Multi-level governance in regional politics: what can new EU countries learn from the old ones on the field of network-building
Full text
665
M
MU
UL
LT
TI
I-
-L
LE
EV
VE
EL
L
G
GO
OV
VE
ER
RN
NA
AN
NC
CE
E
I
IN
N
R
RE
EG
GI
IO
ON
NA
AL
L
P
PO
OL
LI
IT
TI
IC
CS
S
–
–
W
WH
HA
AT
T
C
CA
AN
N
N
NE
EW
W
E
EU
U
C
CO
OU
UN
NT
TR
RI
IE
ES
S
L
LE
EA
AR
RN
N
F
FR
RO
OM
M
T
TH
HE
E
O
OL
LD
D
O
ON
NE
ES
S
O
ON
N
T
TH
HE
E
F
FI
IE
EL
LD
D
O
OF
F
N
NE
ET
TW
WO
OR
RK
K-
-
B
BU
UI
IL
LD
DI
IN
NG
G
–
–
I
I,
,I
II
I
T ón Zsuzsanna
Facul y o Economics and Business Adminis a ion, Uni e si y o Deb ecen, Hunga y,
zsuzsanna. [email protected]
Ne wo k building is a ne e - alling adap a ion s a egy among ins i u ions. Since he inancial esou ces om
he EU can be used in ewe amoun s, a igh unc ioning ins i u ional s uc u e can be he p econdi ion o he
Eu opean egions’ de elopmen . Conside ing his i is an exci ing ask o in es iga e he ne wo k-building
p ocesses o he egional de elopmen o ganisa ions. This s udy conside s wo egions om his poin o iew:
Danish and a Hunga ian one.
In oduc ion
Ne wo k building is a well known adap a ion p ocess among ins i u ions and in he quickly changing globalised
wo d i can be impo an o de elopmen o ganisa ions o hink in ne wo ks (Halkie – Sagan 2005), mainly
because wi hin he EU inancial esou ces a e less and less amoun and can be a ailable unde s ic e condi ions
(EC 2004). So building up ins i u ional ne wo ks can be a p econdi ion o using enough inancial esou ces
om he EU budge o de elopmen easons.
In he case s udies below he Danish case o de elopmen ins i u ional ne wo k is analysed i s . Some imes he
Danish poli icians said ha he e we e oo many o ganisa ions in ol ed in he de elopmen policy a ea (see
Gje ding 2005a and Halkie – Dambo g 2000). The o ganisa ions wo k in such an amoun ha hey dis u bed
each o he . Some imes hey wo ked agains each o he o he e we e o ganisa ion wo king exac ly on he same
domain and e i o y. And his la ge numbe could cause con usion among he ac o s o he p i a e sec o . So
he ques ion is a ising: a e he e oo many o ganisa ions on his ield? In Hunga y a s udy showed ha
some imes he e ec o an addi ional membe o a ne wo k can be nega i e (Pálné 2006). So wha eally
impo an is he clea compe encies o hese membe s in he ne wo k.
The pape is abou egional de elopmen ins i u ions and how hey build up he e ne wo ks among each o he .
One o he case s udy egions is No jylland (o No h Ju land) om he no he n pa o Denma k; he o he is
he No h G ea Plain Region o Észak-al öldi Region om Hunga y.
The me hod
The esea ch in oduced below had some ea lie p elimina ies. I was p eceded by an EU p ojec (ADAPT
2003), ca ied ou in he amewo k o ADAPT 5, a hema ic pa ial esea ch en i led “Go e nance, ci izenship
and enla gemen ”, which was also conduc ed in se e al coun ies o he EU in 2002 (Ge imis 2003). Hunga ian
esea che s
1
in he s udy se ing as he basis o he cu en one ( e e ed o as ADAPT in he u u e) chose he
Sou h T ansdanubian Region o examine he de elopmen o mul ile el go e nance in egional poli ics (Pálné e
al 2004). In he cu en esea ch, we also applied he e alua ion sys em ied in he esea ch o he Sou h
T ansdanubian egion, o ensu e u he compa abili y, and also because he esea ch ‘i ine a y’ and
ques ionnai e g ea ly con ibu ed o and sped up wo k aimed a scanning he sys em o mul ile el go e nance in
he No h egion o he G ea Plain.
The esea ch me hod was compa a i e analysis o public policies. Some quan i a i e and quali a i e analysis o
socioeconomic da a was made. The au ho conduc ed some s uc u ed in e iews in bo h egions, 30 in
No jylland Region in Ap il 2006, and 37 in he No h G ea Plain Region be ween Augus 2005 and Janua y
2006. The nex s ep in he esea ch was a social ne wo k analysis o which we used he Ucine o windows
p og am o analyse he da a (Bo ga i e al 2002).
The wo case s udy egions a e No jylland om he no he n pa o Denma k, and he No h G ea Plain Region
o Észak-al öldi Region om Hunga y. The eason o choosing hese wo egions was ha in bo h cases, he e
we e some changes in he egional s uc u e, in he composi ion o he e i o ial sys em, o in he poli ical o
sel -go e nmen sys em o he coun y. This happened in Denma k and in Hunga y as well.
