The provision of day care services for the children in need

VIDA GUDŽINSKIENĖ The p o ision o day ca e se ices o he child en in need In oduc ion The main aim o Day ca e cen e s (CDC) o child en is he educ ion o social exclusion o child en and p e en ion o child en emo al om he amilies o o igin, complex (social, psychological, pedagogical) suppo o he child and his/he amily - hese kind o ac i i ies a e di ec ly ela ed o he needs o he child en a isk. Cu en ly, he highes numbe s o disad an aged amilies in Li huania come om Kaunas, Vilnius and Klaipeda coun ies. The social se ices wi hin day ca e cen e s ha e been p o ided o 6873 child en in 2012, which is 14.2 pe cen less han in 2011 and e en 18.1 pe cen less han in 2010. This subjec o s udy is been popula among he Li huanian and o eign au ho s. Analyzing he expe ience o o eign coun ies B. Pala inskiene (2001) discussed he possibili ies o p e en ion o domes ic iolence. The s udy a ea o M. Black, M. Raymond and o he s (2002) – he neglec o child en o he amilies a isk; he au ho s ha e ocused on he p e-school age child en in u al a eas. B. Kai iene (2006) has s udied he possibili ies o al e he agg essi e beha io o pa en s owa ds hei child en, emphasizing he con ibu ion o eache s in hese si ua ions. Acco ding o he au ho , he educa o s should ake he ole o social wo ke s as well – building he close ela ionships wi h s uden s and communica e openly, encou age hem o con ide in ha owing ma e s. G. Kond o ai e (2006) s udied he social con ex o social isk amilies, analyzed he newly o med ac o s a ec ing he exp ession o social ensions. L. D oman iene and R. Salase iciu e (2006) analyzed he a ious p oblems a ising wi hin he p o essional social wo k wi h child en and ied o iden i y he ole o social wo ke s in espec o he conc e e si ua ion. V. Gudzinskiene and R. Gedminiene (2011) analyzed he psychological, social, and lea ning di icul ies o he child en om he amilies whe e pa en s abused alcohol. M. Wadsby (2012) ocused his s udy on he psychosocial c ises o mo he s and hei possible nega i e e ec s, such as alcohol, d ugs abuse and he impac o hese cha ac e is ics on child en. V. Gudzinskiene and A. Railiene (2012) s udied he social skills and p o essional compe encies o he s a membe s o day ca e cen e s o child en. S. S ol z, M. Londen and o he s (2013) we e in e es ed in de e mining he connec ions and co ela ions be ween he child en agg essi e beha io and hei sex as well as he impac o agg essi e beha io o he le el o he child's success ul socializa ion. A. C owley, S. Jeon (2013) s udied he compliance o he se ices Vida Gudžinskienė - The p o ision o day ca e se ices o he child en in need 92 p o ided by he child en day ca e cen e s wi h he equi emen s o he licenses and o he pieces o legisla ion, wi h a ocus on child en's physical heal h and sa e y. Mee ing he needs o child en a isk in Day ca e cen e s The needs o child en om amilies a isk In o de he pe son is able o mee his needs he ce ain condi ions o he en i onmen should be p esen and hese condi ions mus speci ically co ela e wi h pe sonal ac ion oppo uni ies, as well as beha io and expe ience cha ac e is ics (Kisiely e-Sadauskienė (2003)). Only hen any kind o beha io makes sense - people ac ing pu pose ully can ealize hei needs. Acco ding o V. Legkauskas (2008), he wo ypes o needs a e inhe en o humans: 1) biological needs – hese a e de ined as an absolu e dependence on he physical condi ions essen ial o he exis ence as he ailu e o mee hem would cause dea h ( ood and wa e ); 2) social needs – hese a e de ined as he dependence on he ela ionships and communica ion be ween people. The ailu e o mee hese kinds o needs won’ be a al; howe e hese needs mo i a e and encou age people o communica e and collabo a e wi h o he people. Acco ding o Leona icius, (1993) Johnson (2001) he need is ha elemen ha is needed o he pe son o social sys em success ully unc ion in speci ic condi ions. The need is no some hing one is wishing o gain o ha e - i means a lack which