Testing physiologic comfort of functional clothing

85 TESTING PHYSIOLOGIC COMFORT OF FUNCTIONAL CLOTHING Ladisla Nagy *An onín Ha elka **Zdenek Kůs ***Soňa Jando á Technical Uni e si y o Libe ec Facul y o Tex ile Enginee ing Depa men o Clo hing Technology S uden ská 2, 461 17 Libe ec, Czech Republic ladisla .nagy@ ul.cz *Technical Uni e si y o Libe ec Facul y o Tex ile Enginee ing Depa men o Clo hing Technology S uden ská 2, 461 17 Libe ec, Czech Republic [email p o ec ed] **Technical Uni e si y o Libe ec Facul y o Tex ile Enginee ing Depa men o Clo hing Technology S uden ská 2, 461 17 Libe ec, Czech Republic [email p o ec ed] ***Technical Uni e si y o Libe ec Facul y o Science, Humani ies and Educa ion Mo o Ac i i y Labo a o y, Depa men o Physical Educa ion S uden ská 2, 461 17 Libe ec, Czech Republic [email p o ec ed] Abs ac The subjec o esea ch wo k ca ied ou a he Depa men o Clo hing o he Facul y o Tex ile a he Technical Uni e si y o Libe ec was inno a ion and moni o ing o physiologic p ope ies o he i s laye o unc ional clo hing o spo smen, a my, i emen, police, e c. Physiologic p ope ies o clo hing a e ones o he p ope ies eques ed om unc ional clo hing and hey a e impo an because hey signi ican ly in luence no only he wea e 's eelings bu also psyche and pe o mance o spo smen, soldie s, policemen, e c. No uni e sal clo hing, which would be sui able o all wea he condi ions and physical exe cise o he wea e can be designed, howe e , mo e sui able ex ile ma e ials and mo e elabo a ed designs o clo hing o imp o emen o clo hing com o can be used. The ocus o esea ch wo k was labo a o y es ing wi h p oband’s simula ed load wi h moni o ing o empe a u es and mois u e in he limi laye o clo hing. Based on he analysis o measu ed alues and es esul s o se o T-shi s, a se o op imum s uc u es o ex ile ma e ials o unc ional clo hing was designed. In oduc ion Clo hing is an insepa able pa o human li e. The p ime ole o clo hing is o p o ec body agains uns able en i ons. Human body can be conside ed as an open sys em, which is always in he s a e o physical, chemical and biological in e ac ion wi h he en i ons. Clo hing is a p o ec i e sys em, in which hea and mois u e pene a e. Pene a ion o hea and mois u e 86 depends on he cons uc ion, cu , used ex ile ma e ial and pa ame e s o he clo hing laye . Clo hing helps he mo egula ion o he o ganism in he cases when he body i sel is no capable o au o- egula ion. Com o as such can hen be de ined as a s a e o o ganism when physical unc ions o o ganism a e in op imum and when en i ons o he human, including clo hing, do no p oduce any unpleasan pe cep ions. 1 Tes me hodology used o in es iga ion In iew o he ac ha com o is di ec ly ela ed o physiologic p ocess, i can be measu ed quan i a i ely. Com o o clo hing can be e alua ed by measu ing selec ed physical p ope ies o ex iles and clo hing (wa e apou s and ai pe meabili y, he mal esis ance, e c.) ha in luence physiologic com o . A mo e objec i e way is o ca y ou es ing wi h p obands. These can be ca ied ou unde eal condi ions – using clo hing in eal condi ions o unde con olled clima ic condi ions and ac i i ies in a labo a o y. Measu emen unde con olled condi ions has signi ican ad an ages, es ing condi ions a e ep oducible and senso s can be connec ed o he pe son's body wi h he aim o gain objec i e da a. Such da a may include hea a e, empe a u e and skin mois u e in a ious poin s o p oband's body in he limi laye o in he clo hing s uc u e, including senso y assessmen o clo hing. Figu e 1 shows how he es is ca ied ou . The esea ch ac i i y consis ed in es ing he se o T-shi s p oband's de ined load and unde de ined condi ions o he en i onmen wi h he choice o moni o ing selec ed quan i ies, which p o ide possibili ies o clo hing com o e alua ion. Sou ce: Own Fig. 1: P oband while es ing he 1s laye s o clo hing in he labo a o y o physiologic com o . 