Sizing and Economic Analysis of Standalone PEM Fuel Cell Systems for Residential Utilization

Recen Inno a ions in Mecha onics (RIiM) Vol. 2. (2015). No. 1-2. DOI: 10.17667/ iim.2015.1-2/17. 1 Sizing and Economic Analysis o S andalone PEM Fuel Cell Sys ems o Residen ial U iliza ion She i M. Imam The Elec ical Enginee ing Depa men , Facul y o Enginee ing, Ka elsheikh Uni e si y Ka elsheikh, Egyp (She i [email protected] s.edu.eg) Ahmed M. Azmy Elec ical Powe and Machines Enginee ing Depa men , Facul y o Enginee ing, Tan a, Uni e si y, Tan a, Egyp ([email p o ec ed].edu.eg) Abs ac — This s udy discusses he economic u iliza ion o p o on exchange memb ane uel cell (PEMFC) based on cos o ene gy (COE) o supply esiden ial elec ical and he mal loads. The uel cell sys em is sized using simpli ied ma hema ical exp essions conside ing he s ack deg ada ion and he sys em sal age alue a he end o i s li e ime. The s udy is based on a 5 kWh/day esiden ial loads wi h a peak load powe o 1300W. Two scena ios o economic su ey a e s udied. The i s scena io is o ind he comme cial p ice o each FC componen conside ing ha he supply uel is hyd ogen. The o he scena io is o a comple e FC sys em comme cial p ice conside ing ha he supply uel is na u al gas. The economic analyses a e based on he ac ual sale p ices in he ma ke . The COE o he uel cell sys em is compa ed wi h p e ious wo k by he au ho s o he same esiden ial a ings bu supplied om a s and-alone pho o ol aic sys em (SAPV). The analysis esul s show ha he COE elies hea ily on he capi al cos o he sys em. Index Te ms— PEMFC uni sizing, Cos o ene gy, Economic analysis, FC deg ada ion. Lis o symbols Symbol Desc ip ion Uni / alue Acell The cell a ea cm2 CAO&M Annual O&M cos $ CC The capi al cos o he FC $ CHG, CNG Hyd ogen and na u al gas cos s $/MMB u COE Cos o ene gy $/Wh 1 P C , 2 P C A e age speci ic hea o cooling luid o he FC s ack and wa e cal/gm.K CR Running cos o he FC pe yea $ C h Numbe o he mal cycles d In e es a e % De, D h Elec ical and he mal powe deg ada ion % Ee, E h FC elec ical and he mal ene gy Wh EL A e age elec ical load Wh/day F Fa aday cons an 96485 C/mol gm Mola mass o hyd ogen g/mol h c FC unning hou s h H2,in, The amoun o hyd ogen in oduced o he uel cell g H2,ou The amoun o unconsumed hyd ogen in he uel cell g I The FC a ed cu en A IC Cu en capaci y Ah j The cu en densi y A/cm2 LLC Li e cycle cos $ 1 M  , 2 M  Mass low a es o coolan luid in he hea exchange and wa e gm/s mH2 The hyd ogen low a e g/min MH2O Wa e molecula weigh 0.018 Kg/mol mw The mass low a e o he wa e in he humidi ie Kg/s n Numbe o moles o a subs ance Mol NCell The numbe o cells ne Numbe o elec ons pe second o 1 ampe 6.28E+18 nem Numbe o elec ons pe each molecule o hyd ogen 2 nmm Numbe o molecules pe hyd ogen mol 6.02E+23 P The p essu e o he hyd ogen in a ank A m Pe The a ed elec ical powe o he FC W Pm The maximum load powe W P h The a ed he mal powe o he FC W 1abs Q , 2abs Q Abso bed he mal powe by cooling luid o he uel cell and wa e cal/s R The gas cons an a m/mol.K SV Sal age alue o he FC sys em $ T The empe a u e o hyd ogen K c T1 , c T2 Cold empe a u e o he uel-cell cooling luid and wa e K h T1 , h T2 Ho empe a u es o he uel-cell cooling luid and wa e K Recen Inno a ions in Mecha onics (RIiM) Vol. 2. (2015). No. 1-2. DOI: 10.17667/ iim.2015.1-2/17. 