statuettes, lies west of mastaba of Khemetnu and his family (AS 79) and south of tomb of Hemshezemtet (AS 82), late Sixth Dynasty. Selected bibliography: Bárta 2019j. AS 83 Excavation: 2015 Description of the structure: Partly excavated small mud brick tomb lies by the south-east corner of the huge mud brick mastaba AS 54, north of AS 81 and west of mastaba of Kaaper (AS 1). Selected bibliography: unpublished. AS 84 Excavation: 2015 Description of the structure: Partly excavated mud brick tomb overlapping the burial of boat (AS 80) from the south. The structure lies east of AS 84b, Sixth Dynasty. Selected bibliography: unpublished. AS 84b Excavation: 2015 Description of the structure: Small mud brick stru c - ture annexed from south to AS 84, only partially explored. Selected bibliography: unpublished. AS 85 Excavation: 2015 Description of the structure: Tomb of Inpuhetep and his family, late Fifth Dynasty (?). Selected bibliography: unpublished. AS 86 Excavation: 2015 Description of the structure: Mud brick structure, to the east of AS 69 with limestone casing of the north wall. Selected bibliography: unpublished. AS 87 Identification: 2015, unexcavated Description of the structure: Anonymous tomb to the south of AS 69, Sixth Dynasty (?). Selected bibliography: unpublished. AS 88 Excavation: 2016 Description of the structure: Anonymous stone tomb at the south-western corner of AS 1 (Kaaper), from early Fifth Dynasty. Selected bibliography: unpublished. AS 89 Identification: 2016, unexcavated Description of the structure: Anonymous remains of stone tomb, south of AS 88. Selected bibliography: unpublished. AS 90 Identification: 2016, unexcavated Description of the structure: Anonymous tomb to the south of AS 66, Sixth Dynasty (?). Selected bibliography: unpublished. AS 91 Excavation: 2016 Description of the structure: Largely ruined originally stone-built mastaba, to the south of AS 1 (Kaaper). Selected bibliography: Peterková Hlouchová et al. 2017. AS 92 Excavation: 2016 Description of the structure: Anonymous mud brick tomb lies east of mastaba of Kaaper Junior (AS 61) and south of AS 93. Selected bibliography: unpublished. AS 93 Excavation: 2016 Description of the structure: Anonymous mud brick tomb lies east of mastaba of Kaaper Junior (AS 61) and north of AS 92. Selected bibliography: unpublished. AS 94 Identification: 2016, unexcavated Description of the structure: Mud brick structure lies north of mastaba of Kaaper Junior (AS 61). Selected bibliography: unpublished. AS 95 Excavation: 2016 Description of the structure: Anonymous mud brick tomb, near the south-east corner of mastaba of Kaaper Junior (AS 61), lies east of AS 62 and south of AS 92. Selected bibliography: unpublished. PES XXV/2020 25METODOLOGY AS 96 Excavation: 2016 Description of the structure: Mud brick and stone structure west of AS 85, Sixth Dynasty or later. Selected bibliography: unpublished. AS 97 Excavation: 2016 Description of the structure: Mud brick and stone structure west of AS 85, Sixth Dynasty or later. Selected bibliography: unpublished. AS 98 Excavation: 2016, 2017 Description of the structure: Stone-built mastaba of the inspector of hairdressers of the Great House, Ankhires. The mastaba lies west of the huge mud brick AS 54, mid-Fifth Dynasty. Selected bibliography: Dulíková et al. 2018; Dulíková 2019d; Dulíková 2019f. AS 99 