The rock-cut tomb of Penmes at Saqqara

The rock ‑cut tomb of Penmes at Saqqara Mostafa Waziri– MohammadM. Youssef– Mohammad El ‑Seaidy ABSTRACT The rock -cut tomb of Penmes is located on the so -called Bubasteion cemetery at Saqqara, asite which has been explored by the Egyptian mission of the Supreme Council of Antiquities (SCA), Ministry of Tourism and Antiquities headed by Dr.Mostafa Waziri, Secretary General of the SCA. The tomb was found during the end of the second excavation season in 2019. The article describes the architecture of the tomb, which contained some decorated elements such as awindow slab and afalse door, as well as finds including wooden statues. In addition, inscriptions provide us with evidence on the tomb owner and the members of his family that can be confronted with the preliminary results of the investigation of human remains found in the tomb. KEYWORDS Saqqara – rock -cut tomb – architecture – false door – wooden statues– anthropology ةراقسب سم نب ـل ةيرخصلا ةربقملا ىديعصلا دمحم – فسوي دمحم – ىريزو ىفطصم صلخملا سلجملل ةيرصملا ةثعبلا لبق نم هنع فشكلا متي ىذلا عقوملا وهو ،ةراقسب نويطسابوبلا ةنابجب سم نب ـل ةيرخصلا ةربقملا عقت ثيح .راثلآل ىلعلأا سلجملل ماعلا نيملأا ،ىريزو ىفطصم روتكدلا ةسائرب ،راثلآاو ةحايسلا ةرازو ،(SCA) راثلآل ىلعلأا ىرامعملا طيطختلا ةيثحبلا ةقرولا كلت حضوت .2019 ماع للاخ كلذو ،ىناثلا رئافحلا مسوم ةياهن ىف ةربقملا ىلع روثعلا مت ىلع ةربقملا رابآ دحأب روثعلا ىلإ ةفاضلإاب ،ىمهولا بابلاو ةحوللا لثم ةيفرخزلا رصانعلا ضعب ىلع ىوتحت ىتلاو ،ةربقملل اهتنراقم نكمي ىتلاو هتلئاع دارفأو ةربقملا بحاص ةيوه ىلع ةلدأ ةربقملا شوقن انل مدقت ،كلذ ىلإ ةفاضلإاب .ةيبشخ ليثامت .ةربقملا يف اهيلع روثعلا مت ىتلا ةيرشبلا ماظعلا ةساردل ةيلولأا جئاتنلاب ةلادلا تاملكلا ايجولوبورثنأ – ةيبشخ ليثامت – ىمهو باب – ةرامع – ةيرخص ةربقم – ةراقس This rock -cut tomb is located on the so -called Bubasteion cemetery at Saqqara, asite which has been explored by the Egyptian mission of the Supreme Council of Antiquities (SCA), Ministry of Tourism and Antiquities in the area to the west of the tombs explored by the French Mission under Alan Zivie (Waziri– Youssef 2019: 84). The tomb was found during the end of the second excavation season in 2019, and it is situated in the eastern part of the site, in the north -west edge, to the north -west of the previously explored tomb of Wahty.1 1 For preliminary report on the excavation of the Supreme Council of Antiquities in the sacred animal necropolis at Bubasteion in Saqqara, see Waziri – Youssef (2019). PRAGUE EGYPTOLOGICAL STUDIES XXX/2023, 37–54 38 PRAGUE EGYPTOLOGICAL STUDIES XXX/2023 Fig. 1 Plan of the tomb of Penmes and the surrounding structures (drawing Amr Zakaria, Marwa Mohamed, Ismail Mostafa) The tomb of Penmes (Tomb no. 11) has north -south orientation and entrance of the tomb is not in the center of its eastern façade but slightly to the south of the center (fig. 1). The exterior of the tomb, namely its eastern façade was not decorated and no fragments of alimestone lintel or other architectural features were collected during the excavation. The only decoration that survived in situ on the eastern façade of the tomb was arectangular limestone slab set up in the façade by the north side of entrance (fig. 2), which has two rectangular openings representing awindow for ancient visitors (see below). The two openings allowed aview directly towards the false door inside the chapel, which probably attracted people who came to the cemetery to give offering for the tomb owner. The entrance of the tomb on the eastern façade measures 110 cm in width, 140 cm in height, the cult chapel hewn in the bedrock was found filled with rubble and had been robbed in antiquity. It had an irregular plan consisting of one chamber, which measured max 8.9 × 3.7 m and the height of its ceiling reached 1.8 m. The walls of the chapel are not smoothed and have traces of chisel marks. The chapel was undecorated except of the west wall, in which several simple false doors were carved above shafts, and one inscribed limestone false door was set up above the main shaft (Shaft 7). This false door was found in situ within aniche hewn in the wall above the shaft and was placed upon alimestone pedestal which probably served as an offering table (see below). 