The Issue of Energy Resources in the Podkrušnohoří Region

27 ACC JOURNAL 2017, Volume 23, Issue 1 DOI: 10.15240/ ul/004/2017-1-003 THE ISSUE OF ENERGY RESOURCES IN THE PODKRUŠNOHOŘÍ REGION Ja osla a V áblíko á1; Pe V áblík2; Mi osla a Blažko á3; Eliška Wildo á4 Jan E angelis a Pu kyně Uni e si y in Ús í nad Labem, Facul y o he En i onmen , Depa men o Na u al Sciences, K álo a ýšina 3132/7, 400 96 Ús í nad Labem, Czech Republic e-mail: 1ja osla a. a[email p o ec ed]; 2[email p o ec ed]; 3mi osla a.bl[email p o ec ed]z; 4wildo [email protected] Abs ac Coal mining has had demons able nega i e impac s on he egion and he landscape. In acco dance wi h a g owing numbe o inhabi an s, he demand o ene gy consump ion is cons an ly inc easing. Fo he u u e, i is impo an o ocus p ima ily on enewable ene gy esou ces, which will ensu e he sus ainable de elopmen o he en i onmen and socie y. This con ibu ion deals wi h he a ea in he Czech Republic ha has had he g ea es p oblems in his ega d, namely No h Bohemia ( he Chomu o , Mos , Teplice, and Ús í nad Labem dis ic s). This is an a ea wi h signi ican an h opogenic ac i i y, pa icula ly due o he in ensi e mining o b own coal and in ela ion o he powe indus y. The Podk ušnohoří egion has ecen ly seen he pa ial suspension o mining limi s a he Bílina Qua y, which is he eason why he egene a ion o he egion h ough eclama ion and es o a ion will be needed. A he same ime, his con ibu ion con ains a p oposal o a possible change in he powe indus y, i.e. ega ding he sou ces o enewable ene gy in he Podk ušnohoří egion ha could po en ially be u ilized a e mining in indi idual qua ies ends a e 2050. Keywo ds Sus ainable de elopmen ; Renewable ene gy esou ces; Coal mining; No h Bohemia. In oduc ion The Facul y o he En i onmen ( he eam om he Depa men o Na u al Sciences) a he Jan E angelis a Pu kyně Uni e si y in Ús í nad Labem has been dealing wi h he issue o he an h opogenic bu den on a ious egions a e b own coal mining since 1992. I has collabo a ed on he egion’s egene a ion wi h p ojec a chi ec s, es o a ion company wo ke s, mining company echnicians, and a m manage s. Thei mos impo an collabo a ion has been wi h Mos ecká Uhelná Společnos [Mos Coal Company] (now Czech Coal, a.s.), whe eby esea ch was ca ied ou in he Sla enice, Pařidelský Lalok, Czechoslo ak A my Qua y and S řimice dumps. Ano he place ha has been and s ill is he ocus o a en ion is he Rado esická dump in he Teplice dis ic , whose a ea makes i he la ges ex e nal dump in he Czech Republic. This esea ch ocused mainly on a ious o ms o egene a ion and indi idual ypes o es o a ion; a me hod called he Managed Succession o Locali ies a e Mining in he Mos Region was p oposed, subsequen ly examined and e alua ed. The issue o cul i a ing powe - p oducing plan s a he dumps was also add essed. Fo example, in 2007-2011, he a o emen ioned ac i i ies ecei ed suppo om he Minis y o Regional De elopmen o he Czech Republic unde p ojec WD 44-07-1, “Model Solu ion o he Re i aliza ion o Indus ial Regions and Zones a e Coal Mining, Using he Example o he Podk ušnohoří Region”. The p ojec ’s objec i e was o p epa e an analysis o he main p oblems in he 28 Podk ušnohoří egion and o s udy ac o s ha dis up he en i onmen , such as he de elopmen o ai quali y, mining en i onmen ac o s, dispa i ies in he Land Fund, e alua ion o ecul i a ion in he a ea o in e es , and o he a eas. The p ojec esul ed in p oposals o sus ainable managemen in he egion and in he p epa a ion and subsequen ce i ica ion o he Re i aliza ion Me hodology in he Podk ušnohoří egion. A p esen , he heme o he e i aliza