ba ie s a pe son o sys em o de elop and g ow. Acco ding o he au ho s men ioned abo e, he needs p ede e mine he expec a ions, mo i a ion and goals o he pe son, while needs me o m ce ain oppo uni ies. The needs o young people a e he mo i a o o indi idual o social g oup (communi y) ac i i y. The eme gence and g ow h o needs is di ec ly linked wi h mo i a ion o young people, gene ally - wha we wan o change, achie e o gain, some hing wha would be bene icial o leading o sol e he p oblem. Acco ding o V. A kociuniene, S. Na asai iene, does A Aleksand a icius (2012) he need can be desc ibed as a s a e o he indi idual. This may be a lack o some hing, o he equi emen o some hing when he in e nal and ex e nal unc ioning condi ions do no ma ch. Acco ding o Maslow's heo y o needs hie a chy a pe son eaches he ullness o li e when mee ing he highes needs in he hie a chy - ac ualizing and ealizing hemsel es. This heo y emphasizes ha he eme gence o highe needs is based on he sa is ac ion o lowe ones. J.Siniciene and o he s (2012) a gue ha he new base needs eme ge in e e y s age o psychosocial de elopmen o child. Lacking he possibili ies o mee hese needs, he child aces di icul ies o o e come he c isis speci ic o e e y s age, which ob iously nega i ely a ec s he dynamics o de elopmen and he physical heal h. Based on he heo y o E.E icson, many au ho s belie e ha he 6 – 11 yea s li e s age is cha ac e ized by excellence (diligence), o wo hlessness. I is e y impo an o encou age he child o pe o m independen ly o comple e he ask on 93 METSZETEK Vol.3 (2014) No.4 his own in his s age. When a child is no encou aged o when a en ion is no paid o his e o s o ca y ou he wo k - he eelings o wo hlessness is o ming. One o he mos ob ious p oblema ic cases when he needs o he child a e no me wi hin he amily is when he amily is conside ed as he amily a isk. In o de o p o ide he suppo o he child en o mee hei needs a ious o ms o poli ical and social ac ion a e employed. The Ac o Social Se ices (1996) social se ices de ines as a o m o non-mone a y assis ance o people when o he gua an o s o he social secu i y sys em a e no e ec i e. As emphasize A. Guogis and Gudelis (2005), al hough his de ini ion is qui e gene al and is sui able o mos se ices, bu a mo e de ailed egula ion o social se ices is dependen on he same social wo k con en and o ganiza ion wi hin di e en ypes o social se ice agencies. Acco ding o hese au ho s, he main pu pose o social se ices is o mee he i al needs o he people and c ea e he seda e condi ions o people when hey a e unable o do so hemsel es. Mo eo e he au ho s a gue ha he de ini ion o social se ices can be explo ed u he – hese a e such he se ices, which aim o imp o e he quali y o li e and p o ide be e li ing condi ions o people who pa ly o in whole a e unable o ake ca e o hemsel es. Based on his de ini ion, social se ices, as well as all o he se ices can be bough o sold on he ma ke . Social se ices o socially disad an aged amilies o amilies a isk a e p o ided in o de o de elop he ini ia i es and mo i a ion o g own up membe s o he amilies o c ea e a sa e, heal hy and ha monious en i onmen o child en. Social se ices ocus on main aining close amily ela ionships wi h he socie y and o ensu e he educa ion, coaching and de elopmen o he child en (Se ices o amilies a isk, 2013). In addi ion o he biological needs, he 6-11 yea s old child en ha e cha ac e is ic social needs: lea ning and cogni ion while he child en om 12 yea s old - in eg a ion o social oles and he iden i y sea ch. In o de o mee hese needs he ac i e pa icipa ion o child en in he social li e is equi ed – wi hin he amily, school, iends ci cle. Acco ding o J. Siniciene (2012), 12-19 yea s age g oup is conside ed as eenage s. The au ho s s ess ha iden i y o he unce ain y in espec o social oles is cha ac e is ic o his s age. A his age pe iod psycho-physical changes a e causing many eenage s su e ing unexpe ienced eelings, so i is impo an ha he eenage s pu pose ully in eg a e hei social oles ha