2 U U iliza ion ac o % Vcell The cell ol age V VH2 Hyd ogen ank olume li e s Vs The s ack ol age V y The li e ime o FC in yea s yea s ηDC/AC The e iciency o DC/AC in e e % ηe Elec ical e iciency o CHP plan % η h The mal e iciency o CHP plan % µFC Ma gin coe icien o FC sizing 1.1 µV Ma gin coe icien o hyd ogen ank sizing 1.1 φ Inle ai humidi y coe icien % I. INTRODUCTION Fuel cell (FC) is one o he mos e icien ene gy con e sion de ices. I is used o con e chemical eac ion in o elec ical powe . Simple FC consis s o anode, ca hode, and memb ane. Fuel, such as hyd ogen, is ed o he anode and he oxygen is ed o he ca hode. The memb ane is used o p e en elec ons low be ween he elec odes and o p e en hyd ogen and oxygen om di ec mixing. The e a e many ypes o FC, whe e each ype has i s ad an ages and disad an ages [1]. In his pape , he PEMFC will be used. In PEMFC, he eeding hyd ogen molecule a he anode is spli in o hyd ogen ions and wo elec ons. Bo h he hyd ogen and he wo elec ons mo e o he ca hode. The hyd ogen mo es o he ca hode h ough he memb ane, while and he wo elec ons mo e h ough he load. A he ca hode, he eeding oxygen combines wi h he hyd ogen and he elec ons o p oduce wa e . The eac ion equa ions a e as ollows: Anode eac ion:   eHH 442 2 (1) Ca hode eac ion: OHeHO 22 244   (2) O e all cell eac ion: OHOH 222 22  (3) The PEMFC has low ope a ing empe a u e be ween 60 oC and 100 oC. I s elec ical e iciency is be ween 40% and 50% and i has as s a -up p ocess. Since i has no mo ing pa s in he s ack, i equi es minimum main enance. Howe e , i has high cos and low du abili y o p ac ical applica ions [1]. A e iew o PEMFC echnologies and applica ions a e in oduced in [2]. The amoun o hyd ogen and he ank size a e in oduced in [3]. Howe e , his esea ch didn' pay a en ion o nei he uel u iliza ion no cell ol age. One o he challenges in uel cell pe o mance is he wa e managemen o he humidi ie . A e iew o wa e managemen echniques and expe imen al se up o eliable humidi ie we e p esen ed in [4]. The ela i e humidi y o he gas and he p essu e changes in he sys em ha e been conside ed in [4], bu i didn' pay a en ion nei he o he accumula ed wa e a he ca hode no he load cu en . Con olling he s ack empe a u e o he uel cell is a c i ical issue. High empe a u e educes he humidi ica ion and hus leads o educing bo h he p o on conduc i i y and he memb ane li e ime. On he o he hand, low empe a u e inc eases he condensa ion o wa e a he ca hode causing ol age losses and limi ing he load cu en [5]. A e iew o di e en cooling echniques o PEMFC and he ad an ages and disad an ages o each echnique a e in oduced in [6]. The analysis o he ela ion be ween he empe a u e o he hea exchange inle coolan luid and accep able empe a u e di e ence ac oss he uel cell aking in o conside a ion he hea exchange e ec i eness alue is in oduced in [7]. The echnical and economic easibili y o using mic o combined hea and powe (CHP) uel cell o di e en clima e zones o I an is s udied in [8]. Howe e , he deg ada ion in he elec ical and he he mal powe o he uel cell did no conside ed in his esea ch. A compa ison o deg ada ion beha iou s o open-ended and closed PEMFC and a e iew on pe o mance deg ada ion du ing s a up and shu down p ocesses a e p o ided in [9] and [10] espec i ely. This pape aims o in oduce a sizing me hodology and o analyse he economics o PEMFC sys em o esiden ial u iliza ion. The economic s udy conside s he alue o cell ol age and he u iliza ion ac o when calcula ing he low a e o supplying uel. FC deg ada ion and he sys em sal age alue a e aking in o conside a ion o he