The Role of Perceived Risk and Security Level in Building Trust in E-government Solutions
Abstract
Increasingly, social and economic development is determined by the technologies, including ICT. Technologic development can be seen, on the one hand, as an opportunity and, on the other hand, as a threat to the socio-economic development. The substitution of human-to-human relationships with human-to-machine or machine-to-machine connections is becoming increasingly more controversial, thus providing a basis for scientific deliberations. Trust, which is the cornerstone of all interpersonal relationships, is frequently mentioned in the context of interactions between humans and technologies, becoming the object of scientific interest. One of the growing ICT areas is services provided by public administration (e-government) enabling citizens to deal with official matters via the Internet. Considering a relatively low level of e-government technology adoption in Poland, compared to other European countries, it is justified to search for reasons for such a state of affairs. Trust seems to have an important place among many factors determining the development of e-government technology. In technology acceptance models, among the determinants of trust in technology, especially in the context of personal data security, an important role is played by the perceived level of risk and security associated with the use of solutions. This article aimed to identify if the perceived risk and security of e-government technology determine the level of trust in the technology and future intentions of its adoption. Based on the literature review, the authors hypothesised that trust in e-government technology and the future intention of its use could be directly shaped by perceived risk and security. An electronic questionnaire was used to collect research data from Polish citizens. All in all, 1,067 forms were filled. Results received using the structural equation modelling confirmed that the most important factor shaping trust in technology was a perceived level of security. Results also confirmed a positive impact of trust on the future intended use.
Full text
220 2019, XXII, 3
In o ma ion Managemen
DOI: 10.15240/ ul/001/2019-3-014
In oduc ion
One o he ac o s de e mining he cu en and
u u e social and economic ad ance is he le el
o socie y’s digi isa ion, which is applicable o
each sphe e o human li e (Ejdys & Halicka,
2018; Polak-Sopinska & Wisniewski, 2009).
This le el is measu ed by he scale and
scope o he phenomenon, i.e. subjec i e,
geog aphical dynamics o change and he
scale o e ec s caused (Chodakowska &
Naza ko, 2017). Digi alisa ion p ocesses ga e
ise o a new ype o socie y e e ed o as he
in o ma ion socie y. E-go e nmen is one o
he a eas o ICT applica ion in he in o ma ion
socie y. The e m e-go e nmen , i.e. elec onic
public adminis a ion, e e s o a sys em
(o ganisa ional and legal, ins i u ional, and IT)
which enables o deal wi h adminis a i e
ma e s by elec onic means. Acco ding o
he de ini ion p oposed by he Eu opean
Commission, e-go e nmen is he use o ICT
ools and sys ems o p o ide be e public
se ices o ci izens and businesses (Digi al
Single Ma ke : Glossa y).
The le el o digi alisa ion o public sec o
se ices ( he de elopmen o e-go e nmen
se ices) in Poland is lagging behind highly
de eloped coun ies. In he anking o he le el
o digi al public se ices, Poland holds he 14 h
place wi h he indica o o 10.5%, which is 0.4
pe cen age poin s below he a e age o he
EU-28 (10.9%) (Digi al Single Ma ke . Digi al
Economy & Socie y). Acco ding o Eu os a ,
he digi al in e ac ion be ween Poles and public
ins i u ions is e y weak. The pe cen age
sha e o ci izens digi ally in e ac ing wi h
public ins i u ions amoun s o 30%, which is
low compa ed o he Scandina ian coun ies,
namely, Denma k wi h 88%, No way wi h 85%,
and Finland wi h 82% (Digi al Economy and
Socie y Da abase, 2016). Acco ding o he scope
o he use o elec onic public adminis a ion
se ices, Poland’s indica o s a e much lowe
han he EU a e age. Fo example, he a e age
EU indica o o he downloading o o ms by
ci izens is 41.0%, submission o comple ed
o ms – 42.0%, and ob aining in o ma ion om
websi es – 55.0%. Scandina ian coun ies a e
undoub edly leade s in he use o e-go e nmen
se ices. Fo example, he numbe o ci izens
who send o ms elec onically amoun s o
68.0% in Es onia, 62.0% in No way, and 60.0%
in Finland. Acco ding o he UN epo , he
E-Go e nmen De elopmen Index (EGDI)
classi ies Poland as 36 h ou o su eyed 191
coun ies, ha ing he EGDI index o 0.7211. The
leade in he anking is he Uni ed Kingdom wi h
he EGDI index o 0.9193 (see Uni ed Na ions
E-Go e nmen Su ey 2016). In he ligh o he
unsa is ac o y implemen a ion o e-go e nmen
solu ions, he sea ch o easons explaining he
cu en s a e o a ai s is jus i ied.
Success ul implemen a ion o e-go e nmen
solu ions depends on echnological,
o ganisa ional, human, economic, social and
cul u al ac o s (Kuma e al., 2007; Sha ee e al.,
2011). Social ac o s include us in e-go e nmen .
T us plays an impo an ole in economic and
echnological exchanges (Reie sen, 2017) and
de e mines how echnologies a e assessed by
di e en s akeholde s (Naza ko, 2017). T us in
e-go e nmen should be unde s ood as us
in echnological solu ions mainly in he ield
o ICT o e ed by public adminis a i e bodies.
The issue o building us in p ojec s ela ed o
e-go e nmen has been ecognised by many
esea che s as one o he key success ac o s.
