Perception of Intellectual Capital and Its Impact on Business Sustainability: Evidence from Small, Medium, and Large Enterprises

35 2, XXIV, 2021 Business Adminis a ion and Managemen 10.15240/ ul/001/2021-2-003 PERCEPTION OF INTELLECTUAL CAPITAL AND ITS IMPACT ON BUSINESS SUSTAINABILITY: EVIDENCE FROM SMALL, MEDIUM, AND LARGE ENTERPRISES Elwi a G oss-Gołacka1, Ma a Kus e ka-Je mańska2, Paulina Spałek3, Ba łomiej Je mański4 1 Uni e si y o Wa saw, Facul y o Managemen , Depa men o O ganiza ion Theo y and Me hods, Poland, ORCID: 0000-0003-4863-9391, [email p o ec ed].edu.pl; 2 W ocław Uni e si y o Economics and Business, Facul y o Managemen , Depa men o Quali y and En i onmen al Managemen , Poland, ORCID: 0000-0002-6773-6157, [email p o ec ed]; 3 Wa saw School o Economics, Poland, ORCID: 0000-0002-0355-1217, [email p o ec ed].pl; 4 W ocław Uni e si y o Economics and Business, Facul y o Economics and Finance, Depa men o Econome ics and Compu e Science, Poland, ORCID: 0000-0002-0335-0036, [email p o ec ed]. Abs ac : The main goal o his a icle is o analyze he le el o di e en ia ion o awa eness and knowledge among manage s o small, medium and la ge en e p ises in he scope o he essence and meaning o in ellec ual capi al as well as he in luence o i s elemen s on he sus ainable de elopmen o en e p ises in Poland. In ellec ual capi al is pe cei ed as a key esou ce o an en e p ise. I is also one o he mos aluable esou ces o an en e p ise, which enables i s sus ainable de elopmen . I is c i ical base o o ganiza ion’s inno a i e and s a egic sus ainabili y. This a icle is based a ound he esul s o a su ey conduc ed in 2019 among 1,067 en e p ises ope a ing in Poland. Fo he pu poses o he e i ica ion o he s a is ical hypo hesis, he classical chi-squa ed es o independence has been applied along wi h he analysis o a ia ions o uzzy numbe s (FANOVA) wi h an assumed le el o signi icance α = 0.05. The assessmen o he in luence o he elemen s o in ellec ual capi al on he sus ainable de elopmen o en e p ises has been conduc ed wi h he applica ion o uzzy con e sion scales. In uzzy con e sion scales, poin s a e mos o en exp essed as iangula o apezoidal uzzy numbe s. The conduc ed esea ch indica es a di e ence be ween heo y and p ac ice in he ield o in ellec ual capi al managemen among en e p ises in Poland. On he one hand manage s decla e awa eness o he impo ance o he in luence o in ellec ual capi al on he de elopmen o en e p ises in Poland, whe eas on he o he hand, a signi ican majo i y o hem s a e ha hey ha e no implemen ed an in ellec ual capi al managemen s a egy a hei en e p ises and nei he iden i y no measu e his capi al o i s elemen s. Keywo ds: In ellec ual capi al o en e p ises, business sus ainabili y, uzzy measu emen s, uzzy con e sion scales, FANOVA. JEL Classi ica ion: C12, C38, C81, C83, D81, J24, O34. APA S yle Ci a ion: G oss-Gołacka, E., Kus e ka-Je mańska, M., Spałek, P., & Je mański, B. (2021). Pe cep ion o In ellec ual Capi al and I s Impac on Business Sus ainabili y: E idence om Small, Medium, and La ge En e p ises. E&M Economics and Managemen , 24(2), 35–50. h ps://doi.o g/10.15240/ ul/001/2021-2-003 EM_2_2021.indd 35 31.5.2021 10:33:19 36 2021, XXIV, 2 Business Adminis a ion and Managemen In oduc ion In he mode n wo ld, one o he key ac o s o success o an o ganiza ion is in ellec ual capi al. A dynamically changing ex e nal en i onmen exe s p essu e on en e p ises o implemen inno a i e solu ions, p oduc s and se ices. The alue c ea ed o a lesse deg ee depends on he possessed angible asse s, compa ed o he alue o in angible ones. In ellec ual capi al esou ces a e es ablished as he basis o he le el o compe i i eness o an o ganiza ion in he 21s cen u y by among o he s Boun ou and Ed insson (2005), Cab i a and Vaz (2006). Cu en ly, compe i i e ad an age is de e mined by unique ecou ses, which a e di icul o ep oduce by he compe i ion. In ellec ual capi al is hus mo e and mo e o en pe