would help o achie e he sel -awa eness. I is ob ious ha child en g owing wi hin social isk amilies o en ha e no o lack necessa y skills - o communica e, o disco e , o c ea e. This signi ican ly complica es he ealiza ion o needs o hose child en g owing in disad an aged amilies. The social se ices in day ca e cen e s a e o ganized o he bes in e es s o such child en The ac i i ies o ganized in day ca e cen e s come unde se e al ypes: sapid occupa ion and ee ime ac i i ies; physical and social en i onmen o lea ning, communica ion and disco e y. Vida Gudžinskienė - The p o ision o day ca e se ices o he child en in need 94 The unc ions and wo k s a egies o CDC‘s The social suppo sys em is cu en ly unc ioning in Li huania ha aims o p o ide and ensu e he social and ma e ial assis ance o he disad an aged amilies and he child en. The se ices a e designed o p omo e he mo i a ion and ac i i y o amilies a ec ed by social isk in he ield o o e coming child en educa ion p oblems (Masiliauskiene and G isku e, 2010). The social assis ance o social isk amilies in Li huania cu en ly p o ide: municipali ies and child p o ec ion agencies, social wel a e depa men s, amily suppo and c isis cen e s, pedagogical-psychological se ices, ca e homes, a ious educa ional ins i u ions and NGO’s. One speci ic o m o social suppo se ices o social isk amilies a e child en day ca e cen e s (CDC), which ac i i ies a e based on a sys ema ic se o measu es designed o p o ec he social in e es s o child en, o ensu e social secu i y and ealize he basic needs. Acco ding o E. Masiliauskiene and V. G isku e (2010), CDC in Li huania a e ea ed a social se ices agency, o en i y p o iding social suppo o disad an aged amilies and child en as well as ini ia ing hei educa ion and aining. The au ho s s a e ha CDC ac i i ies a e legally ecognized by ollowing laws: The Law on Educa ion o Republic o Li huania (1991), The Na ional Child en Day Ca e Cen e s 2005-2007 yea s p og am o Republic o Li huania (2004), The Social Se ices Law o Republic o Li huania (2006), The ecommenda ions o wo k wi h social isk amilies o Republic o Li huania (2003), and Social Se ices Di ec o y o Republic o Li huania (2006). CDC aim is o p o ide non-ins i u ional childca e, he o ganiza ion o ex a cu iculum ac i i ies in o de o mee he needs o child en ha a e no me wi hin he amily o a ious easons. On ano he hand CDC p o ide suppo o pa en s in de eloping hei pa en ing skills. Gene ally CDC ha e hese main objec i es (Masiliauskiene and G isku e, 2010): 1) Helping o sol e he issues and p oblems ha child en g owing wi hin social isk amilies a e acing - ia educa ion, in o mal lea ning, ac i i ies and social wo k wi h pa en s a isk; 2) o ensu e he adequa e condi ions o he socializa ion o child en; o ganizing he p e en ion o child en in ol emen in c iminal ac i i ies; coo dina ion o social se ices p o ision o social isk amilies. In espec o he abo e objec i es he essen ial asks o CDC a e dis inguished: 1) The p o ision o a ious social se ices (educa ion, psychological and social) in o de o de elop app op ia e social skills (communica ion, coope a ion, sel - employmen ) ha a e essen ial o he be e in eg a ion o social isk amilies and child en in socie y. 2) Ac i e coope a ion and wo k wi h he amily in o de o ensu e good enough o you child o ensu e he app op ia e condi ions o he g ow h o he child en; 95 METSZETEK Vol.3 (2014) No.4 3) The o ganiza ion o sapid occupa ion and ee ime ac i i ies o child en g owing in disad an aged amilies, aiming o p e en he child en o using he subs ances and ge ing in ol ed in c iminal ac i i ies; 4) S eng hening he mo al a i udes and alues o he child en, hoping ha hey will become unc ional membe s o he socie y; 5) Con ibu ing o any social p oblem-sol ing and p e en ion ini ia i es and ensu ing he secu i y and sa e y o he socie y (Masiliauskiene and G isku e, 2010). The au ho s also a gue ha he a ie y o complex se ices o e ed o he social isk amilies and child en can help he amilies and child en o deal wi h social, cul u al, economical and lea ning di icul ies e ec i elly and p o ide emo ional and physical sa e y o child en along wi h he de elopmen o pa en al capaci ies. Ob iously child en day ca e cen e s o e all hese measu es as well as ensu e he complex occupa ion and social suppo o child en a e he school. Table 1.: The numbe o child en who ha e ecei ed child en day ca e se ices in 2008–2012. 