Navigating urban logistics challenges: An optimized approach to parcel distribution in the Prague city center

Eme ging digi al echnologies and hei in luence on elimina ion o supply chain ulne abili y 1 2024, olume 27, issue 3, pp. 1–14, DOI: 10.15240/ ul/001/2024-5-005 Na iga ing u ban logis ics challenges: An op imized app oach o pa cel dis ibu ion in he P ague ci y cen e Jakub Anda 1, Ka e ina Husko a2, Jakub Dyn a 3 1 Technical Uni e si y o Libe ec, Facul y o Economics, Depa men o Business Adminis a ion and Managemen , Czech Republic, ORCID: 0000-0002-2749-6427, [email p o ec ed]; 2 Technical Uni e si y o Libe ec, Facul y o Economics, Depa men o Business Adminis a ion and Managemen , Czech Republic, ORCID: 0000-0001-7897-0451, [email p o ec ed]; 3 Technical Uni e si y o Libe ec, Facul y o Economics, Depa men o Business Adminis a ion and Managemen , Czech Republic, ORCID: 0000-0002-5927-9443, [email p o ec ed]. Abs ac : In his pape , we ocus on me opoli an anspo logis ics ha has always been di icul due o he need o anspo goods h ough a complex u ban in as uc u e, hea y a ic, and dense popula ions. The goal o his pape is o desc ibe a mic o hub loca ion in he neighbo hood o he his o ic cen e o he ci y o P ague, he Czech Republic in a si ua ion whe e he municipali ies conside p ohibi ing he en y o ucks wi h combus ion engines ha cu en ly p o ide ca go anspo a ion o B2B pa ne s ope a ing in his a ea. Mic o hubs ep esen he e icien las mile consolida ion and dis ibu ion acili ies loca ed in o nea u ban neighbo hoods and se ing a spa ially limi ed, densely popula ed deli e y a ea. We p opose a solu ion combining acili y loca ion p oblem, ehicle ou ing p oblem and balancing wi h he ho izon al and e ical coope a ion in supply chains o loca e he mic o hub in he a ea wi h ex emely low a ailabili y o sui able space while espec ing he necessi y o connec his acili y o an exis ing ne wo k o egional e minals ope a ed by 3PLs o ensu e he dis ibu ion o ca go ac oss he boa d acco ding o he equi emen s o cus ome s. Fo he collec ion and dis ibu ion o pa cels wi hin he a ea, we sugges o use o ca go bikes and elec ic ans o p o ide en i onmen ally sus ainable se ice and minimize he ha m ul consequences o excessi e a ic o esiden s. We also discuss he economic implica ions o adop ing such inno a i e sus ainable supply chain solu ions o in ol ed ho izon al and e ical supply chain pa ne s emphasizing di e en mo i a ion aspec s o con ince hese pa ne s o coope a e and sha e sca ce esou ces. Keywo ds: Sus ainable supply chain managemen , ho izon al and e ical supply chain coope a ion, u ban pa cel logis ics, mic o hubs, acili y loca ion p oblem. JEL Classi ica ion: M21, R410, C610. APA S yle Ci a ion: Anda , J., Husko a, K. & Dyn a , J. (2024). Na iga ing u ban logis ics challenges: An op imized app oach o pa cel dis ibu ion in he P ague ci y cen e . E&M Economics and Managemen , 27(3), 1–14. h ps://doi.o g/10.15240/ ul/001/2024-5-005 Ea ly Access Publica ion Da e: Feb ua y, 28, 2024. Eme ging digi al echnologies and hei in luence on elimina ion o supply chain ulne abili y 22024, olume 27, issue 3, pp. 1–14, DOI: 10.15240/ ul/001/2024-5-005 In oduc ion Sus ainable supply chain managemen is be- coming inc easingly impo an o companies a ound he wo ld. Businesses ecognize ha hei supply chain decisions ha e e hical and en i onmen al a e ma h in addi ion o inancial impac s. As a amewo k o managing a sus- ainable