In he case o Denma k in Oc obe 2002, he cu en libe al go e nmen o med a commission ha was o
analyse and sugges , by he end o 2003, changes in he di ision o asks be ween he s a e, egional, and
municipal le els o go e nmen . The basic idea was ha he exis ing di ision o labou ac oss he h ee- ie
sys em o go e nmen had become obsole e in e ms o cos e ec i eness and he deg ee o p o essionalism in
public adminis a ion. Subsequen ly, la ge uni s o sub na ional go e nmen we e needed (Gje ding 2005b).
The legisla i e wo k was pos poned un il sp ing 2005 because o he na ional elec ions, bu a he same ime, he
go e nmen asked he municipali ies o begin nego ia ions wi h neighbou ing municipali ies on he issue o
me ge . G adually, mo e and mo e municipali ies engaged in nego ia ions, ealising ha his was an oppo uni y
1
Tamás Fleishe , K isz ina Vida, Ma ianna Szai z and Pé e Fu ó on behal o he Resea ch Ins i u e o Wo ld Economy, and
Ilona Ko ács Pál and Gyula Ho á h om he Cen e o Regional Resea ch.
666
o in luence he p ocess o me ge . The new h ee- ie s uc u e comp ising 5 egions and 100 municipali ies
s epped in o ce om Janua y 1
s
2007. In his si ua ion i was eally di icul o de elopmen o ganisa ions o
ind he e way a ound.
In Hunga y he e is a chance o egional e o ms almos in e e y poli ical pe iod; a ious go e nmen s ha e
announced se e al imes he e o m o he e i o ial adminis a ion, he s eng hening o he medium le el, he
dec ease o he numbe o adminis a i e uni s and decen alisa ion, bu wi hou much success. Till his ime
none o he leading poli ical pa ies we e able o pu his wish ough
2
. Tha is why all ime pe iods be o e
na ional elec ions usually cases big con usions and ea among he e i o ially wo king de elopmen bodies.
This was he case in he pe iod when ou in e iews we e made.
In oducing he No djylland Region
Map 1 shows he Danish egional composi ions be o e and a e he egional e o m. Coun y o No djylland was
he 3
d
la ges coun y be o e he e o m wi h i s popula ion o 493,816 inhabi an s. E en hough he e o m is
al eady come in o o ce, he p esen pape in oduces he p e ious si ua ion, because he aim was o show how
hese ne wo ks help o coo dina e de elopmen bodies in an ins able pe iod.
Map 1: Loca ion o he egion o No djylland in Denma k
Sou ce: h p://www.nja.dk
In May 2003, he cu en libe al go e nmen announced ha he ocus o egional policy was abou o change
(Gje ding 2005a). The basic a gumen was as ollows. By in e na ional s anda ds, dispa i ies o income and
employmen be ween Danish egions ha e been ex emely small o a leas a decade, wi h he excep ion
howe e o a limi ed numbe o mainly u al and ishing a eas ha consis en ly lag behind. Thus, he ime now
seems igh o eplace he o e all ocus on egional balance wi h an inc easing ocus on a eas cha ac e ised by
ha ing e y ew oppo uni ies o indus ial g ow h, low incomes and high unemploymen a es, and in some
cases e en a dec easing popula ion. In consequence, a numbe o pe iphe al a eas ha e been iden i ied and
selec ed o a ge ed egional policy schemes.
Simul aneously, he sys em o public indus ial se ice is o unde go a signi ican change. In Denma k,
en ep eneu s and small and medium sized companies a e able o enjoy sho - e m consul ancy o ee,
p o ided by public agencies ha no mally ope a e wi hin a coun y and a e co inanced by he s a e and na ional
au ho i ies, o wi hin a municipali y, and inanced by he municipali y i sel . The aim o hese public agencies is
o deli e se ices ha i is no p o i able o he p i a e consul ancy sec o o p o ide. Howe e , he
go e nmen has a gued ha he deg ee o p o essionalism in some o he small public indus ial se ice agencies
is oo low and ha p i a e se ices a e subs i u ed by ee public se ices in some cases, e en when he p i a e
se ice migh be o a highe quali y (Rege ingen, 2003). In consequence, he go e nmen has ini ia ed a e o m
whe eby he public agencies, by 2004, will ocus on e y sho - e m se ices lea ing mos o he consul ancy
wo k o be supplied by he ee ma ke , he p o ide s wi hin which will hen become ewe and la ge h ough
usions and me ge s ac oss he sec o in o de o c ea e highe le els o c i ical mass. (Gje ding 2003)
2
Bu he commi men can be en isaged clea ly om he ac ha in he 2
nd
Na ional de elopmen plan o Hunga y he e is
an ope a ional p og amme o he s a e e o m as well.
667
No djylland, he no he nmos pa o mainland Ju land has also been a long-s anding bene icia y o na ional
and Eu opean egional policy on accoun o a combina ion o a low le el o indus ialisa ion in some pa s o he
egion and he p edominance o declining indus ies (shipya ds) in he majo ci ies (Aalbo g, F ede iksha n).