cei ed as a key esou ce o an en e p ise. I is also one o he mos aluable esou ces o an en e p ise, which enables i s sus ainable de elopmen . I is c i ical base o o ganiza ion’s inno a i e and s a egic sus ainabili y (Bon is, 2002; Bon is e al., 2000). I is comp ised o human capi al, s uc u al capi al and ela ional capi al. Sus ainable de elopmen o en e p ises, also known as business sus ainabili y, can be unde s ood as a p ac ical implemen a ion o goals and ules o he concep o sus ainable de elopmen on a mic oeconomic le el. I equi es managemen and coo dina ion o all aspec s o en e p ise ac i i y: social, en i onmen al, and inancial o ensu e esponsible, e hical, en i onmen ally iendly, and p o i able in long- e m success. Business sus ainabili y is a s a egy ha in eg a es social, economic, and en i onmen al p inciples in o he business model. The main goal o he a icle is o analyze he le el o di e en ia ion o awa eness and knowledge o manage s o small, medium and la ge en e p ises wi hin he scope o he essence and meaning o in ellec ual capi al and he in luence o i s elemen s on he sus ainable de elopmen o en e p ises in Poland. In he pape , a sys ema ic li e a u e e iew o selec ed a icles was made. In he ield o empi ical s udies, su ey esea ch was held. In he ield o da a analysis, s a is ical me hods we e used. The s uc u e o he a icle co e s h ee sec ions. Sec ion 1: Theo e ical Backg ound explains essen ial om his s udy’s scope de ini ions – in ellec ual capi al and business sus ainabili y. I also p esen s he key indings o he li e a u e e iew. Sec ion 2: Resea ch Me hodology desc ibes he s a is ical me hod applied. Sec ion 3: Resul s co e s a b ie p esen a ion o some gene al s a is ics and esul s. Conclusions summa ize he esea ch esul s. 1. Theo e ical Backg ound Acco ding o Roos and Roos (1997), in ellec ual capi al is de ined as a collec ion o in angible asse s ( esou ces, capabili ies and compe i i eness), which in luence he e ec i eness o an o ganiza ion and alue c ea ion. The li e a u e discusses di e en classi ica ions o in ellec ual capi al. Examples a e wo ks published by Ed insson and Malone (1997) o S ewa (2001). O en e e ed o is he di ision o in ellec ual capi al in o h ee subse s: human capi al, s uc u al capi al and ela ional capi al. Be ween hese elemen s he e is a s ong ela ionship, cha ac e ized by a eedback loop. F om he pe spec i e o manage s, in o de o c ea e alue, i is essen ial o connec hese h ee elemen s oge he . In his con ex , in ellec ual capi al is a phenomenon o in e ac ion, ans o ma ion and complemen a ion. As such, he e ec i eness o one esou ce can imp o e based on in es ing in o he s. Thus, he alue o he en e p ise c ea ed based on in ellec ual capi al is an e ec o he ac i i y o each o i s sub-elemen s. Hence, i is essen ial o p ope ly manage in ellec ual capi al a en e p ises, in a way which akes in o accoun i s iden i ica ion, measu emen , de elopmen and p o ec ion. The concep o sus ainabili y has been associa ed wi h Wes Jackson’s wo k on ag icul u- e (Jackson, 1980) and ini ially o mula ed in he B und land Repo , WCED (1987). Ba bie i e al. (2010) obse e ha business sus ainabili y can be unde s ood in he con en ional manne , i.e. as he capaci y o c ea e esou ces o emune a e he ac o s o p oduc ion, eplace asse s ha ha e been used, and in es o con inue compe ing. Munck e al. (2016) obse e ha in he business scena io, coun less concep s ha e been p oposed o enable discussion o managemen p ocesses o o ganiza ional sus ainabili y. F om his pe spec i e, bo h academics and business consul an s see a need o be e unde s and which p ac ices a e necessa y o he managemen models o mee and encompass he p emises o he concep o sus ainabili y. F om a business poin o iew, sus ainabili y conno es h ee dimensions: EM_2_2021.indd 36 31.5.2021 10:33:19 37 2, XXIV, 2021 Business Adminis a ion and Managemen economic, social and en i onmen al (She h e al., 