Sustainable tourism development – analysis of tourism development in Kosovo

83 83 ACC JOURNAL 2020, Volume 26, Issue 2 DOI: 10.15240/ ul/004/2020-2-007 SUSTAINABLE TOURISM DEVELOPMENT – ANALYSIS OF TOURISM DEVELOPMENT IN KOSOVO Albe a Tahi i1; Id iz Ko açi2; Fa i Bushi3 Uni e si y o Applied Sciences in Fe izaj, Facul y o Tou ism and En i onmen , Depa men o Tou ism and Ho el Managemen , S . Rexhep Bislimi, 70000 Fe izaj, The Republic o Koso o e-mail: 1albe a. a[email p o ec ed]; 2[email p o ec ed]; 3 a i.bushi@usha .ne Abs ac The pu pose o his a icle is o p o ide a heo e ical o e iew o sus ainable ou ism as a ou ism sys em ha ocuses on quali a i e de elopmen , aking in o accoun he quali y o li e and p ospe i y o he popula ion, wi hou causing damage in o he aspec s. The heo e ical pa deals wi h sus ainable ou ism and sus ainable de elopmen . Based on hese ac s, i u ns ou ha sus ainable ou ism is a subg oup o sus ainable de elopmen . Thus, in his a icle he e a e gi en he di e ences be ween hese wo e ms and o he e ms ele an o ou esea ch. I also p o ides an analysis o ou ism de elopmen in Koso o, including s a is ics on how much he ou ism sec o is inancially suppo ed by he Koso o Go e nmen . Finally, a SWOT analysis o he cu en s a e o ou ism in Koso o is p esen ed. Keywo ds Tou ism; Sus ainabili y; Sus ainable ou ism; Sus ainable de elopmen . In oduc ion Economic and echnical- echnological ac i i ies in he con empo a y na ional and in e na ional en i onmen ha e c ea ed he condi ions o he de elopmen o he concep o sus ainable de elopmen globally. The end owa ds g ea e economic de elopmen leads o he inc easing use o na u al esou ces ha a e h ea ened wi h ex inc ion, while new echnologies being applied in he indus ial, ag icul u al, cons uc ion and anspo sec o s can g ea ly endange ai , wa e and land quali y, and cause an inc ease in he olume o oxic was e and haza dous ma e ials. In his ega d, he apid de elopmen o ou ism and he p essu e exe ed by ou is mo emen s on he en i onmen ha e an impac on a global le el. Tha is why he concep o “sus ainable ou ism de elopmen ” o “sus ainable ou ism” as a new end in he a el indus y is in oduced oday. Cu en ly, ou is s a e in e es ed in he so-called “g een jou ney”, whe e one pe son’s s ay in one place does no ha m he en i onmen o o he s [1, p. 60]. I is indispu able ha ou ism is one o he mos powe ul economic ac i i ies and an accele a o o economic de elopmen . Wi h i s impac on all sphe es o economic and social li e, ou ism is anked among he op i e expo indus ies in he wo ld, in 83% o coun ies in he wo ld [2]. I is a majo sou ce o o eign exchange e enues in 38% o wo ld economies, a complex ac i i y ha a ec s GDP g ow h, in es men and employmen a es, a phenomenon ha ensu es in e cul u al communica ion be ween people, hei socio-cul u al connec ion and he de elopmen o hei knowledge and expe iences. 84 84 1 Li e a u e Re iew 1.1 Tou ism and Sus ainabili y The shee complexi y o sus ainabili y issues and sus ainable ou ism po en ially equi es a public and p i a e sec o esponse ha lies ou side he usual ju isdic ion o ou ism-speci ic go e nance. This may be an issue o spa ial scale, in ha a Go e nmen body may ha e ei he limi ed (o e en no) ju isdic ional au ho i y o e a policy p oblem, o i may be an issue o means wi h espec o he exis ence o ope a ional policy p ocesses, echnologies and/o ins i u ional a angemen s. Pe haps he policy and manage ial capaci y o espond o issues o sus ainable ou ism may e lec he poli ical accep abili y o any solu ion (i.e. ax inc eases, g ea e egula ion, conce n o e a el li es yle change). Tou ism is undoub edly a majo in e na ional indus y ha is c i ical o he economic and social well-being o many egions and people. Howe e , i is also a majo con ibu o o global change, hence he cen al p oblem o mee ing he needs o he p esen wi hou comp omising he needs o u u e gene a ions [3, p. 7-9]. 