GREEN GROWTH AND USE OF EU STRUCTURAL FUNDS IN BALTIC STATES, CZECH REPUBLIC AND SLOVAKIA

55 2, XIX, 2016 Economics DOI: 10.15240/ ul/001/2016-2-004 In oduc ion G een g ow h is esou ce-e i cien , cleane economic g ow h and mo e esilien wi hou slowing i . G een g ow h policies pu sue a a ie y o goals, hey a e bes se ed by a combina ion o ins umen s. The e a e many ques ionable assump ions in he discussion o economic g ow h. One o hem is he idea ha go e nmen s a e able o achie e sus ained high g ow h. Ano he one is he belie e ha he solu ion o p essing i nancial and social p oblems cen e s on highe g ow h. The sol ing o such p oblems is abou adical g ow h in en i onmen al and esou ce-sa ing echnologies. I is also abou adical “de-g ow h” in p oduc s and p ocesses ha unde mine long- e m li ing and p oduc ion condi ions (Janicle, 2012). G een g ow h no only a ec s he quali y o g ow h, bu o e all p oduc ion. In his case, g ow h esul s om he in es men in he upg ading o he en i e p oduc ion sys em o en i onmen al and esou ce-sa ing p ocesses and p oduc s. A p o o ype o his phenomenon is he clima e- iendly ‘‘low-ca bon economy.’’ In his b oade sense, he e is also discussion o sus ainable ‘‘g een economy,’’ e e ing o a comp ehensi e business inno a ion p ocess. G een g ow h is EU policy p io i y. G een g ow h o EU membe s a es can p o ide o cohesion and ha monious de elopmen o EU membe s a es. Mo e han one hi d o he EU’s o al budge is spen on so-called Cohesion Policy ia he s uc u al unds. I s main pu pose is o p omo e he o e all ha monious de elopmen o he EU, o educe dispa i ies be ween he le els o de elopmen , and o s eng hen i s economic and social cohesion. Howe e he esul s o s udies comple ed o assessmen o use o EU s uc u al Funds o ensu e cohesion a e con adic o y (Mohl & Hagen, 2009). Gene ally, he li e a u e e iew does no lead o clea -cu esul s. Some au ho s do empi ical e idence o a posi i e impac o Eu opean s uc u al unds. The conclusions a e based on di e en sample sizes and di e en EU membe s a es. Bussole i and Espos i (2004) use an EU-15 sample, whe eas smalle samples a e used by Cappelen, Cas ellacci, Fage be g and Ve spagen (2003) (EU-9) o Bou e (2005) (EU-8). Some s udies e en concen a e on single coun y s udies such as Egge , on Eh lich, Fenge and Konig (2007) (Ge many) o An unes and Soukiazis (2005) (Po ugal). Fu he mo e, some au ho s do no i nd any s a is ically signi i can impac o s uc u al unds on he egional g ow h a es (Ga cia-Mila, & McGui e, 2001; Dall’e ba, & Le Gallo, 2008). Mo eo e , in some cases he i ndings a e condi ioned on ce ain aspec s. Rod iguez-Pose and F a esi (2004) conclude ha only s uc u al und expendi u es o educa ion and in es men ha e a posi i e impac in he medium un, whe eas expendi u es o ag icul u e do no . Ede een, Go e , de Mooij and Nahuis (2002) condi ion he key esul s on he assump ions o he con e gence model. Assuming ha all egions i nally ca ch up o he same le el, hey i nd posi i e e idence. By con as , assuming ha he con e gence p ocess is limi ed o con e gence wi hin coun ies, hey do no i nd a posi i e impac . Finally, Puigce e -Penal e (2004) i nds ha e s uc u al unds o ha e a posi i e impac on economic g ow h. The aim o his pape is o e iew and compa e achie emen s o Bal ic S a es, Czech Republic and Slo akia in g een g ow h and use o EU S uc u al Funds o g een g ow h. Seeking o achie e his aim he main asks a e:  o e iew li e a u e and policy documen s on g een g ow h and i ’s bene i s;  o analyse