The lack o us is pe cei ed as a undamen al
ba ie o he implemen a ion o e-go e nmen
solu ions, mainly om he pe spec i e o use s
(Wa ken in e al., 2002; Ca e & Wee akkody,
2008; Sha ee e al., 2011; Mellouli e al., 2016).
E en hough e-go e nmen solu ions a e o en
cha ac e ised by a high le el o anspa ency
THE ROLE OF PERCEIVED RISk
AND SECURITY LEVEL IN BUILDING TRUST
IN E-GOVERNMENT SOLUTIONS
Joanna Ejdys, Romualdas Gine icius, Zol an Rozsa,
Ka a ina Janosko a
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and de e mine a le el o inno a i eness o
se ices p o ided by he adminis a ion, many
people a e s ill suspicious o ICT solu ions
(Colesca, 2009). T us in e-go e nmen se ices
becomes pa icula ly impo an due o he lack o
di ec ( ace- o- ace) con ac be ween in e ac ing
pa ies (Wisniewski & Polak-Sopinska, 2009).
This con ex makes i ela i ely easy o lose
us in e-go e nmen and a he di icul o
egain i ollowing acciden s (Kim e al., 2008;
Benlian & Hess, 2011; Hole, 2016). The public’s
us in e-go e nmen is cha ac e ised by he
impe sonal na u e o In e ne ela ionships, he
ex ensi e use o echnology and he unce ain y
and isks associa ed wi h open access o ICT
in as uc u e (AlAwadhi & Mo is, 2008).
Knowledge o he easons why use s us
o dis us he se ices o e ed by e-go e nmen
is a key o building s able us (Hole, 2016).
In many coun ies, ci izens s ill do no us
he se ices p o ided by e-go e nmen , which
ha ms u he echnology adop ion. Acco ding
o Alzah ani e al. (2017), he e is s ill a need
o esea ch o ill he exis ing gap in he a ea o
he ac o s de e mining us in e-go e nmen .
The li e a u e e iew showed ha among many
ac o s de e mining us in e-go e nmen , he
mos impo an e lec he le el o secu i y and
isk pe cei ed by use s. Au ho s add essing
he issue o e-go e nmen adop ion indica e
ha us , secu i y and anspa ency a e he
main ac o s o accep ance o such solu ions
(Colesca, 2009).
The iden i ied esea ch gap is ela ed o
he lack o knowledge ega ding he ela i ely
low le el o implemen a ion and adop ion
o e-go e nmen solu ions in Poland. The
scien i ic aim o he pape is o de e mine he
ex en , o which he use -pe cei ed isk and
secu i y o e-go e nmen se ices de e mine
he le el o us in echnology and in luence
u u e in en ions o e-go e nmen adop ion.
The emainde o he a icle consis s o
he ollowing sec ions: Sec ion 2 e iews
he li e a u e on he issues ela ing o us
in e-go e nmen solu ions. Also, i p esen s
an o e iew o cons uc s de e mining us
in e-go e nmen , indica ing ha isk and
pe cei ed secu i y a e an impo an elemen in
mos heo e ical models o us and echnology
adop ion. Resul s o he li e a u e e iew se ed
as a basis o he o mula ion o hypo heses and
he heo e ical model p esen ed in Sec ion 3.
Sec ion 4 desc ibes he me hodology. Resul s
a e desc ibed in Sec ion 5. Finally, Sec ion 6
summa ises he indings and, he conclusions
b ie ly explain he limi a ions o he esea ch
and implica ions o u u e esea ch e o s.
1. De e minan s o T us
in E-Go e nmen Technology
– A Li e a u e Re iew
The cu en and u u e de elopmen o
echnology depends on wo undamen al
ac o s: he le el o echnological knowledge
and he adop ion o echnology by socie y
(Naza ko e al., 2017; Radziszewski e al.,
2016). The au ho s o he book Technoli e
2035: How Will Technology Change ou
Fu u e cap u e he p ocess o new echnology
adop ion h ough he p ism o he Di usion o
Inno a ions heo y (DOI) (Hil unen & Hil unen,
2015). Many heo e ical models ha e been
de eloped o explain he p ocesses in ol ed
in he accep ance o he echnology. The
mos popula models a e he Technology
Accep ance Model (TAM), he Uni ied Theo y o
Accep ance and Use o Technology (UTAUT),
and he D&M IT Success model. The model
de eloped by Da is used he p inciples o
Theo y o Reasoned Ac ion (TRA) de eloped
by Ajzen and Fishbein, which explained human
beha iou (Ajzen & Fishbein, 1980). Finally,
Da is and Venka esh assumed ha wo basic
ac o s in luence he a i udes owa ds he use
o he sys em: ease o use and use ulness o
he sys em/ echnology (Venka esh & Da is,
1996). The echnology accep ance model,
o iginally known as he TAM, has been modi ied
as TAM2 and TAM3 (Venka esh & Da is,
2000; Venka esh & Bala, 2008). T us is one
o he impo an ac o s de e mining he le el
o echnology accep ance, o en e lec ed in
heo e ical models. T us is seen as one o he
success ac o s ensu ing an e ec i e adop ion
o echnologies (Lippe & Da is, 2006). T us
has pa icula impo ance unde condi ions o
unce ain y, he unp edic abili y o de elopmen
and inc easing human dependence on
echnology. T us is also an impo an way
o educing isk and unce ain ies ela ed o
he adop ion o echnology (Kim e al., 2008;
Pa lou, 2003; He nández-O ega, 2011).
