Quantifying corruption at a subnational level

25 2, XVIII, 2015 Economics DOI: 10.15240/ ul/001/2015-2-003 In oduc ion Co up ion and i s po en ial educ ion is a con- s an opic no only o economic o social scien- ce esea ch, bu also an issue ha plagues go- e nmen s and ci izens alike. This phenomenon is mo e o less immanen in e e y social sys em, ega dless o he size and sophis ica ion o he coun y o cul u e o he na ion. Despi e he ac ha co up ion is no a new phenomenon and a numbe o o eign and domes ic au ho s ha e been dealing wi h his subjec o se e al yea s, he e a e s ill many ques ions ha emain unan- swe ed. The e y defi ni ion o he e m co up i- on is no ye clea , and di e en au ho s defi ne co up ion wi h g ea e o smalle di e ences. Fo mo e de ail, see e.g. [6], [9], [29], [20]. E en he ques ion o whe he and how co up ion can a ec he economic le el o a coun y has ne e been answe ed by any li e a u e wi hou con- o e sy. One may hus encoun e he iew ha co up ion is “sand in he wheels” o he eco- nomy, which impedes economic ansac ions, as i educes he secu i y o p ope y igh s and con ibu es o ine fi cien alloca ion o esou ces [23], [28], [24], [17], [13]. On he o he hand, he e a e au ho s who belie e ha co up ion is p ecisely wha “g eases he wheels” o he eco- nomy, because i allows indi iduals o a oid ad- minis a i e and bu eauc a ic delays [12], [14], [15], [1], [16]. I can be said, howe e , ha wi h he exis ence o adequa e legisla ion, he a gu- men abou co up ion as “g easing he wheels o he economy” is o ally unaccep able. The issue o quan i ying he deg ee o co up ion also aises fi e ce deba e. Consi- de ing he ac ha b ibe y and o he o ms o co up ion a e illegal in mos coun ies, he people in ol ed make e e y e o o ca e ully conceal hei ac ions and e ealing co up ion is o en almos impossible. E en so, he e a e cu en ly a numbe o exac p ocedu es ha a emp o quan i y he le el o co up ion in a coun y. Among he bes known cu en in- dica o s o co up ion is one example, he CPI (Co up ion Pe cep ion Index), published an- nually by T anspa ency In e na ional and he Con ol o Co up ion o he Wo ld Bank [27]. A common ea u e o all cu en ly exis ing indi- ces o co up ion, howe e , is he ac ha all wi hou excep ion quan i y he le el o co up i- on in a coun y and a e he e o e no applicable o quan ifi ca ion o co up ion a a sub-na ional le el. The au ho s o his pape a gue ha he socio-economic de elopmen in a coun y is no homogeneous, and ha i can be assumed ha a di e ence exis s in he ex en o co up ion in di e en egions wi hin he same coun y. Unde his assump ion, mo e co up sub-na ional e- gions a e de imen al o he na ional e alua ion o co up ion in a coun y as a whole. The ac ha he dis ibu ion o co up ion in a coun y is no homogenous was confi med by au ho s [2] and [5] in hei s udies o I alian egions. The le- el o co up ion in he sub na ional b eakdown as epo ed by hese au ho s was e y di e se and i s analysis can help explain he di e en- ces in he di e en economic pe o mance o he egions. I can be no ed, howe e , ha he s udy o he I alian au ho s is unique and fi nding ano he s udy on he quan ifi ca ion o egional le els o co up ion, o i s impac on he egi- on, is i ually impossible. F om his i is clea ha he issue o quan i ying co up ion and i s consequences a he egional le el is a opic ha dese es mo e a en ion. The e a e se e al easons o conside hese issues. Pe haps he s onges is ha i co up ion is indeed one o he a iables ha