1.2 The Sus ainable De elopmen and he Sus ainable Tou ism The idea o adop ing he sus ainable de elopmen concep in he a ea o ou ism appea ed in he ea ly ‘90s, which gene a ed sus ainable ou ism - an a ea ha quickly gained impo ance bo h in academia and esea ch, and in ou ism p ac ice/ac i i y/indus y. Sus ainable ou ism dissocia es i sel as a ma e o p inciple om mass ou ism and pa ially associa es o al e na i e, con empo a y ou ism o ms. In o he wo ds, sus ainable ou ism is p ima ily he opposi e o mass ou ism. This is de ined as “a posi i e app oach in ending o educe ensions and ic ions c ea ed by he complexi y o in e ac ions be ween ou ism indus y, ou is , na u al en i onmen and he local communi ies as hos o ou is ” [4]. Sus ainable de elopmen is he “de elopmen ha mee s he needs o he p esen wi hou comp omising he abili y o u u e gene a ions o mee hei own needs”. Sus ainable ou ism is a sub-se o sus ainable de elopmen . Sus ainable ou ism is a ou ism sys em ha encou ages quali a i e de elopmen , wi h a ocus on quali y o li e and well-being measu es, bu does no agg ega e quan i a i e g ow h o he de imen o na u al capi al [3, p. 1]. Tou ism is a pa o human li e and an impo an ac o in c ea ing i s social s a us. Tou ism has become a means o p o ec ing he en i onmen and a he same ime an impo an sou ce o i s des uc ion. The main in e na ional ules on ou ism, which also include he main ends in i s de elopmen , a e: • The ela ionship be ween ou ism and sus ainable de elopmen consis ing o : o The economic impo ance o ou ism, o The en i onmen al impo ance o ou ism, o Po en ial e ec s o ou ism, o Po en ial bene i s o ou ism. • The in e na ional communi y and he adop ion o a new de elopmen model; • De e mining he ca ying capaci ies o sus ainable ou ism [5, p. 280-286]. 1.3 Sus ainable Tou ism De elopmen Sus ainable Tou ism De elopmen is ela i ely new and has gained mo e signi icance in las 20 yea s. I is an adap i e concep eme ging om he pa en concep o sus ainable de elopmen and he e o e con ibu ing owa ds he same objec i es and p inciples ela ed o 85 85 he des ina ion. Sus ainable ou ism ocuses on quali y, con inui y and balance. Quali y h ough sus ainable ou ism ansla es in o a aluable expe ience o isi o s in he con ex o imp o ing quali y o li e o communi ies and b ings o h he signi icance o he na u al en i onmen . “Sus ainable ou ism canno exis wi hou he con inui y o he na u al esou ces, cul u e and cus oms o hos communi ies”. This o m o ou ism aims o ensu e a balance be ween all s akeholde s including he ou ism indus y, social playe s, en i onmen al ep esen a i es, he Go e nmen , he local au ho i y and local communi ies. In o de o ensu e con inui y o cul u al, na u al and local communi y esou ces, he managemen s a egy has o in ol e long- e m planning and s akeholde engagemen . “I we p o ec he en i onmen in such a way as o b ing abou in he long un economic mise y, we would be de ea ing he whole pu pose o de elopmen . I we p omo e economic wellbeing in he sho un, and lead o en i onmen al and social deg ada ion, we will be winning one ba le and losing ano he , wi h he end esul o ending up wo se in he long un” [6, p. 7]. 1.4 Sus ainable Tou ism as a Sub-se o Sus ainable De elopmen The s udy o he app op ia e use o he physical en i onmen by humankind se es o cha he his o y o en i onmen al a i udes and how hey a e ac ioned. Such esea ch can o e p o ound insigh s in o he manne in which exploi a ion o he en i onmen occu s, he na u e o en i onmen al pe cep ions, con lic s and beha iou s ela i e o he en i onmen , and he de elopmen and analysis o en i onmen al policies. Sus ainabili y is an “essen ially con es ed concep ”. Tha is, a concep he use and applica ion o which is inhe en ly a ma e o