The li e a u e e iew and de ini ions by o he
au ho s ga e ise o he ollowing de ini ion o
echnology us : us is he esul o expec ed
o expe ienced cha ac e is ics o he echnology
and en i onmen al ac o s, an inclina ion o
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he echnology use o ely on he echnology
in a si ua ion o po en ial isks associa ed
wi h i s use, de e mining he in en ions o he
u u e use o he echnology. As a measu ing
cons uc , us is an objec o in e es om
he pe spec i e o an eceden s o echnology
us , measu emen scales o echnology
us , and he p ocess o in luence o us on
o he cons uc s in echnology accep ance
models. Resea ch on he ac o s de e mining
echnology us ocuses on a emp s o classi y
hem in o echnological, social, economic and
ins i u ional ac o s. Mos o he s udies on
he inclusion o us a iables in echnology
accep ance models e e o he s udy o us ,
as a de e minan o pe cei ed use ulness on
he one hand and, on he o he hand, as a ac o
dependen on pe cei ed ease o use. A he
same ime, us is analysed as a de e minan
o beha iou al in en ion and a i ude owa ds
using echnology (Ge en e al., 2003; Lean e
al., 2009). F om a b oade pe spec i e, he
objec o in e es o esea che s a e he ac o s
de e mining he us in echnology, bu also he
in luence o us on he esul s ela ed o he
use o echnology.
Resea ch on us as a de e minan ocuses
mainly on wo a eas: (i) s udy o he ac o s ha
shape ini ial us in echnology o o e come
he isks and unce ain ies associa ed wi h
he adop ion o new echnologies (Wang
& Benbasa , 2005) and (ii) s udy o us
as a de e minan o he con inued use o
echnology om he pe spec i e o echnology
use s (Li e al., 2008).
T us esea ch is o en con ex ual and
echnology-speci ic. Resea che s ocusing on
he opic o us examine a ious echnologies,
such as e-comme ce (Shiau & Dwi edi, 2013),
m-comme ce, elec onic banking and elec onic
paymen sys ems (He nández-O ega, 2011),
na ional iden i ica ion sys ems (Li e al., 2008),
heal h in o ma ion sys ems (Lemi e e al., 2008),
in o ma ion sys ems in logis ics (Tung, 2008;
Salam, 2017), in o ma ion sys ems (Lai, 2011),
e-go e nmen (Myeong e al., 2014), e- icke ing
(Lee e al., 2010), online communica ion
(Lank on & McKnigh , 2011) elec onic in oicing
sys ems (He nández-O ega, 2011), so wa e
o elec onic ax e u ns (Chen, 2015),
elec onic heal h sys ems (Söde s öm, 2016),
biosenso s (Mazey, 2017), and d i e less ca s
(Kau & Rampe sad, 2018). E-go e nmen
solu ions a e also among he echnologies
in es iga ed by esea ch on us (Alzah ani e
al., 2017), in which esea ches y o explain
he de e minan s o echnology adop ion. The
pe spec i e o us emphasises he impo ance
o os e ing and de eloping ci izen us o
success ul e-go e nmen accep ance and
adop ion (Colesca, 2009).
The au ho s o he Uni ed Na ions
E-Go e nmen Su ey 2016 on “E-Go e nmen
in Suppo o Sus ainable De elopmen ”
indica ed ha he de elopmen o e-go e nmen
se ices equi ed he c ea ion o an en i onmen
o us , also ela ing o public ins i u ions and
he go e nmen , and no only o echnological
solu ions (Uni ed Na ions E-Go e nmen
Su ey, 2016). T us in echnology seems
o be pa icula ly impo an in an unce ain
en i onmen , which includes he In e ne and
all echnologies using he In e ne , whe e he e
a e no o mal ules and cus oms o ag eemen s
(Veselý & Dohnal, 2006; McKnigh e al., 2002).
The esul s o he Belanche, Casaló and
Fla ián (2012) s udies con i m ha us
has a di ec impac on use a i udes and
consequen ly on he in en ions o he u u e
use o e-go e nmen se ices. Ca e and
Bélange (2008) analysed he impac o us in
he In e ne and ins i u ions, which de e mine
he willingness o use e-go e nmen se ices
in he u u e. Liu and Zhou (2010) claimed ha
o he success ul adop ion o e-go e nmen ,
es ablishmen o ci izen us is an absolu e
necessi y. Simila esea ch was ca ied ou by
Ku ala e al. (2017) who conside ed a iables
such as us in he In e ne and us in
adminis a ion in hei esea ch on he p ocess
o adop ion o e-go e nmen . A li e a u e
e iew ca ied ou by Alzah ani e al. (2017)
iden i ied ou g oups o ac o s de e mining
us in e-go e nmen echnologies: echnical,
ins i u ional, isk ac o s and hose e lec ing
he indi idual cha ac e is ics o use s. Sha ee
and o he s de eloped hei own E-Go e nmen
Adop ion Model (GAM), indica ing ha he
exis ing models, based Di usion o Inno a ions
and he Theo y o Planned Beha iou do no
conside he speci ici y o e-go e nmen . In he
adop ion model used by he au ho s, one o he
analysed cons uc s was us . Th ee ac o s
ha de e mine us in e-go e nmen , namely,
unce ain y, secu i y and p i acy, showed
a posi i e ela ionship be ween us and
adop ion o e-go e nmen solu ions (Sha ee
e al., 2011). Some s udies ha e included
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In o ma ion Managemen
us as an elemen o adop ion models, such
as he Technology Accep ance Model and he
Di usion o Inno a ions heo y (Ge en, 2002;
Pa lou, 2003; Wa ken in e al., 2002), bu ew
o hem ha e ocused on he implica ions o
us on e-go e nmen adop ion.