and compa e g een g ow h achie emen s o Bal ic S a es and Czech Republic and Slo akia in g een g ow h; GREEN GROWTH AND USE OF EU STRUCTURAL FUNDS IN BALTIC STATES, CZECH REPUBLIC AND SLOVAKIA Dalia Š eimikienė, As a Mikalauskienė EM_2_2016.indd 55EM_2_2016.indd 55 3.6.2016 11:47:483.6.2016 11:47:48 56 2016, XIX, 2 Ekonomie  o analyse and compa e use o EU s uc u al Funds o g een g ow h p io i ies in Bal ic S a es and Czech Republic and Slo akia;  o de elop policy ecommenda ions based on he main i ndings o analysis conduc ed. The me hods applied: compa a i e analysis, g aphical analysis, sys ema iza ion and gene aliza ion. 1. G een G ow h O e ecen yea s he concep o g een g ow h has bu s on o he in e na ional policy scene. A e m a ely hea d be o e 2008, i now occupies a p ominen posi ion in he policy discou se o in e na ional economic and de elopmen ins i u ions (Jacobs, 2012). The Wo ld Bank, along wi h i e o he mul ila e al de elopmen banks, has commi ed i sel o his goal (Wo ld Bank, 2012a; 2012b). The OECD has adop ed a ‘g een g ow h s a egy’ o esea ch and publica ions (OECD, 2012). A new in e na ional body, he Global G een G ow h Ins i u e, suppo ed by a numbe o go e nmen s, has been c ea ed o ad ise coun ies on i s implemen a ion (GGGI, 2012). Using i s own p e e ed label o ‘ he g een economy’, he Uni ed Na ions En i onmen P og amme has published a 600-page epo (UNEP, 2011). These ou ins i u ions ha e join ly es ablished a ‘G een G ow h Knowledge Pla o m’ o p o ide a locus o esea ch and knowledge abou he i eld (Wo ld Bank, 2012c). A numbe o high le el mee ings and ne wo ks ha e been es ablished (Global G een G ow h Fo um, 2012; G een G ow h Leade s, 2012). Se e al coun ies ha e adop ed g een g ow h as an explici policy objec i e (OECD, 2012a), while a he G20 Summi s in F ance and Mexico in 2011 and 2012, he la ges economies in he wo ld commi ed hemsel es o i s p omo ion (Go e nmen o F ance, 2011; Go e nmen o Mexico, 2012). The ‘g een economy’ was a majo ocus o he ‘Rio+20’ Uni ed Na ions Summi in June 2012 (UNCSD, 2012). The concep o economic g ow h which also mee s en i onmen al objec i es is no new. Indeed i lay a he hea o he discou se o ‘sus ainable de elopmen ’, i s popula ised by he B und land Repo (Wo ld Commission on En i onmen and De elopmen , 1987) and subsequen ly ins i u ionalised by he Rio ‘Ea h Summi ’ in 1992 (D esne , 2008). Sus ainable de elopmen emains he co e p inciple o in e na ional en i onmen al policymaking, and o na ional en i onmen al planning in many coun ies. Indeed, he o i cial ins i u ions now p omo ing g een g ow h insis ha i is no a subs i u e o sus ainable de elopmen bu a way o achie ing i (OECD, 2011; UNEP, 2011; Wo ld Bank, 2012b). Inhe en in he “g ow h” pa o “g een g ow h” is a ocus on he ela i ely long e m. And he usual s a ing poin o discussions o long- e m de elopmen policies is he no ion o sus ainabili y (Heal, 2012). In wha has dese edly become canonical ex , he B und land Repo (Wo ld Commission on En i onmen and De elopmen , 1987) de i ned sus ainable de elopmen as “de elopmen ha mee s he needs o he p esen wi hou comp omising he abili y o u u e gene a ions o mee hei own needs.” Many subsequen discussions o sus ainabili y e e o i s economic, social, and en i onmen al pilla s. Fo economis s, a na u al way o sha pen he no ion o sus ainabili y is o conside he a ious s ocks a na ion o g oup o na ions holds a any pa icula ime. These would include a ious ypes o enewable and non- enewable na u al esou ces, i