Comparison of Different Measurement Variables Based on Hungarian Show Jumping Results

Ann. Anim. Sci., Vol. 15, No. 1 (2015) 177–183 DOI: 10.2478/aoas-2014-0063 Compa ison o di e en measu emen a iables based on Hunga ian sHow jumping esul s* * Ani a Rudiné Mezei, János Pos a♦, Sándo Mihók Depa men o Animal B eeding, Facul y o Ag icul u al and Food Sciences and En i onmen al Managemen , Cen e o Ag icul u al and Applied Economic Sciences, Uni e si y o Deb ecen, H-4032 Deb ecen Böszö ményi, Hunga y ♦Co esponding au ho : pos aj@ag .unideb.hu abs ac The aim o he s udy was o ind a possible way o measu e he pe o mance o spo ho ses based on hei show jumping esul s and o es ima e he he i abili y and epea abili y alues o hese pe o mances. The pe o mance was measu ed wi h ans o ma ion o anks, aking in o accoun he numbe o s a e s a compe i ion and he compe i ion le el. The used ans o ma ions we e loga i hmic, squa e oo and an in e se no mal ans o ma ion known as Blom me hod. Compe i- ions we e ca ego ized in o i e g oups based on hei le el o di icul y. The le el o di icul y o he compe i ions was used as weigh ing ac o s, so pe o mance ai s we e dis inguished being weigh ed and non-weigh ed. Show jumping compe i ion esul s collec ed be ween 1996 and 2011 we e analysed. The da abase con ained 358342 s a s o 10199 ho ses. Iden i y numbe , name and gende o he ho se, ide , compe i ion yea , he le el and loca ion o he compe i ion and anks we e eco ded in he da abase. The used epea abili y animal model included ixed e ec s o age, gende , compe i ion place, yea o compe i ion, and andom e ec s o ide , animal and pe ma- nen en i onmen e ec . Va iance componen s we e es ima ed wi h VCE-6 so wa e package. The goodness-o - i o he models was low and mode a e (0.09–0.47). Fi ing models o weigh ed ai s had be e goodness-o - i alue. The bes goodness-o - i alues we e ound in he case o le el weigh ed a iables. He i abili y (0.02–0.07) and epea abili y alues (0.09–0.25) we e low o each measu emen a iable. Key wo ds: spo ho se, pe o mance measu emen , REML, he i abili y, epea abili y Show jumping is he mos popula ho se spo discipline in Hunga y ha ing mo e han 30,000 compe i ion eco ds collec ed om app ox. 150 places annually. Com- pa ing and measu ing pe o mance objec i ely is impo an i selec ion and p og- eny es ing a e based on spo ho se pe o mance. The app op ia e measu emen o pe o mance is complica ed (B uns, 1981; Ta e nie , 1990), as no objec i e me ic * Sou ce o esea ch inancing: “OTKA-PD83885” esea ch p ojec . Unau hen ica ed Download Da e | 8/6/15 5:20 AM A.R. Mezei e al. 178 scale exis s o exp ess he ho se’s pe o mance (Hassens ein e al., 1998). Ma hema - ical ans o ma ions o ea nings and ankings o ho ses a e widely used o measu e pe o mance. Squa e oo ans o ma ion (Koenen e al., 1995; Huizinga and an de Meij, 1989; Hassens ein e al., 1998; Lueh s-Behnke e al., 2002), in e se no - mal ans o ma ion (Janssens e al., 1997; Reilly e al., 1998; Ald idge e al., 2000; Gómez e al., 2006; Kea sley e al., 2008) and loga i hmic unc ions (B uns, 1981; Huizinga and an de Meij, 1989; Dubois and Rica d, 2007; Olsson e al., 2008) we e desc ibed o se e al ho se popula ions. These quan i a i e ai s can be consid- e ed as epea ing measu emen s du ing he ca ee o he ho se. Many complex ai s s udied in gene ics ha e ma kedly non-no mal dis ibu ions (Micce i, 1989; Allison e al., 1999), which o en implies ha he assump ion o no mally dis ibu ed esidu- als has been iola ed (Beasley, 2009). The es ic ed maximum likelihood (REML) es ima ion in oduced by Pa e son and Thompson (1971) has been de eloped o es ima ing a iance componen s