Excavation: 2017, partially Description of the structure: Mud brick structure north of AS 98, Fifth Dynasty. Selected bibliography: Dulíková et al. 2018. AS 100 Excavation: 2017 Description of the structure: Mud brick platform east of AS 98, Fifth or Sixth Dynasty. Selected bibliography: Dulíková et al. 2018. AS 101 Excavation: 2017, partially Description of the structure: Mud brick tomb west of AS 98, thoroughly damaged. Selected bibliography: Dulíková et al. 2018. AS 102 Excavation: 2017, partially Description of the structure: Mud brick tomb south of AS 98, only northernmost niche was excavated, Fifth Dynasty. Selected bibliography: Dulíková et al. 2018. AS 103 Excavation: 2017 Description of the structure: Complex of four small mud brick tombs, three built in Third Dynasty, one probably in Fifth Dynasty. The only name known from the complex is from offering basin, Neferetiwes. Selected bibliography: Odler et al. 2018. AS 104 Excavation: 2018 Description of the structure: Tomb of transitional type with stone core and mud brick casing, cruciform chapel, built in early Fourth Dynasty, reused in Fifth Dynasty. Selected bibliography: Odler – Peterková Hlouchová et al. 2019; Odler – Peterková Hlouchová 2019. AS 105 Identification: 2018, unexcavated Description of the structure: Stone tomb east of AS 104. Selected bibliography: Odler – Peterková Hlouchová et al. 2019. AS 106 Excavation: 2018 Description of the structure: Mud brick tomb north of AS 20 with adestroyed chapel in the southern part and two burial shafts. Selected bibliography: unpublished. AS 107 Excavation: 2018, partially Description of the structure: Mud brick tomb north of AS 104, southernmost niche excavated only. Selected bibliography: Odler – Peterková Hlouchová et al. 2019. AS 108 Excavation: 2018 Description of the structure: Three subsidiary shafts and square structure south of AS 104, most probably added in the second phase of AS 104 (Fifth Dynasty). Selected bibliography: Odler – Peterková Hlouchová et al. 2019. AS 109 Excavation: 2018 Description of the structure: Massive limestone wall between AS 65 and AS 66. Selected bibliography: unpublished. Saqqara North D 21 Excavation: 1860, 2019 Description of the structure: Anonymous stone-built tomb, north-west of the tomb D 22, of high official Ty, from the Fifth Dynasty, reign of Nyuserre. Selected bibliography: Mariette 1889. D 22 Excavation: 1860, 1940s, 2018, 2019 Description of the structure: Decorated stone-built tomb of high official Ty, from the Fifth Dynasty, reign of Nyuserre. Selected bibliography: Mariette 1889: 237–241; Steindorff 1913; Wild 1953; Wild 1966; Bárta – Dulíková 2020. D 71 Excavation: 1860, 2019 Description of the structure: Massive stone-built tomb of the overseer of sculptors Ptahwer, early Fifth Dynasty. Selected bibliography: unpublished. E 7 Excavation: 2019 Description of the structure: Cultic and habitation structures from the First Millennium BC, built over Tomb D 71. Selected bibliography: unpublished. 26 PES XXV/2020 METODOLOGY BiBliography: Arias, Katarína 2017 Social dynamics in the material culture – Pottery of the Old Kingdom from the complex of Princess Sheretnebty at Abusir South, Prague: Charles University (unpublished Ph.D. thesis). 