2011). The economic dimension o sus ainabili y e e s o companies’ abili y o c ea e alue and imp o e inancial pe o mance. Social dimension o sus ainabili y desc ibes he conside a ion o socie al issues like ole ance owa d o he s o equal igh s and ocuses on he well-being o people and communi ies as a noneconomic o m o weal h (Choi & Ng, 2011). The las dimension o sus ainabili y, namely, en i onmen al e e s o he main enance o na u al capi al (Goodland, 1995). Also, he e is e idences ha socioeconomic de elopmen , wi h en i onmen al equilib ium and he in eg a ion o in ellec ual capi al, leads o he g adual de elopmen o a a o able o ganiza ional ecosys em. Knowledge based and in angible issues ha e isen o he o e on o in e es o hose a emp ing o unde s and and imp o e o ganiza ional capabili ies o sus ainable i m pe o mance and alue c ea ion (e.g. D ucke , 1988; G an , 1996). Me ins and O h (2012) conside in angible esou ces o be o cen al impo ance o sus ainable de elopmen o i ms. In o de o implemen managemen o sus ainabili y, hese au ho s conside ha i is c ucial o i ms o use knowledge e icien ly, he eby imp o ing hei po en ial o inno a ion. Theo e ical aspec s and applica ion ones ela ed o in ellec ual capi al ha e appea ed in academic discou se ela i ely ecen ly, bu none heless, bo h in Polish and in e na ional li e a u e, publica ions discussing his ield can be ound. In ames o he empi ical scope, only in he las i e yea s, se e al publica ions ha e eme ged, which p esen esul s o s udies on in ellec ual capi al. One o hem is he publica ion by A shad and A shad (2018), which ocuses on he in luence o in ellec ual capi al on he pe o mance o small and medium ex ile en e p ises loca ed in Pakis an. The au ho s by means o hei esea ch, based on a g oup o 350 en e p ises, ha e p o en ha in ellec ual capi al signi ican ly impac s he pe o mance o ex ile en e p ises. The in luence o in ellec ual capi al on he pe o mance on small and medium en e p ises is also discussed in he a icle by Abdullah and O hman (2019). The au ho s o he pape , based on he esul s o esea ch conduc ed in Malaysian ood and be e age SMEs, ha e p o en ha good managemen o employees’ knowledge adds alue o he i ms and makes hem compe i i e in he ma ke economy. The esea ch esul s ha e also made i possible o iden i y mode a e posi i e co ela ions be ween compensa ion and ewa d on one hand and o ganiza ional pe o mance on he o he . Resea ch in o in ellec ual capi al has also been conduc ed by Aymen e al. (2019), who ha e indica ed a ela ion be ween he in eg a ion o in ellec ual capi al and he success o small and medium en e p ises in I an. Based on he opinion o 217 employees o small and medium en e p ises, he au ho s ha e de eloped a model o success o an en e p ise and ha e la e p o en ha he success o small and medium en e p ises is dependen on he in eg a ion o in ellec ual capi al and he o a ion o young inance depa men pe sonnel. The analysis o he ela ion be ween in ellec ual capi al and p oduc i i y o small and medium en e p ises has been discussed in he publica ion by Todingbua e al. (2018). The analysis u ilizes he esul s o a su ey among owne s o small and medium en e p ises in Makassa . The esul s o he s udy ha e p o en ha manage ial skills ha e a signi ican impac on he p oduc i i y o SMEs in Makassa . Fu he mo e – as pa o he empi ical scope – esea ch is also conduc ed in o he ela ionship be ween in ellec ual capi al and inno a i eness o en e p ises. An example o his ype o a publica ion is he a icle by Khan e al. (2018), in which he au ho s analyze he in luence o in ellec ual capi al on he p oduc , p ocess and adminis a ion inno a ion in he SMEs. The esea ch was conduc ed among 318 small and medium en e p ises ope a ing in Aus alia and ep esen ing di e en b anches o he economy. Resea ch in o in ellec ual capi al has also been conduc ed by Asean y (2016). Th ough his esea ch has been es ima ed he ela ionship be ween in ellec