xed capi al, knowledge, human heal h, human capi al, and en i onmen al quali y. Wha Heal (2012) calls weak sus ainabili y would hen be de i ned as he equi emen ha he s ocks we pass o u u e gene a ions be a leas as capable o p o iding hem wi h good li ing s anda ds as he s ocks we inhe i ed. This doesn’ mean ha none o ou s ocks can e e be educed, jus ha he o e all alue o he whole po olio canno be dec eased (Schmalensee, 2012). Heal (2012) no es, o ins ance, ha bo h Bo swana and Namibia a e deple ing hei s ocks o na u al capi al, bu Bo swana may be on a sus ainable de elopmen pa h because i is building up s ocks o human and i xed capi al, while Namibia is no doing so. He a gues ha Saudi A abia, which is mainly using non- enewable oil esou ces o suppo consump ion a he han any so o in es men , is “ he ul ima e coun y example o unsus ainabili y.” Simila ly, i is ha d o see wha asse s a e being buil up o o se he global declines in i sh s ocks and unde - g ound aqui e s o he inc eases in g eenhouse gas concen a ions. While hese examples a e ai ly clea , Heal (2012) and Reilly (2012) show ha assessing he sus ainabili y o a na ion’s de elopmen pa h encoun e s some di i cul , longs anding concep ual and measu emen issues. All EM_2_2016.indd 56EM_2_2016.indd 56 3.6.2016 11:47:483.6.2016 11:47:48 57 2, XIX, 2016 Economics economis s would ag ee ha GDP g ow h is no an adequa e measu e o p og ess: a na ion ha sells mo e o i s oil e e y yea o i nance inc easing consump ion is ge ing poo e , no iche . Selling he amily sil e o pay he en does no inc ease p ope ly measu ed income, e en i i pe mi s a mo e o a be e apa men . Simila ly, he unce ain u u e cos s o clima e change mus be o se agains he cu en bene i s o ossil uel use. The U.S. Bu eau o Economic Analysis has de eloped a sys em o In eg a ed En i onmen al and Economic Sa elli e Accoun s o add ess hese issues, and he Wo ld Bank has de eloped a concep ual ame-wo k and da a o measu e Adjus ed Ne Sa ings (Heal, 2012). Bu se ious p oblems emain. The alua ion o such asse s as ai quali y and o es ed public lands is di i cul concep ually. Hallega e e al. (2011) asse ha G een g ow h is abou making g ow h p ocesses esou ce-e i cien , cleane and mo e esilien wi hou necessa ily slowing hem. This ph ase has no ob ious con en , since ew would in en ionally slow g ow h p ocesses unless doing so had o he bene i s. Wha e e i is in ended o mean, he discussion hey subsequen ly p esen makes clea hese au ho s’ iew ha aking he s eps hey p opose will mo e likely speed up g ow h han slow i down. In bo h hese de i ni ions, he “social pilla ” o sus ainable de elopmen is comple ely absen . In con as , i plays he cen al ole in he Wo ld Bank’s push o “inclusi e g ow h,” g ow h ha is “b oad-based ac oss sec o s and inclusi e o he la ge pa o he coun y’s labo o ce” (Iancho ichina & Lunds om, 2009). G een g ow h would hus appea o be a “subse ” o sus ainable de elopmen in he sense ha only a subse o he capi al s ocks ele an o mee ing he needs o u u e gene a ions is explici ly conside ed. Hallega e e al. (2011) de end his app oach by a guing ha social imp o emen s ollow mo e o less au oma ically om economic g ow h. G een g ow h (GG) and g een economy (GE) ha e been subjec o a ious de i ni ions bu hose cu en ly being used by in e na ional o ganisa ions ha e a lo in common. G een g ow h seeks o use sus ainable de elopmen ’s economic and en i onmen al pilla s in o a single in ellec ual and policy planning p ocess, he eby ecas ing he e y essence