li e cycle cos “LCC”. Each subsys em is sized using simpli ied ma hema ical exp essions. Two scena ios o economic su ey a e s udied. The i s one is based on inding he comme cial p ice o each FC componen conside ing ha he supply uel is hyd ogen. The o he scena io is o a comple e FC sys em comme cial p ice conside ing ha he supply uel is na u al gas. The COE is in es iga ed o each sys em and compa ed wi h p e ious wo k by he au ho s o he same esiden ial a ings bu supplied om a s and-alone pho o ol aic sys em (SAPV). II. SIZING METHODOLOGY The sizing p ocedu es adop ed o s and-alone PEMFC sys em a e pe o med as ollows: A. De ining he elec ical load A esiden ial load is analyzed as shown in able 1 o de ine i s a e age daily consump ion. In he able, he a e age elec ical load (EL) o a household is abou 5kWh/day. Table 1: Elec ical load o he PEMFC powe sys em Appliance Numbe Powe [W] To al powe [W] Wo king hou s [h/day] To al Ene gy [Wh/day] Ceiling an 2 60 120 5 600 Lamps 6 40 240 6 1440 Re ige a o 1 175 175 6 1050 TV 1 150 150 3 450 Wa e pump 1 245 245 3 735 Washing machine 1 370 370 2 740 To al 1300 5015 Recen Inno a ions in Mecha onics (RIiM) Vol. 2. (2015). No. 1-2. DOI: 10.17667/ iim.2015.1-2/17. 3 B. De e mina ion o PEMFC size The maximum load powe mus be co e ed by he FC s ack. The a ed powe o he FC can be calcula ed as ollows [11]: ACDC m P FCe P/    (4) Acco ding o he FC cha ac e is ics, he cell ol age o he s ack is a unc ion o he cu en densi y as illus a ed in Fig. 1. The s ack o he FC can be sized as ollows [12]: I s V e P (5) cell AjI  (6) cellcells NVV  (7) Fig. 1: The ela ionship be ween he cell ol age and he cell cu en densi y C. De e mina ion o hyd ogen consump ion The ene gy con en o hyd ogen is measu ed by hyd ogen's lowe hea ing alue (LHV) [3]. The amoun o hyd ogen's LHV s o ed in he ank should equal o he equi alen elec ical ene gy needed by he load. F om (1), each molecule o hyd ogen gi es wo elec ons. Thus, by iden i ying he load cu en , i is possible o ge he equi ed amoun o hyd ogen since one Ampe ep esen s one coulomb pe second and he cha ge o a single elec on is 1.602×10-19 coulombs. The equi ed amoun o hyd ogen low a e can be calcula ed acco ding o he ollowing equa ions [13]: CCellL IVE  (8) mmemCell meL HnnV gnE m  60 2 (9) Due o incomple e eac ion o hyd ogen a he anode and he opened-end s ack o he uel cell, he consumed hyd ogen is less han he o al hyd ogen in oduced in o he uel cell. A u iliza ion ac o (U ) is de ined as he ac ion o he o al uel o oxidan in oduced in o a uel cell ha eac s elec ochemically. The u iliza ion ac o can be in oduced as ollows [13]: in ou in H HH U,2 ,2,2   (10) Conce ning he u iliza ion ac o , (9) should be modi ied as ollows: mmemCell meL HnnVU gnE m  60 2 (11) D. De e mina ion o hyd ogen ank size The olume o he hyd ogen ank can be de e mined om he ideal gas law as ollows [3]: P TRn VH  2 (12) The olume o he hyd ogen in he ank is con olled by bo h he empe a u e and he p essu e. PEMFC ope a es a low empe a u es be ween 60oC and 100oC. This means ha he hyd ogen has o be eleased om he ank a his empe a u e ange. The sui able p essu e o his ange o empe a u e is 1- 10 ba s, which limi s he ou pu low a e o hyd ogen below 2g/s, and consequen ly, limi s he powe o he PEMFC below 10kW [14]. The ank size has o be mul iplied by a ma gin ac o due o he unexpec ed ci cums ances o bo h excessi e p essu e luc ua ion and empe a u e ising. The ma gin ac o “ V  ” anges a e om 1.1 o 1.3 [15]. Thus, (12) should be modi ied as ollows: P TRn VVH    2 (13) E. De e mina ion o he humidi ie size The uel cell memb ane should ha e mode a e wa e con en . High wa e con en in he memb ane has he ad an age o inc easing he p o on conduc i i y since i dec eases he ohmic loss, and consequen ly, inc eases he li e ime o he memb ane. On he o he hand, he high wa e con en in he memb ane esul s in high wa e accumula ion in he ca hode, which dec eases he oxygen low. Dec easing he oxygen low will limi he load cu en [16]. The humidi ie wo ks by passing he hyd ogen and oxygen h ough a low o ho wa e apo sa u a ed wi h ine bubbles. The mass low a e o he wa e in he humidi ie can be calcula ed as ollows conside ing he accumula ed wa e a he ca hode and he load cu en [16]: OH cell WM F IN m2 19.1   (14) F. The hea exchange sizing To con ol he empe a u e in PEMFC and maximize i s economic bene i s, a hea exchange has o be used. The c ux o hea exchange ope a ion is o ans e hea om wa m exi coolan o he cool inle coolan by con olling he low a e o he coolan ci cula ion o ob ain he desi ed ope a ing empe a u e. A e ce ain ime o ci cula ion p ocess, he coolan inle empe a u e will each a s eady s a e condi ion. This se ling ime depends on he hea exchange e ec i eness and bo h empe a u e o coolan and he desi ed ope a ing Cell ol age (V) Cu en densi y (mA/cm2) 0 200 400 600 800 1000 1 0.8 0.6 0.4 0.2 0 Ohmic Po en ial Ac i a ion Po en ial Concen a ion Po en ial Recen Inno a ions in Mecha onics (RIiM) Vol. 2. (2015). No. 1-2. DOI: 10.17667/ iim.2015.1-2/17. 4 empe a u e o he uel cell. The hea exchange e ec i eness is a a io o he ac ual a e o hea ans e be ween he ho and cold luids o he maximum possible hea ans e a e [7]. The maximum possible hea ans e a e is ob ained om an in ini ely sized hea exchange [7]. The cooling me hod depends on he a ed powe o he uel cell. Fo powe a ing below 2kW, he s ack can be cooled by ai , which is di e en om he ca hode ai . Fo powe a ings g ea e han 10kW, wa e is used o he cooling p ocess [17]. The exhaus hea om PEMFC can be used in p ehea ing bo h wa e and space o esiden ial usages. A de ailed design o he hea exchange was men ioned in [18]. This s udy concen a es on he economic bene i o using he exhaus hea om he PEMFC in p ehea ing esiden ial wa e usages as shown in Fig. 2. The equa ions desc ibing he ope a ion o he hea eco e y sys em can be illus a ed as ollow [18]:   chPabs TTCMQ 11 1 1 1  (15)   chPabs TTCMQ 22 2 2 2  (16) Fig. 2: Block diag am o a simple hea eco e y sys em G. Fuel cell auxilia y componen s The auxilia y componen s in he uel cell sys em o he balance o plan (BOP) as i may be called consis o ai il a ion and comp esso , p essu e elie al es, wa e pumps, hea exchange and senso s. The ai il a ion sys em is used o emo al o pa icula ma e and con aminan s such as sul u , sal s, ca bon monoxide and hyd oca bons. The comp esso is used o supply p essu ized ai o he PEMFC a he ca hode. The wa e pumps a e used o humidi ica ion and empe a u e coolan ci cula ion. The hyd ogen ueling sys em consis s o blowe , ejec o and pu ge al e. Bo h he blowe and ejec o a e used o con ol he eed o hyd ogen o he anode o he uel cell s ack. The blowe is used o low a es below 25% o he a ed capaci y, while he ejec o is used o low a es be ween 25% and 100% o he a ed capaci y. The low empe a u e o he liquid hyd ogen causes he a mosphe ic ai o condensa e. The pa ial e apo a ion o ni ogen