supply chain, he idea o a iple bo - om line has eme ged, which akes economic, social, and en i onmen al conside a ions in o accoun when making business decisions (Rah- man e al., 2023). The deploymen o inno a i e solu ions ha could con ibu e o his s a egy becomes a op p io i y in his scena io. In his pape , we ocus on me opoli an anspo logis ics, which has always been di i- cul due o he need o anspo goods h ough complex u ban in as uc u e, hea y a ic, and dense popula ions. Cus ome s dispe sed ac oss ci ies equi e ex ensi e uck de ou s o collec , anspo , and deli e shipmen s. Mo eo e , he ecen e-comme ce boom has exace ba ed an al eady se ious u ban logis ics p oblem. Acco ding o Wo ld Economic Fo um (2020), by 2030, he numbe o deli e ies in he 100 la ges ci ies on Ea h is expec ed o inc ease by 78%, esul ing in a 36% inc ease in he numbe o ehicles. As a esul , ci ies will undoub edly bea a hea y en i onmen al bu den. I no hing is done, he inc ease in u - ban logis ics equi emen s is expec ed o lead o an inc ease in emissions o mo e han 30%. Se e al ope a ional s a egies, such as op imizing uck ou es, ha e been p oposed o limi he numbe and leng h o de ou s, bu hey a e no able o signi ican ly educe he a - ic p oblem because ucks ha e o anspo all i ems o he nex ask as pe cus ome equi e- men s (Ca a uzza e al., 2017). The e y same cus ome s, on he o he hand, pu p essu e on municipali ies o es ic he excessi e a - ic load, e.g., h ough a olling o e en h ough a comple e ban on ehicles wi h a combus ion engine in a ci y cen e . This o ces he ans- po ope a o s o ind inno a i e solu ions, enabling hem o se e hese speci ic loca ions. One such inno a i e app oach ep esen s mic o hubs, he small dis ibu ion cen e s s a- egically loca ed in he close neighbo hoods o p oblema ic me opoli an a eas. Mic o hubs can be used o acili a e las mile deli e y and educe he nega i e en i onmen al and social consequences o he business (Dupas e al., 2023). Toge he wi h an ongoing elec i ica ion o anspo a ion, his concep is o g ea in e - es o bo h esea che s and p ac i ione s. The goal o his pape is o desc ibe a mic o hub loca ion in he neighbo hood o he his o ic cen e o he ci y o P ague, he Czech Re- public. Speaking abou speci ic ci y dis ic s, he municipali ies o P ague 1, 2, and 3 a e conside ing p ohibi ing he en y o ucks wi h combus ion engines ha cu en ly p o ide ca go anspo a ion o B2B pa ne s ope a - ing in his a ea. Un il he elec i ica ion o oad anspo ad ances enough o make be e economic sense o he p o ide s o se ices in logis ics (3PLs) mic o hubs may ep esen he e icien way o deal wi h his signi ican change. In ou opinion, he e a e wo main challenges associa ed wi h loca ing a mic o hub in his a ea. One o hem is ep esen ed by he ex emely low a ailabili y o sui able spaces o such a acili y aking in o accoun ha he lo- ca ion o he mic o hub is s ill expec ed o be in he e y ci y cen e whe e esiden s a e no willing o accep his kind o business ac i i y. The second p oblem lies in connec ing mic o hubs o an exis ing ne wo k o e minals ope - a ed by 3PLs o ensu e he dis ibu ion o ca go ac oss he boa d acco ding o he equi emen s o cus ome s. As hese local condi ions a e qui e speci ic o a ce ain applica ion, we ex- amine he acili y loca ion p oblem a he om a managemen poin o iew han a solely ope a ions esea ch p oblem which is co e ed by a ela i ely obus body o he scien i ic li e a u e. Mo e speci