Ac o s wi hin he egion ha e main ained a signi ican le el o in ol emen in de elopmen ac i i ies da ing
back o he 1980s, including ac i i ies wi h ega d o Eu opean p og ammes, and, helped by he p esence o a
uni e si y wi h a s ong enginee ing acul y, new indus ies ha e g adually begun o eme ge on a la ge scale,
especially a ound elecommunica ions and IT. This has o some ex en uelled ensions wi hin he egion
be ween he now ela i ely success ul Aalbo g a ea and mo e pe iphe al locali ies. (Halkie – Flockha 2002)
In he examined pe iod all he de elopmen o ganisa ions could eel hei ins able si ua ion. And hey ied o
build he e ne wo k o a leas s eng hened i . I was in e es ing om an o he poin : In Denma k No h Ju land
was he only one eligible o S uc u al Fund money. I was eligible o Objec i e 2 and 5b money be o e 2000,
and o Objec i e 2 be ween 2000 and 2006. And be ween 2007 and 2013 less money is ob ainable om he
compe i i eness objec i e, and om he J
EREMIE
p og am Denma k s ill can use some money, bu ha one is
epayable!
3
In oducing he Észak-al öldi Region
The Hunga ian case s udy egion is No h G ea Plain Region o as hey call i in Hunga ian: Észak-al öldi
Region. I is si ua ed in he No h-Eas e n pa o Hunga y. I is he second la ges egion in Hunga y. I is a
egion ull wi h con o e sies, because i consis s o h ee special coun ies. I can be seen om he Map 2. The
wes e n pa o he egion, Jász-Nagykun-Szolnok coun y is eally close o he capi al, Budapes , so i has qui e
di e en cha ac e is ics and economic si ua ion (economic ela ions, ade connec ions) han he o he 2 coun ies
in he egion. The eas e n pa o he egion, Szabolcs-Sza má -Be eg Coun y is si ua ed on he Uk ainian and
Romanian bo de which gi es ano he aspec o he de elopmen si ua ion o his pa o he egion.
The egion p esen s a challenge and se e al di icul ies as well as se ious oppo uni ies o expe s in he ield o
a ea de elopmen . The p oblems a e oo ed no only in he ex emes cha ac e is ic o egion, as i was discussed
ea lie , bu also in i s exp essed in e nal he e ogenei y. This la ge egion wi h simila bu some imes comple ely
di e en uni s, na u al and geo-economics a eas as well as di e en his o ic, speci ic, p oduc ion and cul u al
adi ions is cha ac e ised wi h se ious in e nal con adic ions
4
.
Map 2: Loca ion o he egion o No h G ea Plain in Eu ope and Hunga y
Sou ce: www.eszakal old.hu Sou ce: www.o h.go .hu
Based on he abo e, i is pe haps no an exagge a ion o claim ha despi e he basically common goals (making
he egion ca ch up wi h he o he ones, ende ing i compe i i e, e c.) in his colou ul egion wi h sha p
e i o ial di e ences, coope a ion among he expe s in he ield o egional de elopmen is by a no ee o
p oblems. Al hough he suppo sys em un by he EU u ges he pa icipan s o egional de elopmen in he
egions in ques ion o eally coope a e, a he same ime i also makes hem compe e wi h one ano he . In he
s udy conduc ed by us we aimed a inding an answe o he ques ion i i was coope a ion o lack o uni y ha
domina ed he ela ions o o ganisa ions and ins i u ions in he No h G ea Plain Region.
And he e we e a special iming o he in e iews as i was al eady men ioned ea lie . In e iews we e made
be o e he local go e nmen elec ions, when all he o ganisa ions (e en minis y o ices) we e in an ins able
a mosphe e. And we could see ha his in luenced mos ly ou in e iewees.
3
See h p://ec.eu opa.eu/ egional_policy/ unds/2007/jjj/index_en.h m o de ails.
4
Abou missing egional iden i y, c . Ba anyi – Balcsók – Dancs 2002.
668
S uc u e o he in e iews
Ou ques ionnai e consis s o six main uni s. The i s block consis s o ques ions conce ning gene al
in o ma ion abou he company such as main ac i i y, legal s a us, ies wi h EU de elopmen . The second g oup
o ques ions asks abou egional p oblems, he hi d one enqui es abou egional ela ions and in e ela ions,
wi h whom a e hey connec ed, whe e do hey go hei in o ma ion e c. The ou h and i h ones a e de o ed o
coope a ion a na ional and in e na ional le el, espec i ely. The las se o ques ions asks in o ma ion abou he
p esence o social capi al in he egion. This was a li le di e en om all he pa s be o e, he e we we e
in e es ed in how ac o s pe cei e alues and no ms. By social capi al we mean he exis ence o us , no ms and
ne wo ks ha acili a e common ac ion and co-ope a ion among people in he gi en egion.
We had o ecline upon some p edecesso s in he Danish case; he au ho go a lo o help om he supe iso ,
Hen ik Halkie , while she was a gues schola a Aalbo g Uni e si y. Hen ik Halkie was a big help in mapping
he de elopmen o ganisa ions in No djylland (See Table 1). I can be in e es ing o see he si ua ion la e on o
ha e a dynamic pic u e, o see he changes among hese o ganisa ions. Halkie and Dambo g made a s udy
(2000) abou hese ins i u ions in he beginning o 2000 o collec a lo o in o ma ion. And now we ha e he
pic u e om 2006. I can be in e es ing o ask hese o ganisa ions again a e he e o m when he pic u e is
al eady se led.