ion o an an h opogenically a ec ed egion is being add essed wi hin he scope o p ojec No. QJ1520307, i led “Sus ainable Fo ms o Managemen in an An h opogenically Bu dened Region”. The p ojec is being handled h ough he p og am Comp ehensi e Sus ainable Sys ems in Ag icul u e 2012-2018, which was announced by he Minis y o Ag icul u e o he Czech Republic. Implemen a ion o he p ojec go unde way in 2015, and i will be comple ed in 2018. This p ojec is being ca ied ou by he Resea ch Ins i u e o B own Coal, a.s., in collabo a ion wi h he Facul y o En i onmen a he Uni e si y o J. E. Pu kyně in Ús í nad Labem. The heme o he u iliza ion o enewable ene gy sou ces is linked o a sub-objec i e called “Analysis o he Podk ušnohoří Region”, which is cu en ly being add essed. 1 Objec i e o he Resea ch The p ojec “Sus ainable Fo ms o Managemen in an An h opogenically Bu dened Region” deals wi h he speci ic issue o one o he mos an h opogenically bu dened egions no only in he Czech Republic bu also in Cen al Eu ope, which was pa o he so-called Black T iangle o med by he egions illus a ed in Fig. 1. Sou ce: [1] Fig. 1: The designa ed Black T iangle a ea in Cen al Eu ope The his o y o he name Black T iangle da es back o he 1970s. This is he a ea wi h he mos pollu ed en i onmen in Cen al Eu ope. On he Czech side, i was he Ús í nad Labem, 29 Teplice, Mos and Chomu o dis ic s ha we e mos a ec ed in e ms o en i onmen al pollu ion. O he dis ic s on he Czech side – Děčín, Česká Lípa, and Libe ec – we e pollu ed om emissions ha came pa ly om Ge many ( he Hagenwe de powe s a ion and he Be zdo Qua y), bu mainly om Poland – The Tu ów Powe S a ion and Qua y, nea he own o Boga ynia. The g ea es p oblem in he en i e Black T iangle a ea was ai pollu ion om sou ces a he mal powe s a ions, hea ing plan s, open-cas coal mines, and chemical plan s. The main ai pollu ion agen s we e SO2, NOx and dus pa icles. In he 1980s and 1990s, he alues o hese agen s exceeded he public heal h limi s se e al imes o e . The long- e m bu den on he en i onmen in he p e ious pe iod was he eason o i s de e io a ion, and some o i s componen s we e also e lec ed in inhabi an s’ poo heal h. P ojec No. QJ1520307, which is cu en ly being ca ied ou , is con ibu ing o managemen me hods in he egion ha will c ea e condi ions o a las ing imp o emen in he en i onmen and will c ea e condi ions o pe manen ly sus ainable de elopmen . This con ibu ion deals wi h he p ojec ’s sub-objec i es, which include he p esen a ion o he de elopmen o mining ac i i y in he Podk ušnohoří model a ea and subsequen analysis o he po en ial use o enewable ene gy sou ces in he a ea o in e es . 2 Resea ch Me hods The mos an h opogenically bu dened egion in he Czech Republic is o med by he Chomu o , Mos , Teplice and Ús í nad Labem dis ic s (Fig. 2). This egion has been signi ican ly a ec ed by in ensi e mining and indus ial ac i i y o almos 200 yea s. The a ea is 2,276 km2 in size and home o 486,000 inhabi an s. The a ea is a ypical indus ial egion, which in he la e 1980s was pa o he Black T iangle a ea due o he open-cas mining o b own coal and i s combus ion in powe s a ions. As a la ge numbe o inhabi an s li e in his egion, an a emp is being made o in eg a e he a ea in o he su ounding landscape in he o m o e i aliza ion p ocesses, he eby ensu ing he pe manen ly sus ainable de elopmen o he landscape and socie y. On Oc obe 19 h 2015, he Go e nmen o he Czech Republic app o ed new e i o ial ecological mining limi s in he Bílina Qua y ia Resolu ion No. 827, whe eby mining limi s will be s ipula ed 500 m om he municipali y’s buil -up a ea. In he con ex o his Resolu ion, he Go e nmen o he Czech Republic assessed:  he economic impac s in e ms o he conside ed a ian s o he suspension o coal mining limi s in he e i o y o No h Bohemia,  social impac s on indi idual municipali ies and on he Ús í nad Labem egion,  analysis o he need o b own coal supplies o he hea ing indus y,  quan i ica ion o he en i onmen al and heal h impac s o he open-cas mining o b own coal in he Bílina and Czechoslo ak A my qua ies,  use o ex ac ed b own coal in combus ion p ocesses o he p oduc ion o elec ici y and hea on he e i o y o he Czech Republic. [2] Wi h he suspension o mining limi s, he an h opogenic bu den on he landscape a ound he Bílina Qua y will also inc ease. A e b own coal mining in he Mos Basin has ended, p essu e will be placed on he de elopmen o al e na i e ene gy sou ces he e. Thus, i is essen ial o analyze he po en ial o hese o ms o ene gy in he model a ea in o de o ul ill he ene gy consump ion equi emen s o e e ybody who is cu en ly dependen on i s p oduc ion by he combus ion o b own coal. 30 Sou ce: Own adap a ion om [3] Fig. 2: Deposi s o b own coal and ligni e in he Czech Republic 3 Coal Mining in he A ea o In e es A pa icula ly impo an sou ce o analyzing he de elopmen o coal mining and ecul i a ion in he No h Bohemian B own Coal Dis ic was he da a om he S a e Mining Adminis a ion (Mining Yea books) om 2005-2015. In o de o ensu e he sus ainable de elopmen o he landscape a e coal mining, i is necessa y o ollow i s e i aliza ion me hodology and abide by i s indi idual phases and s ages. Raw ma e ial mining is he mos se ious an h opogenic ac i i y in he egion. I includes bo h unde g ound and open-cas mining. In No h Bohemia, he mos ob ious an h opogenic geomo phology, i.e. he esul o man’s di ec in e e ence wi h he o iginal land su ace, is in he a ea o open-cas b own coal qua ies. No only he physical-chemical e ec s, such as dus , noise and umes ha e had an impac , bu also he aes he ic pe cep ion has been – and con inues o be – e y s ong. O he o al expanse o he model a ea (2,276 km2), a signi ican pa o i s sou he n, basinal sec ion is di ec ly dis up ed by open-cas mining, la ge-scale ex e nal dumps and o he ela ed an h opogenic in e e ence wi h he egion and i s ege a ion. Since he 1960s, 116 municipali ies o pa s he eo ha e been liquida ed he e, including he his o ical pa o he ci y o Mos . A he same ime, almos 90,000 people ha e been eloca ed. The concen a ion o p oduc ion ac i i ies leads o eno mous emissions and he esul ing impac o ai pollu ion on he egion’s landscape. [4] The g ow h in elec ici y p oduc ion, he chemical indus y and me al p ocessing in he egion ha e been con ingen on he supplies o b own coal in he model a ea, which ha e been mined indus ially since a ound 1850. F om i s beginnings un il he p esen day, open-cas b own coal mining has a ec ed an a ea o app oxima ely 250 km2, eaching i s peak wi h a olume o almos 70 million /yea in he 1980s (Fig. 3). 31 Sou ce: Own adap a ion om [5] Fig. 3: His o ical de elopmen o b own coal mining in he Czech Republic since 1880 In 2015, mining in he Mos Basin eached 31.65 million ons, and he p oduc ion on his e i o y unde he O e Moun ains is ca ied ou by he ollowing qua ies:  Czechoslo ak A my Qua y – Se e ní Ene ge ická, a.s.,  V šany Qua y – Š e ma – V šanská Uhelná, a.s.,  Libouš Qua y – Se e očeské Doly, a.s., Nás up Tušimice Qua ies,  Bílina Qua y – Se e očeské Doly, a.s., Bílina Qua ies. The las unde g ound qua y in he basin, he Cen um (Kohinoo ) Qua y, mined i s las coal on Ap il 1, 2016, and he qua y is now g adually