ically, we desc ibe how he loca ion o he mic o hub is de e mined based on ho izon al and/o e ical coope a ion in supply chains. Thus, in his pape , we y o b idge he gap be ween science and eal-li e applica ions and p o ide eade s wi h an insigh in o how businesses adop inno a i e supply chain solu ions o achie e inancially, socially, and en i onmen ally sus ainable esul s. The es o his a icle is o ganized as ol- lows. Fi s , we summa ize he basic ea u es o sus ainable supply chain managemen emphasizing he ole o e ical and ho izon al coope a ion in eaching ai business esul s while sa is ying cus ome equi emen s. Then, we desc ibe he mic o hub loca ion p oblem, aking in o accoun he low a ailabili y o sui - able space in he a ea and he necessi y o connec he hub wi h a egional e minal o he ac oss- he-boa d dis ibu ion o ca go. Sub- sequen ly, we p esen he ou pu s and discuss Eme ging digi al echnologies and hei in luence on elimina ion o supply chain ulne abili y 3 2024, olume 27, issue 3, pp. 1–14, DOI: 10.15240/ ul/001/2024-5-005 he bene i s o he p oposed solu ion. Finally, we conclude he pape . 1. Theo e ical backg ound Sus ainable supply chain managemen is a c i - ical aspec o mode n business p ac ices. I in- ol es in eg a ing en i onmen al, social, and economic conside a ions in o he managemen o supply chains o minimize nega i e impac s and p omo e long- e m sus ainabili y (Dubey e al., 2017). The concep o sus ainable sup- ply chain managemen has gained inc easing a en ion in ecen yea s, wi h esea che s explo ing amewo ks and p ac ical ideas o i s implemen a ion (Taskhi i, 2016). One key aspec o sus ainable supply chain manage- men is he conside a ion o social issues and s akeholde engagemen . Resea ch has shown ha he social dimension o sus ain- able de elopmen and i s impac on supply chains has ecei ed less a en ion compa ed o he en i onmen al dimension (Yawa & Seu - ing, 2015). Howe e , companies mus epo on hei esponsible supply chain managemen , social pe o mance, and sus ainable inno a- ions o hei s akeholde s (Camille i, 2017). En i onmen al conside a ions a e ano he c ucial componen o sus ainable supply chain managemen . G een supply chain manage- men p ac ices, such as he adop ion o g een p oduc s, g een manu ac u ing p ocesses, and g een supply chain p ac ices, can p omo e en- i onmen ally sus ainable business (Zhao e al., 2022). These p ac ices can help dec ease eco- logical isks, inc ease en i onmen al e iciency, and expand ma ke sha e (Almasa weh, 2022). Fu he mo e, sus ainable supply chain man- agemen can ha e a posi i e impac on i m pe o mance. Se e al s udies ha e shown ha co po a e social esponsibili y and g een sup- ply chain managemen can imp o e i m pe o - mance (No i asa i & Agus ia, 2022; No i asa i e al., 2022). Ho izon al and e ical coope a ion a e impo an aspec s o sus ainable supply chain managemen . Ho izon al coope a ion e e s o collabo a ion among o ganiza ions a he same le el o he supply chain, such as lo- gis ics se ice p o ide s, o op imize logis ics ope a ions and enhance sus ainabili y (Zhang e al., 2023). This ype o collabo a ion can lead o imp o ed e iciency, educed cos s, and mini- mized en i onmen al impac s. By wo king oge he , o ganiza ions can sha e esou ces, consolida e shipmen s, and implemen join ini ia i es o p omo e sus ainabili y h ough- ou he supply chain. Ve ical coope a ion, on he o he hand, in ol es collabo a ion be ween