39MOSTAFA WAZIRI– MOHAMMADM. YOUSSEF– MOHAMMAD EL ‑SEAIDY The floor of the cult chapel features openings of 13 burial shafts. The main shaft (Shaft 7) seems to be situated in aniche at the center of the west wall, which is associated with the main false door. Seven shafts (nos. 1–6, 13) were hewn in in the north side of the chapel in two rows along the west wall, and five more shafts (nos. 8–12) were situated in the south part of the chapel by its east and west walls. Some of these shafts were left incomplete and were never used for aburial. Shaft 1 is 90 × 90 cm in size at its opening but becomes narrower and irregular towards its bottom; it is 3.1 m deep. The burial chamber is located in the east wall of the shaft. The chamber is small, 110 × 65 cm large and 65 cm high, and its walls were only roughly cut in the bedrock. Remains of human bones were collected in the debris of the chamber. Shaft 2 is situated underneath an unfinished plastered niche cut in the west wall of the chapel. The shaft is 82 × 67 cm in size at its opening but becomes smaller and irregular towards its bottom; it is 1.9 m deep. The burial chamber is located in the west wall of the shaft. The fill of the shaft consisted of limestone chips and some pottery sherds. The burial chamber is small, it was blocked by amud brick wall, its entrance is 80 cm wide and 77 cm high, the chamber itself is 125 × 105 cm and 110 cm high, and its walls were only roughly cut in the bedrock. Inside the burial chamber is arectangular pit 70 cm wide, 160 cm long and 30 cm deep. Remains of human bones were collected in the debris of the chamber. Shaft 3 is situated underneath asmall niche cut in the west wall of the chapel, with two unfinished false doors covered with plaster. The shaft is 85 × 75 cm in size at its opening but becomes smaller and irregular towards its bottom; it is 2.1 m deep. The burial chamber is Fig. 2 The rock façade of the tomb of Penmes (photo Mohammad Youssef) 40 PRAGUE EGYPTOLOGICAL STUDIES XXX/2023 located in the south wall of the shaft. The chamber is small, 1.40 × 0.65 m and 65 cm high, and its walls were only roughly cut in the bedrock. The debris of the chamber contained remains of human bones together with small remains of wood most probably from awooden coffin, which itself has almost disappeared. Shaft 4 is 75 × 73 cm in size at its opening, but the shaft was never finished, and it reaches only 15 cm in depth. Shaft 5 is 75 × 88 cm in size at its opening but becomes smaller and irregular towards its bottom; it is 1.2 m deep. The burial chamber is located in the west wall of the shaft. The chamber is small, 105 × 30 cm and 47 cm high, and its walls were only roughly cut in the bedrock. Remains of human bones were found in the debris of the chamber. Shaft 6 is 80 × 80 cm in size at its opening, but the shaft was never finished, and it reaches only 15 cm in depth. Shaft 7 is the main shaft in the tomb. It is located directly in front of the false door in the center of the west wall of the chapel, in aniche. It is 110 × 90 cm in size at its opening and reaches 1.5 m deep. At the bottom of this shaft is the entrance which leads to acorridor. This entrance is 70 cm wide and 85 cm high, asmall wall to the left of the entrance is 35 cm wide. The burial chamber is located to the west of the shaft and accessible through ashort descending corridor, 1.9 m long, 1 m wide and 90 cm high. The entrance to the corridor was blocked by alimestone slab. The burial chamber has arectangular plan, 1.7 × 1 m large, it is 58 cm high and contained aburial pit in which asmall sarcophagus was made of limestone block; it is 188 cm long, 73/53 cm wide (outer/inner), 10 cm thick and 50 cm high. The lid of the sarcophagus was made of two blocks, the southern one was 80 × 86 cm large, the northern one 80 × 103 cm large. The lid was found broken and human bones were scattered inside the sarcophagus. Shaft 8 is situated underneath asmall plastered false door cut in the west wall. The shaft is 100 × 105 cm in size at its opening but becomes smaller and irregular towards its bottom; it is 3.4 m deep. The burial chamber is situated in the west wall of the shaft. It was still blocked by awall of mud bricks. The chamber is small, 155 × 100 cm, and 87 cm high, and its walls were only roughly cut in the bedrock. The shaft was filled with chips of limestone and tafla with additions of sand and fragments of pottery sherds. Shaft 9 is situated underneath asmall plastered false door cut in the west wall. The shaft is 100 × 90 cm in size at its opening but becomes smaller and irregular towards its bottom; it is 2.8 m deep. The burial chamber is located in