T us as an abs ac concep e lec s he
complex ange o ela ionships be ween he
ac o s ha de e mine us . Ranawee a e al.
(2016), analysing he ac o s shaping us in
e-go e nmen , poin ed ou he ollowing i e
g oups o ac o s: us in public ins i u ions
and he In e ne , ensu ing secu i y, ensu ing
p i acy, isks and unce ain ies, and quali y o
in o ma ion. The ou pu a iable was he cu en
and u u e use o e-go e nmen se ices by use s
(Ranawee a e al., 2016). The e-go e nmen
adop ion model de eloped by Ho s e al.
(2007) conside ed se e al a iables, including
isk, use conce ns (anxie y), con ollabili y,
subjec i e s anda ds, and he use us and
expe ience wi h elec onic se ices in gene al.
Vou inio i (2013) included h ee ca ego ies o
us in he e-go e nmen accep ance model,
namely us in he In e ne , us in ins i u ions,
and us in he e-go e nmen se ices p o ided
o he public, analysing hei ela ionship wi h
in en ions o use e-go e nmen (Ho s e
al., 2007). Alzah ani e al. (2017) ca ied ou
a sys ema ic and c i ical e iew o ou g oups
o ac o s ha de e mine us in e-go e nmen ,
such as ci izen aspec s, echnology, go e nmen
agencies and isk ac o s. Alzah ani e al. (2017)
claimed ha isk is a signi ican ac o ha
impac s he us o ci izens in e-go e nmen .
Technological isks, such as secu i y and p i acy,
as well as pe o mance isk, a e conside ed
impo an ac o s ha ha e an impac on us in
e-go e nmen .
The issue o us in e-go e nmen is also
ecognised by ins i u ions ca ying ou esea ch
wi hin he amewo k o he Eu opean Union’s
public s a is ics (EUROSTAT). One o he
a eas o esea ch on he use o e-go e nmen
is he ecogni ion o he easons o he ailu e
o submi comple e (comple ed) elec onic
o ms. Among he easons o he phenomenon
su eyed, esponden s men ioned ea s
ela ed o ensu ing p o ec ion and secu i y o
hei pe sonal da a, p oblems wi h elec onic
signa u e, lack o knowledge and au hen ica ion
o documen s, ou sou cing o hese ac i i ies
by o he s (accoun an s, amily membe s,
ad iso s), lack o knowledge and skills, inabili y
o ecei e an immedia e answe , g ea e us
in he pe sonal submission o he documen
and needs o pe sonal mee ings wi h o ice s
(Digi al Public Se ices, 2016).
Li e a u e s udies con i med he exis ing
esea ch in e es in ac o s ha de e mine
us in e-go e nmen . The adop ion o an
e-go e nmen solu ion will depend on he
a i udes o use s, which can be shaped in
ad ance. Among many ac o s de e mining
us in e-go e nmen , he le el o secu i y and
he isk pe cei ed by use s ela ed o he use
o echnology a e indica ed as impo an ac o s
which de e mine us in echnology and u u e
in en ion o echnology use as well.
Iden i ied heo e ical and p ac ical p oblems
pose he ollowing esea ch ques ions: How
pe cei ed isk and secu i y de e mine he us
o he Polish socie y owa d e-go e nmen
and u u e adop ion o e-go e nmen ? In his
con ex , he au ho s concen a ed on he
ela ionships among us in echnology, he
le el o secu i y, and he isk pe cei ed o build
a heo e ical esea ch model.
2. Resea ch Model and Hypo heses
The isk associa ed wi h he use o e-go e nmen
esul s om he ac ha he na u e o he
ela ionship be ween man and echnology is
impe sonal and i ual. When engaging in any
online ansac ion p ocess, consume s a e
igh ly ala med abou he di e en ypes o isks
ha con on hem. Because isk is di icul o
measu e objec i ely, esea che s mo e o en
ocus on use isk pe cep ions. Pe cei ed isk is
de ined as he ci izen’s subjec i e expec a ion
o su e ing a loss in pu sui o he desi ed
ou come (Wa ken in e al., 2002). The as
majo i y o esea che s ag ee ha pe cei ed
isk is a signi ican an eceden o us
(Ranawee a, 2016; Ru kauskas & S asy y ė,
2011). On he o he hand, us educes he
pe cei ed isk (Lewis & Weige , 1985). O en,
us is desc ibed as a unc ion o he deg ee
o isk in ol ed in he si ua ion (Kolle , 1988).
Risks can be pe cei ed by echnology use s
in e ms o a oided loss/ h ea s (i.e. bene i s)
o pe cei ed isks associa ed wi h he use
o he echnology. F om his pe spec i e, we
can speak o ne isk, e lec ing he di e ence
be ween a oided losses (bene i s) and
exposu e o h ea s.
Risk will always c ea e he need o us ,
and us will de e mine he willingness o ake
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In o ma ion Managemen
isks. Socie y would no ha e o accep isk i
he e we e o he unc ional al e na i es (Lewis
& Weige , 1985). T us and pe cei ed isk
a e essen ial cons uc s when unce ain y is
p esen (Luhmann, 1979; Maye e al., 1995).