o he de elopmen model so ha i is capable o p oducing s ong and sus ainable g ow h simul aneously (Samans, 2013). I aims o os e economic g ow h and de elopmen , while ensu ing ha na u al asse s a e used sus ainably, and con inue o p o ide he esou ces and en i onmen al se ices on which he g ow h and well-being ely (OECD, 2011). I is g ow h ha is e i cien in i s use o na u al esou ces, clean in ha i minimises pollu ion and en i onmen al impac s and esilien in ha i accoun s o na u al haza ds (Wo ld Bank, 2012). G een economy aims o imp o ed human well-being and social equi y, while signi i can ly educing en i onmen al isks and ecological sca ci ies (UNEP, 2011). The concep o g een economy es s on he economy, he en i onmen and he social pilla s o sus ainable de elopmen . A b oade concep o ‘inclusi e’ g een g ow h o sus ainable de elopmen inco po a es ully he social sus ainabili y aspec s, in pa icula enhancing human de elopmen and he condi ions o he poo and ulne able (G een G ow h Knowledge Pla o m, 2013). G eening g ow h and mo ing owa ds a g eene economy is complex and mul i- dimensional. I en ails (i) p icing ex e nali ies and aluing na u al asse s o he long- un se ices hey p o ide and p icing ex e nali ies; (ii) inno a ion as a means o b eaking wi h unsus ainable g ow h pa hs; (iii) he c ea ion and dissemina ion o new, mo e en i onmen ally sus ainable echnologies, goods, and se i- ces; and (i ) sec o al shi s and changes in compa a i e ad an age ha ine i ably imply winne s and lose s. I GG/GE is o help mo e coun ies owa ds mo e sus ainable de elopmen , he social consequences and local con ex s o he ansi ion o a g eene economy mus be cen al o managing change (G een G ow h Knowledge Pla o m, 2013). GG/GE policies need solid, e idence-based ounda ions. Assessing and communica ing he need o policies and whe he hey achie e hei s a ed goals equi es p ope moni o ing o he unde lying de elopmen s, p og ess, and po en ial oppo uni ies and isks. GG/GE indica o s can se e o imp o e he le el o deba e on GG/GE and in o m he wide public. A he 2012 UN Con e ence on Sus ainable De elopmen (“Rio+20”), he Heads o S a e and Go e nmen and high-le el ep esen a i es ecognized he indica o s as a necessa y means o assess p og ess owa ds he achie emen o EM_2_2016.indd 57EM_2_2016.indd 57 3.6.2016 11:47:483.6.2016 11:47:48 58 2016, XIX, 2 Ekonomie he sus ainable de elopmen goals, while aking in o accoun di e en na ional ci cums ances, capaci ies, and le els o de elopmen (G een G ow h Knowledge Pla o m, 2013). G een economy has been p oposed as a means o ca alysing enewed na ional policy de elopmen and in e na ional coope a ion and suppo o sus ainable de elopmen . And he ele an bodies o he UN sys em we e eques ed o suppo collec ing and compiling in eg a ed and scien i i cally based in o ma ion om na ional sou ces (UN, 2012). Measu ing p og ess on a complex and mul i- dimensional change and iden i ying ele an indica o s a e challenging asks. No ag eemen exis s ye on an analy ical amewo k o a se o indica o s o moni o GG/GE. Da a o na u al capi al is no o iously poo and e o s a e needed o bo h collec and ha monise i . Di e en ins i u ions a e elying on di e en indica o s. Di e en na ional ci cums ances, capaci ies and le els o de elopmen add o he complexi y o a common app oach on indica o s. And no single indica o will su i ce o cap u e G een g ow h pe o mance indica o s Uni s o measu emen Mac oeconomic indica o s Ene gy in ensi y kgoe/€ Ca bon in ensi y kg / € Resou ce in