being closed down. An o e iew o mining in indi idual qua ies and he Cen um Qua y o e he las 10 yea s is shown in Fig. 4. Acco ding o cu en plans, gi en a simila annual mining olume and in compliance wi h he exis ing limi s in he Czechoslo ak A my Qua y, mining in he No h Bohemian B own Coal Dis ic (SHR) should end be ween 2050 and 2055 [6] by mining he las o he coal supplies in he V šany Qua y in he Sla inice ex ac ion a ea and he Bílina Qua y, whose con inua ion beyond he o iginally s ipula ed limi s was decided on by he go e nmen in Oc obe 2015. 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 millions o onnes yea B own coal mining in he Czech Rebuplic om 1880 o 2015 No h Bohemian B own Coal Dis ic Sokolo B own Coal Dis ic Sou h Mo a ian Ligni e Czech Republic in o al 32 Sou ce: Own adap a ion om [5] Fig. 4: De elopmen o coal mining in SHR in 2005-2015 Some 89.7% (31.65 million ons) o b own coal in he Czech Republic was mined in he model a ea in 2015, and app oxima ely 40% o he ins alled powe gene a ion capaci y o he Czech Republic is concen a ed he e on he basis o solid ossil uels (s eam-elec ic powe s a ions), o which app oxima ely 85% o he uel base comp ises b own coal. The indica ed concen a ion o p oduc ion ac i i ies leads o eno mous emissions and he esul ing impac o ai pollu ion on he egion’s landscape, and i plays a pa in he compa a i ely poo e alua ion o he egion’s en i onmen al quali y ac o wi hin he scope o he Czech Republic. 4 Renewable Ene gy Resou ces in he Czech Republic To achie e he objec i es o pe manen ly sus ainable de elopmen in he egion, we mus ake g adual s eps o secu e he c ea ion and de elopmen o legisla ion and measu es in he p ice a ea, and limi he use o non- enewable sou ces. The main measu es ha will help us achie e hese objec i es a e uel economy and mee ing consump ion needs h ough enewable sou ces. F om he pe spec i e o sus ainable de elopmen , i would be app op ia e o iscally di e en ia e be ween non- enewable and enewable sou ces; o impose ax penal ies on non- enewable sou ces, pa icula ly ca bonaceous uels, and p o ide ax b eaks o demons ably economical echnology and business. A du y should be imposed on he impo o ene gy- demanding echnology, and, on he con a y, economical echnology ha u ilizes enewable sou ces should be exemp om ees. A he same ime, he sale o ene gy ab oad should no be suppo ed. Ene gy has g ea signi icance o indi idual b anches o he na ional economy. Any mo emen in he p ice a ea will a ec cos s in all b anches, including he popula ion’s expenses. Ene gy p ices also signi ican ly a ec he s uc u e o indus y, u iliza ion o enewable esou ces, p ices o p oduc s e c. [7] 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 millions o onnes yea De elopmen o b own coal mininng in he esec ah a ea in he yea s 2005-2015 ČSA Qua y V šany-Š e ma Qua y Cen um Mine Libouš Qua y Bílina Qua y A ea in o al De elopmen o coal mining in SHR in 2005-2015 yea millions o ons 33 The essence o he p oblem lies in he ac ha , i he cu en end con inues, all non- enewable sou ces will be exhaus ed in a sho ime, which is why al e na i e enewable ene gy sou ces (RES) mus g adually be ound o ake hei place. Gi en he le el o GDP c ea ed, he Czech Republic consumes mo e p ima y ene gy sou ces (PES) and elec ici y han he a e age o EU coun ies. The ela i ely highe consump ion o PES pe uni o GDP in he Czech Republic is because he s uc u e o he indus y is di e en om he EU-15 sec o al s uc u e, whe eby domes ic ene gy sou ces – black and b own coal, u anium and biomass – a e u ilized on a long- e m basis. In 2015, a