1.1 Theo e ical analysis Wa e apou s pe meabili y is undamen al o unc ional clo hing, du ing in ense ac i i ies o a pe son, p oduc ion o swea can each 1000g/hou and such quan i y mus be anspo ed 87 h ough clo hing. Inc easing mois u e on he skin, especially in liquid o m, means immedia e wo sening o com o and dec easing o pe son's pe o mance and concen a ion and ha is why ans e o mois u e is impo an [1]. Wa e apou s pe meabili y is closely connec ed wi h he ma e ial, om which he s uc u e o clo hing is c ea ed; i is also connec ed wi h he s uc u e and po osi y o he ab ic. Po osi y is a cha ac e is ic a ec ing he b ea habili y o ab ics. I may be de ined as he po e olume o he o al olume o ab ic. Po osi y de e mines he amoun o he olume o ai con ained in he ab ic su ace, bu says no hing abou he posi ion, ype and size o po es, o hei mu ual a angemen (1): [%]10 * 2 c V c p     (1) whe e: ρ c densi y o ai condi ioned ibe s [kg·m-3], ρV ma e ial bulk densi y [kg·m-3]. Basically, he e a e wo ac o s – so p ion capaci y o ib es and deso p ion capaci y and hen su ace ension on ib es, s uc u e and we ing capaci y o ib es. So p ion capaci y o ib es can ha e posi i e e ec in he i s momen s o dampening bu on he o he hand, ib e emains we o a long ime and so i does no con ibu e o good com o o clo hing [2]. The p o ile o ib es, which, in sophis ica ed cons uc ion, allows pe ec we ing, and he eby in ense anspo o liquid mois u e, is applied undamen ally. The mois u e anspo gene ally p oceeds also by o he mechanisms (capilla y, so p ion), bu we can p esume ha he di usion way will be he mo e dominan . I is possible o desc ibe mois u e anspo by a ela ion (2) o mass anspo [3][4]: iidi Dq i   (2) whe e: Di coe icien o di usion anspo o mass o he i h – componen [m2·s-1],  i g adien o pa ial mass densi y o he i h - componen [kg·m-3]. Fo a uni low o mois u e as a compound o gaseous en i ons wi h a pa ial p essu e o pi´ (pi´– pa ial p essu e inside o po ous clo hing ma e ial, pi´´– pa ial p essu e ou side he po ous clo hing ma e ial) i is possible o use a ela ion (3): s pp RmT M Dq iii idi i     (3) whe e: Rm uni e sal gas cons an [kJ·kmol·K-1], Mi mola mass [mol], T empe a u e [K], S laye hickness [m]. Based on he esul s o heo e ic analysis o physiologic com o , he ollowing expe imen s had been planned and consequen ly ca ied ou : a) es ing he selec ed se o T-shi s, om na u al ma e ials o mode n Sma ex iles du ing simula ed load on s a iona y bicycle when moni o ing hea and mois u e and measu ing empe a u e ields using The mocam. b) measu ing he p ope ies de e mining clo hing com o in he labo a o ies o physiologic com o a di e en empe a u es and mois u e in a se o kni ing sui able 88 especially o he i s laye o clo hing allowing compa ison o classical and mode n syn he ic ib es o hese ab ics [5]. 2 Simula ing load o p oband wi h T-shi The expe imen al measu emen was ca ied ou in he Labo a o y o Physiologic Com o a he Clo hing Depa men , Facul y o Tex ile, Technical Uni e si y o Libe ec. P oband pe o med physical ac i i y on s a iona y bicycle in ai -condi ioned oom. Tempe a u e in he oom was se o 21 ± 1°C, humidi y o 60 ± 5%. Physical exe cise was ca ied ou a a de ined hea a e o 45 minu es. Load was se o each and main ain he alue o hea bea anging be ween 140-145 bea s pe minu e. P oband main ained hea bea wi hin his in e al o all he ime o es ing. Hea bea was moni o ed using hea bea sensing band a ached o p oband’s unk. 13 T-shi s o di e en ma e ial composi ion and weigh we e es ed. Ma e ial pa ame e s o es ed T-shi s a e s a ed in Table 1. Tab. 1: Ma e ial pa ame e s o es ed T-shi s Ma king Ma e ial P oduce / O igin S uc u e Thickness [mm] Weigh [g/m2] Ai