2019a “Funerary equipment of the husband of Princess Sheretnebty”, in: Bárta, Miroslav – Bareš, Ladislav – Krejčí, Jaromír – Megahed, Mohamed – Varadzinová, Lenka (eds.). Created for eternity: the greatest discoveries of Czech Egyp - t ology, Prague: Charles University, Faculty of Arts, pp. 142–143. 2019b “Meidum bowl from the anonymous tomb AS 54”, in: Bárta, Miroslav – Bareš, Ladislav – Krejčí, Jaromír – Megahed, Mohamed – Varadzinová, Lenka (eds.). Created for eternity: the greatest discoveries of Czech Egyptology, Prague: Charles University, Faculty of Arts, pp. 110–111. 2019c “Miniature vessels from the tomb of the courtier Kakaibaef”, in: Bárta, Miroslav – Bareš, Ladislav – Krejčí, Jaromír – Megahed, Mohamed – Varadzinová, Lenka (eds.). Created for eternity: the greatest discoveries of Czech Egyptology, Prague: Charles University, Faculty of Arts, pp. 60–61. 2019d “Set of vessels from the embalming deposit in the tomb of Inti”, in: Bárta, Miroslav – Bareš, Ladislav – Krejčí, Jaromír – Megahed, Mohamed – Varadzinová, Lenka (eds.). Created for eternity: the greatest discoveries of Czech Egyptology, Prague: Charles University, Faculty of Arts, pp. 178–179. 2019e “Stand for offerings in situ in front of Kaisebi’s false door”, in: Bárta, Miroslav – Bareš, Ladislav – Krejčí, Jaromír – Megahed, Mohamed – Varadzinová, Lenka (eds.). Created for eternity: the greatest discoveries of Czech Egyptology, Prague: Charles University, Faculty of Arts, pp. 168–169. 2019f “Storage jars from the funerary equipment of the lady buried in tomb AC 31”, in: Bárta, Miroslav – Bareš, Ladislav – Krejčí, Jaromír – Megahed, Mohamed – Varadzinová, Lenka (eds.). Created for eternity: the greatest discoveries of Czech Egyptology, Prague: Charles University, Faculty of Arts, pp. 72–73. Arias Kytnarová, Katarína 2011 “Abusir South 2007. The Tomb of Inpunefer and the Anonymous Tomb AS 47: Preliminary Ceramics Report”, Památky archeologické CII, pp. 117–158. 2015 “Burial shafts and chambers of Nefer and Neferhathor in tomb AS 68d: acomparative evaluation of the ceramic finds”, Prague Egyptological Studies XV, pp. 3–14. El Awady, Tarek 2009 Sahure – The Pyramid Causeway. History and Decoration Program in the Old Kingdom, Prague: Charles University in Prague [Abusir XVI]. Bareš, Ladislav 2004 “Demotic attestations of the name ‘Udjahorresnet’ at Abusir”, in: Hoffmann, F. – Thissen, H. J. (eds.). Res severa verum gaudium: Festschrift für Karl-Theodor Zauzich zum 65. Geburtstag am 8. Juni 2004, Leuven – Dudley, MA: Peeters, pp. 33–37. 2009a “Personifications of the dayand night-hours in the tomb of Menekhibnekau at Abusir: a preliminary notice”, in: Maříková Vlčková, Petra – Mynářová, Jana – Tomášek, Martin (eds.). My things changed things: social development and cultural exchange in prehistory, antiquity, and the Middle Ages, Prague: Charles University in Prague, Faculty of Arts, pp. 16–24. 2009b “The development of the Late Period cemetery at Abusir (in view of the Demotic sources)”, in: Devauchelle, Didier – Widmer, Ghislaine (eds.). Actes du IXe Congrès International des Études Démotiques: Paris, 31 août – 3 septembre 2005, Le Caire: Institut français d’archéologie orientale, pp. 51–56. 2010 “Aseal of the necropolis from the Late Period shaft tomb of Menekhibnekau at Abusir”, in: Bareš, Ladislav – Coppens, Filip – Smoláriková, Květa (eds.). Egypt in Transition. Social and Religious Development of Egypt in the First Millennium BCE. Proceedings of an international conference, Prague, September 1–4, 2009, Prague: Czech Institute of Egyptology, Charles University in Prague, pp. 15–21. 