ual capi al (which is p oxies h ough he dimension o human capi al, namely skill, inno a i eness, compe ency, and knowledge) o he sus ainabili y o SMEs in Cen al Ja a, Indonesia. Mul iple eg ession analysis indica ed ha skill is he mos impo an an eceden o o e all sus ainabili y o SMEs in Cen al Ja a. The esul s e ealed s ong, posi i e and signi ican ela ionship be ween all he independen a iables o he sus ainabili y o SMEs in Cen al Ja a, implying ha highly human capi al leads o highe o e all sus ainabili y in SMEs in Cen al Ja a. As s a ed ea lie , in ellec ual capi al is essen ial o sus ainabili y business. Based on EM_2_2021.indd 37 31.5.2021 10:33:19 38 2021, XXIV, 2 Business Adminis a ion and Managemen he li e a u e e iew i canno be unequi ocally s a ed, which o i s elemen s ha e he g ea es impac on business sus ainabili y. As such, based on he discussed esea ch, i can be s a ed ha he e a e di e se (Tab. 1). On he o he hand, ew esea che s (Fi e & Williams, 2003; Shiu, 2006; Pew Tan e al., 2007; Madi inos e al., 2011; Meh alian e al., 2012; Dženopoljac e al., 2016) ound a nega i e ela ionship o no ela ionship be ween IC and i m’s pe o mance (Mukhe jee & Sanka Sen, 2019). 2. Resea ch Me hodology The main goal o he conduc ed esea ch has been he analysis o he dependency be ween he size o an en e p ise in Poland measu ed by he numbe o employees and he ollowing aspec s ela ed o managing in ellec ual capi al:  knowledge abou he concep o in ellec ual capi al;  possessing an in ellec ual capi al managemen s a egy;  measu ing in ellec ual capi al and/o i s elemen s;  he in luence o elemen s o in ellec ual capi al on sus ainable de elopmen o en e p ises in Poland. The analysis u ilizes he esul s om a s udy on managing in ellec ual capi al by en e p ises in Poland. The esea ch was conduc ed in May 2019. The esea ch was ealized h ough he CATI and CAWI me hods in a ep esen a i e g oup o 1,067 en e p ises ope a ing in Poland (employing a leas 10 employees) wi h an assumed le el o us o 0.95 and an es ima ion e o o 3%. I was based on a p opo ional selec ion o en e p ises based on oi odeships and hei size measu ed by he numbe o employees. The assumed s uc u e o he es g oup also ook in o accoun he di e en ia ion o en e p ises based on hei ype o ac i i y ( he numbe o in e iews conduc ed was The key indings o he li e a u e e iew Au ho s In ellec ual capi al is a ounda ion o sus ainable g ow h and compe i i e ad an age. In ellec ual capi al (o e all) has signi ican and posi i e impac on business sus ainabili y. Chen e al., 2006; Chen, 2008; Akh a e al., 2015; Oma e al., 2017; Xu & Wang, 2018; Massa o e al., 2018; Suciu & Năsulea, 2019; Mukhe jee & Sen, 2019; Dal Mas, 2019 S uc u al capi al has a signi ican ly posi i e impac on business sus ainabili y. Wasiluk, 2013; Yuso e al., 2019 Human capi al has a signi ican ly posi i e impac on business sus ainabili y. Hay on, 2005; Cla e -Co és e al., 2015 Rela ional capi al has a signi ican ly posi i e impac on business sus ainabili y. Xu & Wang, 2018; Yuso e al., 2019 Economic, social and en i onmen al domains o sus ainabili y ha e a posi i e di ec e ec on co po a e epu a ion which is one o he key componen s o ela ional capi al. Ma inez Ga cía de Leaniz & Rod íguez del Bosque, 2013; Cowan & Guzman, 2020 Fi ms ha ing highe in ellec ual capi al e iciency pe o m be e . In ellec ual capi al and company pe o mance a e posi i ely ela ed. The mo e in angible- in ensi e companies p esen a be e inancial long- e m pe o mance–p o i abili y and e u n, inancial sus ainabili y) – han he o he s. Chen e al., 2005; Pew Tan e al., 2007; Rehman e al., 2012; Sumed ea, 2013; Aji & Ku niasih, 2015; A i in, 2016; Mondal, 2016; Jo dão & Almeidy, 2017; Nassa , 2018 The impac o he elemen s o in ellec ual capi al on business sus ainabili y a ies, depending on hei size. Chen, 2008; Akh a e al., 2015 Sou ce: own Tab. 1: The key indings o he li e a u e e iew EM_2_2021.indd 38 