The isk e lec s he use ’s eelings abou he
possibili y o losses incu ed and he expec ed
bene i s associa ed wi h he use o echnology
(Ranawee a, 2016). Acco ding o Ca e and
Bélange (2008), pe cei ed isk is a ci izen’s
subjec i e expec a ion o su e ing a loss in
pu sui o a a ou ed ou come. Resea ch
conduc ed by Ca e and Bélange , in which
au ho s assume ha highe us o he In e ne
( us in echnology) educes pe cei ed isk,
did no suppo such a hypo hesis. A he same
ime, o he au ho s con i med ha highe us
in he go e nmen educes he isk pe cei ed in
ela ion o he use o an e-go e nmen se ice
(Ca e & Bélange , 2008; Khasawneh & Abu-
Shanab, 2013). Conside ing he abo e, he
ollowing hypo hesis was o mula ed:
Hypo hesis (H1): Pe cei ed isk (PR) will
nega i ely in luence us in e-go e nmen
solu ions.
In some s udies, he e has been a link
be ween us and pe cei ed secu i y o
e-go e nmen solu ions. Acco ding o Liu and
Zhou (2010), an In e ne -based e-go e nmen
solu ion should ensu e ci izen au hen ica ion
and da a con iden iali y, e lec ing he secu i y
le el. Also, Ranawee a ag eed ha secu i y
issues should be conside ed s eng hening
he us wo hiness o e-go e nmen se ices
among people (Ranawee a, 2016). Pe cei ed
secu i y is an impo an elemen in building
us in e-go e nmen solu ions (Ve kijika &
We , 2018; Ranawee a, 2016; Ayyash e al.,
2013; Liu & Zhou, 2010). Chen highligh s
secu i y as a big issue, which needs o be
add essed (Chen, 2008). Also, He nandez-
O ega claims ha secu i y is a c i ical elemen
o us . Conside ing he impo ance o
pe cei ed secu i y in e-in oicing, He nandez-
O ega analysed i s e ec on use us and
ound ha secu i y has a high impac on us
(He nandez-O ega, 2011). Conside ing he
abo e, he au ho s o mula ed he ollowing
hypo hesis:
Hypo hesis (H2): Pe cei ed secu i y (PS)
will posi i ely in luence us in e-go e nmen
solu ions.
No mally, he isk in ol ed in an online
en i onmen is high, and his is a ba ie o
adop ion o e-se ices (Ranawee a, 2016).
Acco ding o Pa lou, pe cep ions o us
and isk a e likely o be impo an ac o s in
p edic ing he in en ion o use B2C e-comme ce
(Pa lou, 2003). Many o he au ho s main ained
ha pe cei ed isk was an impo an a iable
ha a ec ed an end-use ’s in en ion o use
digi al echnologies (Jasimuddin e al., 2017).
I seems ha pe cei ed isk should nega i ely
in luence he in en ion o use an e-go e nmen
se ice, bu esea ch conduc ed by Ca e and
Bélange (2008) ejec ed such a hypo hesis by
p o ing ha highe le els o pe cei ed isk did
no impede he in en ion o use. In a esea ch
conduc ed by Pa lou (2003), he cons uc s
o us and pe cei ed isk we e conside ed
undamen al in p edic ing B2C e-comme ce
accep ance. Also, among nine g oups o ac o s
de e mining he use o he e-go e nmen
se ices, Thuniba e al. (2011) dis inguished
pe cei ed isk. Based on he li e a u e abo e,
he au ho s p oposed he ollowing hypo hesis:
Hypo hesis (H3): Pe cei ed isk (PR) will
nega i ely in luence he u u e in en ion o use
e-go e nmen .
Many au ho s ag ee ha he use pe cep ion
o secu i y de e mines hei u u e in en ions o
use he echnology o disca d i (Joshi & Islam,
2018; Al-Thuniba , Zin, & Saha i, 2011). A lesse
eeling o secu i y con ibu es o a lowe le el
o adop ion o abandonmen o e-solu ions
(Ranawee a, 2016). Conside ing he abo e, he
au ho s o mula ed he ollowing hypo hesis:
Hypo hesis (H4): Pe cei ed secu i y (PS)
will posi i ely in luence he u u e in en ion o
use e-go e nmen .
Acco ding o he Theo y o Reasoned Ac ion
(Ajzen & Fishbein, 1980), in case o echnology
adop ion, he highe he deg ee o us in he
echnology, he highe he deg ee o he use ’s
in en ions o con inue employing i (He nandez-
O ega, 2011). T us in echnology ensu es
building s able ela ions be ween use s and
a gi en echnology, which de e mines i s u u e
use. De eloping hei model o he adop ion
ma u i y o e-go e nmen solu ions, Joshi and
Islam (2018) poin ed ou ha us was an
impo an elemen o sus ainable adop ion o
e-go e nmen solu ions. Ca e and Bélange
buil he hypo hesis ha e lec ed ela ionships
EM_3_2019.indd 224 05.09.2019 9:51:10
225
3, XXII, 2019
In o ma ion Managemen
be ween us in he In e ne and he in en ion o
use an e-go e nmen se ice. Au ho s p o ed
ha us in he In e ne posi i ely in luenced
he in en ion o use e-go e nmen (Ca e &
Bélange , 2008). Also, he esea ch conduc ed
by He nandez-O ega p o ed ha us in
echnology posi i ely in luenced he in en ions
o con inue using he echnology (He nandez-
O ega, 2011). Wee akkody e al. (2013)
con i med he p e ious conclusions ega ding
he posi i e impac o us on he adop ion
and con inued use o elec onic go e nmen
se ices. Conside ing he abo e, he au ho s
o mula ed he ollowing hypo hesis:
Hypo hesis (H5): Pe cei ed us (PT) will
posi i ely in luence he u u e in en ion o use
e-go e nmen .