a e deg ading he pe o man- ce o economies, he elimina ion o co up ion in ce ain egions may jus be he key o emo ing egional economic dispa i ies and he eby inc e- asing he economic pe o mance o he coun y. Analysing egional co up ion may also lead o he c ea ion o di ec egional an i-co up ion QUANTIFYING CORRUPTION AT A SUBNATIONAL LEVEL Ve onika Linha o á, Jolana Volejníko á EM_2_2015.indd 25EM_2_2015.indd 25 3.6.2015 13:08:523.6.2015 13:08:52 26 2015, XVIII, 2 Ekonomie ini ia i es ha can b ing abou educ ions in he na ional le el o co up ion. In gene al e ms, a sub-na ional esolu ion in e ms o he deg ee o co up ion could b ing a new dimension o adi ional heo ies o egional dispa i ies. The main objec i e o his a icle is o mula- ed in he con ex o he abo e conside a ions. I con ains a design o a me hod o quan i ying he ex en o co up ion a he le el o egional cohesion. The p oposed me hod is hen e ifi ed and applied o indi idual egions o he Membe S a es and candida e S a es o he Eu opean Union. Using he p oposed me hod i is possible o e alua e he cu en s a e o co up ion in he e alua ed egions, o mu ually compa e he e- gions, o de e mine he deg ee o de ia ion om he “su ace” le el o na ional co up ion and si- mul aneously de e mine he deg ee o a iabili- y in he ex en o co up ion wi hin he coun y. The ex o his a icle p esen s he p opo- sed me hod o quan i ying he egional le el o co up ion e ifi ed using Kendall’s coe fi cien o conco dance o u he use. Ve ifi ca ion o he p oposed me hod is ca ied ou a a na io- nal and egional le el. Me hods a he na ional le el a e e ifi ed by compa ing he e alua ion o he newly p oposed me hod o he e alua ion o exis ing co up ion indices. This will de e mi- ne he le el o ag eemen be ween he al eady es ablished indices and he newly p oposed me hod. The me hods a e e ifi ed a he egi- onal le el using police s a is ics on eco ded co up ion o ences. A e he me hod is e ifi ed, he le el o co up ion in he a ious egions is calcula ed. Special a en ion is paid o quan i- ying he ex en o co up ion in he egions o he Czech Republic. Calcula ing he le el o co up ion in he Czech egions will iden i y ho- se egions which a e mo e a ec ed by co up i- on han o he s and would hus wo sen he na i- onal e alua ion o he Czech Republic wi hin he s anda d published indices o co up ion. 1. P oposal o a Me hod o Quan i ying he Ex en o Co up ion a a Sub-Na ional Le el Due o he absence o any me hod o de e - mining co up ion in a mo e o less a ec ed sub-na ional egion, he nex sec ion will p e- sen a me hod o quan i ying co up ion a a sub-na ional le el. The design o his me hod is based on he cons uc ion o he Eu opean Quali y o Go e nmen Index de eloped by he Eu opean Commission oge he wi h The Qua- li y o Go e nmen Ins i u e. Co up ion is unde- s ood he e in acco dance wi h he defi ni ion o Nye, who desc ibes co up ion as “beha iou ha de ia es om he o mal du ies o a pub- lic ole because o p i a e- ega ding weal h o s a us gains“ [20]. This defi ni ion ocuses on he abuse o public powe , and somewha igno es co up ion in he p i a e sec o , which o cou - se also exis s. Mos exis ing s udies, howe e , ha e ocused on co up ion in he public sec o , as he consequences o misuse o public powe impac he b oad mass o axpaye s and he coun y as such. 1.1 The Eu opean Quali y o Go e nmen Index The Eu opean Quali y o Go e nmen Index (EQI) was c ea ed o quan i y he quali y o pu- blic adminis a ion a a egional le el. The index so a been de eloped wice; in 2010 and 2013. 