in linea mixed models (O’Neill, 2010). This me hod equi es he no mali y p e equi- si e men ioned abo e (Oehle , 2012). Gene ic pa ame e s like he i abili y and e- pea abili y alues a e de i ed om es ima ed a iance componen s. The aim o he s udy was o ind a possible way o measu e show jumping pe - o mance h ough he compa ison o di e en models o show jumping esul s o spo ho ses and o es ima e he i abili y and epea abili y alues. Ma e ial and me hods Show jumping compe i ion esul s collec ed be ween 1996 and 2011 we e ana- lysed. The da a used o analysis we e ob ained om he Hunga ian Eques ian Fed- e a ion. The inal da ase con ained 358342 compe i ion eco ds o 10199 indi idual ho ses (2350 si e, 7471 dam) a e da a sc eening; esul s we e ga he ed om Hun- ga y and o he Eu opean coun ies. Iden i y numbe , name, age (22 classes) and sex o he ho se (3 classes), ide (4,291 classes), compe i ion yea (16 classes), he le el (5 classes) and loca ion (506 classes) o he compe i ion and anks we e eco ded in he da ase . In o ma ion abou pedig ee o he ho ses was ga he ed and se up wi h help o he Na ional Ho seb eede In o ma ion Sys em. The pedig ee ile con ained 39878 animals going back ou gene a ions. Compe i ions we e ca ego ized in o i e g oups based on hei le el o di icul- y ollowing he ca ego iza ion o di icul y le els epo ed by Rudiné Mezei e al. (2013). Ea ning is no widely used in Hunga ian show jumping compe i ions, so a ious ans o ma ions o anks we e used o e alua e he pe o mance o spo ho ses. The measu emen o compe i ion pe o mance was based on he anking o he ho se and was ca ied ou using di e en ma hema ical ans o ma ions. These ans- o ma ions we e: squa e- oo o anks, loga i hmic ans o ma ion o he anks and Blom ans o ma ion o he anks as epo ed by Janssens e al. (1997). A epea abil- i y animal model p oposed by M ode (2005) was i ed o hese ai s. The model Unau hen ica ed Download Da e | 8/6/15 5:20 AM Di e en measu emen s on Hunga ian show jumping esul s 179 included ixed e ec s o age and gende o he ho se, he compe i ion yea , place and le el as well as andom e ec s o he ide . As pa o he expe imen , we ied o de elop a weigh ing sys em o he meas- u emen a iables. The abo e men ioned h ee a iables we e mul iplied wi h he compe i ion le el and wi h he squa e o he compe i ion le el (Table 1), as sugges ed by Duc o (2011). The i ed model was he same as men ioned be o e, excep ha he ixed e ec o compe i ion le el was excluded om his e alua ion model. To ally, nine di e en a iables we e used wi h wo models in he analysis. The le el o signi icance o each ixed e ec was de e mined using SAS PROC GLM (SAS Ins i u e, 1999). Each model was desc ibed wi h he coe icien o de- e mina ion, oo mean squa e e o (RMSE) and he mean squa ed esidual he i h obse a ion ha esul s om d opping i and p edic ing i on he basis o all o he obse a ions (MSEP). These alues we e calcula ed based on he PRESS alues p o- ided by SAS PROC GLM (SAS Ins i u e, 1999). Table 1. The ypes o ans o ma ion used o measu emen Weigh ing o compe i ion pe o mance T ans o ma ion squa e oo o anks loga i hmic ans o ma ion Blom-sco e No weigh ing 15 – √placing (1s measu e) 10 log2 (placing) (4 h measu e) BlomSco e + 3 (7 h measu e) Weigh ing is he compe i ion le el (15 – √placing)*le el1 (2nd measu e) 10 – log2(placing)*le el1 (5 h measu e) (BlomSco e + 3)*le el1 (8 h measu e) Weigh ing is he squa e o he compe i ion le el (15 – √placing)*le el2 (3 d measu e) 10 – log2placing)*le el2 (6 h measu e) (BlomSco e + 3)*le el2 (9 h measu e) The goodness-o - i o he models was assessed by using coe icien o de e mi- na ion and he oo mean squa e e o (RMSE) e m. Va