dispu e. The eason o his is he deg ee o which he concep o sus ainable de elopmen is used o e e o a “balance” o “wise” use in he way in which na u al esou ces a e exploi ed. The app op ia eness o such an app oach and he e y way in which “wise use” is de ined will depend on he alues and ideologies o a ious s akeholde s. Howe e , he his o y o na u al esou ce managemen sugges s ha sus ainable de elopmen , including he sub-concep o sus ainable ou ism (see Figu e 1), is one e m among se e al which has eme ged in an a emp o econcile con lic ing alue posi ions wi h ega d o he en i onmen . Fu he mo e, i is a gued ha he e minology o “balance” is con inuing o e ol e, mo e ecen ly wi h he no ion o he “g een economy” and “g een economic g ow h”. These concep s ha e al eady begun o in il a e he lexicon o ou ism [3, p. 16]. Sou ce: [3] Fig. 1: Sus ainable ou ism as a sub-se o sus ainable de elopmen 86 86 1.5 Issues in Sus ainable Tou ism Wi h i s allu ing p emise o con inued de elopmen ha does no unduly ha m a des ina ion’s na u al and sociocul u al en i onmen , he idea o sus ainable ou ism has eme ged as a p io i y objec i e o he global ou ism sec o since he mid-1990s. This is indica ed in pa by he ex en o which i has been o icially ecognized and in e nalized by a b oad a ay o in e na ional, egional and na ional o ganiza ions bo h in e nal and ex e nal o ou ism. Ye , as a emp s ha e subsequen ly been made o ope a ionalize he concep in he ac ual planning and managemen o ou ism businesses and des ina ions, a ious a endan issues and challenges ha e become inc easingly appa en . Issues in sus ainable ou ism can be summa ized in: • The inhe en lexibili y o sus ainable ou ism and he esul ing possibili y o weak and s ong in e p e a ions. • The deg ee o which he seman ics o sus ainable ou ism encou age he pe pe ua ion o a possibly unsus ainable s a us quo. • The complexi y o ou ism sys ems, including hei uzzy bounda ies, indi ec and induced impac s, he in luence o ex e nal (non- ou ism) sys ems. • The o en unp edic able na u e o ela ionships be ween cause and e ec . • Comp ehensi e and minimalis composi e models o sus ainable ou ism. • The inal issue in ol es sus ainable ou ism indica o s [7, p. 18-19]. 2 Me hodology This pape is based on heo e ical discussion abou he opic in ques ion. Thus, he me hodology o his pape is based on li e a u e e iew, which was summa ized om a ious li e a y sou ces ela ed o he issues o ou ism, de elopmen and sus ainabili y.To illus a e he opic, he esea ch epo s and he de elopmen o ou ism in Koso o analysis a e p esen ed in his a icle. 3 Analysis o Tou ism De elopmen in Koso o 3.1 De elopmen o he Tou ism Sec o Tou ism oday is one o he la ges indus ies in he wo ld c ea ing mo e jobs han mos o he sec o s. Coun ies ha a e in he ea ly s ages o ou ism de elopmen , such as Koso o, ha e he po en ial o bene i om ou ism, especially in educing po e y and inc easing he economic de elopmen . Fo ou ism o h i e sus ainably, public ins i u ions mus p o ide suppo i e legisla ion, an ins i u ional amewo k conduci e o p i a e sec o de elopmen , and ensu e he quali y assu ance o ou is s. This includes p ope in as uc u e, p omo ion o ou is po en ials, good anspo , isa acili a ion and app op ia e policies o s imula e demand g ow h. Acco ding o he Wo ld Tou ism O ganiza ion, Eu ope accoun s o 41% o o al in e na ional ou ism admissions, as Sou heas Eu ope is one o he as es g owing egions. In de eloping coun ies, ou ism anks six h as a sou ce o exchange in in e na ional ade. Gi en his, Koso o may pa icula ly bene i om pa icipa ing in Balkan ou is ou s. Koso o's ou ism indus y is s ill an eme ging indus y, a a e y ea ly s age o de elopmen compa ed o o he Sou heas Eu opean coun ies. This is la gely due o a lack o in es men o many decades, poo p i a e sec o ou ism o e s, a lack