27 EU Membe S a es we e included in he EQI in 2010. In 2013, 28 EU Membe S a es a e in- cluded as well as he Candida e S a es Tu key and Se bia; in o al 30 coun ies. The Eu opean Commission plans o cons uc EQI egula ly e e y h ee yea s. In addi ion o he na ional e alua ion o he quali y o go e nance, he esul ing EQI also akes no e o he e alua ion o egional admini- s a ion using egional da a which he Eu ope- an Commission has d awn up o he needs o cons uc ing he EQI. The EQI hus consis s o wo main pa s: The fi s pa o he EQI akes in o ac- coun he na ional go e nmen le el, which is ep esen ed by he Wo ldwide Go e nance Indica o s (WGI) o he Wo ld Bank. O he six pilla s o he quali y o go e nance, he Eu ope- an Commission chose ou o he cons uc ion o he EQI: Voice and Accoun abili y (GM1), Go e nmen E ec i eness (GM3), Rule o Law (GM5) Con ol o Co up ion (GM6) [4], [26], [11]. The second pa o he EQI, which akes in o accoun he egional le el o go e nan- ce, was compiled by he Eu opean Commission on he basis o a unique egional su ey, condu- c ed o he sole pu pose o c ea ing a Regional indica o o go e nmen quali y, which would ake in o accoun egional aspec s in he fi nal cons uc ion o he EQI. This unique esea ch egis e ed in he fi s cons uc ion o he EQI was execu ed in 172 NUTS II egions in 18 coun ies o he Eu- EM_2_2015.indd 26EM_2_2015.indd 26 3.6.2015 13:08:533.6.2015 13:08:53 27 2, XVIII, 2015 Economics opean Union in 2010 ( om he emaining 9 coun ies o he Eu opean Union only da a a he na ional le el was included). The esea ch includes al oge he 181 egional uni s. Da a was ob ained by means o su eying mo e han 33,000 inhabi an s. The all-Eu opean egional esea ch was conduc ed om 15 h Decembe 2009 o 1s Feb ua y 2010 by means o elepho- ne in e iews wi h esponden s olde han 18 yea s and in he local language. In he second cons uc ion o EQI, i was execu ed in 206 NUTS egions in 24 coun - ies o he Eu opean Union in 2013 ( om he emaining 7 coun ies o he Eu opean Union only da a a he na ional le el was included). The esea ch includes al oge he 213 egional uni s. Da a was ob ained by means o esea ch o mo e han 85,000 inhabi an s. The esul ing egional quali y o adminis- a ion indica o efl ec s he ac ual expe ience o esponden s wi h he use o indi idual pub- lic se ices, hus he quali y o go e nance in he egion is e alua ed as i is pe cei ed by i s inhabi an s; i.e., he ecipien s o public admin- is a ion. The Regional indica o o go e nmen quali y is composed o 16 sepa a e indica o s ela ing o he quali y o adminis a ion in a pa - icula egion. These 16 indica o s we e de el- oped based on 16 ques ions (The lis o ques- ions is a ailable a h p://www.qog.pol.gu.se/ da a/da adownloads/qogeu egionalda a/.) de- eloped in acco dance wi h he pilla s a ising om he me hodology o he WGI: Voice and Accoun abili y, Go e nmen E ec i eness, Rule o Law and Con ol o Co up ion. In o de o cap u e he mos impo an sub-na ional di e - ences, ques ions we e ocused on h ee public se ices ha a e o en unded o adminis e ed a sub-na ional le els. Each o he ou pilla s men ioned hus in ol es issues ela ing o edu- ca ion, heal h ca e and law en o cemen in he egion. Wi h a ocus on hese h ee se ices, esponden s we e asked o assess hese public se ices wi h ega d o he h ee undamen al concep s o quali y adminis a ion - quali y, im- pa iali y and co up ion. These h ee concep s a e he pilla s o he esul ing egional indica o