31.5.2021 10:33:19 39 2, XXIV, 2021 Business Adminis a ion and Managemen p opo ional o he pa icipa ion o en e p ises in di e en PKD sec ions [Polish Classi ica ion o Ac i i ies]). The s uc u e o he esea ch sample was c ea ed based on da a om Cen al S a is ical O ice da ed Janua y 2019. The in e iews we e conduc ed wi h ep esen a i es o he managemen le el o he en e p ises in ques ion. Fo he pu pose o he analysis o he co ela ion be ween he size o an en e p ise and i s knowledge o in ellec ual capi al, measu ing in ellec ual capi al, as well as possessing an in ellec ual capi al managemen s a egy, he classical chi-squa ed es o independence was u ilized, wi h an assumed le el o signi icance α = 0.05. In he measu emen o he impo ance o each elemen o in ellec ual capi al wi h ega ds o he sus ainable de elopmen o en e p ises, a ou -le el scale was used, wi h each le el being espec i ely desc ibed by “de ini ely insigni ican ”, “insigni ican ”, “signi ican ”, “ e y signi ican ”. In he cons uc ion o he measu emen ool, i has also been p o ided ha esponden s could answe “di icul o say”, i hey we e unable o de ini ely de e mine he in luence o elemen s o in ellec ual capi al on he de elopmen o hei en e p ises. The measu emen scale applied in he su ey is a ype o a Like scale, which a e mos o en u ilized in ga he ing opinions and a i udes o esponden s. These scales, while being a ac i e and easy- o- ollow o esponden s, also ha e hei limi a ions. Acco ding o S e en’s heo y, he analysis o he esul s o he measu emen u ilizing o dinal scales only allows o a ela ionship be ween he majo i y and mino i y as well as he coun ing o ins ances. This means he ob ained esul s canno be di ec ly used o analyze he dependency be ween obse ing he in luence o he elemen s o in ellec ual capi al on he sus ainable de elopmen o en e p ises and hei size. I is also mo e di icul o de e mine which elemen s o in ellec ual capi al ha e, in he opinion o esponden s, he la ges in luence on he de elopmen o en e p ises. This esul s om he ac ha in he case o o dinal scales i is no possible o a e age he esul s, especially in he case o a small numbe o le els cons i u ing he scale. In o de o o e come hese limi a ion i had been decided ha o he pu pose o s a is ical analysis and e i ica ion o esea ch hypo heses, a ans o ma ion will be applied o he measu emen scale o he o m o uzzy se s, esul ing in uzzy con e sion scales. Such a s ep made i possible o a e age he esul s in acco dance wi h a i hme ical ope a ions, which a e allowed in he case o uzzy numbe s p esen ed o ins ance in he ollowing publica ions: Kli and Yuan (1995), and Chen and Pham (2001). In he a icle i has been p oposed o u ilize he uzzy con e sion scale p oposed by Lubiano e al. (2016). A e aging he impo ance assessmen esul s allowed o he cons uc ion o he anking o he in luence o he elemen s o in ellec ual capi al on he sus ainable de elopmen o en e p ises in Poland, as pe cei ed by he esponden s, i.e. o he manage s pa aking in he su ey. I should be no ed ha in acco dance wi h he me hodology o a i hme ic ope a ions on iangula uzzy numbe s, he esul – which was an a i hme ical mean – also had he o m o a iangula uzzy numbe . The di ec compa ison o he wo a e ages exp essed in such a o m is no possible, he e o e in such a case i is necessa y o apply he so-called de uzzi ica ion o uzzy numbe s. The esul o his de uzzi ica ion is a eal numbe , which, among o he hings, allows o a ange he mean alues o he signi icance assessmen in o de om highes o lowes . In he a icle he wo mos commonly u ilized me hods ha e been applied, which a e ela ed o he de uzzi ica ion o iangula uzzy numbe s, namely: he cen e o g a i y (CoG) and he median. The applica ion o wo me hods was aimed a elimina ing he elemen o bias in he selec ion o he me hod o de uzzi ica ion and de e mining he alidi y o he ob ained o de o mean alues. In he case o obse ed disc epancies in he ob ained ankings, hei conco dance