the west wall of the shaft. The chamber is small, 180 × 75 cm, and 73 cm high, and its walls were only roughly cut in the bedrock. The shaft was filled with chips of limestone and tafla with additions of sand and fragments of pottery sherds. Remains of human bones were collected in the debris of the chamber. Shaft 10 is situated underneath an unfinished false door made of limestone blocks covered with plaster; its measures max. 115 cm in width, and 110 cm in height. The shaft is 0.90 × 0.80 m large at its opening but the presence of the false door above the shaft’swestern edge makes its top size reduced to 0.65 × 0.90 m. Deeper down the shaft becomes smaller and irregular towards its bottom; it is 1.9 m deep. In the south wall is an opening that leads to another shaft, 90 cm × 80 cm in size; it is 115 cm deep; thus the total depth of both shafts is 3.05 m. At the bottom of the second shaft, the burial chamber was hewn towards the south and its entrance measures 85 × 90 cm. The chamber has arectangular plan and is 1.9 × 1.5 m large and 0.90 m in height. Inside this burial chamber three wooden statues were found placed along its east and 41MOSTAFA WAZIRI– MOHAMMADM. YOUSSEF– MOHAMMAD EL ‑SEAIDY south walls, there were three limestone slabs placed along the western wall partly destroyed under it aremain of human bones. Shaft 11 is 90 × 87 cm in size at its opening but becomes smaller and irregular towards its bottom; it is 3.6 m deep. The burial chamber is located in the east wall of the shaft. The chamber is small, 155 × 75 cm and 80 cm high, and its walls were only roughly cut in the bedrock. Remains of human bones were found in the debris of the chamber. Shaft 12 is 80 × 70 cm in size at its opening, but the shaft was never finished, and it reaches only 15 cm in depth. Shaft 13 is 80 × 60 cm in size at its opening, but the shaft was never finished, and it reaches only 10 cm in depth. THE LIMESTONE WINDOW SLAB As mentioned above, the window slab (Saqqara register no. 20312, now in the New Capital Museum) was found in situ in the eastern façade of the tomb of Penmes, which was otherwise not decorated. Originally, it was set up by the north side of the entrance to the chapel, and offers aview towards the false door of the tomb owner. The window slab is rectangular and measures 54 × 39 cm and it 8 cm thick (fig. 3). It is carved of white limestone. It features two rectangular openings in the central part, ca. 5 × 10 cm large, Fig. 3 The window slab (photo Mohammad Youssef) 42 PRAGUE EGYPTOLOGICAL STUDIES XXX/2023 and araised rim on all four sides. Hieroglyphic inscriptions in sunken relief covered the rim on all four sides of the window slab, as well as the spaces above, between and beside the openings. The inscription on the rim starts in the top right corner with the name and two titles of Penmes, it reads: zAb cmcw hAjt zAb nxt ‑xrw Pn ‑ms – “juridical elder of the court/audience hall,2 juridical ‘tally man’ or tally man of the judiciary,3 Penmes”.4 The right side of the rim contains the name and title of one of his sons: zA.f zS Wr ‑jr(j).n – “his son, the scribe, Weriryen”.5 Another son is mentioned on the left rim: zA.f zS IHA – “his son, the scribe, Iha”.6 On the bottom side of the rim of the window slab the inscriptions refers to Penmes’swife: Hmt.f Hm(t)‑kA Ipt – “his wife, the ka -servant, Ipet”.7 The central part of the window slab above and around the two openings contains more inscriptions. On the right side it reads: wd.n(.i) nw Hrj rsj– “Iplaced this on the south (side)”. Above the openings the inscription continues: zAt.f – “his daughter” and two names are given between the openings and to the left of them, IHAt – “Ihat”8 and *ntt.j – “Tjenteti”.9 The inscriptions on this window slab thus mention the family members of the tomb owner, including his wife, two sons and two daughters. It remains unclear whether all these six individuals were buried within the tomb. THE FALSE DOOR OF PENMES The false door of Penmes (Saqqara register no. 20313, now in the New Capital Museum), the main focus of the mortuary cult of the tomb owner, was situated in the western wall of the cult chapel in aniche which was noticeably off -center of the chapel. Its northern edge is 3.5 m from the northern end of the west wall; while its southern edge is 4.6 m from the southern end of the same wall which however runs in north -west– south -east direction. The false door is composed of six small blocks