ensi y ( ecip ocal o esou ce p oduc i i y) kg / € Was e in ensi y kg / € Ene gy balance o ade % GDP Ene gy weigh in HICP % Di e ence be ween ene gy p ice change and in l a ion % Ra io o en i onmen al axes o labou axes a io Ra io o en i onmen al axes o o al axes a io Sec o al indica o s Indus y ene gy in ensi y kgoe / € Sha e o ene gy-in ensi e indus ies in he economy % GDP Elec ici y p ices o medium-sized indus ial use s** € / kWh Gas p ices o medium-sized indus ial use s*** € / kWh Public R&D o ene gy % GDP Public R&D o he en i onmen % GDP Recycling a e o municipal was e a io Sha e o GHG emissions co e ed by ETS* % T anspo ene gy in ensi y kgoe / € T anspo ca bon in ensi y kg / € Secu i y o ene gy supply Ene gy impo dependency % Di e si i ca ion o oil impo sou ces HHI Di e si i ca ion o ene gy mix HHI Renewable ene gy sha e o ene gy mix % Sou ce: own Tab. 1: G een g ow h indica o s EM_2_2016.indd 58EM_2_2016.indd 58 3.6.2016 11:47:483.6.2016 11:47:48 59 2, XIX, 2016 Economics he many dimensions on which p og ess is needed. Ye , om a communica ion and policy ac ion iewpoin , oo many indica o s can be con using. Thus, u he e o s o con e ge on an in e na ionally ag eed se o indica o s a e necessa y. Eu ope 2020 is he EU’s g ow h s a egy o he coming decade. In a changing wo ld, we wan he EU o become a sma , sus ainable and inclusi e economy. These h ee mu ually ein o cing p io i ies should help he EU and he Membe S a es deli e high le els o employmen , p oduc i i y and social cohesion. Conc e ely, he Union has se i e ambi ious objec i es – on employmen , inno a ion, educa ion, social inclusion and clima e/ene gy – o be eached by 2020. Each Membe S a e has adop ed i s own na ional a ge s in each o hese a eas. Conc e e ac ions a EU and na ional le els unde pin he s a egy. The 2015 Eu opean Semes e kicked o in 2014 No embe wi h he Annual G ow h Su ey, which ou lined he new Commission’s h ee- pilla jobs and g ow h s a egy: boos ing in es men , accele a ing s uc u al e o ms and pu suing esponsible, g ow h- iendly i scal consolida ion. In Feb ua y, he Eu opean Commission published a se ies o coun y epo s in Feb ua y, analyzing Membe S a es’ economic policies. In May 2015, he Commission has published he coun y-speci i c ecommenda ions o each Membe S a e, along wi h an o e a ching Communica ion on how o s eng hen and sus ain he eco e y, and how he s eamlined Eu opean Semes e is implemen ed. The e se e al impo an indica o s o g een g ow h indica ed Eu opean Commission Repo s (Tab. 1). As one can see om able 1 he g een g ow h pe o mance indica o s consis s om mac oeconomic indica o s, sec o al indica o s and secu i y o ene gy supply. All Membe S a es ha e commi ed o he Eu ope 2020 s a egy. Howe e , each coun y has di e en economic ci cums ances and ansla es he o e all EU objec i es in o na ional a ge s in i s Na ional Re o m P og amme – a documen which p esen s he coun y’s policies and measu es o sus ain g ow h and jobs and o each he Eu ope 2020 a ge s. The Na ional Re o m P og amme we e p esen ed by EU membe s a es in pa allel wi h i s S abili y/ Con e gence P og amme, which se s ou he coun y’s budge a y plans o he coming h ee o ou yea s All indica o s p esen ed in able 1 we e assessed by EU membe S a es in hei Na ional Re o m p og ammes. In he nex sec ion o pape he dynamics o he main indica o s o g een g ow h in Bal ic S a es and Czech Republic and Slo akia will be analysed by applying g aphical analysis in o de o de i ne he bes pe o ming coun y. 2. G een