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 Republic o Li huania 6 766 6 764 8 387 8 013 6 873 Aly us dis ic 215 231 269 352 399 Kaunas dis ic 1 502 1 151 1 452 1 475 1 102 Klaipeda dis ic 875 839 1 071 659 565 Ma ijampole dis ic 605 651 525 461 284 Pane ezys dis ic 669 726 657 574 406 Siauliai dis ic 563 379 309 301 542 Tau age dis ic 72 66 105 60 47 Telsiai dis ic 378 518 229 375 446 U ena dis ic 204 311 243 122 231 Vilnius dis ic 1 683 1 892 3 527 3 634 2 851 Sou ce: The depa men o s a is ics o Republic o Li huania, in e ne h p://db1.s a .go .l /s a bank/de aul .asp?w=1280 Analyzing he p o ision o he day ca e cen e s se ices o child en we no ice ha he numbe o child en who ha e ecei ed he se ices in 2012 has d opped 14,2 pe cen i compa ing wi h 2011. Vilnius, Kaunas and Klaipeda dis ic s we e he ones p o iding he mos se ices (Table No 1). I is impo an o no ice ha some o he dis ic s can be cha ac e ized by he g owing numbe o se ices p o ided in he same pe iod – 11.8 pe cen mo e child en ecei ed hese se ices in 2012 in Aly us dis ic , Telsiai dis ic – 15,9 pe cen mo e, Siauliai and U ena dis ic s – espec i ely 44,5 and 47,2 pe cen mo e. The olun ee s also ake an impo an pa in CDC ac i i y. Acco ding o O. G ince icius (2011) he olun ee s a e mos ly esponsible o he ee ime and leisu e ac i i ies in he child en day ca e cen e s. On ano he hand, ha ing he egula con ac and o ming close ela ionships wi h child en he olun ee s pe o m he ole o big Vida Gudžinskienė - The p o ision o day ca e se ices o he child en in need 96 b o he s o sis e s. The olun ee s also pa icipa e in summe camps and o he ou doo ips. The olun ee ing helps o es o e he b oken o o m new ela ionships wi h he communi y. Table 2.: The numbe o he employees and olun ee s in child en day ca e cen e s in 2008–2011 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 Employees wi h he wo k con ac s 3 209 3 045 2 663 2 934 3 030 Full ime employees wi h he wo k con ac s 1 954 1 821 1 557 1 657 1 766 The numbe o social wo ke s o o al numbe o employees wi h he wo k con ac s 1 598 1 503 1 264 1 330 1 484 The numbe o ull ime social wo ke s o o al numbe o employees wi h he wo k con ac s 1 110 1 012 783 935 1 054 Volun ee s 2 161 2 272 2 847 2 935 2 963 Sou ce: The depa men o s a is ics o Republic o Li huania, in e ne h p://db1.s a .go .l /s a bank/de aul .asp?w=1280 Acco ding o he da a collec ed by The Depa men o S a is ics o Li huania, he numbe o he ull- ime employees a CDC in he h ee yea s pe iod was he highes in 2012 (Table 2). I should be emphasized ha he numbe o olun ee s in 2012was he highes in i e yea s. I. Janu y e (2006) poin s ou ha he young olun ee s o en ge in ol ed in olun a y wo k wi h child en; hey a e ac i ely in ol ed in child en's educa ion and social suppo sys ems. As s a ed by he au ho , he olun ee s wo king wi h child en mos ly engaged in he ollowing ac i i ies: wo king wi h child en in day ca e cen e s, camps, o ganize hei leisu e ime, consul by phone, conduc s educa ional semina s o pee s. E. Masiliauskiene and V. G isku e (2010) claim ha i is i al o c ea e he a o able lea ning en i onmen especially ocusing on he p epa a ion o homewo k. In his sense, i is impo an o de elop a child's sense o esponsibili y and he child should be awa e ha ee ime ac i i ies a e only possible a e he homewo k is done and his is because he lea ning is now an essen ial pa o his ac i i ies. CDC’s a e also esponsible o he de elopmen o o he impo an gene al skills ha p omo e independence and in eg a ion in o socie y (housekeeping o example). On ano he hand, he p o ision o ma