o quali y go e nmen . Da a is agg ega ed h ee imes using a simple a e age. Fi s is he c e- a ion o he a e age alues o esponses o he ques ions. This will c ea e 16 indica o s o each egion. Then hese 16 alues a e agg ega ed in o h ee defi ned pilla s - quali y, impa iali y and co up ion. Finally, hese h ee pilla s a e agg ega ed in o a single nume ical Regional quali y o adminis a ion indica o . A simple dia- g am o he o ma ion o he Regional indica o o go e nmen quali y is shown in Figu e 1. Fig. 1: App oach o c ea ing a Regional Indica o o Go e nmen Quali y Sou ce: own wo k acco ding o [3] EM_2_2015.indd 27EM_2_2015.indd 27 3.6.2015 13:08:533.6.2015 13:08:53 28 2015, XVIII, 2 Ekonomie Thus in i s fi nal o m, he esul ing EU Quali y o Go e nmen Index en iches he na ional e alua ion o quali y o adminis a ion c ea ed by he Wo ld Bank (WGI) on a egional scale (Regional indica o o go e nmen quali y). The fi nal o m o he cons uc ion o he EQI is as ollows: EQI egionXincoun yY = WGIcoun yY + + (Rqog egionXincoun yY – CRqogcoun yY ), (1) whe e EQI egionXincoun yY is he fi nal Eu opean Quali y o Go e nmen Index in he egion o a gi en coun y, WGIcoun yY is he na ional a e age o he abo e ou Wo ldwide Go e nance Indica o s o each coun y, Rqog egionXincoun yY is he sco e om a egional su ey; hus he Regional indica o o go e nmen quali y, CRqogcoun yY is he egional su ey o all egions in he coun y weigh ed by he p opo ion o he popula ion o each egion o he na ional popula ion o he coun y. The EQI has so a been calcula ed wice; once in 2010 and in 2013. Membe S a es o he EU-28, Tu key and Se bia, we e included in he calcula ion. 1.2 P oposal o a Regional Index o Co up ion I is appa en ha he esul ing EQI, as i was compiled by he Eu opean Commission oge he wi h The Quali y o Go e nmen Ins i u e, p o i- des he oppo uni y o pu sue a quan ifi ca ion o co up ion a a sub-na ional le el, which had no p e iously been p ac ically possible. The p i- ma y modifi ca ions o he al eady c ea ed EQI can c ea e a modifi ed index, which, o all he componen s o quali y go e nmen , akes in o accoun only co up ion; i he e o e akes in o accoun only he indica o Con ol o Co up i- on in he na ional e alua ion and he indica o Pilla s o Co up ion in he egional e alua ion. Based on his modifi ed me hodology o he EQI composi ion, he modifi ed me hod o calcula ing EQI can hen be applied only o he pu pose o quan i ying co up ion in he cohesion egions. The esul ing Regional Index o Co up ion (RIC) is hen calcula ed based on he o mula: RIC egionXincoun yY = CCcoun yY + + (PCqog egionXincoun yY – CPCqogcoun yY ), (2) whe e RIC egionXincoun yY is he esul ing Regional Index o Co up ion o each egion o a gi en coun y, CCcoun yY is he na ional indica o alue o Con ol O Co up ion (GM6) om he Wo ldwide Go e nance Indica o s, PCqog egionXincoun yY is he sco e om a egional su ey ocused on co up ion, hus Pilla o Co up ion, CPCqogcoun yY is he alue o he Pilla o Co up ion om he egional su ey o all egions in a coun y weigh ed by he p opo ion o he popula ion in each egion on he na ional popula ion o he coun y. Composi e indica o s o en e oke a numbe o ques ions ela ing o hei composi ion and weigh ing o he indi idual indica o s en e ing in o a composi e indica o . The e we e c ea ed ens o agg ega ed indica o s a he ime when composi e indica o s eached a apid expansion. Mos o hem, un o una ely, we e no buil on co ec s a is ical basis [25]. Because o hese e o s composi e indica o