Fig. 1 p esen s he concep ual model ha
e lec s links be ween all heo e ical a iables
and hypo heses.
3. Resea ch Me hodology
3.1 Da a
The conduc ed esea ch ocused on
e-Decla a ion – an elec onic echnology o
submi ing ax e u ns. This se ice and ICT
ools we e c ea ed by he Minis y o Finance o
he elec onic iling o ax e u ns. I is he mos
equen ly used e-go e nmen se ice by Polish
ci izens. In 2018, he inhabi an s o Poland illed
mo e han 11 million ax e u ns elec onically.
Resea ch da a was collec ed using
a su ey me hod. The conduc ed esea ch was
quan i a i e and allowed o e i y he accep ed
esea ch hypo heses. The p ocess o da a
collec ion was ca ied ou wi h he use o CATI
(Compu e Assis ed Web In e iew) echnique.
The su ey esponden s Polish esiden s
who had used he e-Decla a ion sys em wi hin
he las wo yea s, i.e. hey sen hei ax e u n
ia he In e ne . The esea ch p ocess was
ca ied ou by employees o he Minis y o
Finance (MF). As pa o his coope a ion, he
au ho de eloped a esea ch ques ionnai e,
which was alida ed by employees o he
Minis y o Finance. The ask o he Minis y
o Finance was o send andomly an e-mail
message wi h a link o he elec onic su ey o
axpaye s egis e ed in he MF da abase.
The s udy assumed he acquisi ion o
a ep esen a i e sample, which allowed
he esul s o be gene alised o he en i e
popula ion. The minimum sample size was
1,067, assuming a con idence le el o 0.95
(1-α) and a maximum pe missible e o o 3%
calcula ed o he gene al popula ion o abou
11 million axpaye s using he e-go e nmen
sys em. The su ey was conduc ed in May
2018. Successi e (due o he echnical
limi a ions o he mailbox) lo s o e-mails om
he dedica ed accoun [email p o ec ed].pl,
allowed o ongoing moni o ing o he s a us
o he su ey comple ion. As soon as 2,067
comple ed ques ionnai es we e ecei ed,
he e-mail dispa ch was suspended. A e he
analysis o he e u ned ques ionnai es and
he elimina ion o o ms wi h da a gaps, 1,054
comple ed ques ionnai es con aining 100% o
answe s we e selec ed.
O he 1,054 esponden s, 484 (45.9%)
we e women, and 570 (54.1%) we e men.
The p opo ion o esponden s aged 26-40
was 52.1% (549 pe sons), ollowed by 29.5%
(311 pe sons) aged 41-60. The numbe o
esponden s in he age g oups o 18-25 and
Fig. 1: Concep ual model
Sou ce: own
EM_3_2019.indd 225 05.09.2019 9:51:10
226 2019, XXII, 3
In o ma ion Managemen
Cons uc s (sou ce) Abb . Obse ed a iables (I ems) Mean C onbach’s
alpha
Pe cei ed secu i y
le el (Bélange & Ca e ,
2008; Ranawee a, 2016;
Sha ee , Kuma , Kuma ,
& Dwi edi, 2011; Lee,
Kim, & Ahn, 2011; Ku al,
A i oglu, Tokdemi , &
Paçin, 2017; Colesca,
2009; He nandez-O ega,
2011)
PS1 I can use he e-Decla a ion sys em
com o ably due o In e ne sa e y 5.54
0.933
PS2
I eel ha legal and echnical
sa egua ds in he e-Decla a ion
sys em p o ec me om p oblems
ela ed o he use o he In e ne
5.29
PS3
I eel con iden ha enc yp ion
sys ems and o he echnological
solu ions allow me o use he
e-Decla a ion sys em in a secu ely
5.38
PS4
In gene al, I belie e ha he
In e ne is secu e in he con ex o
ax e u ns (e-Decla a ion)
5.33
Pe cei ed isk
(Au ho s)
PR1
Using he e-Decla a ion sys em,
I am exposed o he isk o ailu e
o deli e he ax e u n a he igh
ime and o he igh ins i u ion ( isk
o esul s)
3.35
0.614
PR2
Using he e-Decla a ion sys em,
I am exposed o he isk o losing
my pe sonal da a (in o ma ion isk,
p i acy)
3.38
T us in e-Decla a ion
(Lippe , 2007; Colesca,
2009; Al-Huj an, Al-Debei,
Cha ield, & Migdadi,
2015)
T1 The e-Decla a ion sys em wo ks
acco ding o my expec a ions 5.49
0.926
T2
I am con inced ha he
e-Decla a ion sys em will unc ion
p ope ly when I need i
5.38
T3 I can ely on he e-Decla a ion
sys em 5.69
T4 The e-Decla a ion sys em is
p edic able and unchanged 5.42
Fu u e in en ion o
use (Venka esh, Mo is,
Da is, & Da is, 2003;
Ca e & Bélange , 2005;
Be´lange & Ca e , 2008;
Venka esh, Thong, & Xu,
2012; Al-Huj an, Al-Debei,
Cha ield, & Migdadi,
2015; Ku al, A i oglu,
Tokdemi , & Paçin, 2017)
FI1 I in end o make g ea e use
o he e-Decla a ions sys em 5.13
0.738
FI2 I in end o make g ea e use
o e-go e nmen se ices 5.61
Sou ce: own
Tab. 1: Cons uc s and i ems
EM_3_2019.indd 226 05.09.2019 9:51:10
227
3, XXII, 2019
In o ma ion Managemen
o e 61 yea s o age cons i u ed abou 9% o
he esponden s each (9.1% – 96 pe sons and
9.3% – 98 pe sons).