G ow h Achie emen s in Bal ic S a es, Czech Republic and Slo akia G een g ow h is he p io i y o EU cohesion policy and can se e o ha monious de elopmen o EU membe s a es. The Eu opean Commission encou ages mo e in ensi e use o he S uc u al and Cohesion unds EU S uc u al Funds o g een g ow h. Achie emen s o Bal ic S a es and Czech Republic and Li huania in g een g ow h a 2012 in indica o s p esen ed in able 1 a e summa ized in able 2. As one can see om in o ma ion p o ided in able 2 acco ding mac oeconomic indica o s ela ed o ene gy in ensi y and ca bon in ensi y La ia and Li huania a e bes pe o ming coun ies howe e acco ding o indus y ene gy in ensi y La ia is he wo s pe o ming coun y ha ing highes ene gy in ensi y o indus y. Li huania and La ia ha e e y low a es o ecycling o municipal was e compa ing wi h Czech Republic and Slo akia. Li huania has lowes ene gy and ca bon in ensi y o anspo and compa able low sha e o GHG emissions co e ed by Emission T ading Scheme (ETS). This indica es ha coun y does no pu ax bu den on many GHG emi ing sec o s. Rega ding secu i y o ene gy supply Li huania has he highes ene gy impo an dependency. The lowes ene gy impo dependency is in Es onia ollowing by Czech Republic because hese coun ies ha e abundan local ene gy esou ces such as oil shale (Es onia) and coal (Czech Republic). Li huania has he highes oil impo di e si i ca ion a e and qui e low di e si i ca ion o ene gy mix. Public R&D expendi u es o ene gy and en i onmen as he sha e o GDP a e e y low in all analysed coun ies. Es onia has he highes sha e o public R&D expendi u es o ene gy and en i onmen bu also he highes ene gy and ca bon in ensi y. Also Es onia dis inguishes om o he analysed coun ies wi h high di e si i ca ion o ene gy mix and e y high was e in ensi y as local ene gy sou ce oil EM_2_2016.indd 59EM_2_2016.indd 59 3.6.2016 11:47:483.6.2016 11:47:48 60 2016, XIX, 2 Ekonomie G een g ow h pe o mance indica o s Uni s o mea- su emen Li huania La ia Es onia Czech Republic Slo akia Mac oeconomic indica o s Ene gy in ensi y kgoe/€ 0.29 0.33 0.48 0.36 0.33 Ca bon in ensi y kg / € 0.89 0.79 1.50 1.09 0.84 Resou ce in ensi y ( ecip ocal o esou ce p oduc i i y) kg / € n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. Was e in ensi y kg / € 0.23 0.17 1.72 0.19 0.17 Ene gy balance o ade % GDP -7.6 -6.0 -1.4 -4.3 -6.0 Ene gy weigh in HICP % 16.4 15.7 14.7 14.2 18.9 Di e ence be ween ene gy p ice change and in l a ion % 3.8 7.3 7.2 5.0 1.8 Ra io o en i onmen al axes o labou axes Ra io 13.2% 17.7% 16.7% 13.0% 13.7% Ra io o en i onmen al axes o o al axes Ra io 6.1% 8.7% 8.6% 6.7% 6.2% Sec o al indica o s Indus y ene gy in ensi y kgoe / € 0.18 0.39 0.23 0.21 0.30 Sha e o ene gy-in ensi e indus ies in he economy % GDP n.a. n.a. 12.6 14.6 15.0 Elec ici y p ices o medium- sized indus ial use s € / kWh 0.11 0.11 0.08 0.10 0.13 Gas p ices o medium-sized indus ial use s € / kWh 0.05 0.04 0.04 0.03 0.04 Public R&D o ene gy % GDP 0.01 0.01 0.02 0.02 0.00 Public R&D o he en i onmen % GDP 0.00 0.01 0.03 0.01 0.01 Recycling a e o municipal was e Ra io 20.4% 15.8% 44.2% 43.4% 22.3% Sha e o GHG emissions co e ed by ETS % 26.4 24.9 70.6 52.7 49.0 T anspo ene gy in ensi y kgoe / € 0.57 0.95 0.96 0.86 0.93 T anspo ca bon in ensi y kg / € 1.63 2.53 2.76 2.40 2.62 Secu i y o ene gy supply Ene gy impo dependency % 80.3 56.4 17.1 25.2 60.0 Di e si i ca ion o oil impo sou ces HHI 0.75 0.28 0.20 0.27 0.67 Di e si i ca ion o ene gy mix HHI 0.29 0.30 0.45 0.27 0.22 Renewable ene