2013 “Object frieze in the burial chamber of the Late Period shaft tomb of Menekhibnekau at Abusir”, Études et Travaux 26/1, pp. 75–85. 2017 “Offering lists in the large Late Period shaft tombs at Abusir”, in: Kóthay, Katalin Anna (ed.). Burial and mortuary practices in Late Period and Graeco-Roman Egypt: proceedings of the international conference held at Museum of Fine Arts, Budapest, 17-19 July 2014, Budapest: Museum of Fine Arts, pp. 47–52. 2019a “Personifications of the hours of the day and night in the burial chamber of Menekhibnekau”, in: Bárta, Miroslav – Bareš, Ladislav – Krejčí, Jaromír – Megahed, Mohamed – Varadzinová, Lenka (eds.). Created for eternity: the greatest discoveries of Czech Egyptology, Prague: Charles University, Faculty of Arts, pp. 246–247. 2019b “Procession of demons on the inner sarcophagus of Iufaa”, in: Bárta, Miroslav – Bareš, Ladislav – Krejčí, Jaromír – Megahed, Mohamed – Varadzinová, Lenka (eds.). Created for eternity: the greatest discoveries of Czech Egyptology, Prague: Charles University, Faculty of Arts, pp. 228–229. 2019c “Relief of ‘dancing cows’ on the wall of Iufaa’s burial chamber”, in: Bárta, Miroslav – Bareš, Ladislav – Krejčí, Jaro mír – Megahed, Mohamed – Varadzinová, Lenka (eds.). Created for eternity: the greatest discoveries of Czech Egyp tology, Prague: Charles University, Faculty of Arts, pp. 230–231. 2020 “Underworld demons in the decoration of the large Late Period shaft tombs at Abusir”, Journal of Ancient Egyptian Interconnections 25, pp. 5–19. Bareš, Ladislav – Bárta, Miroslav – Smoláriková, Květa – Strouhal, Eugen 2003 “Abusir-spring 2002: preliminary report”, Zeitschrift für Ägyptische Sprache und Altertumskunde 130, pp. 147–159. Bareš, Ladislav – Smoláriková, Květa 2008 The Shaft Tomb of Iufaa. Vol. 1: Archaeology, Prague: Czech Institute of Egyptology, Faculty of Arts, Charles University in Prague [Abusir XVII]. 2011 The Shaft Tomb of Menekhibnekau. Vol. 1: Archaeology, Prague: Charles University, Czech Institute of Egyptology [Abusir XXV]. Bareš, Ladislav – Smoláriková, Květa – Strouhal, Evžen 1999 The Shaft Tomb of Udjahorresnet at Abusir, Praha: Universitas Carolina Pragensis – The Karolinum Press [Abusir IV]. PES XXV/2020 27METODOLOGY Bárta, Miroslav 1998 “Der Tauschhandelszenen aus dem Grab des Fetekty in Abusir”, Studien zur Altägyptischen Kultur 26, pp. 19–34. 2000 “The Mastaba of Ptahshepses Junior II at Abusir”, Ägypten und Levante / Egypt and the Levant 10, pp. 45–66. 2001 The cemeteries at Abusir South I, Praha: Set Out [Abusir V]. 2003 “Funerary rites and cults at Abusir south”, in: Kloth, Nicole – Martin, Karl – Pardey, Eva (eds.). Es werde niedergelegt als Schriftstück: Festschrift für Hartwig Altenmüller zum 65. Ge burtstag, Hamburg: Buske, pp. 17–30. 2005 “The transitional type of tomb at Saqqara North and Abusir South”, in: Seidlmayer, Stephan Johannes (ed.). Texte und Denkmäler des ägyptischen Alten Reiches, Berlin: Achet, Dr.Norbert Dürring, pp. 69–89. 2006a “A Third Dynasty tomb of Hetepi at Abusir South”, in: Daoud, Khaled – Abd el-Fatah, Sawsan (eds.). The world of ancient Egypt. Essays in honor of Ahmed Abd el-Qader el-Sawi, Le Caire: Conseil suprême des antiquités de l’Égypte [Supplement aux Annales du Service des antiquités de l’Égypte 35], pp. 35–45. 