o ganiza ions a di e en le els o he supply chain, such as supplie s, manu ac u e s, and e aile s. I ocuses on in eg a ing he en i e supply chain om aw ma e ials o inal cus- ome s o ensu e he quali y o p oduc s and he pe o mance o ope a ional p ocesses (Seu ing & Mülle , 2008). Ve ical coope a ion enables o ganiza ions o align hei sus ainabil- i y goals, sha e in o ma ion, and coo dina e ac- i i ies o achie e sus ainable ou comes. I can lead o imp o ed anspa ency, aceabili y, and social and en i onmen al pe o mance ac oss he supply chain. D i ing o ces o coope a ion in sus ainable supply chain managemen can be a ibu ed o se e al ac o s. One key d i - ing o ce is he need o imp o ed e iciency and cos educ ion. Collabo a ion among supply chain pa ne s can lead o s eamlined p o- cesses, educed was e, and op imized esou ce u iliza ion, esul ing in cos sa ings o all pa ies in ol ed. By wo king oge he , o ganiza ions can pool hei esou ces, sha e expe ise, and le e age economies o scale, leading o im- p o ed ope a ional e iciency and educed cos s (Ka saliaki e al., 2023). Ano he d i ing o ce is he inc easing demand o sus ainabili y and co po a e social esponsibili y. Consume s and s akeholde s a e placing g ea e emphasis on sus ainable p ac ices, and o ganiza ions a e ecognizing he impo ance o in eg a ing sus ainabili y in o hei supply chain ope a ions. Collabo a ion allows o ganiza ions o collec i ely add ess sus ainabili y challenges, such as e- ducing ca bon emissions, minimizing was e, and p omo ing e hical sou cing (Zhou & Wang, 2021). By coope a ing, o ganiza ions can sha e bes p ac ices, de elop join ini ia i es, and d i e sus ainabili y imp o emen s h oughou he supply chain. Fu he mo e, egula o y equi emen s and indus y s anda ds play a sig- ni ican ole in d i ing coope a ion in sus ainable supply chain managemen . Go e nmen s and egula o y bodies a e implemen ing s ic e en i onmen al and social egula ions, which equi e o ganiza ions o comply wi h sus ain- abili y s anda ds (Oh e al., 2020). Collabo a- ion among supply chain pa ne s can help ensu e compliance wi h hese egula ions and s anda ds, as well as acili a e knowledge sha - ing and capaci y building. By wo king oge he , Eme ging digi al echnologies and hei in luence on elimina ion o supply chain ulne abili y 42024, olume 27, issue 3, pp. 1–14, DOI: 10.15240/ ul/001/2024-5-005 o ganiza ions can na iga e complex egula o y landscapes and mee he e ol ing sus ainabil- i y expec a ions o cus ome s and egula o s. Technology and in o ma ion sha ing also se e as d i ing o ces o coope a ion in sus ain- able supply chain managemen . Ad ances in in o ma ion and communica ion echnology ha e made i easie o o ganiza ions o sha e da a, collabo a e on planning and o ecas ing, and coo dina e hei ac i i ies (Hollmann e al., 2015). Collabo a i e pla o ms and ools enable eal- ime in o ma ion sha ing, isibili y, and aceabili y, which a e c ucial o sus ainable supply chain managemen . By le e aging ech- nology and sha ing in o ma ion, o ganiza ions can enhance anspa ency, aceabili y, and accoun abili y in hei supply chains, leading o imp o ed sus ainabili y pe o mance. Collabo a ion and coope a ion among s akeholde s ha e become c ucial o he suc- cess o sus ainable u ban pa cel logis ics as well. This includes collabo a ion be ween busi- nesses, logis ics se ice p o ide s, ci izens, and he public sec o (Pa ella e al., 2020). S akeholde in