of fine white Tura limestone, which constituted its lintel, both outer jambs, acentral niche, adrum and acentral lintel (fig. 4a, b). It has no cavetto cornice and torus moulding, which became popular in the mid -Fifth Dynasty (Wiebach 1981: 18). The false door corresponds to the type II.1 as defined by Adolf Rusch, showing aprojecting lintel, one pair of jambs and areasonably deep recessed central niche (Rusch 1923: 106–112, pl. A; Vandier 1954: 394–401; Strudwick 1985: 15–16). These features are typical of tombs built during the Fourth and Fifth Dynasties, and are rarely attested in the Sixth Dynasty. The complete false door measures 1.36 m in height and is 1.08 m wide while the thickness is 13 cm. It was set in the west wall upon alimestone block, which seems to represent akind of an offering table, as it is inscribed. The block underneath the false door is inscribed with two lines of hieroglyphic inscription, one vertical and the other one horizontal. The vertical line reads: zAb nxt ‑xrw Pn ‑ms – “juridical 2 Jones (2000: 813, no. 2974). 3 Jones (2000: 807, no. 2951). 4 Scheele -Schweitzer (2014: 355). 5 Scheele -Schweitzer (2014: 326). 6 Scheele -Schweitzer (2014: 259). 7 Scheele -Schweitzer (2014: 231–232). 8 Scheele -Schweitzer (2014: 261). 9 Scheele -Schweitzer (2014: 736–737). 43MOSTAFA WAZIRI– MOHAMMADM. YOUSSEF– MOHAMMAD EL ‑SEAIDY Fig. 4 The false door of Penmes (photo Mohammad Youssef, drawing Hassan Ramadan) 0 1 m 44 PRAGUE EGYPTOLOGICAL STUDIES XXX/2023 ‘tally man’” or “tally man of the judiciary, Penmes”, and it comes to the middle of the horizontal line dividing it into two parts. The horizontal line reads from the right to left: t, Hnqt xA – “athousand loaves of bread and jars of beer”, mnxt xA, sS xA– “athousand pieces of cloth and athousand calcite -alabaster vessels”. The name of Penmes is situated right between these two parts of the horizontal lines perhaps as an emphasis that these thousands of offerings are made for Penmes himself. The false door itself bears hieroglyphic inscriptions carved in sunken relief and figures of Penmes and his family members which are executed in low relief.10 The hieroglyphs and figures still bear the original polychromy, which includes reddish brown, green, blue, yellow and black, while the figures of Penmes and his sons are painted in reddish brown with blue, yellow and white features, while the figure of the owner’swife and daughter are painted in yellow ochre with white and blue details. The depictions show features indicating the so -called second style, with elongated limbs, large heads, attenuated waists as well as specific details including large eyes and high -set ears (see Russmann 1995; Brovarski 2008: 49–89). The inscriptions and the figures all face right, i.e., towards the north. The depictions and inscriptions thus are not symmetrical on this false door. The lintel contains the hieroglyphic inscription divided into two horizontal lines. The inscription contains the offering formula, and the titles, epithets and name of the tomb owner, and it reads from right to left: (1) Htp dj nswt Inpw xntj zH ‑nTr qrst.f m Xrt ‑nTr jAw nfr wrt (2) nb imAxw xr nTr aA zAb nxt ‑xrw cx‑@r Pn ‑ms– “(1) May the king give an offering and Anubis, the foremost of the divine booth, that he may be buried in the cemetery at avery good old age (2) possessor of reverence with the Great God, juridical ‘tally -man’ of the cx -granary of Horus, Penmes”. At the end of the text in the bottom line of the inscription there is adepiction of the tomb owner as adeterminative, in the form of amale figure seated on abackless chair with bull’slegs, which bears traces of yellow and black colors. This type of chairs is characteristic for the period between the mid-Fourth to mid-Fifth Dynasty (Cherpion 1989: 26). The man has ashort chin beard and is wearing ashort curly hair/wig, ashort yellow kilt and holds ayellow staff in his right hand while the left -hand rests on his lap and is opened. The false door contains no central panel with the characteristic offering scene. The two small central pieces constitute the drum and the very small lintel above it. The inscription that covers them reads: (1) zAb nxt ‑xrw (2) Pn ‑ms– “(1) juridical ‘tally -man’ (2) Penmes”. The right outer jamb has the inscription arranged in two vertical lines with one large depiction underneath both of them. It contains the offering formula, and the titles, epithets and name of the