3.2 Measu es
Since some cons uc s included in he heo e ical
model could no be di ec ly obse ed, a se ies o
measu es was used in each case. Based on he
li e a u e s udy, ou i ems ha e been iden i ied
o measu e he Pe cei ed Secu i y (PS) le el,
ou – he Pe cei ed Risk (PR), ou – he T us
in e-Go e nmen , and wo – he Fu u e In en ion
o use (Tab. 1). All cons uc s we e measu ed
using a se en-poin Like scale o access
he deg ee o which a esponden ag eed o
disag eed wi h each o he i ems (1 = o ally
disag ee; 7 = o ally ag ee). C onbach’s alpha
coe icien s o he cons uc s we e used o
e i y he eliabili y o he scale and p o ed he
accep able eliabili y o he scale anging om
0.738 o 0.933 (Tab. 1). Desc ip i e s a is ics
and composi e eliabili y o he cons uc s and
i ems a e p esen ed in Tab. 1.
4. Resul s
To e i y he hypo heses, he au ho s used
a wo-s ep app oach. Fi s , he co ela ion
analysis was used and ollowed up wi h he
s uc u al equa ion model (SEM).
Tab. 2 shows he co ela ion ma ix o
a iables. Signi ican co ela ions we e ound
be ween all cons uc s, bu he s eng h o
dependence was poo o mode a e. In he
case o ela ionships be ween cons uc s o
pe cei ed isk and o he a iables, a nega i e
co ela ion appea ed wi h a poo o mode a e
dependence.
The s uc u al model was subsequen ly
es ed. The Gene alized Leas Squa es
(GLS) model wi h AMOS was se o es he
hypo hesised ela ionships shown in Fig. 1. GLS
is a ool o es ima ing unknown pa ame e s
in a linea eg ession model. In he s uc u al
equa ion modelling (SEM), a measu emen model
allows se ing he ela ionships be ween obse ed
a iables (i.e. indica o s) and hei espec i e
unobse ed (la en ) a iables by de ining
a pa icula s uc u al model (Ejdys, 2016).
The app op ia eness o he measu emen
model was e alua ed by using he Chi-Squa e
s a is ics. As Tab. 3 shows, he χ2 alue was
s a is ically signi ican (χ2 = 171.72, p < 0.005)
indica ing a good model i o he da a. As his
measu e is excessi ely conse a i e and is
biased agains la ge samples (Bollen, 1989),
se e al dispa a e indices mus be aken in o
conside a ion join ly o e alua e an accu a e
e lec ion o he o e all model i . The indices
included he Roo Mean Squa e E o o
App oxima ion (RMSEA), he goodness-o - i
index (GFI), he adjus ed goodness-o - i index
(AGFI), and compa a i e i index (CFI). The
esul s o he SEM es a e p o ided in Tab. 3.
The app oxima e i s a e also good, speci ically,
he No med Chi-Squa e (i.e. χ2/d ) alue =
3.733, which is well wi hin he accep able
ange o his heu is ic (Ben le & Chou, 1987;
Bollen, 1989), RMSEA = 0.051, and is a good
alue (Kona ski, 2010; Bollen, 1989; Ejdys,
2016). This means ha he model is likely o be
in e p e ed as a eal model o he ela ionship
be ween he a iables.
Fig. 2 p esen s he indi idual s uc u al pa h
es ima es. Tab. 3 epo s he esul s o he
s uc u al model depic ed in Fig. 2.
The hypo heses can be con i med
h ough he in e p e a ion o he s uc u al
pa h coe icien s. The esul s o es ing he
ela ionships be ween cons uc s in he model
Pe cei ed
secu i y le el Pe cei ed isk T us in
e-Decla a ion
Fu u e in en-
ion o use
Pe cei ed secu i y le el 1-0.271** 0.683** 0.455**
Pe cei ed isk -0.271** 1-0.224** -0.112**
T us in e-Decla a ion 0.683** -0.224** 10.434**
Fu u e in en ion o use 0.455** -0.112** 0.434** 1
Sou ce: own
No e: ** Co ela ion is signi ican a he 0.01 le el (2- ailed).
Tab. 2: Co ela ion ma ix (Spea man’s coe icien )
EM_3_2019.indd 227 05.09.2019 9:51:11
228 2019, XXII, 3
In o ma ion Managemen
show ha only a pa o he ela ionship is
s a is ically signi ican . T us in e-Decla a ion
(T) is s a is ically impo an due o he pe cei ed
secu i y le el (PS). Thus, his posi i e
ela ionship con i med ha hypo hesis H2 was
suppo ed. The conduc ed esea ch did no
con i m a s a is ically signi ican ela ionship
be ween he pe cei ed isk (PR) and us in
he e-Decla a ion (T), so he hypo hesis H1 was
ejec ed. The esea ch also con i med ha us
in e-Decla a ion (T), pe cei ed secu i y le el
(PS) and pe cei ed isk (PR) ha e a s a is ically
signi ican impac on u u e in en ions (FI) o
use s, which allowed o suppo hypo heses
H3, H4 and H5 (Tab. 3).
5. Discussion
The ob ained esul s did no con i m
a s a is ically signi ican ela ionship be ween
he pe cei ed isk and us in e-Decla a ion,
hus ejec ing hypo hesis H1. The a iables
e lec ing he le el o pe cei ed isk conce ned
he possibili y o losing pe sonal da a (PR2) and
he si ua ion o deli e ing he e-Decla a ion a
he igh ime and o he igh ins i u ion (PR1).