Table 1. Main egional ac o s in economic de elopmen in No djylland
Sou ce: Halkie – Dambo g 2000: 97
The main ie s Halkie and Dambo g (2000) in es iga ed we e he egional, sub- egional and local le el. In 2006
we added he na ional le el as well (see Table 2). Halkie and Dambo g made a second g ouping: hey checked
ins i u ions ha implemen he de elopmen policy and checked hose deciding abou policy and p og ammes.
Ins i u ions we made in e iews wi h in 2006 can be seen in he Table 2. Ou s akeholde s we e om he
na ional, egional and sub- egional le el. The las g oup was he local le el, he local municipali ies.
Sub-na ional ac o s a e wo h a close look. Du ing he 1990s a new ype o ac o has eme ged on he scene,
namely sub- egional ne wo ks by pooling esou ces, inc ease hei abili y o engage in la ge p ojec s, and
enhance hei in luence wi hin he egion. By a he la ges is he Aalbo g Region ne wo k, based on he
egional capi al and adminis e ed by Aalbo g Comme cial Council. This ne wo k comp ises mo e han 60% o
he egion's popula ion and has a emp ed o engage in a mo e specialised ac i i ies, including a emp s o d aw
down unds o majo p ojec s om he egional le el. The o he s ong ne wo k is he Vendsyssel De elopmen
Council which consis s o i e no h-wes e n dis ic s ep esen ing c 18 pe cen o he o al popula ion o No h
Ju land. Con a y o he Aalbo g Region, his ne wo k has i s own small sec e a ia . A he no h-eas e n and
sou he n pe iphe ies o No h Ju land he en husiasm o sub- egional de elopmen ne wo ks is much mo e
gua ded, bu a hi d ne wo k de eloped in he beginning o 2000, namely Himme land egional ne wo k. These
h ee ne wo ks ha e o ally di e en cha ac e is ics.
The pa icipan s in Hunga y a e e en mo e. Again, on na ional le el, he e we e no only six as he ope a ional
p og ammes ha e no only he one which keeps con ac s wi h he applican s and he egions ( he so called
in e media e body) and he o he which o ganises (o ganise body). And we had again egional ac o s and local
ac o s. S akeholde s in he a ious sec o s a e as ollows: O e one hi d o he ins i u ions in es iga ed belong
o cen al, egional, coun y, dis ic o local sel -go e ning o adminis a i e o ganisa ions. They a e in ol ed in
p o iding adminis a i e and public se ices; hey ake pa in shaping, coo dina ing and execu ing
go e nmen al policies. Mo e han ano he hi d o he in e iewed a e publicly inanced o ganisa ions, public
co po a ions, public ins i u ions, and non-p o i and limi ed companies in he possession o sel go e ning
bodies bu unc ioning as sole legal en i ies. Only a ew (5) o he in e iewed companies belong o he p i a e
sec o ac ing as counselling and p ojec w i ing companies o being indus ial pa ks. A sys em o abb e ia ions
was in oduced o iden i y he pa icipan s o he su ey in No h G ea Plain Region (see Table 3).
669
Table 2. In e iewed de elopmen o ganisa ions in No djylland Region
Name o S akeholde Name o S akeholde in English Abb e .
1.
EU-oplysningen Køpenha n EU In o ma ion Cen e Copenhagen EU-CP
2.
Am s åds o eningen The Associa ion o Danish Regions ARF
3.
Kommune nes Lands o ening Local Go e nmen Denma k (LGDK) LGDK
4.
E h e s- og Boligs y elsen Na ional Agency o En e p ise and Cons uc ion EBST
5.
No djyllands Am No h Ju land Coun y Council NJA
6.
Vibo g Am Vibo g Coun y Council VA
7.
A bejdsma keds åde No djylland Regional Labou -ma ke Council AMR
8.
No djyllands Ud iklings ond No h Ju land De elopmen Fund NUF
9.
E h e sCen e No djylland Business De elopmen Cen e No h Denma k ECNo d
10.
No dDanma ks EU-kon o No h Denma k EU-o ice EU-ND
11.
No djysk Inno a ions Fo um No h Ju land Inno a ion Fo um NIF
12.
Mid -No d Tu isme The ou ism de elopmen i m MNTu
13.
No djyllands Videnpa k NOVI Science Pa k NOVI
14.
No disk T anspo Ud ikling NTU No dic T anspo De elopmen NTU
15.
Aalbo g Uni e si e Aalbo g Uni e si y AAU
16.
Vendsyssels Ud iklings åd The Indus ial De elopmen Council o Vendsyssels VUR
17.
Himme lands Ud iklings åd The Indus ial De elopmen Council o Himme land
HUR
18.
Region Aalbo g Sama bejde Aalbo g Region Ne wo k RAS
19.
Aalbo g E h e s åd Aalbo g Comme cial Council AaER
20.
Aalbo g Indus i- og Handelskamme Chambe o Comme ce and Indus y AIH
21.
Aalbo g Kommune Aalbo g Municipali y AaK
22.