s ailed o mee expec a ions, which we e inse ed in o hem, spa king conce ns among hei use s and nega i ely a ec ed us in composi e indica o s in gene al. The c edibili y o hese indica o s is mainly ela ed o he accu acy o da a, based on which hey a e cons uc ed and he me hodology by which hey a e cons uc ed. Numbe o composi e indica o s is cons uc ed by epu able in e na ional ins i u ion. Such indica o s can ge known and espec ed easie and ea lie . Howe e , al hough composi e indica o s a e designed e y ca e ully and s a is ical equi emen s ha e been me , hei accep a ion is always dependen on ba gaining and how hey a e accep ed by expe s and public. Accep a ion o agg ega ed indica o s mos ly depends on how hey mee he o iginal goal, i.e. whe he measu e wha hey should and he subsequen accep ance o hei use s. Gaining legi imacy and us o use s is a g adual p ocess. In he case o cons uc ing indica o EQI was by he Eu opean Commission used an equal weigh ing o en e ing a iables. Wi h espec o au ho ´s p oposed RIC is a modifi ca ion o EQI, au ho s o he a icle do no conside impo an u he weigh ing o a iables en e ing in o RIC. 2. Applying he P oposed Regional Index o Co up ion The Regional Index o Co up ion (he eina e RIC) is applied and es ed fi s a he na ional EM_2_2015.indd 28EM_2_2015.indd 28 3.6.2015 13:08:533.6.2015 13:08:53 29 2, XVIII, 2015 Economics le el, hen a he le el o he cohesion egions. F om he esul ing alues, he indi idual egions can be mu ually compa ed and egions can be iden ifi ed which a e mo e o less a ec ed by co up ion. Table 1 shows he esul ing anking o coun ies in he newly c ea ed RIC o he yea s 2010 and 2013. Coun ies in he segmen ed EQI 2013 a e included; hus he e a e a o al o 30 coun ies. The highe he alue o he RIC, he be e is he e alua ion o he coun y’s RIC. In he e alua ion o he RIC be ween 2010 and 2013, i was ound ha he new Membe S a es and candida e S a es o he Eu opean Union a e a he e y bo om o he lis o coun ies e alua ed. Con e sely, he No dic coun ies we e e alua ed as he leas a ec ed by co up ion. NUTS I RIC 2010 Ranking NUTS I RIC 2013 Ranking DK 1.811919 1 DK 1.841393 1 FI 1.740486 2 SE 1.559288 2 SE 1.516722 3 FI 1.555572 3 NL 1.438868 4 LU 1.493145 4 LU 1.261475 5 NL 1.479409 5 AT 1.142543 6 DE 0.932501 6 IE 0.948732 7 UK 0.779821 7 DE 0.917613 8 BE 0.749709 8 UK 0.830591 9 IE 0.726454 9 FR 0.488344 10 FR 0.703595 10 BE 0.415918 11 AT 0.609217 11 CY 0.322032 12 PT 0.168304 12 ES 0.157165 13 ES 0.131936 13 MT 0.083101 14 EE -0.0212 14 PT 0.029269 15 SI -0.05617 15 SI -0.07815 16 CY -0.07266 16 EE -0.12856 17 MT -0.1372 17 LV -0.67118 18 PL -0.56423 18 LT -0.70428 19 HU -0.76712 19 HU -0.71697 20 CZ -0.7947 20 PL -0.76271 21 SK -0.85981 21 SK -0.81496 22 LT -0.86415 22 CZ -0.85541 23 LV -0.92744 23 IT -0.87991 24 IT -1.05754 24 GR -1.06275 25 TR -1.08985 25 TR -1.08395 26 HR -1.14626 26 HR -1.23592 27 GR -1.38318 27 RO -1.37328 28 RO -1.39001 28 RS -1.55004 29 BG -1.43259 29 BG -1.55089 30 RS -1.46287 30 Sou ce: Au ho ’s own wo k Tab. 1: Regional Index o Co up ion o 2010 and 2013 EM_2_2015.indd 29EM_2_2015.indd 29 3.6.2015 13:08:533.6.2015 13:08:53 30 2015, XVIII, 2 Ekonomie By using S a is ica 12, g aphic models we e c ea ed o he a iabili y o RIC alues in indi idual coun ies o he yea s 2010 and 2013. The box plo s use he me hod o min-max compa ison and show he ange o RIC alues ma king he bes and he wo s o he egions e alua ed in he coun y. On he x-axis a e plo ed he coun ies