2006b “The Sixth Dynasty tombs in Abusir”, in: Bárta, Miroslav (ed.). The Old Kingdom Art and Archaeology. Proceedings of the conference held in Prague, May 31–June 4, 2004, Prague: Czech Institute of Egyptology, Faculty of Arts, Charles University in Prague – Publishing House of the Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, pp. 45–62. 2009a “Acase of veneration from Abusir South”, in: Maříková Vlčková, Petra – Mynářová, Jana – Tomášek, Martin (eds.). My things changed things: social development and cultural exchange in prehistory, antiquity, and the Middle Ages, Prague: Charles University in Prague, Faculty of Arts, pp. 25–30. 2009b “An Old Kingdom book of the afterlife”, in: Bourriau, Janine – Magee, Diana – Quirke, Stephen (eds.). Sitting beside Lepsius. Studies in honour of Jaromir Malek at the Griffith Institute, Leuven: Peeters – Departement Oosterse Studies [Orientalia Lovaniensia Analecta 185], pp. 23–38. 2009c “Filling the chambers, rising the status: Sixth Dynasty context for the decline of the Old Kingdom”, Cahier de recherches de l’Institut de papyrologie et d’égyptologie de Lille 28, pp. 145–155. 2011a “Anew Old Kingdom rock-cut tomb from Abusir and its Abusir-Saqqara context”, in: Strudwick, Helen – Strudwick, Nigel (eds.). Old Kingdom, New perspectives. Egyptian Art and Archaeology 2750–2150 BC, Oxford: Oxbow Books, pp. 9–21. 2011b “An Abusir mastaba from the reign of Huni“, in: Bareš, Ladislav – Bárta, Miroslav – Callender, Vivienne Gae – Janák, Jiří – Krejčí, Jaromír (eds.). Times, Signs and Pyramids. Studies in Honour of Miroslav Verner on the Occasion of His Seventieth Birthday, Prague: Charles University in Prague, pp. 41–50. 2014 The Tomb of the Sun Priest Neferinpu (AS 37), Prague: Charles University in Prague, Faculty of Arts [Abusir XXIII]. 2015a “A reassembled false door from the time of Nyuserra”, Bulletin of the Egyptological Seminar 19, pp. 131–138. 2015b “Tomb of the chief physician Shepseskafankh”, Prague Egyptological Studies XV, pp. 15–27. 2016 “‘Dummy mummification’ in the Old Kingdom: a new intact case from the 5th Dynasty, Abusir”, in: Landgráfová, Renata – Mynářová, Jana (eds.). Rich and Great. Studies in Honour of Anthony J. Spalinger on the Occasion of his 70th Feast of Thoth, Prague: Charles University in Prague, Faculty of Arts, pp. 15–17. 2019a “Altar of Sankhuptah”, in: Bárta, Miroslav – Bareš, Ladislav – Krejčí, Jaromír – Megahed, Mohamed – Varadzinová, Lenka (eds.). Created for eternity: the greatest discoveries of Czech Egyptology, Prague: Charles University, Faculty of Arts, pp. 170–171. 2019b “Canopic jars from the tomb of the priest Neferinpu”, in: Bárta, Miroslav – Bareš, Ladislav – Krejčí, Jaromír – Megahed, Mohamed – Varadzinová, Lenka (eds.). Created for eternity: the greatest discoveries of Czech Egyptology, Prague: Charles University, Faculty of Arts, pp. 158–159. 2019c “Double statue of an ancient Egyptian dignitary”, in: Bárta, Miroslav – Bareš, Ladislav – Krejčí, Jaromír – Megahed, Mohamed – Varadzinová, Lenka (eds.). Created for eternity: the greatest discoveries of Czech Egyptology, Prague: Charles University, Faculty of Arts, pp. 124–125. 2019d “False door of the priest Neferinpu”, in: Bárta, Miroslav – Bareš, Ladislav – Krejčí, Jaromír – Megahed, Mohamed – Varadzinová, Lenka (eds.). Created for eternity: the greatest discoveries of Czech Egyptology, Prague: Charles University, Faculty of Arts, pp. 154–155. 