F ed iksha n Kommune Municipali y o F ed iksha n F K
23.
Hob o Kommune Municipali y o Hob o HoK
24.
Hjø ing Kommune Municipali y o Hjø ing HjK
Table 3. In e iewed de elopmen o ganisa ions in No h G ea Plain Region
1 Hunga ian De elopmen O ice (O szágos Fejlesz ési Hi a al ) MTRFH
2 P ime Minis e 's O ice, S a e Sec e a ia o Regional Policy (Nemze i Fejlesz ési Hi a al) NFH
3 Hunga ian Ins i u e o Town and Regional Planning,
(Magya Regionális Fejlesz ési és U banisz ikai Kh .)
VÁTI
4 Minis y o Employmen and Labou , Di ision o OP on Human Reso ce
(Foglalkoz a ási és Munkaügyi Minisz é ium – HEFOP és EKK IH ıig.)
HEFOP
5
Minis y o Economics and T anspo , Di ision o OP on Economics and Compe i i eness
(Gazdasági és Közlekedési Min. – GVOP ıo.) GVOP
6 Minis y o Economics and T anspo , Di is
ion o OP on En i onmen and In as uc u e
(Gazdasági és Közlekedési Minisz é ium – KIOP ıo.) KIOP
7
Minis y o Ag icul u e and Regional De elopmen , Di ision o Communi y Paymen
AVOP
670
(Földmő . és Vidék ejl. Min., Közösségi Ki ize ések Szabályozási és Felü
gyele i Fıo.)
8 Assembly o JNSz Coun y (JNSZ Megyei Közgyőlés) JNSZ-KGY
9 Assembly o HB Coun y (HB Megyei Közgyőlés) HB-KGY
10 Assembly o SzSzB Coun y (SZSZB Megyei Közgyőlés) Szszb-kgy
11 Regional De elopmen Council (Észak-al öldi Regionális Fejlesz ési Tanács ) RFT
12 JNSz Coun y De elopmen Council (JNSZ Megyei Te üle ejlesz ési Tanács) JNSZTFT
13 JNSz Coun y De elopmen Agency (JNSZ Megyei Te üle ejlesz ési Ügynökség) JNSZ MFÜ
14 HB Coun y De elopmen Council (HB Megyei Te üle ejlesz ési Tanács) HBTFT
15 HB Coun y De elopmen Agency (HB Megyei Te üle ejlesz ési Ügynökség) HB MFÜ
16 SzSzB Coun y De elopmen Council (SZSZB Megyei Te üle ejlesz ési Tanács) SZSZBTFT
17 SzSzB Coun y De elopmen Agency (SZSZB Megyei Te üle ejlesz ési Ügyn.) SZSZBMFÜ
18 Chambe o Comme ce and Indus y o JNSz (JNSZ Ke . és Ipa kama a) JNSZK-KIK
19 Chambe o Comme ce and Indus y o HB (HB Ke eskedelmi és Ipa kama a) HB-KIK
20 Chambe o Comme ce and Indus y o SzSzB (SZSZB Ke . és Ipa kama a) SZSZB-KIK
21 Uni e si y o Deb ecen (Deb eceni Egye em) UNIV
22 Regional De elopmen Agency (Észak-Al öldi Regionális Fejlesz ési Ügy. Kh .) ÜGYN
23 Hunga ian Bank o De elopmen (Magya Fejlesz ési Bank) BANK
24 Cen e o Labou Fo ce (Munkaügyi közpon ) MUNKA
25 House o he Eu o-Regions (Eu o égió Ház) EU-HÁZ
26 Sel –Go e nmen o he Town o Szolnok (Szolnok á os önko mányza a) SZOLN
27 Sel –Go e nmen o he Town o Deb ecen (Deb ecen á os önko mányza a) DEBR
28 Sel –Go e nmen o he Town o Nyí egyháza (Nyí egyháza á os önko m.) NYÍRE
29 Mic o-Regional Associa ions o JNSz (JNSZ Megye kis é ségi á sulásai) JNSZ-KIST
30 Mic o-Regional Associa ions o HB (HB Megye kis é ségi á sulásai) HB-KIST
31 Mic o-Regional Associa ions o SzSzB (SZSZB Megye kis é ségi á sulásai) Szszb-kis
32 Regional Inno a ion and Indus ial Pa k o Deb ecen (Db.i Reg. Inno ációs és Ipa i Pa k) DIPARK
33 Indus ial Pa k o Nyí egyháza (Nyí egyházi Ipa i Pa k) NYIPARK
34 Regional Ins i u e o he Hun. Academy o Sciences (Regionális Ku a ások Kp. RKK
35 P ojec w i ing companies (Pályáza í ó, anácsadó cégek, pl. RVI, Megakom) PÁLYCÉG
Regional ne wo ks
Nex , we examined he p esence o egional ne wo ks and could compa e hem in assessing he pa ne -seeking
s a egies o ins i u ions coping wi h he same p oblems. D awing he ne wo ks in he egion we ocussed ou
a en ion o he densi y and concen a ion o ela ions among he pa icipan s in he sample and he ac s lis ed
below only ela e o 26 pa icipan s below he egional le el.