iance componen s and hei s anda d e o s we e es ima ed wi h he epea abili y animal model (men ioned be- o e) using he REML me hod wi h VCE-6 (Ko ac and G oene eld, 2003) so wa e package. He i abili y alue (h2) and epea abili y alues ( ) we e p edic ed. Resul s Fixed e ec s we e signi ican in all i ed models (P<0.01). The goodness-o - i in he case o he non-weigh ed (1s , 4 h, and 7 h) measu emen a iable was low and a ied be ween R2 = 0.09 and 0.18. All he o he models had mode a e goodness- o - i alues o R2 = 0.43–0.47. In gene al le el ans o ma ion esul ed in be e models and R2 alues we e highe (Table 2). The weigh ing o he a iables esul ed in highe RMSE and MSEP alues o each ans o ma ion and weigh ing. The di - e ence be ween he measu ed and es ima ed pe o mance was he lowes o Blom ans o ma ion (7 h o 9 h measu emen s) compa ed wi h he di e en weigh ings. Unau hen ica ed Download Da e | 8/6/15 5:20 AM A.R. Mezei e al. 180 Table 2. Coe icien o de e mina ion (R2), RMSE and MSEP ob ained o di e en models and ai s T ai R2RMSE MSEP 1s measu e 0.18 1.363 1.911 2nd measu e 0.47 7.010 20.203 3 d measu e 0.46 31.370 358.461 4 h measu e 0.16 1.371 1.887 5 h measu e 0.43 4.495 49.134 6 h measu e 0.45 18.948 982.705 7 h measu e 0.09 0.867 0.770 8 h measu e 0.45 2.231 4.982 9 h measu e 0.46 9.087 82.471 The Kolmogo o -Smi no no mali y es showed ha he dis ibu ion o he e- siduals did no ollow no mal dis ibu ion in he in es iga ed ai s (P<0.01). Es i- ma ed a iance componen s a e shown in Table 3. The weigh ing o he a iables esul ed in highe a iance p opo ions o ide and pe manen en i onmen e ec s and lowe p opo ion o he esidual compa ed o hose o he o iginal measu e- men s. Table 3. P opo ions o a iance componen s ela i e o pheno ypic a iance T ai Ride Pe manen en i onmen Residual 1s measu e 0.06 0.06 0.85 2nd measu e 0.15 0.18 0.60 3 d measu e 0.12 0.17 0.65 4 h measu e 0.07 0.06 0.85 5 h measu e 0.12 0.17 0.64 6 h measu e 0.11 0.17 0.66 7 h measu e 0.05 0.07 0.83 8 h measu e 0.11 0.16 0.66 9 h measu e 0.11 0.17 0.67 Table 4. He i abili y (h2) and epea abili y ( ) es ima es o di e en ai s T ai h2 1s measu e 0.02 0.09 2nd measu e 0.07 0.25 3 d measu e 0.06 0.23 4 h measu e 0.02 0.08 5 h measu e 0.07 0.23 6 h measu e 0.06 0.22 7 h measu e 0.05 0.13 8 h measu e 0.07 0.23 9 h measu e* 0.05 0.22 *= No op imal (op imiza ion s a us 3). Unau hen ica ed Download Da e | 8/6/15 5:20 AM Di e en measu emen s on Hunga ian show jumping esul s 181 Es ima ed he i abili y and epea abili y alues a e p esen ed in Table 4. He i- abili ies a e signi ican ly di e en om ze o and low, a ying be ween h2=0.02 and 0.07. The weigh ing o he a iables inc eased bo h he i abili y and epea abili y al- ues, and he highes he i abili y and epea abili y alues we e es ima ed o he 2nd, 5 h and 8 h weigh ed measu emen a iables. Discussion Ranking does no e lec he le el a which he esul has been ob ained, which is he eason o using weigh ing ac o s. Weigh ing is an al e na i e o ans o ma ion o pe o mance measu emen ai s. When compa ing wo ho ses ha ob ained he same placing, he ho se compe ing a highe le els ge s highe sco es. Ano he op- ion is ha pe o mance a di e en le els could be conside ed as di e en ai s and analysed in a mul i a ia e analysis (Huizinga and an de Meij, 1989; Hassens ein e al., 1998; Ald idge e al., 2000). The changes o he a iance p opo ions (Table 3) we e simila o each ans o ma ion, so he eason is mainly he inc eased a iance and no he di e en ma hema ical ans o ma ion. Pos a e al. (2009) es ima ed simila he i abili y alues using some non-weigh ed ma hema ical unc ions, whe eas he epea abili y alues we e highe compa ed o he