e alua ed; on he y-axis a e he esul ing alues o he RIC in a gi en yea . The ange o alues is complemen ed by he fi nal alue o he RIC o he coun y, which is ep esen ed by an as e isk. Figu e 2 shows he ange o RIC alues o 2010 in he hi y coun ies e alua ed. Defi ni ely he g ea es a iabili y in he assessmen o co up ion is o be ound in he I alian egions. I alian esponden s answe ed ques ions ega ding he impac o co up ion on hei a ea wi h g ea di e ences, and pe cei ed co up ion e y di e en ly depending on which egion hey li e. The mos co up I alian egion, based on he esul s o he RIC om 2010, is he Campania egion (ITF3), while he bes a ings we e achie ed in he Umb ia egion (ITE2). A high a iabili y was also obse ed in Romania, F ance and he Ne he lands. Ra ing co up ion a he na ional le el can be pa icula ly misleading o hese coun ies. In he Czech Republic, a middle a iabili y o RIC alues was eco ded. The op a ed egion is Jihozápad (Sou hwes ) (CZ03) wi h a alue o -0.9346 and he wo s a ing is he capi al ci y o P ague (CZ01) wi h a alue o -1.9878. In he e alua ion o RIC in 2010, he NUTS II egions which placed bes we e he Du ch egion o G oningen (NL11) wi h a alue o 2.8867. The bes a ings in 2010 we e achie ed gene ally by Du ch, Danish, Finnish and Swedish egions. In con as , a he o he end o he anking we e Romanian, I alian and Bulga ian egions. Defi ni ely he wo s anking among he NUTS II egions was he Romanian egion o Bucha es (RO32) wi h a alue o -2.7491. Fig. 2: Box G aph o Values o he Regional Index o Co up ion o 2010 Sou ce: Au ho ’s own wo k EM_2_2015.indd 30EM_2_2015.indd 30 3.6.2015 13:08:533.6.2015 13:08:53 31 2, XVIII, 2015 Economics Figu e 3 shows he ange o alues o RIC o 2013. In 2013, he egion wi h he lowes le el o co up ion was he Finnish egion o Aland (FI20) wi h a alue o 2.3932. On he o he hand, he mos co up egion o he Eu opean Union was he Bulga ian egion o Yugozapaden (BG41) wi h a alue o -2.5237. A high a iabili y o da a in 2013 was ound again in I aly, as well as Bulga ia, Tu key and Romania. In hese coun ies, he inhabi an s o egions had di e en opinions on he impac o co up ion in hei a ea and he co up ion assessmen may no efl ec he cu en si ua ion in some egions. In con as , in Danish, Swedish, I ish and C oa ian egions only e y small de ia ions, we e de ec ed in he alues o RIC o 2013 and e alua ion o he na ional le el o co up ion ele an ly efl ec s he e alua ion o he egions. Wi hin he Czech Republic, in 2013 he bes egion e alua ed in e ms o co up ion was Jihozápad (Sou hwes ) (CZ03) wi h a alue o -0.5694 and he mos co up egion was Se e ozápad (No hwes ) (CZ04) wi h a alue o -1.2304. The esul ing RIC alues demons a e ha some Eu opean Union coun ies show a e y high deg ee o a iabili y in he egional le el o co up ion. This confi ms he assump ion ha exis ing indices e alua ing he na ional le el o co up ion can ul ima ely o e es ima e he egions mo e a ec ed by co up ion and unde es ima e he less co up . Defi ni ely he g ea es a iabili y o he da a e alua ed in bo h yea s was demons a ed in he I alian egions. In I aly, as one o he smalle coun ies, se e al s udies on co up ion ha e been conduc ed in a ious I alian egions. The au ho s [2] and [5] in hei s udies ag ee ha he a iabili y o he deg ee o co up ion in he I alian egions is e y high and in his coun y he e a e egions wi h e y high le els o co up ion, bu also egions wi h much lowe le els o co up ion. By applying he p oposed Regional Co up ion