Social Ne wo k Analysis (Bo ga i e al 2002) ocuses on he embeddedness o pa icipan s in he ne wo k,
he e o e he size o ins i u ions, companies and o ganisa ions does no appea in he inpu ma ices so i
consequen ly emains i ele an in compu e ised da a p ocession whe he he company/o ganisa ion/ins i u ion
is a small medium o la ge one o no .
671
He e in his pape I p esen h ee componen o he esea ch, o he social ne wo k analysis. Fi s he densi y o
he ne wo k han he cen ali y o i and inally he mul i-dimensional map I will p esen . Two ma ices we e
de eloped o he desc ip ion o he in e ela ionships among he in e iewed:
− Fi s , a dicho omised (bina y adjacency) ma ix A was de eloped. The en ies we e as ollows:
connec ions be ween s akeholde I ( ow) and s akeholde J (column) a e assessed as exis en (1) i a
leas one o he s akeholde s I o J has s a ed a unc ioning ela ionship. I nei he I no J epo ed any
ela ionship he alue was (0).
− Nex , a alued adjacency ma ix B was de eloped whe e he alues a e ounded up a e ages o he
ollowing e alua ions made by I and J:
⇒ (0) he e is no ela ion be ween s akeholde I ( ow) and s akeholde J (column).
⇒ (1) he e is weak, in o mal ela ion wi h occasional in e ac ions
⇒ (2) he e is a ela ion o medium s eng h, e.g. o malised ies bu no join p ojec s
⇒ (3) he e is a s ong ela ion be ween wo s akeholde s, e.g. a o malised ie wi h a join p ojec and
egula in e ac ions.
Fo example, i acco ding o J, his ela ion wi h I is (1) and acco ding o I i is (2), bo h alues o I, J and J, I in
ma ix B and D equal 2, i.e. he ounded-up igu e o 1.5 in ma ix B and D. I should be no ed a his poin , ha
bo h ma ices a e symme ical al hough he pa icipan s e alua ed hei ela ionships in di e en ways. Using he
p e ious abb e ia ions, ma ices A, B, C and D a e as ollows:
Table 4: Exis ence o a ela ion be ween pa icipan s in he egional policy o he No h G ea Plain
Region
(Bina y adjacency ma ix A o Social Ne wo k Analysis)
Jnszk-kgy.
Hb-kgy.
Szszb-kgy.
RFT
Jnszk- an.
Hb- an.
Szszb- an.
Jnszk-kik
Hb-kik
Szszb-kik
Uni
Ügyn.
Bank
Munka
EU-ház
Szoln
Deb
Nyí e
Jnszk-kis .
Hb-kis .
Szszb-kis .
DIPa k
NyIPa k
RKK
Cégek
To al
Jnszk-kgy.
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
0
1
1
1
0
1
1
0
1
1
1
1
1
1
0
20
Hb
-
kgy.
1
1
1
0
1
1
0
1
0
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
0
1
0
1
1
1
1
19
Szszb-kgy.
1
1
1
1
1
1
0
0
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
0
0
1
0
1
1
1
19
RFT
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
24
Jnszk
-
an.
1
0
1
1
1
1
1
0
0
0
1
1
1
0
1
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
1
12
Hb- an. 1
1
1
1
1
1
0
1
0
1
1
1
1
1
0
1
0
0
1
0
1
1
1
1
18
Szszb
-
an.
1
1
1
1
1
1
0
0
1
1
1
1
1
0
0
0
1
0
0
1
0
1
1
1
16
Jnszk-kik 1
0
0
1
1
0
0
1
1
1
1
1
1
0
1
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
1
1
13
Hb
-
kik
1
1
0
1
0
1
0
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
0
1
0
0
1
0
1
0
1
1
16
Szszb
-
kik
1
0
1
1
0
0
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
0
0
0
1
0
0
1
0
1
1
1
15
Uni 0
1
1
1
0
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
0
1
1
0
1
1
1
20
Ügyn.
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
24
Bank 1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
0
0
22
Munka
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
24
EU-ház 0
1
1
1
0
1
0
0
1
0
1
1
1
1
0
1
0
0
1
0
1
1
1
1
15
Szoln
1
1
1
1
1
0
0
1
0
0
1
1
1
1
0
1
1
1
0
0
0
0
0
1
14
Deb
1
1
1
1
0
1
0
0
1
0
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
0
1
0
1
1
1
1
18
Nyí e 0
1
1
1
0
0
1
0
0
1
1
1
1
1
0
1
1
0
0
1
0
1
1
1
15
Jnszk
-
kis .
1
0
0
1
1
0
0
1
0
0
0
1
1
1
0
1
0
0
1
1
0
0
1
1
12
Hb-kis . 1
1
0
1
0
1
0
0
1
0
1
1
1
1
1
0
1
0
1
1
0
0
1
1
15
Szszb
-
kis .