gy sha e o ene gy mix % 16.4 36.4 14.1 7.5 8.1 Sou ce: (Eu opean Commission, 2015a,b,c,d,e, ) Tab. 2: Achie emen s in g een g ow h in Bal ic S a es, Czech Republic and Slo akia, 2012 EM_2_2016.indd 60EM_2_2016.indd 60 3.6.2016 11:47:483.6.2016 11:47:48 61 2, XIX, 2016 Economics shale has e y high ash con en . All coun ies ha e nega i e ene gy balance o ade. The (ne ) ene gy ade balance is exp essed as a pe cen age o GDP. All o he hings being equal, he mo e nega i e his balance, he highe he likelihood ha he cu en accoun is ulne able o ene gy p ice shocks, and hence he bigge he con ibu ion o ade in ene gy p oduc s o an ex e nal imbalance. I is impo an o analyse he ends o he main g een g ow h indica o s in Bal ic S a es, Czech Republic and Slo akia in o de o assess he impac o use o EU S uc u al Funds o enhance g een g ow h in hese EU membe s a es du ing 2007–2013. In i gu es 1–8 he de elopmen o he main indica o s o g een g ow h in Bal ic S a es, Czech Republic and Slo akia a e p esen ed. The mos impo an indica o o g een g ow h is ene gy in ensi y o GDP as his indica o ep esen s also compe i i eness, en i onmen al sus ainabili y and ene gy secu i y issues. Reduce o ene gy in ensi y in membe s a es has di ec impac on en i onmen al and pollu ion educ ion, clima e change mi iga ion and on inc ease o compe i i eness o economy and secu i y o ene gy supply. In i gu e 1 he ends o ene gy in ensi y o GDP is compa ed in Bal ic S a es, Czech Republic and Slo akia. As one can see om i gu e 1 hough all Bal ic S a es and Czech Republic and Slo akia ha e ene gy in ensi y well abo e EU-28 le el he highes ene gy in ensi y is in Es onia and he lowes one in Li huania. Compa ing da a o yea 2004 wi h ene gy in ensi y in 2012 one can no ice ha ene gy in ensi y was dec easing since en e ing EU in all analysed coun ies howe e economic c isis had nega i e impac and ene gy in ensi y s a ed o inc ease howe e in Es onia ene gy in ensi y inc ease can be no iced since 2007 bu in 2010 his end has d ama ically changed and ene gy in ensi y began o dec ease. In o he analysed coun ies he end o ene gy in ensi y dec ease can be no iced ollowing he eco e y om economic c isis in 2010. In Czech Republic he ends o ene gy in ensi y dec ease we e almos s able du ing all in es iga ed pe iod. The CO2 in ensi y o he economy o he whole EU dec eased subs an ially since 2001 by abou 23%. I declined o all Membe S a es. Howe e , simila ly o he ene gy in ensi y, a end b eak occu ed a ound 2008 o a g oup Fig. 1: Ene gy in ensi y in Bal ic S a es, Czech Republic and Slo akia Sou ce: EUROSTAT EM_2_2016.indd 61EM_2_2016.indd 61 3.6.2016 11:47:493.6.2016 11:47:49 62 2016, XIX, 2 Ekonomie o coun ies when he ca bon in ensi y o hese economies s a ed inc easing. This is he case o Es onia and La ia. In Czech Republic ca bon in ensi y was dec easing du ing all in es iga ed pe iod. As one can see om he i gu e 3 he pe - sis en ly nega i e ene gy ade balance can be no iced in all analysed coun ies. In EU in 2013 nega i e ene gy balance in ade amoun ed o 3.1% o EU GDP up om 2.1% o 2009 he e o e he nega i e ends can be no iced in all analysed coun ies. Especially in Li huania his end is e y nega i e since he closu e o he second uni a Ignalina NPP in 2009. As one can see om i g. 4 he a io o en i onmen al axes o o al axes was Fig. 2: Ca bon in ensi y in Bal ic S a es, Czech Republic and Slo akia Sou ce: EUROSTAT Fig. 3: Ene gy balance o ade in Bal ic S a es, Czech Republic and Slo akia Sou ce: EUROSTAT EM_2_2016.indd 