signi ican sha e o he powe indus y in he Czech Republic was aken up by coal and gas (app oxima ely 60%) as well as u anium, ia nuclea ene gy (app oxima ely 32%). The e has been a g oss inc ease in he sha e o enewable sou ces in elec ici y p oduc ion in he Czech Republic o 2% compa ed o he p e ious yea (6%) (Fig. 5). Sou ce: Own adap a ion om [8] Fig. 5: G oss elec ici y p oduc ion in he Czech Republic in 2015 The sha e o RES in domes ic g oss consump ion (MWh) was 13.27% in 2015. In compa ison wi h 2014, his means an inc ease in he sha e o RES in domes ic g oss consump ion in he Czech Republic o 0.1%. O e all, land ill gas and biogas s ill assume he la ges sha e o ene gy p oduc ion om enewable sou ces (28%), and his ca ego y has been cons an ly on he ise since 2006. In 2015, he sha e o pho o ol aic, 24%, was he la ges since 2006. The same de elopmen applies o biomass, which had a 22% sha e in he p oduc ion o elec ici y om RES in he Czech Republic in 2015. In 2015, wind powe s a ions we e also a hei g ea es yea -on-yea maximum in he sha e o elec ici y p oduc ion (6%). On he con a y, hyd oelec ic powe s a ions abo e 10 MW saw hei bigges decline in hei sha e o elec ici y p oduc ion since 2006 (8%) (Fig. 6). [8] A p esen , in e ms o legal egula ions, he use o bio uels in he Czech Republic is s ipula ed mainly by he obliga ion o mix hem wi h mine al uels. This obliga ion was i s in oduced in Sep embe 2007 o he FAME ( a y acid me hyl es e ) addi i e o diesel (2% by olume), and since 2008 i has been applied o he addi ion o bio e hanol o pe ol. The domes ic p oduc ion and impo o bio e hanol in 2015 emained a almos he same le el as in 2014. [9] 32% 53% 3% 4% 2% 2% 1% 3% Vý oba elek řiny ČR (%) jade né pa ní pa oplyno é plyno é a spalo ací odní přeče pa ací ě né o o ol aické Elec ici y p oduc ion in he Czech Republic (%) Nuclea S eam-elec ic Combined-cycle Gas and combus ion Hyd oelec ici y Pumped-s o age Wind Pho o ol aics 34 Sou ce: Own adap a ion om [8] Fig. 6: Elec ici y p oduc ion om RES in 2015 (%) 5 Renewable Ene gy Resou ces in he Model A ea The Annual Repo on he Ope a ion o he Powe Indus y in he Czech Republic o 2015 shows ha ene gy p oduc ion in mos egions is domina ed by s eam-elec ic powe s a ions, mainly in he Ús í nad Labem, Cen al Bohemian and Mo a ian-Silesian egions. In he Ús í nad Labem egion, a signi ican p opo ion o ene gy p oduc ion is by combined-cycle powe s a ions, as i is in he Ka lo y Va y egion. In he Sou h Bohemian egion and Vysočina egion, he ene gy p oduc ion mainly comes om nuclea powe s a ions. In e ms o RES, a signi ican p opo ion o ene gy is p oduced by hyd oelec ic powe s a ions in he Cen al Bohemian egion; in Vysočina and he Olomouc egion, pumped-s o age powe s a ions a e ela i ely dominan ; and pho o ol aic accoun o a small p opo ion o ene gy p oduc ion in he Cen al Bohemian, Ús í nad Labem, Plzeň, Sou h Bohemian, Zlín and pa icula ly Sou h Mo a ian egions. In o de o ensu e he sus ainable de elopmen o he model a ea a e he end o mining and he use o b own coal in he powe indus y, we ha e o ca y ou a de ailed analysis o he po en ial o enewable sou ces o ensu e ha socie y's ene gy demands a e co e ed. Fi s , howe e , we ha e o analyze he exis ing capaci y o all he mal powe s a ions ha a e ound in he Podk ušnohoří egion. The ČEZ G oup ope a es coal- i ed powe s a ions and hea ing plan s in a o al o 13 locali ies on he e i o y o he Czech Republic. Mos o hem bu n No h Bohemian b own coal and, o p ac ical easons, hey a e si ua ed in he immedia e icini y o la ge qua ies in No h and No hwes Bohemia. They include he