pe meabili y [l/min/m2] Resis ance agains wa e apou s Re [m2.Pa.W-1] The mal esis ance Rc [m2.K.W- 1] T-shi 1 100% CO KAJA s. .o / A med o ces o he Czech Republic we single plain 0.69 170.22 2089.00 2.56 0.019 T-shi 2 100% WO DEVOLD MSM / No way we double 0.94 216.85 >12000.00 2.59 0.037 T-shi 3 100% PP SPOLSIN s. .o. / Czech Republic we in e lock 1.51 189.16 6060.00 5.12 0.046 T-shi 4 100% PL ADIDAS / Philippines we in e lock 0.59 132.19 9750.00 2.00 0.011 T-shi 5 95%CO/ 5% EL SPOLSIN s. .o. / Czech Republic we single pla ed jbu ed 0.77 225.69 1620.00 4.15 0.025 T-shi 6 100% CO F ench A med Fo ces we single plain 0.67 161.17 5057.00 3.06 0.020 T-shi 7 100% CO Romanian A med Fo ces we single plain 0.91 220.02 1993.00 3.78 0.017 T-shi 8 50%CO/50%PL Uni ed S a ed A my we single plain 0.72 153.86 5786.00 3.23 0.024 T-shi 9 100% CO I alian A med Fo ces we single plain 0.69 151.61 5014.00 2.92 0.015 T-shi 10 50%CO/50%PL Macedonian A med Fo ces we single plain 0.67 156.95 6600.00 2.82 0.020 T-shi 11 100% CO B i ish A my we single plain 0.83 215.89 1294.00 3.38 0.018 T-shi 12 100% PL Pola ec / USA we in e lock 0.92 179.42 >12000.00 3.14 0.003 T-shi 13 100% PL Pola ec / USA we single pla ed jbu ed 0.57 124.17 4170.00 1.30 0.008 Sou ce: Own 2.1 P ocedu e and condi ions o es ing T-shi s Be o e he es , 5 senso s we e a ached, always in equal placemen , o a T-shi . The senso s we e placed in o apou -pe meable “pocke s” made o “Neoshell-Pola ec” ma e ial. Be o e he measu emen , he es ed T-shi was placed in o an ai -condi ioned oom wi h he empe a u e o 21 ± 1°C and mois u e o 60 ± 5% o 30 minu es. See [6] o de ailed da a. A he beginning and du ing he es , senso y pe cep ion o clo hing com o by p oband was moni o ed. The aim o he moni o ing was o e alua e he i s laye o clo hing on he base o he moni o ed indi idual's eelings du ing a long- e m physical exe cise, and he ollowing pa ame e s we e ound ou : 89  p oband’s he mal sensa ions (c i e ion: he mal ecep i eness), a ing scale 1-10 – 1- he mal balance, 10 – oo wa m o oo cold  p oband’s sensa ions o mois u e (c i e ion: dampness), a ing scale 1-10 – 1- no sensa ion o dampness, 10 – ex eme dampness  p oband’s senso y sensa ions (c i e ion: p ickliness, us ling), a ing scale 1-10 – 1- e y pleasan , 10 - unpleasan  p oband’s physical ac i i y (c i e ion: physical a igue), a ing scale 1-10 – 1- no i ed, esh, 10 – i ed ou 2.2 E alua ion o he expe imen Wi hin he phases, he expe imen con inuously ocuses on h ee pa s impo an o o e all e alua ion o T-shi s: 1. Ma e ial e alua ion o T-shi s 2. Objec i e e alua ion o T-shi s 3. Subjec i e e alua ion o T-shi s This pape p ima ily ocuses on subjec i e e alua ion o T-shi s, which is an impo an pa o o e all e alua ion o unc ional clo hing by he wea e . Phases 1 and 2 will be subjec s o he ollowing pape s. Fo each T-shi , a ques ionnai e o subjec i e e alua ion o T-shi by he p oband was designed and subsequen ly assessed. Visual display o subjec i e e alua ion o he T-shi by p oband and hei mu ual compa ison be o e, du ing and a he end o he es is shown in he ollowing adial diag ams. F om he diag ams, see Fig. 2-4, i is e iden ha subjec i e sensing o he T-shi by p oband is ge ing wo se du ing long- e m physical exe cise. Sou ce: Own Fig. 2: Subjec i e e alua ion o he es ed T-shi s' com o by p oband a he beginning o he es . 