e ial suppo o child en is also impo an , especially he meals p o ided a e e y day basis – mee ing majo physiological need. Kids ele an , use ul and necessa y as well as he ac ha he VDC o hem o aid ood is e en he possibili y o end up b inging ood o his house. Ma e ial aspec o VDC is impo an o child en so ha hey can ecei e daily s eps - clo hing and shoes. The ood packages, clo hing, shoes and o he ma e ial suppo being dis ibu ed o he amilies is ano he impo an aspec o CDC’s. In gene al, howe e he main aim o he CDC’s 97 METSZETEK Vol.3 (2014) No.4 in ou coun y is o pe o m he p e en ion o social p oblems o social isk amilies and his is achie ed by he complex sys em o se ices p o ided. The en i onmen o e ed by he CDC’s help o ealize he physiological and social needs o he child en ha a e especially impo an o he de elopmen o he pe sonali y and success ul p ocess o socializa ion. I is also impo an o d aw he a en ion o he ac ha no all he CDC’s in he coun y a e c ea ing he condi ions o he ealiza ion o he child en needs and his is mos ly p ede e mined by he lack o esou ces (poo wo king space, lack o inances o educa ional and wo k ma e ials). This ac equi es he u he s udy o he oppo uni ies o e ed in he CDC’s o mee he needs o he child en om amilies a isk. Al hough he i s child en day ca e cen e in Li huania was ounded in 1996 in Kaunas, we s ill lack he s udies o he capaci ies and ac i i ies o CDC’s as hey a e mainly analyzed in he managemen app oach – echnical coope a ion possibili ies, coo dina ion and adminis a ion o he cen e s a e he main ields o s udies. The expe ience o g ownups a e mainly discussed in hese s udies – he compe ences o he s a , he wo k con en and o he hings, howe e he ac i i ies o he CDC’s a e mainly ocusing on he child en and hei expe iences a e e y li le s udied. Me hodology o he esea ch The scien i ic p oblema ics. The esea che s o en ocus on he ollowing essen ial aspec s in he scien i ic li e a u e: social p oblems exis ing wi hin he amilies a isk; he in luence o hese p oblems on child en socializa ion and in eg a ion; and he ole o child en day ca e cen e s in he con ex o helping o sol e hese p oblems. Howe e he s udy o child en day ca e cen e s ac i i ies as he way o p e en he social p oblems o child en a isk had been e y agmen ed and he possibili y o mee ing he needs o child en in hese ins i u ions gene ally ha en’ been co e ed. The s udy a emp s o iew he needs o child en a isk and possibili ies o mee hem in g ea e ocus. The subjec is been analyzed in he ollowing aspec s: he possibili ies o mee he need o child en a isk in day ca e cen e s; he main aspec s o ac i i ies o ganized in hese cen e s; and he bene i s o suppo o e ed o help disad an aged amilies and child en. The objec o he s udy – mee ing he needs o child en a isk in he child en day ca e cen e s. The aim – o analyze he ac i i ies o child en day ca e cen e s in he con ex o helping o mee he needs o disad an aged child en. Objec i es: 1) To highligh he needs o child en a isk and he p oblema ic o ealiza ion 2) To e eal he possibili ies p o ided in he child en day ca e cen e s o mee he needs o child en a isk. Su ey sample – he employees and olun ee s wo king in he child en day ca e cen e s (CDC) wi hin he mos disad an aged a eas o he coun y. 106 employees and olun ee s in ol ed in child en day ca e cen e s had pa icipa ed in he s udy. The minimum pe iod o 1.5 yea s o in ol emen in CDC was he main c i e ia o Vida Gudžinskienė - The p o ision o day ca e se ices o he child en in need 98 choosing esponden s. The s udy was pe o med in he CDC based in he mos disad an aged a eas o Li huania. S udy o ganiza ion - he s udy was conduc ed using IT. A ques ionnai e was pos ed on he si e www.apklausa.l . Link o he e-su ey was e-mailed o he leade s o he CDC a he same ime asking o he pe mission and media ion o in e iew hei s a . Responden s answe ed ques ions anonymously. The o al numbe o 106 esponses was achie ed. The s udy was pe o med in Janua y-Feb ua y 2014. S udy da a