o educa ed s a , poo in es o policies, and a lack o coo dina ion be ween s akeholde s and Go e nmen agencies. Al hough he numbe o ou is s and o e nigh s ays in Koso o has inc eased signi ican ly o e he las 87 87 en yea s, he numbe o in e na ional isi o s wi hin a yea is a om he egion’s a e age. The la ges numbe o ou is s isi ing he coun y is du ing he summe . This is belie ed o be mainly due o he diaspo a, which has a majo impac on he local economy and he ou ism sec o , in pa icula [8, p. 6-7]. The legisla ion in he ou ism indus y, as in all o he sec o s, is a undamen al pilla ha se es o egula e and moni o he o ganiza ion and ope a ion o all a eas ela ed o ou ism ac i i ies. O e he yea s, due o he inc easing complexi y and compe i i eness o his indus y, a ious e o ms and upda es o ou ism legisla ion ha e been de eloped in coun ies wi h po en ial ou ism in o de o c ea e a heal hy and sus ainable ou ism en i onmen , hus gene a ing economic p ospe i y o hei communi ies. Wi hou p ope legisla ion and espec o he ule o law, he ou ism sec o canno be o ganized, ope a ed o ha e any posi i e economic impac on he communi y. The ou ism sec o is b oad and complex, and Koso o’s exis ing ou ism law and egula ions a e no su icien and designed o handle such complexi y [9, p. 9]. Acco ding o he WTTC epo , ou ism, as o 2018, employs 319 million people. This igu e is expec ed o inc ease o 421 million by 2029. In Koso o, acco ding o he epo o he Labo Fo ce Su ey (2018), he numbe o employees in he ield o ou ism is a ound 28,500 people. 3.2 The Le el o Go e nmen Suppo o he Tou ism Sec o Tou ism in Koso o is managed and o e seen by he Minis y o T ade and Indus y, ep esen ed by a Di ision in he Depa men o Indus y. The cu en adminis a i e le el o ou ism in Koso o is unde - ep esen ed in his minis y, compa ed o he esponsibili ies and impo ance o he ou ism sec o o de elopmen and con ibu ion o he coun y’s economy. Wi h ega d o he Go e nmen inancial suppo o ou ism, budge lines indica e ha o e he yea s he ou ism sec o has been poo ly co e ed o no men ioned a all. The Go e nmen budge alloca ion o he Minis y o T ade and Indus y ( esponsible o ou ism) is e y small, gi en ha i has o co e many o he a eas and sec o s wi hin he minis y po olio. The en i e annual budge is spen h ough he main lines o he minis y, such as capi al expendi u es, goods and se ices, subsidies and ans e s, wages and sala ies, and public se ices. The ou ism sec o is no speci ically men ioned in he lines whe e he budge was alloca ed [9, p. 11]. Tab. 1: Go e nmen budge alloca ion o he Minis y o T ade and Indus y du ing he pe iod 2012-2017 Budge alloca ion o he Go e nmen o Koso o o “MTI” (in Eu o) Yea 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 Amoun 4,188,780 5,346,217 4,876,369 4,730,877 4,557,200 4,925,977 Sou ce: [10] Table 1 con ains he da a on he alloca ion o he Koso o Go e nmen budge o he Minis y o T ade and Indus y du ing he pe iod 2012-2017. Acco ding o a ailable da a, he Koso o Go e nmen spends less han 0.3% o he annual budge o he en i e Minis y o T ade and Indus y, whe e ou ism is ep esen ed by a Di ision and hei budge dedica ed o he ou ism sec o is he lowes in he egion [9, p. 11]. Also, we can men ion ha he budge alloca ed o MTI o 2018 was 7,333,320 €. 