coe icien was es ima ed using Kendall’s au ank. The ans o ma ion o esul s in o he o m o uzzy numbe s, which has been p oposed in his pape , has also made i possible o analyze he a iance o iangula uzzy numbe s (FANOVA), which allowed o in es iga ing he signi icance o he di e ences be ween he a e age assessmen s o he impo ance o he in luence o elemen s o in ellec ual capi al on he sus ainable de elopmen o en e p ises in Poland, di e en ia ed based on hei size. The FANOVA me hod e i ies he hypo hesis (Pa chami e al., 2017): H0 : μ 1 = μ 2 = … = μ  , (1) EM_2_2021.indd 39 31.5.2021 10:33:20 40 2021, XXIV, 2 Business Adminis a ion and Managemen H1 : no all μ i's (i = 1, … , ) a e equal. (2) whe e μ  i is he a e age alue o he cha ac e is ic exp essed in he o m o a iangula uzzy numbe o he i- h g oup. Fo calcula ions, his a icle u ilizes he ANOVA. TFNs package, de eloped by Pa chami (2018). Fo he pu pose o e i ica ion o he hypo hesis desc ibed in his pape , a le el o signi icance o α = 0.05 has been assumed. 3. Resul s 3.1 Knowledge o he Concep o In ellec ual Capi al in En e p ises in Poland The esul s o he s udy indica e ha he concep o in ellec ual capi al is known o nea ly 70% o he su eyed en e p ise manage s in Poland. Rep esen a i es o la ge en e p ises employing be ween 250 and 999 employees (82% o esponses) p o ed o be pa icula ly amilia wi h his issue. In he case o small and medium-sized en e p ises, 67% and 68% o esponden s answe ed posi i ely o he ques ion asked. In o de o assess he ela ionship be ween he size o he en e p ise and knowledge o he concep o in ellec ual capi al, he ollowing esea ch hypo heses we e o mula ed: H0: The size o he en e p ise measu ed by he numbe o employees does no ha e an impac on he knowledge o he concep o in ellec ual capi al. H1: The size o he en e p ise measu ed by he numbe o employees has an impac on he knowledge o he concep o in ellec ual capi al. In o de o e i y he null hypo hesis, he chi-squa ed es o independence was used. The alue o es s a is ic was equal o x2 = 2.19 a a c i ical le el o signi icance p- alue = 0.335. The ob ained esul shows ha he e a e no g ounds o ejec he null hypo hesis, which means ha he size o he en e p ise does no signi ican ly a ec he knowledge o he concep o in ellec ual capi al by en e p ise manage s in Poland. 3.2 The P esence o In ellec ual Capi al Managemen S a egies a En e p ises in Poland Despi e ha in many en e p ises in Poland he concep o in ellec ual capi al is known, only in a ac ion o hem has he s a egy o in ellec ual capi al managemen been de eloped and implemen ed. The esul s o he s udy showed ha 22% o small en e p ises decla ed he unc ioning o such a s a egy, in he case o medium-sized en e p ises – 30%, and among la ge companies 28%. In o de o assess he ela ionship be ween he size o an en e p ise and ha ing an in ellec ual capi al managemen s a egy, he ollowing esea ch hypo heses we e o mula ed: H0: The size o he en e p ise measu ed by he numbe o employees does no ha e an impac on possessing an in ellec ual capi al managemen s a egy. H1: The size o he en e p ise measu ed by he numbe o employees has an impac on possessing an in ellec ual capi al managemen s a egy. The alue o es s a is ics was equal o x2 = 3.451 a a c i ical le el o signi icance p- alue = 0.178. The ob ained esul shows ha he e a e no g ounds o ejec ing he null hypo hesis, which means ha he size o he en e p ise does no ha e an impac on possessing an in ellec ual capi al managemen s a egy. 3.3 Measu ing he In ellec ual Capi al a En e p ises in Poland The esul s o measu ing he in ellec ual capi al may cons i u e he basis o a comp ehensi e en e p ise alua ion and suppo decision- making ega ding, among o he hings, in es ing in in angible asse s. Ongoing moni o ing o he le el o in ellec ual capi al and i s elemen s allows o hei op imiza ion and a be e unde s anding o he ela ionships be ween hem. Measu emen o in ellec ual capi al also allows