ol emen and engagemen in he planning and implemen a ion p ocess a e essen ial o ensu e ha solu ions a e ai- lo ed o he speci ic needs and cha ac e is ics o each u ban a ea. Collabo a i e e o s can lead o he de elopmen o inno a i e solu ions, such as sha ed mic o depo ne wo ks and dynamic pooled capaci y deploymen , which op imize esou ces and educe en i onmen al impac s (Faugè e e al., 2022; H ibe nik e al., 2020). Ma ujo e al. (2018) s a e ha mic o hubs ep esen an e icien las -mile consolida ion and dis ibu ion acili y loca ed in o nea u ban neighbo hoods and se ing a spa ially limi ed, densely popula ed deli e y a ea. Ka sela e al. (2022) see hei main ad an age in consolida - ing anspo and enabling a shi o sus ainable elec ic and non-mo o ized modes o anspo , such as elec ic ca go bikes o hand ucks. Acco ding o Kim and Bha (2019), a deli - e y mic o hub can ake he o m o a building o a mobile s uc u e and can be ope a ed pe manen ly o empo a ily, by one o mo e companies simul aneously. They also desc ibe h ee dis inc applica ions o mic o hubs. These include an independen mic o hub ope a ed by a company on i s own, a sha ed mic o hub u ilized by mul iple companies, and a consoli- da ed mic o hub whe e one company cen aliz- es all deli e ies o mul iple companies using i s mic o hub. Se e al esea che s ha e discussed he ad an ages o mic o hub applica ions o he las mile deli e y. Fo ins ance, Janje ic and Ndiaye (2017) and Bjö klund and Johans- son (2018) p esen how cos e iciency can be achie ed by emphasizing, e.g., he ole o in e - company coope a ion leading o an inc easing and consolida ed olume o dis ibu ed ca go. Taking in o conside a ion en i onmen al as- pec s, Ouhade and El Kyal (2017) in es iga e he po en ial economic and en i onmen al e - ec s o combining depo loca ion and ehicle ou ing o dec ease CO2 emissions h ough a ho izon al collabo a ion. Finally, social ben- e i s coming om he mic o hub applica ions ep esen , e.g., an easing o a ic conges ion and a educ ion o noise pollu ion in densely popula ed a eas (Kiba-Janiak e al., 2021). The op imal loca ion o a mic o hub ep- esen s a c ucial decision in u ban logis ics planning. Se e al ac o s need o be consid- e ed o de e mine he bes loca ion o a mic o hub, including p oximi y o he deli e y a ea, accessibili y, demand pa e ns, and ope a- ional e iciency. One app oach o de e mining he op imal loca ion o a mic o hub is h ough he use o ma hema ical models and op imiza- ion echniques. These models conside ac o s such as demand densi y, anspo a ion cos s, and se ice co e age o iden i y he mos sui able loca ion (Shahpa a i e al., 2020). Techniques such as he p-median p oblem, acili y loca ion p oblem, and loca ion-alloca ion models a e commonly used in his con ex (Muñuzu i e al., 2012). Geog aphic in o ma- ion sys em (GIS) ools and spa ial analysis echniques can also be employed o e alua e po en ial loca ions o mic o hubs. GIS allows o he in eg a ion o a ious spa ial da a, such as popula ion densi y, oad ne wo ks, and exis- ing in as uc u e, o iden i y a eas ha a e well-sui ed o mic o-hub placemen (Cheng & Pan, 2021). By analyzing hese spa ial ac- o s, decision-make s can iden i y loca ions ha minimize a el dis ances, educe conges- ion, and op imize deli e y ou es. Fu he mo e, simula ion and modeling echniques can be u ilized o assess he impac o di e en mic o hub loca ions on ope a ional pe o mance and cos -e ec i eness. Simula