88 88 Tab. 2: Budge alloca ed o co e he whole spec um o ou ism in Koso o Budge alloca ed o co e he whole spec um o ou ism in Koso o (in Eu o) Yea 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 Amoun 60,000 70,000 70,000 40,000 30,000 30,000 30,000 Sou ce: [9] Table 2 con ains he da a on he budge alloca ed o he whole spec um o ou ism in Koso o o he pe iod o yea s 2010-2016. Due o lack o da a yea 2017 has no been p esen ed. Di ision o Tou ism (unde MTI) and Koso o In es men and En e p ise Suppo Agency (KIESA – an agency ha p omo es and suppo s in es men , expo s, ou ism, small and medium-sized en e p ises (SMEs) and special economic zones, also unde MTI) ha e low inancial suppo (less han 100,000 eu os pe yea ) o he de elopmen and p omo ion o his sec o [9, p. 11-12]. Tab. 3: SWOT Analysis o he Cu en S a e o Tou ism in Koso o S eng h Weaknesses • S ong geog aphical posi ion in he egion and Eu ope; • Good and unique landscapes ( i e s, lakes, pa ks, moun ains, wa e alls, e c.); • Cul u al he i age asse s; • Special cuisine se ices; • Mul ilingualism; • Hospi ali y; • Uncha ed ou is des ina ions; • F iendly cul u e; • Reasonable p ices; • Weal h in he his o ical sense and his o ical coun ies sense; • I is al eady included in Wes e n Balkan ou is packages; • T adi ional e en s, es i als, nigh li e; • New ai po and highways; • The po en ial o ansi ; • The cu en inc ease in Go e nmen awa eness o he ou ism sec o ; • A ac i e places and good wea he condi ions; acco ding o seasons; • Wi h he younges popula ion in Eu ope; • P o ec ion and secu i y; • Poo /a e age in as uc u e (elec ici y, oads, wa e supply, sani a ion, ma king ou is des ina ions, e c.); • The e a e no compe ing ou ism laws and egula ions a ailable; • Lack o Go e nmen suppo o he ou ism sec o ; • Lack o ce i ied guides; • Poo was e managemen ; • Lack o en i onmen al p o ec ion (especially o i e s, de o es a ion, and was e disposal); • The e isn’ a Na ional Tou ism Agency (NTA)/a Na ional Tou ism O ganiza ion (NTO) es ablished; • Lack o adequa e ou ism s a is ics; • The e isn’ a s a egy o ou ism de elopmen ; • Mismanagemen o isi o cen e s in di e en municipali ies; • Visa egime (especially owa ds coun ies wi h high po en ial o expo ing ou is s); • High cos o ligh s; • Lack o Go e nmen subsidies o ligh s; • VAT o ou is s booking om ab oad; • Lack o join bids wi h o he coun ies in 89 89 • Koso o’s small a ea ( as connec ion be ween ci ies and ou is des ina ions); • La ge diaspo a pa icipa ion in he ou ism ma ke in Koso o; • Flexible and compe i i e business axes; he egion; • Lack o municipal suppo o he ou ism sec o ; • Lack o ad e ising Koso o as a ou is des ina ion. Oppo uni ies Th ea s • A ac i e due o he pos -wa pe iod and he peace ul en i onmen (speci ic o some g oups o ou is s); • Pa icipa ion in majo ade ai s and shows; • Public ela ions media plan o ans o ming Koso o’s image; • C ea ion o NT/NTO; • O ganizing amily isi s (FAM T ips) o key ma ke s; • In oducing new ma ke s and p oduc s; • Business mee ings, incen i es, business con e ences and e en s; • He i age p o ec ion and p omo ion by UNESCO; • De elopmen o p o ec ed na ional pa ks and o he ou is asse s; • C ea ion o join ou is packages wi h he coun ies o he egion; • Maximizing he use o EU unds o c oss-bo de coope a ion o he de elopmen o c oss-bo de ou ism; • De elopmen o ou is b ands; • A ac ing o eign in es men ela ed o ou ism; • Inc easing coope a ion wi h in e na ional dono s, maximizing he use o unds and ans e knowledge o he sec o ; • Inc easing domes ic ou ism. • The e isn’ na ional ou ism s a egy; • Ve y small budge o he ou ism sec o ; • Inc easing compe i ion in he egion (Wes e n Balkans); • Lack o aining/educa ion in he ho el indus y; • Lack o de elopmen o p oduc s and se ices; • P ice compe i ion in he egion; • High cos o ligh s compa ed o some o he coun ies in he egion (e.g. Macedonia); • Lack o licensing and classi ica ion o ou ism se ices and ins i u ions; • Lack o in e es and awa eness o s udy cou ses ela ed o ou ism and ca e ing; • Lack o municipal p ojec s a ailable in he ou ism sec o ; • Low in e es in using unds alloca ed by in e na ional o ganiza ions o ou ism p ojec s; • Poo coo dina ion among line minis ies; • F agile poli ical si ua ion ha a ec s he image o Koso o’s media ee; • Lack o Public-P i a e Pa ne ship (PPP) ini ia i es; • Koso o is seen as a ansi des ina