non-weigh ed and in line wi h he weigh ed measu emen a iables. This indi- ca es ha he he i abili y and epea abili y could change depending on he da ase size and ime in e al co e ed. The low he i abili y alues oge he wi h highe ide and pe manen en i onmen a iance p opo ions show impo an in luence ac o s o compe i ion pe o mance. He i abili ies based on squa e oo o anks we e low- e o hose o Lueh s-Behnke e al. (2002), h2=0.11; Jai ne and Reinha d (2003), h2=0.10; and Viklund e al. (2011), h2=0.11. Meina dus (1988) and Sp enge (1992) epo ed simila ly low alues (h2=0.02–0.06) based on absolu e ankings. The es- ima ed he i abili y alues could sugges he possible use o BLUP gene ic e alu- a ion sys em o he Hunga ian jumping ho ses. Ou esul s could s eng hen he use ulness o he used ma hema ical ans o ma ions. The main aim o his wo k was o show al e na i es o he b eeding alue e alua ion sys em h ough hese di e - en ans o ma ions. The RMSE and MSEP alues calcula ed o a iables weigh ed wi h he squa e o he compe i ion le el we e qui e high and migh indica e he isk o such weigh ing. Di e en compe i ion le els we e ea ed as di e en ai s, and low he i abili y alues we e es ima ed by Huizinga and an de Meij (1989), h2=0.10–0.20; Koenen e al. (1995), h2=0.17; and Hassens ein e al. (1998), h2=0.07–0.11, whe e he pe - o mance ai was he squa e oo o ank. When measu ing show jumping pe o mance as no malized sco es, Janssens e al. (1997) epo ed h2=0.02–0.10, and Ald idge e al. (2000) h2=0.07–0.10 alues. When ea ing pe o mance a di e en compe i ion le el as di e en ai s, Kea sley e al. (2008) epo ed highe he i abili y alues (h2=0.08–0.23) o no malized sco es. Loga i hmic ans o ma ion was used in se e al s udies o ea nings o he ho s- es. B uns (1981) es ima ed h2=0.04–0.15 alue o Ge man iding ho ses. Rica d and Unau hen ica ed Download Da e | 8/6/15 5:20 AM A.R. Mezei e al. 182 Chanu (2001) es ima ed h2=0.14 o F ench e en ing ho ses, and es ima ed epea - abili y alue was =0.45. The epea abili y alues we e highe o weigh ed a iables. This migh indica e some ela ionship among he di e en pe o mances o he ho ses, hough ou es i- ma ed alues a e s ill qui e low. Repea abili ies based on squa e oo o anking we e simila o hose o Jai ne and Reinha d (2003), =0.31. Repea abili ies based on no malized sco es we e simila ly low o Janssens e al. (1997), =0.09–0.27. Conside ing pe o mance a di e en compe i ion le el as di e en ai s, es i- ma ed epea abili y based on squa e oo o anking was =0.14–0.21 in Hassens ein e al. (1998), and es ima ed epea abili y based on absolu e anking was =0.09 in Meina dus (1988). The op imiza ion esul o he Blom sco e based weigh ed measu e (9 h measu e) migh indica e ha he used model does no eally i he da a, so he ans o med anks migh be weigh ed wi h oo la ge mul iplica ion ac o s. Conclusions Inclusion o compe i ion le el as weigh ing ac o is easonable du ing measu ing o show jumping pe o mance wi h di e en ans o ma ions. The weigh ed Blom sco e migh be he bes i ed ans o ma ion (h2=0.07, and =0.23). The signi ican he i abili y alues o he p esen wo k sugges ha selec ion o jumping compe i ion pe o mance could be success ul in he Hunga ian jumping ho se popula ion. Acknowledgemen s This wo k was made possible by he inancial suppo o he “OTKA-PD83885” esea ch p ojec . The Associa ion o Hunga ian Ho se B eede s and Ho se O ganiza- ion, and Discipline o Show jumping o The Hunga ian Eques ian Fede a ion a e g a e ully acknowledged o p o iding he da a se o he s udy. Re e ences A l d i d g e L.I., K e l l e h e D.L., R e i l l y M., B o p h y P.O. (2000). 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