o inc ease employees’ awa eness o hei ole in he company and c ea ing alue. Despi e he signi icance o in ellec ual capi al o he de elopmen and compe i i eness o en e p ises, and measu emen ools well- desc ibed in li e a u e, he esul s seem o indica e ha he as majo i y o en e p ises loca ed in Poland do no measu e in ellec ual capi al and/o i s elemen s. I is wo h obse ing ha he measu emen o in ellec ual capi al and/o i s elemen s is mo e o en decla ed by small en e p ises employing up o 50 employees han medium and la ge en e p ises. De ailed esul s a e p esen ed in Fig. 1. EM_2_2021.indd 40 31.5.2021 10:33:20 41 2, XXIV, 2021 Business Adminis a ion and Managemen In o de o assess he ela ionship be ween he size o an en e p ise and whe he i measu es in ellec ual capi al and/o i s elemen s, he ollowing esea ch hypo heses we e o mula ed: H0: The size o he en e p ise measu ed by he numbe o employees does no ha e an impac on i measu ing in ellec ual capi al and/o i s componen s. H1: The size o he en e p ise measu ed by he numbe o employees has an impac on i measu ing in ellec ual capi al and/o i s componen s. The alue o es s a is ics was equal o x2 = 5.815 a a c i ical le el o signi icance p- alue = 0.213. The ob ained esul shows ha he e a e no g ounds o ejec he null hypo hesis, which means ha he size o he en e p ise does no ha e an impac on i measu ing in ellec ual capi al. 3.4 TheSigni icanceo  heElemen s o In ellec ual Capi al in Shaping he Sus ainable De elopmen o En e p ises The assessmen o he signi icance o he impac o he elemen s o in ellec ual capi al on he sus ainable de elopmen o en e p ises was ca ied ou h ough i s di ision in o h ee componen s o in ellec ual capi al, among which he ollowing we e speci ied:  human capi al: H1 – employee knowledge, H2 – employee skills, H3 – c ea i i y and inno a i eness o employees, H4 – employee mo i a ion, H5 – employee expe ience, H6 – employee in eg i y, H7 – employee hones y, H8 – abili y o wo k in a eam, H9 – abili y and willingness o employees o sha e knowledge and in o ma ion, H10 – employee sa is ac ion, H11 – employee in ol emen , H12 – employee well-being, H13 – heal h;  s uc u al capi al: S1 – echnical in as uc u e, S2 – in o ma ion esou ces/ sys ems and da abases, S3 – in ellec ual p ope y (pa en s, licenses, adema ks), S4 – o ganiza ional cul u e, S5 – p ocesses and managemen me hods;  ela ional capi al: R1 – cus ome loyal y and sa is ac ion, R2 – cus ome pa icipa ion in c ea ing p oduc s/se ices, R3 – in es o ela ions, R4 – ela ions wi h science and esea ch uni s, R5 – ela ions wi h supplie s, R6 – epu a ion and image o he en e p ise on he ma ke . Fig. 1: Measu emen o in ellec ual capi al and/o i s elemen s based on he size o en e p ises in Poland Sou ce: own EM_2_2021.indd 41 31.5.2021 10:33:20 42 2021, XXIV, 2 Business Adminis a ion and Managemen De ailed pa ame e s o uzzy iangula numbe s (a – le sp ead o uzzy numbe , b – he cen e o a uzzy numbe a ea, c – igh sp ead o uzzy numbe ) o ac o s o human, s uc u al and ela ional capi al ha e been espec i ely p esen ed in Tab. A1–A3 in he Appendix. In he nex s age o he analysis, he ela ionship be ween he size o he en e p ise and he pe cep ion o he signi icance o he impac o indi idual elemen s o in ellec ual capi al on he sus ainable de elopmen o en e p ises has been examined. Fo each o he elemen s o in ellec ual capi al, he ollowing esea ch hypo heses ha e been e i ied: H0: The size o he en e p ise measu ed by he numbe o employees does no ha e an impac on he assessmen o he signi icance o a gi en elemen o in ellec ual capi al in shaping he sus ainable de elopmen o he en e p ise. H1: The size o he en e p ise measu ed by he numbe o employees has an impac on In ellec ual capi al elemen s F  -s a is ic P- alue Tes esul Human capi al H1 1.242 0.289 Accep H0 H2 0.139 0.870 Accep H0 H3 0.253 0.776 Accep H0 H4 0.181 0.834 Accep H0 H5 3.151 0.043 Rejec H0 H6 4.642 0.009 Rejec H0 H7 