90 Sou ce: Own Fig. 3: Subjec i e e alua ion o he es ed T-shi s' com o by p oband du ing he es . Sou ce: Own Fig. 4: Subjec i e e alua ion o es ed T-shi s' com o by p oband a he end o he es . The T-shi , indi idual cu es o which de ia e om op imum limi s, o co espond wi h he diag am a ea displayed in da k g ey colou in he middle o he diag am, is assessed as he bes . I applies ha an ideal T-shi would ake up he a ea in he middle o he diag am wi h he adius o 1. O e all subjec i e e alua ion o clo hing by p oband is shown in he ollowing Table 2. A he end o he es , each T-shi was awa ded an o e all g ade in acco dance wi h commonly used school classi ica ion 1 – he bes , 5 – he wo s (ex ending he inal ma k by a plus o minus sign was allowed). The anking o indi idual T-shi is di ided in o 5 colou zones o be e 91 comp ehensibili y. The inal ma ks a e used o assessmen in mul i-c i e ia assessmen o clo hing [6]. Tab. 2: O e all subjec i e e alua ion o T-shi s by p oband. P oband O e all anking o T-shi Ma king o T-Shi Awa ded g ade 1 T-shi 2 1 2 T-shi 13 1- 3 T-shi 12 2+ 4 T-shi 6 2 5 T-shi 5 2- 6 T-shi 10 2- 7 T-shi 4 3 8 T-shi 3 3 9 T-shi 8 3- 10 T-shi 11 4+ 11 T-shi 7 4- 12 T-shi 9 5 13 T-shi 1 5 Sou ce: Own Conclusion The i s laye o clo hing, which is in con ac wi h he skin and, in addi ion, mus ans e mois u e and hea in o de o each he a ea o empe a u e and mois u e wi h good com o is c ucial o he mo-physiologic and senso y com o o unc ional clo hing. P ima ily he expe imen ocused mainly on he i s laye o clo hing, which in luences he wea e 's physiologic com o mos . Common ma e ials o T-shi s such as o example co on o he mix u e o co on/PL, o co on/elas ane as well as new sophis ica ed ib es and s uc u es (Pola ec, Adidas, and Moi a) we e selec ed o he se o es ed ma e ials. The o e all complex e alua ion o T-shi s esul s om h ee independen aspec s:  Subjec i e e alua ion o clo hing by p oband  Moni o ing empe a u e and mois u e a p oband's de ined load unde labo a o y condi ions  Measu ed esul s o he p ope ies in physiologic com o labo a o ies FT-KOD, which in luence clo hing com o F om he abo e men ioned diag ams, Fig. 2-4, i is e iden ha he e a e minimum di e ences in subjec i e pe cep ion o clo hing com o by he p oband a he beginning o he es . Wi h inc easing long las ing exe cise he di e en s uc u es and ma e ial composi ions o indi idual T-shi s s a p esen ing hemsel es and he p oband s a s o eel wo sening com o o clo hing. The g ea es di e ences in pe cei ing he clo hing com o by p oband, 92 compa ed o he beginning o he es , a e ound ou a he end o he es . The T-shi , in which he leas de e io a ion o subjec i e senso y com o is eached, can hen be conside ed as he mos app op ia e i s laye o a long ime physical ac i i y. Based on he measu ed esul s o p oband's subjec i e e alua ion and based on he o e all subjec i e e alua ion o ma e ial s a ed in Table 1, T-shi No. 12 (Pola ec® Powe D y® FR) was selec ed o he nex phase o es ing as he i s laye o unc ional clo hing. T-shi 12 and T-shi 2 gained he bes subjec i e e alua ion o com o by p oband, and ha is why hese T-shi s ha e he bes p econdi ions o achie ing as good p oband's physiologic com o as possible du ing long- e m exe cise. Li e a u e [1] MOTAWE, H., M.: Fac o a ec ing ga men ’s he mophysiological p ope ies in opical wea he coun ies. Libe ec: Technická uni e zi a Libe ci, Fakul a ex ilní, Ka ed a odě nic í, 2012. PhD. Thesis, s .180 [2] MOTAWE, M.; HAVELKA, A.; KŮS, Z. The mophysiological in es iga ion o co on ab ics and iscose ab ics made om bamboo plan s. ACC JOURNAL XVIII. 2012, 1, s. 49-57. Technická uni e zi a Libe ci, 2012, ISSN 1803-9782 [3] ŠESTÁK, J., RIEGER, F.: Přenos hybnos i, epla a hmo y. P aha: Vyda a els í ČVUT, 2005. 299 s. [4] HAVELKA, A.; KŮS, Z. Inno a ions in Tex ile ma e ials & P o ec i e clo hing. Monog aph, Wa saw, 2012: Technical uni e si y o Lodz p ess. The impo ance o mois u e anspo in he insula ing p ope ies o sandwich s uc u es, sma clo hes, s. 137-144. ISBN 978-83-7283-493-5. [5] HAVELKA, A.; KŮS, Z. The anspo phenomena o semi-pe meable memb ane o spo clo h. In e na ional Jou nal o Clo hing Science and Technology, Volume 23, Numbe 2/3, 2011, s. 119-130. ISSN 0955-6222. [6] HAVELKA, A.: „Fyziolog“– Ino ace a moni o o ání yziologických las nos í speciálních odě ů p o ozb ojené síly a odě y p o z aněné a nemocné., Libe ec 2012. 