can cause he liquid ai o become en iched wi h oxygen. In addi ion, i will ac as a i e agen when con ac s wi h any combus ible subs ances. Fo his eason, a high hyd ogen low a e, a pu ge al e is used o mixing a sa e pe cen age alue o hyd ogen wi h ca hode exhaus ai o minimize he dilu ion e ec s o ni ogen c osso e [19]. III. THE LIFE-CYCLE COST PEMFC has an a e age li e ime anging o 3000-5000 ope a ing hou s in passenge ehicles sys ems, while i has an a e age li e ime o 40000-80000 ope a ing hou s in s a iona y powe sys ems. The li e cycle cos o he PEMFC sys em depends hea ily on bo h he capi al cos o he uel cell and he unning cos o he ueling sys em. The capi al cos o he PEMFC elies hea ily on i s ou pu powe and he olume o manu ac u ing pe yea [20]. The cos o uel, which in inal o m is hyd ogen, depends on i s p oduc ion me hod [21]. The LCC can be calcula ed depending on he capi al cos , he p esen alue o he unning cos du ing i s li e ime, ope a ion and main enance cos (O&M) and he sal age alue a he end o i s li e. The capi al cos o he FC sys em includes he FC s ack, s o age ank, BOP, and he in e e . The LCC o he PEMFC sys em can be calcula ed om he ollowing equa ion [22]:          Y yY d SV y d R O&M C C CLCC C 111 (17) The O&M cos depends on he FC gene a ed ene gy. Thus he p esen alue o he annual O&M cos can be calcula ed and in oduced in (17) as ollows:              Y yY d SV y d R Y yy d MO A C C CLCC C 111 11 & (18) The elec ical and he mal ene gy o he CHP uel cell can be calcula ed om he ollowing equa ions [8]: c h e P e E (19) c h h P h E (20) e h e P h P    (21) Equa ions (19) h ough (21) did no ake in o accoun he e ec o deg ada ion on he uel cell ou pu . The causes o uel cell deg ada ion a e he non comple ed humidi ied gases a he anode and ca hode, he high empe a u e o he uel cell and ca hode ca bon co osion [23]. The deg ada ion can in ol e one o all uel cell componen s like elec oly e, elec odes and bipola pla es. The deg ada ion in he uel cell can be measu ed by one o he ollowing uni s: he pe cen age loss ela i e o he ini ial alue o e iciency, powe , cu en o ol age. The common measu ing uni o uel cell deg ada ion is he ol age loss pe uni ime ( ypically µV/h). The deg ada ion a e in he uel cell depends on many ac o s such as he uel cell ype, he ope a ing ol age and cu en densi y, maximum ou pu powe , uel ype, ope a ing condi ions, and he unning hou s. Cumula i e deg ada ion o small a ings below 2kW can be exp essed as a pe cen age pe o mance loss pe MWh elec ical ene gy ou pu , and pe 1000 he mal cycles. The deg ada ion anges a e be ween 0.16% and 8% pe 1000 h o PEMFCs o elec ical powe , and be ween 0% o Hea exchange h TM1 , 1  2c 2 T  M T1c T2h Tank Fuel cell S ack Recen Inno a ions in Mecha onics (RIiM) Vol. 2. (2015). No. 1-2. DOI: 10.17667/ iim.2015.1-2/17. 5 10% pe o mance deg ada ion pe 1000 he mal cycles o he mal powe [24]. Conce ning he e ec o deg ada ion on FC ou pu , he elec ical ene gy o he CHP uel cell will be as ollows:                  e D c h loo c h e P e E3 10 1 (22) whe e loo means ounds down he ac ion o he nea es in ege numbe . The he mal cycle means cycling om FC ope a ing empe a u e o cold empe a u e and back o ope a ing empe a u e again. La ge sys ems can be exposed o a ew he mal cycles h oughou hei li e as hey ope a e o longe pe iods be ween shu downs. Fo he smalle PEMFC, he uni has o be s opped app oxima ely e e y 600 h [24]. The COE can be calcula ed by di iding