1
0
1
1
0
0
1
0
0
1
1
1
1
1
0
0
0
1
1
1
0
1
1
1
15
DIPa k
1
1
0
1
0
1
0
0
1
0
0
1
1
1
1
0
1
0
0
0
0
1
1
0
12
NyIPa k 1
1
1
1
0
1
1
0
0
1
1
1
1
1
1
0
1
1
0
0
1
1
0
1
17
RKK
1
1
1
1
0
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
0
1
1
0
1
1
1
1
1
1
0
1
20
Cégek 0
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
0
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
0
1
1
21
To al
20
19
19
24
12
18
16
13
16
15
20
24
22
24
15
14
18
15
12
15
15
12
17
20
21
436
Sou ce: Own da a based on he ques ionnai es
672
Table 5: S eng h o a ela ion be ween pa icipan s in he egional policy o he No h G ea Plain
Region
(Valued adjacency B ma ix o Social Ne wo k Analysis)
Jnszk-kgy.
Hb-kgy.
Szszb-kgy.
RFT
Jnszk- an.
Hb- an.
Szszb- an.
Jnszk-kik
Hb-kik
Szszb-kik
Uni
Ügyn.
Bank
Munka
EU-ház
Szoln
Deb
Nyí e
Jnszk-kis .
Hb-kis .
Szszb-kis .
DIPa k
NyIPa k
RKK
Cégek
To al
Jnszk
-
kgy.
1
1
2
2
1
1
3
2
2
0
1
1
1
0
2
1
0
2
1
1
1
1
1
0
28
Hb
-
kgy.
1
2
3
0
3
3
0
3
0
2
2
1
3
3
1
3
1
0
3
0
1
1
2
3
41
Szszb
-
kgy.
1
2
3
2
2
3
0
0
3
1
2
1
2
1
1
1
3
0
0
2
0
3
1
2
36
RFT
2
3
3
3
3
3
2
2
2
2
3
1
3
1
3
3
3
2
3
2
1
1
1
1
53
Jnszk
-
an.
2
0
2
3
3
3
2
0
0
0
3
1
1
0
3
0
0
2
0
0
0
0
0
1
26
Hb
-
an.
1
3
2
3
3
2
0
2
0
1
3
1
2
1
0
3
0
0
2
0
1
1
1
2
34
Szszb
-
an.
1
3
3
3
3
2
0
0
2
1
3
1
2
0
0
0
3
0
0
3
0
2
2
2
36
Jnszk
-
kik
3
0
0
2
2
0
0
3
3
1
2
2
2
0
2
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
1
1
25
Hb
-
kik
2
3
0
2
0
2
0
3
3
2
2
1
2
3
0
2
0
0
2
0
1
0
2
2
34
Szszb
-
kik
2
0
3
2
0
0
2
3
3
1
2
2
3
0
0
0
2
0
0
2
0
2
1
2
32
Uni
0
2
1
2
0
1
1
1
2
1
2
1
1
2
1
3
2
0
1
1
0
1
1
2
29
Ügyn.
1
2
2
3
3
3
3
2
2
2
2
1
2
2
3
3
3
2
2
2
2
2
3
3
55
Bank
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
2
1
2
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
0
0
24
Munka
1
3
2
3
1
2
2
2
2
3
1
2
1
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
47
EU
-
ház
0
3
1
1
0
1
0
0
3
0
2
2
1
2
0
3
0
0
1
0
2
1
2
2
27
Szoln
2
1
1
3
3
0
0
2
0
0
1
3
1
2
0
1
1
2
0
0
0
0
0
1
24
Deb
1
3
1
3
0
3
0
0
2
0
3
3
1
2
3
1
1
0
1
0
2
2
2
2
36
Nyí e
0
1
3
3
0
0
3
0
0
2
2
3
1
2
0
1
1
0
0
3
0
3
1
1
30
Jnszk
-
kis .
2
0
0
2
2
0
0
1
0
0
0
2
1
2
0
2
0
0
1
1
0
0
1
2
19
Hb
-
kis .
1
3
0
3
0
2
0
0
2
0
1
2
1
2
1
0
1
0
1
1
0
0
1
2
24
Szszb
-
kis .