ion models can simula e he mo emen o goods, ehicles, and pe sonnel wi hin he u ban a ea o e alu- a e he e iciency and e ec i eness o di e en mic o-hub loca ions (Llo ca & Moeckel, 2021). Eme ging digi al echnologies and hei in luence on elimina ion o supply chain ulne abili y 5 2024, olume 27, issue 3, pp. 1–14, DOI: 10.15240/ ul/001/2024-5-005 These models can conside ac o s such as deli e y ime, ehicle u iliza ion, and esou ce alloca ion o iden i y he mos e icien loca ion. Collabo a ion and s akeholde engagemen a e also impo an in de e mining he op imal loca ion o mic o hubs. In ol ing key s akehold- e s, such as logis ics se ice p o ide s, local au ho i ies, and communi y ep esen a i es, can p o ide aluable insigh s in o he speci ic needs and cha ac e is ics o he u ban a ea (Robiche e al., 2022). Collabo a i e e o s can lead o he iden i ica ion o loca ions ha align wi h he goals and equi emen s o all s akeholde s in ol ed. 2. Resea ch me hodology To ob ain a de aul knowledge abou he loca ion o he single mic o hub, we use a basic ma he- ma ical desc ip ion o he acili y loca ion p oblem desc ibed o example in Fa ahani e al. (2014): (1) whe e: x – longi ude o he mic o hub; y – la i ude o he mic o hub; xj – longi ude o a j h B2B cus- ome ope a ing in P ague 1, 2 o 3; yj – la i- ude o a j h B2B cus ome ope a ing in P ague 1, 2 o 3; n – o al numbe o B2B cus- ome s ope a ing in P ague 1, 2 o 3; qj – quan i y demanded in a ce ain pe iod by a j h B2B cus- ome ope a ing in P ague 1, 2 o 3. In he con empo a y dis ibu ion sys em, all B2B cus ome s ope a ing in P ague 1, 2, and 3 a e se ed by he 3PL pa ne om a leased egional e minal loca ed on sou hwes e n edge o P ague (Fig. 1). Fig. 1: Con empo a y pa cel dis ibu ion sys em Sou ce: own (based on Pánek e al. (2021)) Te minal Eme ging digi al echnologies and hei in luence on elimina ion o supply chain ulne abili y 62024, olume 27, issue 3, pp. 1–14, DOI: 10.15240/ ul/001/2024-5-005 The collec ion and he dis ibu ion o con- signmen s in he cu en dis ibu ion sys em a e execu ed mos ly wi h he help o 12 ons ehicles using combus ion engines. To ensu e ull u iliza ion o logis ic capaci ies cus om- e s loca ed in he P ague egion a e se ed oge he wi h he cus ome s ope a ing in he Cen al Bohemian Region. To ob ain inpu da a o Equa ion (1) we analyze cus ome o de s o P ague and Cen al Bohemian Region co e ing 1 yea pe iod using MS Excel. Fo each o de , a quan- i y o be anspo ed and a deli e y/pick up add ess is speci ied including a s ee name, a land/ egis y numbe , and a pos al code. Based on a pos al code we sepa a e o de s placed o a pipeline by he cus ome s loca ed in P ague 1, 2, and 3. Then, o each sepa- a ed o de we use s ing a iables “S ee ”&“, “&“Land Regis y Numbe / House Numbe ”&“, “&” Pos al code” as an inpu o he cus om unc ion desc ibed in Dyn a e al. (2020). This unc ion e u ns la i udes and longi udes as a esul o Google Maps que ies. We plo all ob ained loca ions on he g aph and emo e possible ou lie s. We use he GRG non-linea me hod in Sol e add-in o minimize he a ge unc ion in Equa ion (1) and ob ain coo dina es o he mic o hub. We connec he o iginal mic o hub loca ion wi h he egional e minal o speci y a p omising di ec ion o a mic o hub loca ion adjus men . In he neighbo hood o his connec ion ou side P ague 1, 2, 3 a ea we sea ch o sui able B2B cus ome s as well as o o he 3PLs al eady ope a ing logis ic acili ies in his