collec ion me hods – he su ey wi h e-ques ionnai e was used in o de o s udy he possibili ies p o ided by CDC o mee he needs o child en o social isk amilies. The ques ion o he ques ionnai e we e cons uc ed using a nominal and o dinal scales, all ques ions we e closed-ended. Da a analysis me hods - da a was p ocessed using Mic oso Excel o Windows and SPSS 17.0 (S a is ical Package o Social Science) so wa e. Rela ions we e assessed using Spea man co ela ion coe icien s. S a is ical e o p obabili y p c i ical h eshold indica es he pe missible size o he s a is ical e o in he decision. P <0.05 s a is ical ma gin o e o was used in his s udy. Thus, he s a is ical solu ions ha do no mee he condi ions o p> 0.05, will be conside ed as in alid in his s udy. E hics o s udy. The s udy me he equi emen s o e hical esea ch (acco ding o Bi inas and o he s, 2008) - esponden s we e no asked o answe pe sonal ques ions, hey all pa icipa ed in he s udy olun a ily, answe ed ques ions anonymously, we e in oduced o he con en and pu pose o usage o he da a ob ained du ing he su ey. The empi ical s udy on he possibili ies o e ed by he CDC’s o ealize he needs o he child en a isk Cha ac e is ics o he esponden s The 106 esponden s we e in ol ed in his s udy. The majo i y o he esponden s we e emale (91.5 pe cen .). The dis ibu ion o esponden s acco ding o age was a he une en – he bigges pe cen age (41.5 pe cen ) was in 41-50 yea s old g oup while he leas (1.9 pe cen ) - in <20 yea s age g oup. The majo i y o he esponden s (69.8 pe cen ) ha e had a uni e si y deg ee. The social wo ke s compounded one hi d o all esponden s. 99 METSZETEK Vol.3 (2014) No.4 The needs o he child en a isk a ending CDC I is ob ious as discussed ea lie ha child en om he amilies a isk o en don’ ha e adequa e oppo uni ies o mee some o hei needs. In o de hei socializa ion p ocess is no dis up ed and hey a e success ully in eg a ed in o he socie y, hey need some so o social assis ance p o ided by he ele an esponsible au ho i ies - one o hese a e CDC’s. The esea ch has helped o iden i y he CDC’s s a and olun ee s opinion abou he needs o child en in need and he le el o ealiza ion o hese needs. Diag am 1.: The opinion o CDC s a and olun ee s on he main educa ional needs o child en om amilies a isk (%), n=106 Sel exp ession … Reading skills de elopmen … Teaching o ind he … IT li e acy building ac i i ies The a and c ea i e … 80,2 22,6 69,8 50,9 67,0 13,2 67 17,9 33 29,2 6,6 10,4 12,3 16 3,8 I ag ee Nei he ag ee o disag ee I disag ee The opinion o he CDC s a and olun ee s in espec o educa ional needs o he child en a isk is shown in diag am No. 1. Mos o he esponden s ag eed ha he mos impo an educa ional needs o child en a e sel exp esion educa ion and aining ac i i ies (80.2 pe cen ), lea ning o look o in o ma ion in he CDC lib a y (69.8 pe cen .) as well as a is ic and c ea i e ac i i ies (67 pe cen .). The esponden s we e also asked o answe how much ime is dedica ed o educa ional ac i i ies in CDC’s. Mo e han hal o he esponden s (58.5 pe cen .) indica ed ha 1 o 2 hou s a e dedica ed o educa ion, p epa a ion o homewo k e e y day, almos one- hi d (32.1 pe cen ) indica ed 2-3 hou s, a small numbe (9.4 pe cen .) claimed hey only spend less han 1 hou a day . Mos o he esponden s (82.1 pe cen ) claimed ha he educa ional needs o he child en om social isk amilies, who a end CDC’s a e ully me . The s udy also sough o de e mine how o en he educa ional ac i i ies ha e been o ganized in CDC. I is been es ima ed ha in mos CDC’s he educa ional ac i i ies Vida Gudžinskienė - The p o ision o day ca e se ices o he child en in need 106 mee ing he sapid ee ime needs. Pe sonal hygiene and sel -ca e educa ion is speci ic o heal hy li es yle p omo ion; - I is also e y impo an o d aw a en ion ha he ealiza ion o he leisu e needs o child en om social isk amilies in CDC can be a ec ed by he di icul ies employees and olun ee s expe ience in hei di ec wo k wi h child en. 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