tomb owner: (1) Htp dj nzwt prt ‑xrw n.f Hnqt kA Trp rnpt tr ra nb (2) zAb cmcw hAjt nv imAxw xr nTr aA rx nzwt Pn ‑ms– “(1) May the king give an offering, may an invocation offering come forth for him, loaf of bread and jar of beer, oxen, geese every year, every season, every day (2) juridical elder of the court/audience hall, possessor of reverence with the Great God,11 10 The use of low relief on false doors is attested until the end of the Fifth Dynasty (see Strudwick 1985: 24). For aselection of false doors with raised relief see the following: Rahotep (Harpur 2001: 109, fig. 98, pls. 65, 71); Nefer (G2110, Manuelian 2009: figs. 6.76–6.78); Kaninesut I(G2155, Manuelian 2009: figs. 15.53, 15.57–15.60); Merib (G2100 I, Manuelian 2009: fig. 4.51); Ptahhotep II (Harpur– Scremin 2008: 207 [293]–212 [305]). 11 Jones (2000: 480, no. 1789). 45MOSTAFA WAZIRI– MOHAMMADM. YOUSSEF– MOHAMMAD EL ‑SEAIDY one who is known to the king,12 Penmes”. The depiction at the bottom of the right jamb shows the tomb owner striding. He has no beard and is wearing ashort curly hair/wig covering his ears, awhite kilt, and ablue collar. He is holding astaff in his left hand and axrp -scepter in his right hand. Two sons are depicted by his sides in form of small children with side locks of youth and holding his legs. The front boy has his left finger in the mouth, and both these small figures are identified as zS Wr ‑jr(j).n – “scribe, Weriryen”. The left outer jamb contains the inscription arranged in two vertical lines with one large depiction underneath. It contains the offering formula and an autobiographical phrase referring probably to the construction of the tomb:13 (1) Htp dj nzwt Inpw prt ‑xrw n.f m rnpt tr ra nb (2) Dd.f rdi.n(.i) aHa nw Hrj rcj nnk mHt ir(t).n(.i) im n iTt a(.i) – “(1) May the king give an offering and Anubis, may an invocation offering come forth for him at every year, every season, every day (2) He says: Ihad this built on the south (side), Iam complete with what Idid there without my arm taking (anything from anyone).” The inscription then follows with ahorizontal line reading: rx ‑nzwt Pn ‑ms Hmt.f Hm(t)‑kA Ipt – “one who is known to the king, Penmes, and his wife, ka -servant, Ipet”. Below follows their depiction. Penmes is shown striding, wearing ashort curly hair/wig, ablue collar, ashort white kilt with yellow fold. He is holding astaff in his left hand and abaton in his right hand. His wife is standing behind/beside him, touching his shoulder with her left hand. She has long hair and is dressed in long white dress and wearing ablue collar and bracelets. Two children are shown with the couple. Asmall boy with alock of youth is depicted in front of Penmes, holding his staff. He is identified as IHA– “Iha”. Adaughter with apleated lock is standing in front of Ipet, looking to her and holding her dress. Her name is # [...]nwt – “Kh[…]nut”. The central niche shows two vertical lines of inscriptions that read: (1) zAb nxt ‑xrw Hrj ‑sStA n Hwt ‑wrt (2) imAx(w) xr nTr ‑aA rx ‑nzwt Pn ‑ms– “(1) juridical ‘tally -man’ privy to the secret of the Great Court14 (2) revered before the Great God, one who is known to the king,15 Penmes”. Underneath the inscription follows an enlarged depiction of the tomb owner in striding posture, with ashort beard and ashoulder long wig, wearing ablue collar and awhite kilt. He has aleopard skin tied on his left shoulder, which is partly covering the chest and back. He is holding abaton in his right hand while his left hand rests on his chest, perhaps grabbing the animal skin. Asmall figure of ason with aside lock of youth is depicted in front of Penmes. He is touching his father’sknee with his right hand, and the inscription above him identifies him as IHA– “Iha”. THE WOODEN STATUES Three wooden statues were found in the chamber at the bottom of Shaft 10 of the tomb. Even though there is evidence of statues placed in burial chambers in other Old Kingdom tombs,16 this shaft was used for burial in apit parallel to the west wall. The statues were placed on the floor of the chamber, two along the eastern side of the chamber with heads one to the north 12 Jones (2000: 327–328, no. 1206). 13 For such phrases, see above all Kloth (cf. Kloth 2002: 230–235; Kloth 2018: 29–39). 14 Jones (2000: 635, no. 2326). 15 Jones (2000: 327–328, no. 1206). 16 For instance, the tomb of Kairsu in Abusir (see Bártaetal. 2020). 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