Index (RIC), no only we e he conclusions o he au ho s confi med ega ding he I alian egions, bu his conclusion is demons a ed in he majo i y o coun ies su eyed. Fig. 3: Box G aph o Values o he Regional Index o Co up ion o 2013 Sou ce: Au ho ’s own wo k EM_2_2015.indd 31EM_2_2015.indd 31 3.6.2015 13:08:533.6.2015 13:08:53 32 2015, XVIII, 2 Ekonomie 2.1 Ve i ying he P oposed Me hod The p oposed me hod o quan i ying he deg ee o co up ion a he egional le el is subsequen ly e ifi ed a na ional and egional le el. Kendall’s coe fi cien o conco dance can be used o ma hema ical e ifi ca ion o he con o mi y o he assessmen me hods o he p oposed RIC and exis ing indexes. This is a non-pa ame ic me hod o ma hema ical s a is ics which is p ima ily used o assess he con o mi y o indi idual e alua o s. The alue o he coe fi cien a ies be ween 0 (no ag eemen ) and 1 (comple e ag eemen ) [10]. 2.1.1 Ve i ying Me hod a he Na ional Le el In o de o compa e e alua ions a he na ional le el, wo p esen ly exis ing indices a e selec ed which measu e he deg ee o co up ion in he coun y. These a e indices ha ocus exclusi ely on quan i ying he na ional le el o co up ion. The selec ed co up ion indica o s a e he Co up ion Pe cep ions Index (CPI) o T anspa ency In e na ional and he Con ol o Co up ion (CC) o he Wo ld Bank [11], [27]. Gi en ha da a om he Regional go e nmen quali y indica o , which was used o he cons uc ion o he RIC, has been collec ed among esponden s since 2009 and he da a o he Wo ld Bank o e alua e he si ua ion a he na ional le el was d awn upon in 2008, i is app op ia e, in assessing con o mi y o he a ings, o ake in o accoun no only da a o 2010. To compa e he esul ing alues o RIC o 2010, a ime ange o exis ing indices we e selec ed o he yea s 2008–2010, which ake in o accoun he en i e ime pe iod du ing which he da a was collec ed o he RIC. To e i y he ag eemen o he assessmen o RIC o 2013, he ime ange 2011 o 2013 was chosen. Table 2 p esen s he esul ing calcula ion o Kendall’s coe fi cien o conco dance anking coun ies acco ding o he RIC in 2010 and he CPI and CC om 2008 o 2010 and o he RIC 2013 and he CPI and he CPI and CC om 2011 o 2013 as e alua ed by he p og am S a is ica 12. Kendall’s coe fi cien o conco dance assessing he o de o he selec ed indices eaches a ound 98%. The RIC i sel wi h each o he chosen indices o each yea co ella es in all cases a leas a a le el o 95%. High alues o he coe fi cien s o conco dance in bo h yea s indica e ha he p oposed RIC anks coun ies in e ms o hei co up ion e y simila ly o he cu en ly used indices o co up ion. These conclusions o Kendall’s coe fi cien o conco dance e i y he possibili y o using he RIC. Va iable Kendall´s coe fi cien o RIC 2010 Kendall´s coe fi cien o RIC 2013 (no. o a iables–30, no. o indices-7) (no. o a iables–30, no. o indices-6) A g. alue = 0.97501 A g. alue = 0.98355 A e age ( anking) To al ( anking) A e age De ia ion A e age ( anking) To al ( anking) A e age De ia ion AT 6.85714 48.0000 6.85714 0.89974 10.33333 62.0000 10.16667 1.602082 BE 10.28571 72.0000 10.28571 0.48795 8.08333 48.5000 8.00000 0.632456 BG 28.71429 201.0000 28.57143 1.13389 28.58333 171.5000 28.50000 0.836660 CY 13.57143 95.0000 13.42857 1.39728 13.66667 82.0000 13.66667 1.861899 CZ 20.50000 143.5000 20.42857 1.51186 21.25000 127.5000 21.00000 1.095445 DE 7.35714 51.5000 7.28571 0.95119 6.00000 36.0000 6.00000 DK 1.14286 8.0000 1.00000 1.16667 7.0000 1.00000 EE 14.71429 103.0000 14.57143 2.22539 