he li e cycle cos o he sys em o e he o al gene a ed ene gy, included he elec ical and he mal ene gy, du ing he sys em li e cycle as ollows: h E e E LCC COE   (23) IV. RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS A comme cial ma ke su ey is done o in oduce he COE h ough he uel cell sys em p ice. Two su ey scena ios a e s udied. Acco ding o he a ailable p ices in he comme cial ma ke , one scena io is o ind each FC componen p ice, and he o he scena io is o a comple e FC sys em p ice. I is supposed ha he i s scena io will use hyd ogen di ec ly o eed he FC, while he second scena io will use he na u al gas o eed he FC h ough a e o me . A. The i s sena io Table 2 illus a es he a ings; speci ica ions and he cos o he PEMFC s ack [25]. The da a o able 2 a e analysed and i is concluded ha , he a e age cos o PEMFC s ack is abou 3500 $/kW as appea s om he cu e slop o Fig. 3. The s ack e iciency is be ween 35% and 45% acco ding o he consumed hyd ogen o he p oduced powe when he powe densi y o H2 is 65.8 Wh/mole, and he hyd ogen consump ion occu s a 0.5 ba & 30Co. Table 2: PEMFC s ack speci ica ions and cos . S ack a ing [W] Max. O/P Powe No. o cells Dim. [cm] H2 Cons. [L/min] P ice [$] 5000 72 V/70 A 120 38×16×46 70 15000 3000 43.2 V/70 A 72 38×16×28 42 10500 2000 28.8 V/70 A 48 38×16×20 28 7500 1000 43 V/23.5 A 72 32.4×22×12.2 14 4000 500 21 V/24 A 36 25×19×7.5 6.5 3435 300 43 V/7 A 72 32.4×10.9×9.4 3.9 2450 200 28 V/7.2 A 48 22.3×10.9×9.4 2.8 1780 100 14 V/7.2 A 24 14.3×10.9×9.4 1.3 1029 30 9 V/3.4 A 12 8×6.4×4.6 0.42 742 20 7.8 V/2.6 A 13 7.6×6.4×4.7 0.28 433 12 7.8 V/1.6 A 13 7.6×6.4×4.7 0.18 347 Fig. 3: The ela ionship be ween he PEMFC s ack a ing and i s capi al cos . The mos popula me al hyd ides SOLID-H, hyd ogen s o age, con aine s supply hyd ogen in low a mosphe ic p essu e a oom empe a u e. This is he sa es me hod known o s o ing lammable hyd ogen gas. Typical SOLID-H con aine sizes a e gi en in able 3. Me al hyd ides a e he mos compac way o s o e hyd ogen (mo e dense han liquid hyd ogen). The lowe cos SOLID-H CL-se ies con aine s, including CL-370 and CL-910, a e based on aluminum indus ial gas cylinde s. These wo con aine s hold 370 and 910 li e s o hyd ogen espec i ely. The aluminum cylinde s used o cons uc he CL-se ies a e a ed o e y high p essu es. This makes hem hea ie han equi alen hin walled s ainless s eel BL-se ies con aine s o compa able capaci y [26]. Table 3: SOLID-H con aine s size and cos . Model Size [Li e s] Cos [$] BL-18 18-20 345 BL-30 30-34 675 BL-60 60-69 991 BL-120 120-135 1523 BL-220 220-242 2337 BL-740 740-822 3139 CL-370 334-370 525 CL-910 819-910 1320 The mos economical sou ces o p oduce hyd ogen a e coal and na u al gas. The linking equa ion be ween bo h he cos o hyd ogen and na u al gas is as ollow [21]: 985.027.1  NG C HG C (24) The a e age na u al gas esiden ial p ice o he las wel e mon hs is 12.62 dolla s pe housand cubic ee acco ding o Ene gy In o ma ion Adminis a ion, U.S. na u al gas p ices [27]. The same p ice can be ob ained om linking he cos o hyd ogen o he cos o gasoline, whe e he ene gy con en o one kilog am o hyd ogen equal he ene gy con en in one gallon o gasoline. A compu e p og am has been de eloped o analyze he COE o e he sys em li e ime. Table 4 illus a es he pa ame e s alues ha a e used in he p og am, whe e he ollowing assump ions a e aking in o conside a ion in he p og amming [8], [13], [22], [28], [29]: Table 4: The se ing pa ame e s o he compu e p og am. 01000 2000 3000 4000 5000 0 5000 10000 15000 Ra ed powe [Wh] Ma ke p ice [$] Recen Inno a ions in Mecha onics (RIiM) Vol. 2. (2015). No. 1-2. DOI: 10.17667/ iim.2015.1-2/17. 