2019e “Hetepi’s offering scene”, in: Bárta, Miroslav – Bareš, Ladislav – Krejčí, Jaromír – Megahed, Mohamed – Varadzi nová, Lenka (eds.). Created for eternity: the greatest discoveries of Czech Egyptology, Prague: Charles University, Faculty of Arts, pp. 106–109. 2019f “Nefer’s false door”, in: Bárta, Miroslav – Bareš, Ladislav – Krejčí, Jaromír – Megahed, Mohamed – Varadzinová, Lenka (eds.). Created for eternity: the greatest discoveries of Czech Egyptology, Prague: Charles University, Faculty of Arts, pp. 120–121. 2019g “Receptacles for food offerings from the tomb of Inti Pepyankh”, in: Bárta, Miroslav – Bareš, Ladislav – Krejčí, Jaromír – Megahed, Mohamed – Varadzinová, Lenka (eds.). Created for eternity: the greatest discoveries of Czech Egyptology, Prague: Charles University, Faculty of Arts, pp. 184–185. 2019h “Seal impressions from the burial chamber of Neferinpu”, in: Bárta, Miroslav – Bareš, Ladislav – Krejčí, Jaromír – Megahed, Mohamed – Varadzinová, Lenka (eds.). Created for eternity: the greatest discoveries of Czech Egyptology, Prague: Charles University, Faculty of Arts, pp. 160–161. 2019i “Statue of Nefer”, in: Bárta, Miroslav – Bareš, Ladislav – Krejčí, Jaromír – Megahed, Mohamed – Varadzinová, Lenka (eds.). Created for eternity: the greatest discoveries of Czech Egyptology, Prague: Charles University, Faculty of Arts, pp. 118–119. 2019j “The oldest ushabti from Egypt”, in: Bárta, Miroslav – Bareš, Ladislav – Krejčí, Jaromír – Megahed, Mohamed – Varadzinová, Lenka (eds.). Created for eternity: the greatest discoveries of Czech Egyptology, Prague: Charles University, Faculty of Arts, pp. 206–207. 2019k “Wooden boat”, in: Bárta, Miroslav – Bareš, Ladislav – Krej - čí, Jaromír – Megahed, Mohamed – Varadzinová, Lenka (eds.). Created for eternity: the greatest discoveries of Czech Egypt ology, Prague: Charles University, Faculty of Arts, pp. 112–113. 2020 “Visible and yet concealed: agency and form in some early Old Kingdom tombs in ancient Egypt“, in: Geisen, Christina (ed.). Ritual Landscape and Performance. Proceedings of the International Conference on Ritual Landscape and Perfor- 28 PES XXV/2020 METODOLOGY mance, Yale University, September 23–24, 2016, New Haven: Yale Egyptology, pp. 1–24. Bárta, Miroslav – Arias Kytnarová, Katarína – Dvořák, Martin 2010 “The tomb of Hetepi (AS 20)”, in: Bárta, Miroslav – Coppens, Filip – Vymazalová, Hana (eds.). Tomb of Hetepi (AS 20), Tombs AS 33–35 and AS 50–53, Prague: Charles University in Prague, Faculty of Arts [Abusir XIX], pp. 3–56. Bárta, Miroslav – Arias Kytnarová, Katarína – Maříková Vlčková, Petra – Cílek, Václav – Lang, Miloš – Sůvová, Zdeňka 2010 “Tomb AS 33”, in: Bárta, Miroslav – Coppens, Filip – Vymazalová, Hana (eds.). Tomb of Hetepi (AS 20), Tombs AS 33–35 and AS 50–53, Prague: Charles University in Prague, Faculty of Arts [Abusir XIX], pp. 57–182. Bárta, Miroslav – Arias Kytnarová, Katarína – Odler, Martin – Sůvová, Zdeňka 2017 “‘Killed’ for eternity. Artefacts and ritual behaviour from a unique ceremonial structure in Abusir South“, in: Bárta, Miroslav – Coppens, Filip – Krejčí, Jaromír (eds.). Abusir and Saqqara in the Year 2015, Prague: Czech Institute of Egyptology, Faculty of Arts, Charles University. 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