1
0
2
2
0
0
3
0
0
2
1
2
1
2
0
0
0
3
1
1
0
2
2
2
27
DIPa k
1
1
0
1
0
1
0
0
1
0
0
2
1
2
2
0
2
0
0
0
0
1
1
0
16
NyIPa k
1
1
3
1
0
1
2
0
0
2
1
2
1
2
1
0
2
3
0
0
2
1
0
2
28
RKK
1
2
1
1
0
1
2
1
2
1
1
3
0
2
2
0
2
1
1
1
2
1
0
2
30
Cégek
0
3
2
1
1
2
2
1
2
2
2
3
0
2
2
1
2
1
2
2
2
0
2
2
39
To al
28
41
36
53
26
34
36
25
34
32
29
55
24
47
27
24
36
30
19
24
27
16
28
30
39
800
Sou ce: Own da a based on he ques ionnai es
Table 6: Exis ence o a ela ion be ween pa icipan s in he egional policy o he No djylland Region
(Bina y adjacency ma ix C o Social Ne wo k Analysis)
EU-
CP
ARF
LGDK
EBST
NJA
VA
AMR
ECNo d
EU-
ND
NOVI
NTU
AAU
VUR
HUR
RAS
AaER
AIH
AaK
F K
HoK
HjK
Σ
EU-CP 1
0
0
0
1
0
1
1
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
5
ARF
1
1
1
1
1
0
1
1
1
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
9
LGDK 0
1
1
0
1
1
1
1
0
0
1
1
1
1
0
0
1
1
1
1
14
EBST
0
1
1
1
1
0
1
0
0
0
0
1
1
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
8
NJA
0
1
0
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
18
VA 1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
13
AMR
0
0
1
0
1
1
1
1
1
0
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
16
ECNo d 1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
20
EU
-
ND
1
1
1
0
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
19
673
NOVI
0
1
0
0
1
1
1
1
1
0
1
0
1
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
9
NTU 1
0
0
0
1
1
0
1
1
0
1
1
0
0
0
1
1
0
0
0
9
AAU
0
1
1
0
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
18
VUR 0
0
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
0
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
0
1
16
HUR
0
0
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
0
1
1
1
1
0
0
0
0
0
12
RAS
0
0
1
1
1
0
1
1
1
0
0
1
1
1
0
0
1
0
0
0
10
AaER 0
0
0
0
1
0
1
1
1
0
0
1
1
1
0
0
1
0
0
0
8
AIH
0
0
0
0
1
0
1
1
1
0
1
1
1
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
8
AaK
0
0
1
0
1
0
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
0
1
1
1
1
1
1
15
F K
0
0
1
0
1
0
1
1
1
0
0
1
1
0
0
0
0
1
0
0
8
HoK
0
0
1
0
1
0
1
1
1
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
1
0
0
7
HjK
0
0
1
0
1
0
1
1
1
0
0
1
1
0
0
0
0
1
0
0
8
Σ
5
9
14
8
18
13
16
20
19
9
9
18
16
12
10
8
8
15
8
7
8
250
Sou ce: Own da a based on he ques ionnai es
Table 7: S eng h o a ela ion be ween pa icipan s in he egional policy o he No djylland Region
(Valued adjacency D ma ix o Social Ne wo k Analysis)
EU-CP
ARF
LGDK
EBST
NJA
VA
AMR
ECNo d
EU-ND
NOVI
NTU
AAU
VUR
HUR
RAS
AaER
AIH
AaK
F K
HoK
HjK
Σ
EU
-
CP
2
0
0
0
1
0
1
3
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
8
ARF 2
2
2
3
3
0
1
1
1
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
16
LGDK
0
2
3
0
1
2
0
2
0
0
1
1
1
1
0
0
3
3
3
3
2
6
EBST 0
2
3
3
3
0
2
0
0
0
0
2
2
3
0
0
0
0
0
0
20
NJA
0
3
0
3
3
2
3
3
3
1
3
2
2
2
1
1
3
1
1
1
38
VA
1
3
1
3
3
2
1
3
1
1
2
1
2
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
24
AMR
0
0
2
0
2
2
3
1
1
0
3
1
1
2
1
1
3
3
3
3
32
ECNo
1
1
1
2
3
1
3
3
2
1
3
1
2
2
2
1
2
1
1
1
34
EU-nd 3
1
2
0
3
3
1
3
1
2
2
2
1
3
3
3
3
2
1
1
40
NOVI
0
1
0
0
3
1
1
2
1
0
3
0
1
0
0
0
3
0
0
0
16
NTU 1
0
0
0
1
1
0
1
2
0
3
1
0
0
0
3
1
0
0
0
14
AAU
0
1
1
0
3
2
3
3
2
3
3
2
2
3
3
3
3
1
1
1
40
VUR
0
0
1
2
2
1
1
1
2
0
1
2
2
2
1
1
1
3
0
3
26
HUR 0
0
1
2
2
2
1
2
1
1
0
2
2
2
2
0
0
0
0
0
20
RAS
0
0
1
3
1
0
2
2
3
0
0
3
2
2
0
0
3
0
0
0
22
AaER 0
0
0
0
1
0
1
2
3
0
0
3
1
2
0
0
3
0
0
0
16
AIH
0
0
0
0
1
0
1
1
3
0
3
3
1
0
0
0
3
0
0
0
16
AaK
0
0
3
0
3
0
3
2
3
3
1
3
1
0
3
3
3
2
2
2
37
F K
0
0
3
0
1
0
3
1
2
0
0
1
3
0
0
0
0
2
0
0
16
HoK
0
0
3
0
1
0
3
1
1
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
2
0
0
12
HjK
0
0
3
0
1
0
3
1
1
0
0
1
3
0
0
0
0
2
0
0
15
Σ
8
16
27
20
37
24
32
33
40
16
14
40
26
20
23
16
16
37
16
12
15
488
Sou ce: Own da a based on he ques ionnai es
Densi y is an impo an pa ame e o policy ne wo ks. Low ne wo k densi y means basically weak ies among
he pa icipan s. NJR means No djylland and EAR means Észak-al öldi Region.
Exis ence o ela ionship
− Me hod: he densi y o bina y ne wo ks equals he o al numbe o exis ing ies di ided by he o al
numbe o possible ies.
− Resul : he densi y alue o he bina y ne wo k in ques ion is NJR:0.5952, EAR:0.7267, which means
ha almos 60%, and o e 70% o he possible ies exis in a leas one di ec ion in he gi en ne wo k.