6 Pa ame e Se ing alue Peak load powe 1300W To al ene gy 5KWh/day The in e e e iciency 90% Ma gin coe icien o FC sizing 1.5 S ack single cell ol age 0.65V Cu en densi y 0.65A/cm2 Single cell a ea 7.5*7.5 cm2 U iliza ion ac o 0.8 FC li e ime 60000 h FC unning ime 8760h/yea In e es a e 6% Elec ical deg ada ion in FC 2% pe 1000h The mal o elec ical powe a io 140% 1-) The O&M cos is 0.035 $/kWh. 2-) The FC sal age alue is 10% o i s capi al cos . 3-) The BOP including he hea exchange cos is abou 40% o he FC capi al cos o 500,000 uni s pe yea p oduc ion olume. In suppo o accu a e calcula ions, he deg ada ion in FC ou pu a ec s only he o al gene a ed ene gy no he hyd ogen o na u al gas consump ion. The he mal deg ada ion in PEMFC has been neglec ed as i will no exceed 150 he mal cycles pe i s li e. The esul s show ha he mass low a e o wa e in he humidi ie is 1.17 l/h . The low low humidi ica ion sys em cos is $1700 [30]. The hyd ogen low a e is 0.14Kg/h . The co esponding hyd ogen ank is CL- 910. The capi al cos o he uel cell sys em is abou 9250$/kW and he COE equal 0.19$/kWh including he elec ical and he mal ou pu powe o he uel cell. The pie-cha illus a ed in Fig. 4 shows he pe cen age cos o each componen o he FC sys em wi hin i s li e ime. The analysis shows ha hyd ogen cos ep esen s he majo COE which equals 43%, while cos o powe condi ioning in e e and he hyd ogen ank ep esen only 8% o he whole cos . The pe cen age cos o he s ack and he BOP a e almos equals. Fig. 4: The pe cen age cos o each componen o he FC sys em wi hin i s li e ime. B. The second sena io Following is ano he su ey o he comple e CHP PEMFC sys ems in he comme cial ma ke . These sys ems a e p oduced wi h all equi ed componen s such as: s ack, hea exchange , hyd ogen s o age ank and he BOP. The comme cial sys em also includes i s e o me o p oduce he equi ed hyd ogen om he na u al gas. The Japanese go e nmen has suppo ed he esiden ial- based ENE-FARM CHPFC since 2009. By he end o 2012, 34,000 o he na u al gas-powe ed uel cell sys ems had al eady been ins alled. The p oduc speci ica ions a y somewha om company o company. The new model o ENE-FARM, which is launched in he ma ke om he i s o Ap il 2014, is ypically sold a a ed elec ical and he mal ou pu s o 0.75kW and 1.08kW espec i ely, wi h a o al, elec ic and he mal, e iciency anging om 80% o 95% ega ding o he low hea ing alue o hyd ogen. The li e ime o he sys em is 60000 hou s and i s p ice is abou $18500 [31]. Like he ENE-FARM p og am in Japan, he ENE-FIELD p og am is suppo ed by he go e nmen , co- unded by he pa ne s and he Eu opean Commission’s Fuel Cells and Hyd ogen Join Unde aking p og am (FCH-JU). In Janua y 2013, he ENE-FIELD p ojec is launched as he la ges Eu opean demons a ion o uel cell-based mic o-CHP. The i e-yea demons a ion, which is co- unded by (FCH-JU), will deploy up o 1,000 esiden ial uel cell ins alla ions ac oss 12 key membe s a es. The sys em ou pu elec ical and he mal a ings a e 1kW and 1.4kW espec i ely. The sys em li e ime is 40000 hou s and i s cos is abou € 9000, [32]. Fuel cell manu ac u e , Balla d Powe Co., gene a es elec ical powe and hea om CHP PEMFC a ed as 1kW and 1.52kW espec i ely. The sys em li e ime is 40000 hou s and i s cos is C$ 11600. The company’s