62EM_2_2016.indd 62 3.6.2016 11:47:493.6.2016 11:47:49 63 2, XIX, 2016 Economics inc easing since 2009 in all analysed coun ies howe e Li huania and Slo akia emains wi h he lowes a ion o en i onmen al axes o o al axes be ween Bal ic S a es, Czech Republic and Slo akia. As one can see om i g. 5 hough Es onia had he highes public R&D expendi u es o en i onmen in 2009 and especially 2010 hei began o decline s eeply since 2011 and almos eached le el o o he analysed coun ies. In Czech Republic public R&R expendi u es emained s able du ing in es iga ed pe iod. As one can see om he i gu e 6 he highes ene gy dependency a e in 2012 was in Li huania. This is ela ed wi h he closu e o Ignalina NPP in 2009 and inc ease o ene gy impo . Be o e closu e o Ignalina NPP Li huania was ne ene gy expo e . The lowes Fig. 4: Ra io o en i onmen al axes o o al axes in Bal ic S a es, Czech Republic and Slo akia Sou ce: EUROSTAT Fig. 5: Public R&D expendi u es o he en i onmen in Bal ic S a es, Czech Republic and Slo akia Sou ce: EUROSTAT EM_2_2016.indd 63EM_2_2016.indd 63 3.6.2016 11:47:493.6.2016 11:47:49 70 2016, XIX, 2 Ekonomie Dall’e ba, S., & Le Gallo, J. (2008). Regional con e gence and he impac o Eu opean s uc u al unds 1989-1999: A spa ial econome ic analysis. 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As a Mikalauskienė, Ph.D. Vilnius Uni e si y Kaunas Facul y o Humani ies [email p o ec ed] EM_2_2016.indd 71EM_2_2016.indd 71 3.6.2016 11:47:513.6.2016 11:47:51 72 2016, XIX, 2 Ekonomie Abs ac GREEN GROWTH AND USE OF EU STRUCTURAL FUNDS IN BALTIC STATES, CZECH REPUBLIC AND SLOVAKIA Dalia Š eimikienė, As a Mikalauskienė G een g ow h is esou ce-e i cien , cleane economic g ow h and mo e esilien g ow h wi hou slowing i . “G een g ow h’’ no only a ec s he quali y o g ow h, bu o e all p oduc ion. In his case, g ow h esul s om he in es men in he upg ading o he en i e p oduc ion sys em o en i onmen al and esou ce-sa ing p ocesses and p oduc s. A p o o ype o his phenomenon is he clima e- iendly ‘‘low-ca bon economy.’’ G een g ow h is expec ed in implemen a ion o Eu ope 2020 s a gey and can p o ide o ha minized de elopmen and cohesion o old and new EU membe s a es. Eu ope 2020 is he EU’s g ow h s a gey based on he g ow h o sma , sus ainable and inclusi e economy. The compa a i e s udy o g een g ow h indica o s and use o EU S uc u al Funds in 2007–2013 pe iod in Bal ics and Czech Republic and Slo akia was pe o med wi h he aim o de i ne he ole o i nancing om EU S uc u al Funds o enhancemen o g een g ow h in Bal ic S a es, Czech Republic and Slo akia. The pe o med compa a i e assessmen e ealed ha Czech Republic alloca ed he highes sha e o means o m EU S uc u al Funds o enhance g een g ow h. In e ms o de elopmen o g een g ow h indica o s Czech Republic is also among he bes pe o ming coun ies ollowing Es onia. The analysis o he use o EU S uc u al Funds in 2007–2013 in i e new EU membe s a es indica ed ha he EU S uc u al Funds has posi i ely in l uenced he de elopmen o RES in Bal ic S a es, Czech Republic and Slo akia. The inc ease o enewable ene gy capaci ies in Bal ic S a es, Czech Republic and Slo akia also con ibu ed o he educ ion o ca bon in ensi y o economy, educ ion o en i onmen al pollu ion, clima e change mi iga ion and ene gy impo dependency. Key Wo ds: G een g ow h, EU s uc u al unds, Bal ic S a es, Czech Republic, Slo akia. JEL Classi i ca ion: M12, M53. DOI: 10.15240/ ul/001/2016-2-004 EM_2_2016.indd 72EM_2_2016.indd 72 3.6.2016 11:47:513.6.2016 11:47:51