0.585 0.558 Accep H0 H8 1.282 0.278 H9 0.165 0.848 H10 2.515 0.081 H11 0.510 0.600 H12 0.487 0.615 H13 2.322 0.099 S uc u al capi al S1 1.803 0.165 Accep H0 S2 0.944 0.390 S3 2.112 0.121 Accep H0 S4 3.077 0.047 Rejec H0 S5 1.308 0.271 Accep H0 Rela ional capi al R1 4.336 0.013 Rejec H0 R2 2.023 0.133 Accep H0 R3 2.085 0.125 Accep H0 R4 5.973 0.003 Rejec H0 R5 0.068 0.934 Accep H0 Sou ce: own Tab. 2: De ails o ANOVA o in ellec ual capi al componen s EM_2_2021.indd 42 31.5.2021 10:33:20 43 2, XXIV, 2021 Business Adminis a ion and Managemen he assessmen o he signi icance o a gi en elemen o in ellec ual capi al in shaping he sus ainable de elopmen o he en e p ise. The FANOVA me hod was used as he a e age impo ance assessmen s ha e been exp essed in he o m o uzzy iangula numbe s in he analysis o he ela ionship be ween he size o he en e p ise and he pe cep ion o he signi icance o he impac o selec ed elemen s o in ellec ual capi al on he sus ainable de elopmen o en e p ises. Tab. 2 p esen s he alue o es s a is ics F , he p- alue and he decision ega ding he lack o g ounds o , o he ejec ion o he null hypo hesis o each o he elemen s o in ellec ual capi al. The esul s o he hypo hesis e i ica ion indica ed ha in mos cases he size o he en e p ise does no a ec he assessmen o he impo ance o he impac o in ellec ual capi al elemen s on achie ing hei sus ainable de elopmen . Signi ican di e ences we e obse ed o 5 componen s: employee expe ience and in eg i y, o ganiza ional cul u e, cus ome loyal y and sa is ac ion, ela ions wi h science and esea ch uni s. In acco dance wi h he me hodology adop ed in he a icle, iden i ying he mos impo an elemen s o in ellec ual capi al, acco ding o manage s, ha ha e an impac on he sus ainable de elopmen o en e p ises – equi ed he use o uzzy con e sion scales. Possessing signi icance assessmen s o he elemen s o in ellec ual capi al exp essed in he o m o uzzy iangula numbe s, i was possible o calcula e mean signi icance sco es using uzzy numbe a i hme ic. Since he a e age signi icance a ings a e also exp essed in he o m o uzzy iangula numbe s, hey ha e been de uzzi ied in acco dance wi h he CoG and median me hods. Due o a la ge numbe o elemen s o in ellec ual capi al, in o de o acili a e he compa ison o signi icance assessmen s, indi idual elemen s ha e been gi en ank acco ding o he p inciple ha he highe he a e age alue, he highe he ank. The anks assigned o he elemen s o in ellec ual capi al ha e been speci ied in Tabs. 3–5. Selec ing he me hod o de uzzi ica ion o he a e ages o uzzy numbe s did no ha e a signi ican impac on he dis ibu ion o he le els assigned o he elemen s o in ellec ual capi al. Sligh di e ences ha e been obse ed only in he case o le els assigned o elemen s o he human capi al in he g oup a small and Human capi al elemen s Size o en e p ise Small Medium La ge CoG Median CoG Median CoG Median H1 4 4 331 1 H2 332222 H3 13 11 10 10 8 8 H4 775555 H5 9 9 12 12 10 11 H6 224477 H7 11113 3 H8 10 10 9 9 12 12 H9 12 13 11 11 6 6 H10 8 8 8 8 13 13 H11 55664 4 H12 11 12 13 13 11 10 H13 667799 Sou ce: own Tab. 3: Ranking o he in luence o elemen s o human capi al on he sus ainable de elopmen o en e p ises in Poland EM_2_2021.indd 43 31.5.2021 10:33:20 50 2021, XXIV, 2 Business Adminis a ion and Managemen Rela ional capi al elemen s Size o en e p ise Small Medium La ge a* b** c*** a bc a bc R1 5.410 8.723 9.930 5.190 8.503 9.862 4.281 7.615 9.682 R2 3.173 6.352 8.883 3.564 6.845 9.191 3.330 6.662 9.411 R3 3.338 6.382 8.703 3.844 6.958 9.018 3.330 6.466 9.018 R4 1.640 4.365 7.377 2.297 5.216 7.956 2.442 5.552 8.219 R5 4.417 7.653 9.585 4.408 7.742 9.664 4.309 7.643 9.804 R6 5.627 8.938 9.924 5.634 8.971 9.977 4.916 8.251 9.841 Sou ce: own No e: * a – le sp ead o uzzy numbe , ** b – he cen e o a uzzy numbe a ea, *** c – igh sp ead o uzzy numbe . Tab. A3: The signi icance o s uc u al capi al o he de elopmen o en e p ises EM_2_2021.indd 50 31.5.2021 10:33:21