high- empe a u e PEM uel cell is being sold p ima ily in Cali o nia, whe e he Sel Gene a ion Incen i e P og am (SGIP) p o ides gene ous unding o uel cell ins alla ions [33]. Ano he p og am has been de eloped o calcula e he COE o he p e ious sys ems. Table 5 summa izes he COE o each sys em acco ding o each sys em a ed ou pu elec ical and he mal powe , he li e ime, and he cos . When calcula ing he unning cos , he na u al gas is conside ed as he ueling inpu . The low a e o na u al gas o esiden ial uel cell is 0.0066 MMB u/kWh [34]. The ollowing exchange a e is conside ed: 1€=1.29$=1.42CAD. Table 5: COE o di e en comme cial CHP PEMFC sys ems in he ma ke . Sys em Pe [KW] P h [KW] Li e ime [hou s] Sys em p ice [$] COE [$/KWh] ENE-FARM 0.75 1.08 60000 18500 0.26 ENE-FIELD 1 1.4 40000 11520 0.19 Balla d Powe 1 1.52 40000 10540 0.16 The p og am esul s show ha he COE anges a e om 0.16 o 0.26 $/kWh acco ding o each sys em speci ica ions and cos . Figu e 5 shows he pe cen age cos o LCC o he FC sys em wi hin i s li e ime. The analysis shows ha he sys em 24% 4% BOP 25% 4% 43% S ack H2 Tank BOP In e e Hyd ogen Recen Inno a ions in Mecha onics (RIiM) Vol. 2. (2015). No. 1-2. DOI: 10.17667/ iim.2015.1-2/17. 7 capi al cos ep esen s he majo cos , while he unning cos ep esen s only 29% o he o al LCC. Fig. 5: The pe cen age cos o LCC o comple e CHP PEMFC. The ob ained esul s a e compa ed o he COE ob ained in a p e ious wo k by au ho s [35], o he same esiden ial a ings bu supplied om a s and-alone PV (SAPV) sys em. The compa ison shows ha using CHP PEMFC sys em is ad an ageous since he COE is cheape han using SAPV sys em, which is 1.84$/kWh. In addi ion, he CHP PEMFC sys em is no dependan on he clima e condi ions. On he o he hand, SAPV does no need any ossil uels. The main p oblem o uel cells is he absence o hyd ogen in as uc u e o supply hyd ogen uel. On-boa d hyd ogen s o age is a majo issue and since hyd ogen is he uel, he e a e conce ns abou explosions. On he o he hand, pho o ol aic sys ems a e conside ed as comple ely sa e, clean, and enewable ene gy sou ce. I doesn' need in as uc u e and hence, i can be used in emo e a eas. V. CONCLUSION An economic analysis o a PEMFC sys em o esiden ial applica ions is ca ied ou o simply de ine he size o each componen and he COE o e he sys em li e ime. The FC deg ada ion and he sys em sal age alue a e conside ed. In addi ion o he elec ical ou pu powe , he uel cell he mal ou pu powe is aking in o conside a ion o calcula ing he COE. Two scena ios o economic su ey a e s udied. One scena io is o ind he comme cial p ice o each FC componen conside ing ha he uel inpu is hyd ogen. The second scena io is o a comple e FC sys em comme cial p ice conside ing ha he uel inpu is na u al gas. F om he esul s and discussion, i is ound ha he COE anged om 0.16$/kWh o 0.26$/kWh acco ding o each sys em p ice, li e ime, uelling inpu , and i s elec ical and he mal ou pu powe . The FC capi al cos has a majo ole in de ining he COE o e he unning cos ha includes he O&M and uelling cos . Compa ing he uel cell COE wi h p e ious wo k by he au ho s, o he same esiden ial a ings bu supplied om SAPV, he use o CHP PEMFC sys em can be cheape and mo e eliable powe . Howe e , uel cells use ossil uel and hey ha e many p ecau ions o hyd ogen s o age. On he o he hand, pho o ol aic sys ems conside ed as comple ely sa e, clean, sus ainable and enewable ene gy sou ce. 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