The isks we e a ed low by esponden s ( he
mean PR1 – 3.35, PR – 3.38), con i ming
ha esponden s did no conside hese isks
signi ican . The ob ained esul s we e di e en
om hose ela ing o he echnologies o e ed
by he business sec o (and no go e nmen ).
Acco ding o he esul s o o he au ho s (Ca e
& Bélange , 2008; Khasawneh & Abu-Shanab,
2013), a highly a ed le el o us in he
e-Decla a ion would possibly educe he le el
o pe cei ed isk ela ed o echnologies o e ed
by he go e nmen .
In se e al s udies by o he au ho s, secu i y
elemen s a e ega ded as a key ac o o
building us in echnology. In he Polish
con ex , his ac o is also decisi e. The esul s
o esea ch pe o med by he Polish Minis y o
Digi alisa ion showed ha he le el o secu i y
in dealing wi h o icial ma e s ia he In e ne
was ela i ely low (sco e o 6.4 on a 10-deg ee
scale, he Polish Minis y o Digi aliza ion,
2016). The s a emen s in he esea ch
ques ionnai e a ge ed he sense o In e ne
secu i y pe cei ed by he esponden s as
well as legal and echnical secu i y measu es
ha ensu e he sa e y o use s. The esul s
ob ained by he au ho s con i med a s a is ically
signi ican ela ionship be ween he pe cei ed
Hypo hesis Es ima e S.E. C.R. P Hypo hesis
es ing
Hypo hesis (H1). Pe cei ed isk (PR) will
nega i ely in luence us in e-go e nmen
solu ions (T)
0.042 0.027 1.521 0.128 Rejec
Hypo hesis (H2). Pe cei ed secu i y (PS)
will posi i ely in luence us in e-go e nmen
solu ions (T)
0.723 0.030 24.074 *** Suppo
Hypo hesis (H3). Pe cei ed isk (PR) will
nega i ely in luence he u u e in en ion (FI)
o use e-go e nmen
0.127 0.036 3.499 *** Suppo
Hypo hesis (H4). Pe cei ed secu i y (PS)
will posi i ely in luence he u u e in en ion
(FI) o use e-go e nmen
0.261 0.046 5.657 *** Suppo
Hypo hesis (H5). Pe cei ed us (PT) will
posi i ely in luence he u u e in en ion (FI) o
use e-go e nmen
0.292 0.047 6.191 *** Suppo
χ2 = 171.72; d. . = 46; χ2/d. . = 3.733; p < 0.005
RMSEA = 0.051; GFI = 0.973; AGFI = 0.954 *** p < 0.001, Hoel e — 386
Adop ed le el o he s a is ical signi icance was 0.001
Sou ce: own
Tab. 3: Resul s o he es hypo heses
EM_3_2019.indd 228 05.09.2019 9:51:11
235
3, XXII, 2019
In o ma ion Managemen
Abs ac
The ole o pe cei ed isk and secu iTy le el in building T usT
in e-go e nmenT soluTions
Joanna Ejdys, Romualdas Gine icius, Zol an Rozsa, Ka a ina Janosko a
Inc easingly, social and economic de elopmen is de e mined by he echnologies, including ICT.
Technologic de elopmen can be seen, on he one hand, as an oppo uni y and, on he o he hand,
as a h ea o he socio-economic de elopmen . The subs i u ion o human- o-human ela ionships
wi h human- o-machine o machine- o-machine connec ions is becoming inc easingly mo e
con o e sial, hus p o iding a basis o scien i ic delibe a ions. T us , which is he co ne s one
o all in e pe sonal ela ionships, is equen ly men ioned in he con ex o in e ac ions be ween
humans and echnologies, becoming he objec o scien i ic in e es . One o he g owing ICT a eas
is se ices p o ided by public adminis a ion (e-go e nmen ) enabling ci izens o deal wi h o icial
ma e s ia he In e ne . Conside ing a ela i ely low le el o e-go e nmen echnology adop ion in
Poland, compa ed o o he Eu opean coun ies, i is jus i ied o sea ch o easons o such a s a e o
a ai s. T us seems o ha e an impo an place among many ac o s de e mining he de elopmen
o e-go e nmen echnology. In echnology accep ance models, among he de e minan s o us
in echnology, especially in he con ex o pe sonal da a secu i y, an impo an ole is played by
he pe cei ed le el o isk and secu i y associa ed wi h he use o solu ions. This a icle aimed o
iden i y i he pe cei ed isk and secu i y o e-go e nmen echnology de e mine he le el o us
in he echnology and u u e in en ions o i s adop ion. Based on he li e a u e e iew, he au ho s
hypo hesised ha us in e-go e nmen echnology and he u u e in en ion o i s use could be
di ec ly shaped by pe cei ed isk and secu i y. An elec onic ques ionnai e was used o collec
esea ch da a om Polish ci izens. All in all, 1,067 o ms we e illed. Resul s ecei ed using he
s uc u al equa ion modelling con i med ha he mos impo an ac o shaping us in echnology
was a pe cei ed le el o secu i y. Resul s also con i med a posi i e impac o us on he u u e
in ended use.
Key Wo ds: E-go e nmen , us in echnology, pe cei ed isk, sa e y.
JEL Classi ica ion: G34, M12.
DOI: 10.15240/ ul/001/2019-3-014
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