ollowing coal- i ed powe s a ions: Led ice, Poče ady I., Poče ady II., P unéřo , Tušimice I. and Tušimice II., which cu en ly ha e an ins alled capaci y in all powe s a ion blocks o 3,620 MW. [10] Fo now, he an h opogenically bu dened e i o y o No h Bohemia has he highes ins alled capaci y wi hin he scope o RES ene gy om sola sou ces (108.21 MW), as se o h in Table 1. In his case, howe e , his is no an e icien o sus ainable choice, as his high ins alled capaci y came abou because he cons uc ion o a sola powe s a ion was economically ad an ageous while a subsidy p og am was in place. This was caused by he abno mal and unsui able cons uc ion o sola a ms wi hou aking in o accoun he e u n on in es men o he sui abili y o he ins alla ion. A he same ime, he Ag icul u al Land Fund ook e ec (Fig. 7). 11% 8% 6% 24% 28% 22% 1% Vý oba elek řiny z obno i elných zd ojů ene gie oce 2015 (%) malé odní elek á ny odní elek á ny ě né elek á ny o o ol aika bioplyn a skládko ý plyn biomasa BRKO Elec ici y p oduc ion om enewable ene gy sou ces in 2015 (%) Small hyd oelec ic powe s a ions Hyd oelec ic powe s a ions Wind powe s a ions Pho o ol aics Biogas and land ill gas Biomass BMW – Biodeg adable Municipal Was e 35 Sou ce: Pho o by V áblík, 2015 Fig. 7: Pho o ol aic powe s a ion in Molda a in he O e Moun ains (Teplice dis ic ) Renewable ene gy om hyd oelec ic powe s a ions is also ela i ely well ep esen ed in he model a ea; ne e heless, i does no seem o ha e he po en ial o he u u e, as he e is cu en ly a p oblem wi h d ough and he wa e supply, bo h he e and in he Czech Republic in gene al. The highes ins alled capaci y is on he Elbe Ri e (19.5 MW). Biomass p ocessed in biogas s a ions has a ce ain u u e in his egion i i ecei es mo e suppo . A p esen , 4.2 MW is ins alled in he a ea o in e es . These s a ions ha e an ad an age in ha hey p ocess bo h animal and plan was e. Ene gy om wind powe s a ions has he g ea es po en ial o he egion; his is a moun ainous a ea, whe e egula ai cu en s a e ypical. A p esen , 87 MW is ins alled in he O e Moun ains. Howe e , his me hod has caused a g ea deal o con o e sy, as he inhabi an s ha e c i icized ce ain aspec s such as noise, unsigh liness and he dange o he auna li ing in he icini y. Tab. 1: O e iew o he ins alled RES capaci y in he analyzed a ea o 2015 Dis ic Ins alled RES capaci y [MW] Wind Hyd oelec ici y Sola Biogas Chomu o 55.80 16.12 47.30 0.99 Mos 17.00 7.62 8.68 0.77 Teplice 10.00 0.00 40.82 0.68 Ús í nad Labem 4.00 19.50 11.41 1.76 MA in o al 86.80 43.24 108.21 4.20 Sou ce: Own adap a ion om [11], [8], [12], [13] E e y egion should be app oached indi idually in e ms o i s geog aphic and clima ic pa ame e s and he popula ion’s p io i ies and equi emen s. In his ega d, he Czech Republic has limi ed op ions o u ilizing RES because he e a en’ sui able condi ions o mos o hem he e. A compa ison o he ins alled capaci y o coal i ed powe s a ions in he Podk ušnohoří egion (3,620 MW) wi h a o al ins alled capaci y o RES in he analyzed a ea o 242.4 MW shows he long- e m ask in ol ed in sea ching o o he sui able locali ies o RES as u u e al e na i es a e he mining o b own coal comes o an end in 2050. Geo he mal ene gy is now becoming one o he mos a ac i e sou ces o enewable ene gy. App oxima ely 6,000 MW o capaci y is ins alled in geo he mal powe s a ions wo ldwide, which is only a minu e ac ion o he o e all po en ial. Coun ies ha ac i ely u ilize geo he mal ene gy include Iceland, New Zealand, Japan, he Uni ed S a es and o he s. Fo example, he geo he mal p ojec s ealized in Ge many – Al heim and Un e haching (Ba a ia)