ion in he egion (low numbe o nigh s spen ); • Unde eloped in as uc u e. Sou ce: [9] Conclusion Based on all o he ac s s a ed abo e we could say ha : 90 90 • Koso o as a young coun y, ha ing li le expe ience in he ou ism indus y and knowing ha he e a e many challenges in he u he de elopmen o ou ism, mus ake he s ep o de elopmen and ollow he global ou ism indus y o de elop his sec o in compliance wi h in e na ional s anda ds. • The budge alloca ed by he Koso o Go e nmen o he ou ism sec o needs o be inc eased so ha his sec o can g ow as e . • Knowing ha he cu en si ua ion o ou ism de elopmen in Koso o isn’ so sa is ac o y, imp o emen s should be made o ou ism legisla ion in o de o comply wi h ou ism laws i s , and hen o make imp o emen s and eo ganiza ions in policies, p ocedu es and s anda ds on ou ism which suppo he de elopmen o he ou ism sec o . • Tou is des ina ions mus be p o ec ed om pollu ion because cleanliness o he en i onmen is one o he key elemen s o hese des ina ions o a ac domes ic and o eign ou is s and isi o s. • We no iced ha Koso o does no ha e a Na ional Tou ism Agency (NTA) / Na ional Tou ism O ganiza ion (NTO) es ablished. I NTA / OKT we e es ablished, hey could acili a e he unc ioning o he ou ism sec o by p o iding p o essional ad ice and suppo o he c ea ion o sus ainable ou ism plans and policies, engaging in ma ke ing and p omo ing he coun y and p o iding a gene al isiona y o ien a ion o he de elopmen o he ou ism sec o . • Also, in e ms o sus ainable ou ism de elopmen and egional compe i i eness, Koso o is cu en ly unable o ollow de elopmen ends and be compe i i e. Li e a u e [1] TAHIRI, A.; KOVAÇI, I.: Managemen in Tou ism, Theo e ical Manage ial App oach. Resea ch Cen e , Peja, 2017. ISBN 978-9951-8912-4-0. [2] FAYED, H; FLETCHER, J.: Repo : Globaliza ion o Economic Ac i i y: Issues o Tou ism. Tou ism Economics. 2002, Vol. 8, Issue 2, pp. 207–230. DOI: 10.5367/000000002101298070 [3] HALL, M.; GÖSSLING, S.; SCOTT, D.: The Rou ledge Handbook o Tou ism and Sus ainabili y. Rou ledge Taylo & F ancis G oup, London and New Yo k, 2015. ISBN 978-0-203-07233-2. [4] DUMBRAVEANU, D.: P inciples and p ac ice o sus ainable ou ism planning. [online]. Human Geog aphies. 2007, Vol. 1, Issue 1. A ailable om WWW: h ps://www. esea chga e.ne /publica ion/265745294 [5] KOJA, V.; GORICA, K.: The Fundamen als o Tou ism. albPAPER, Ti ana, 2010. ISBN 978-99956-34-59-9. [6] CASSAR, G. (ed.): Sus ainable Tou ism Managemen , A Collec ion o S udies om Mal a, Lebanon and Jo dan. [online]. Heland P ojec , Uni e si y o Mal a, 2015. ISBN 978-99957-886-2-9. A ailable om WWW: h p://www.enpicbcmed.eu/si es/de aul / iles/heland_sus ainable_ ou ism_managemen _s udies.pd [7] WEAVER, D. B.: Sus ainable Tou ism: Theo y and P ac ice. Else ie Bu e wo h- Heinemann, 2006. ISBN 0 7506 6438 X. 91 91 [8] ZEJNA, I.: Tou ism De elopmen h ough E icien Policies and Legisla ion: Iden i ying po en ial e o m s eps in ou ism policy and legisla ion. [online]. Democ acy o De elopmen Ins i u e, P ish ina, July, 2017. ISBN 978-9951-608-56-5. A ailable om WWW: h ps://d4d-ks.o g//wp- con en /uploads/2017/07/D4D_PI_10_SHQ_WEB.pd [9] USAID EMPOWER P i a e Sec o : Analysis o he cu en si ua ion in he ou ism sec o in Koso o. [online]. This epo was p oduced o e iew by he Uni ed S a es Agency o In e na ional De elopmen (USAID) and Swedish In e na ional De elopmen Coope a ion Agency (SIDA), P ish ina, Ap il, 2018. A ailable om WWW: h ps://m i. ks-go .ne /desk/inc/media/BEE9A796-9FA3-4254-8528- AB86C722CFF2.pd [10] GAP INSTITUTE: Minis y o T ade and Indus y. How does he S a e spend ou money? [online]. 2016. [accessed 2020-01-30]. A ailable om WWW: h ps://www.ins i u igap.o g/spendingsEng/?minis y-o - ade-and- indus y/0/2016#/~/minis y-o - ade-and-indus y D . Albe a Tahi i; D . Id iz Ko açi; D . Fa i Bushi