226 s. Zá ě ečná zp á a o ealizaci p ojek u č. 907980. Technická uni e zi a Libe ci, Fakul a ex ilní, Ka ed a odě nic í. Ing. Ladisla Nagy; doc. Ing. An onín Ha elka, CSc.; p o . D . Ing. Zdeněk Kůs; doc. PhD . Soňa Jando á, Ph.D. 93 TESTOVANÍ FYZIOLOGICKÉHO KOMFORTU FUNKČNÍCH ODĚVŮ Předmě em ýzkumných p ací, p o áděných na Ka edře odě nic í Fakul y ex ilní Technické uni e zi y Libe ci, byla ino ace a moni o o ání yziologických las nos í p ní s y unkčních odě ů p o spo o ce, ojsko, hasiče, policii a d. Fyziologické las nos i odě ů jsou jednou z požado aných las nos í na unkční odě a jsou důleži é, p o ože ýznamně o li ňují nejen poci y nosi ele, ale i psychiku a ýkon spo o ců, ojáků, policie a d. Nelze na hnou uni e zální odě , k e ý bude yho o a při šech po ě nos ních podmínkách a yzické zá ěži nosi ele, ale lze použí hodnější ex ilní ma e iály a p op aco anější design odě ů p o zlepšení odě ního kom o u. Těžiš ěm ýzkumných p ací byly labo a o ní es y při simulo ané zá ěži p obanda s moni o o áním eplo a lhkos i mezní s ě odě ů. Na základě analýzy naměřených hodno a ýsledků es ů soubo u T-Shi byl na žen soubo op imálních s uk u ex ilních ma e iálů p o unkční odě . PRÜFUNG DES PHYSIOLOGISCHEN KOMFORTS DER FUNKTIONSKLEIDUNG Gegens and de Fo schungsa bei en, die an dem Leh schul ü Bekleidungsindus ie an de Tex il akul ä de Technischen Uni e si ä in Libe ec du chge üh wu den, wa en Inno a ionen und die Übe wachung de physiologischen Eigenscha en de e s en Schich de Funk ionskleidung ü Spo le , die A mee, die Feue weh , die Polizei e c. Die physiologischen Eigenscha en de Kleidung sind eine de e o de lichen Eigenscha en de Funk ionskleidung und sie sind wich ig, da sie nich nu die Ge ühle des T äge s, sonde n auch die Psyche sowie die Leis ung de Spo le , de Solda en, de Polizei e c. bedeu end beein lussen. Es kann keine Uni e salkleidung en wo en we den, die allen Wi e ungsein lüssen und de physischen Belas ung des T äge s en sp echen wi d, abe es können geeigne e e Tex ilma e ialien und ein du chgea bei e es Kleidungsdesign ü die Ve besse ung des Kleidungskom o s e wende we den. De Schwe punk de Fo schungsa bei en wa en Labo es s bei eine simulie en Belas ung eine Tes pe son mi de Übe wachung on Tempe a u en und de Feuch igkei in de G enzschich de Kleidung. Au G und de Analyse de gemessenen We e und de Tes e gebnisse des T-Shi -Komplexes wu de ein Komplex on op imalen S uk u en de Tex ilma e ialien ü eine Funk ionskleidung en wo en. TESTOWANIE KOMFORTU FIZJOLOGICZNEGO ODZIEŻY FUNKCYJNEJ P zedmio em p ac badawczych, p owadzonych w Ka ed ze Odzieżownic wa Wydziału Teks ylnego Uniwe sy e u Technicznego w Libe cu, była innowacja i moni o owanie właściwości izjologicznych pie wszej wa s wy odzieży unkcyjnej dla spo owców, wojska, s aży poża nej, policji, i d. Właściwości izjologiczne odzieży należą do wymaganych właściwości odzieży unkcyjnej i są ważne, ponieważ w znacznym s opniu wpływają nie ylko na odczucia osoby noszącej, ale ównież na psychikę i wyniki spo owców, żołnie zy, policjan ów, i d. Nie można op acować uniwe salnej odzieży, k ó a będzie odpowiednia w każdych wa unkach a mos e ycznych i p zy óżnym obciążeniu izycznym osoby noszącej, ale w celu pop awy kom o u można zas osować lepsze ma e iały eks ylne i lepiej op acowane wzo nic wo odzieży. Głównym p zedmio em p ac badawczych były es y labo a o yjne z symulowanym obciążeniem p oban a i z moni o owaniem empe a u y i wilgo ności w wa s wie g anicznej odzieży. Na pods awie analizy pozyskanych wa ości i wyników es ów zespołu T-Shi op acowano zbió op ymalnych s uk u ma e iałów eks ylnych dla odzieży unkcyjnej.