13.33333 80.0000 13.33333 1.032796 ES 13.85714 97.0000 13.85714 0.89974 13.66667 82.0000 13.66667 1.211060 FI 2.42857 17.0000 2.28571 0.75593 2.41667 14.5000 2.16667 0.983192 Sou ce: Au ho ’s own wo k Tab. 2: Kendall’s Coe fi cien s o Conco dance o Regional Index o Co up ion 2010 and 2013 – Pa 1 EM_2_2015.indd 32EM_2_2015.indd 32 3.6.2015 13:08:533.6.2015 13:08:53 33 2, XVIII, 2015 Economics 2.1.2 Ve i ying he P oposed Me hods a he Regional Le el A p esen , i ually he only possible way o e i y he p oposed me hod a he egional le el is o compa e RIC wi h s a is ics o co up ion o ences in he egions o he Czech Republic. Acco ding o o fi cial s a is ics o he Minis y o he In e io and he o he Czech Na ional Police, howe e , only eco ded cases o co up ion can be aced, whose numbe is based on he ac i i y o he s a e bodies. The s a egy o he go e nmen in he fi gh agains co up ion o he pe iod 2013–2014 indica es ha co up ion in he Czech Republic has a high deg ee o la ency and only a ew cases ha e been unco e ed [18]. Acco ding o he Go e nmen P og amme o Comba ing Co up ion o he Czech Republic, only one pe cen o co up ion o ences ha e been unco e ed [19]. The ac ual numbe o hese c imes ha ha e occu ed in ecen yea s is likely o be much highe [21]. Fo he pu poses o dis inguishing he egions on he basis o co up ion, wi hou he need o a p ecise quan ifi ca ion, his ool is usable. In o de o e i y he Regional Co up ion Index, he ollowing co up ion o ences a e used, ela ed o co up ion in public adminis a ion, which is defi ned by he C iminal Va iable Kendall´s coe fi cien o RIC 2010 Kendall´s coe fi cien o RIC 2013 (no. o a iables–30, no. o indices-7) (no. o a iables–30, no. o indices-6) A g. alue = 0.97501 A g. alue = 0.98355 A e age ( anking) To al ( anking) A e age De ia ion A e age ( anking) To al ( anking) A e age De ia ion FR 10.71429 75.0000 10.71429 0.48795 10.00000 60.0000 10.00000 0.632456 GR 26.07143 182.5000 25.85714 2.03540 28.33333 170.0000 28.33333 1.366260 HR 26.42857 185.0000 26.42857 0.78679 25.08333 150.5000 24.83333 1.329160 HU 19.28571 135.0000 19.28571 1.11269 19.50000 117.0000 19.50000 0.547723 IE 6.85714 48.0000 6.71429 0.75593 9.33333 56.0000 9.16667 0.408248 IT 23.85714 167.0000 23.85714 1.57359 25.41667 152.5000 25.33333 1.211060 LT 21.78571 152.5000 21.57143 2.99205 19.91667 119.5000 19.83333 1.940790 LU 5,00000 35.0000 5.00000 4.66667 28.0000 4.66667 0.516398 LV 21.78571 152.5000 21.57143 1.90238 22.41667 134.5000 22.16667 0.983192 MT 16.00000 112.0000 16.00000 1.41421 17.16667 103.0000 17.16667 1.329160 NL 3.92857 27.5000 3.85714 0.37796 4.33333 26.0000 4.33333 0.516398 PL 19.71429 138.000 19.57143 2.22539 17.33333 104.0000 17.33333 1.211060 PT 14.57143 102.0000 14.57143 1.81265 14.00000 84.0000 14.00000 1.673320 RO 28.14286 197.0000 28.00000 0.81649 27.41667 164.5000 27.33333 1.211060 RS 29.64286 207.5000 29.57143 0.53452 29.41667 176.5000 29.33333 0.816497 SE 2.50000 17.5000 2.42857 0.78680 2.41667 14.5000 2.33333 0.516398 SI 14.28571 100.0000 14.14286 2.11570 16.08333 96.5000 16.00000 0.894427 SK 21.64286 151.5000 21.42857 1.13389 23.33333 140.0000 23.16667 1.722401 TR 24.42857 171.0000 24.28571 1.25357 23.08333 138.5000 22.83333 1.722401 UK 8.92857 62.5000 8.85714 0.37796 7.25000 43.5000 7.16667 0.408248 Sou ce: Au ho ’s own wo k Tab. 2: Kendall’s Coe fi cien s o Conco dance o Regional Index o Co up ion 2010 and 2013 – Pa 2 EM_2_2015.indd 33EM_2_2015.indd 33 3.6.2015 13:08:543.6.2015 13:08:54