neighbo hood o check hei willingness o coope a e and sha e hei logis ic capaci ies. We use he CZ-NACE classi ica ion, o check co e business o each po en ially sui able B2B cus ome ocusing p ima ily on pa ne s om he ield o manu- ac u ing because we expec hese pa ne s o coope a e mo e willingly han o example e aile s o p o ide s o se ices in accommo- da ion. Mo eo e , we also assess he sui abili y o B2B cus ome s o coope a ion based on o- al demanded quan i y in 1 yea pe iod and hei dis ance om he o iginal loca ion o he mic o hub. We app oach po en ially sui able pa ne s wi h an o e o nego ia e abou coope a ion. Then, o he pa ne s po en ially in e es ed in coope a ion we simula e 1 mon h o mic o hub ope a ion as i i is loca ed a he place o business o his pa ne . We use balancing o calcula e he equi ed a ea o he mic o hub and also VRP open sol e add-in (E dogan, 2017) o sol e capaci a ed ehicle ou ing p oblem aking place du ing he collec ion and dis ibu ion o pa cels in P ague 1, 2, and 3. We assume a ca go bike o collec /dis ibu e shipmen s weighing up o 200 kg and an elec- ic an o shipmen s up o 1.5 ons. We u he assume an a e age handling o pa cels o las 5 minu es/ isi a cus ome s and 10 minu es/ isi in he mic o hub. 3. Resul s and discussion 3.1 Resul s Fig. 2 shows he loca ion o he mic o hub wi hin 240 B2B cus ome s ope a ing in P ague 1, 2, and 3. The coo dina es o he mic o hub a e 14.4312623094322; 50.0867101205772 e e - ing o he Hybe nska/Dlážděná s ee in P ague 1. I is ob ious ha loca ing he mic o hub in his pa o P ague is no allowed and ha he posi ion mus be he e o e adjus ed. The connec ion be ween he o iginal mic o hub loca ion and he loca ion o he e- la ed egional e minal shows ha p omising al e na i e hub loca ions can appea mos likely in P ague 5, wo se op ion ep esen s i s place- men in P ague 13 o 17 (Fig. 1 and Fig. 3). Based on he analysis o o de s du ing 1 yea pe iod, we iden i y 178 B2B cus ome s in P ague 5, 13, and 17 (i.e., po en ial e ical pa ne s). These can be seen in Fig. 3. Fig. 3 also shows o he 3PLs unning 9 logis ic acili ies in his a ea (i.e., po en ial ho izon al pa ne s). Based on he analysis o o de s du ing 1 yea pe iod, we also calcula e o al de- mand pe cen iles o each po en ial e ical pa ne (Tab. 1). Using he 80% pe cen ile o o al demand we educe he numbe o po en ial e ical pa - ne s o hose who demand he anspo o a leas 39 m3 pe yea . A e he u he limi a- ion o a numbe o po en ial e ical pa ne s acco ding o hei co e business, we o e he coope a ion o 13 po en ial e ical pa - ne s, o which 9 e use and 4 exp ess in e es . Simila ly, we o e coope a ion o 4 po en ial ho izon al pa ne s acco ding o he dis ance o hei logis ic acili ies om he o iginal mic o hub loca ion, o which 3 e use and 1 shows in e es . The loca ions o bo h in e - es ed and no in e es ed po en ial pa ne s a e shown in Fig. 4. Eme ging digi al echnologies and hei in luence on elimina ion o supply chain ulne abili y 7 2024, olume 27, issue 3, pp. 1–14, DOI: 10.15240/ ul/001/2024-5-005 Fig. 3: Adjus men o mic o hub loca ion – po en ial e ical and ho izon al pa ne s Sou ce: own Hub loca ion - local condi ions Te minal loca ion Pa ne s (no )in e es ed in coope a ion Possible Hub Longi ude[°] Possible Hub La i ude [°] Demand [m3]Dis ance o o iginal hub Type o in eg a ion Coope a ion o e ed? In e es ed? Te minal Longi ude[°] 14,2 Possible Hub Longi ude[°] 14,4074 50,0784 6,4 0,03 Ve ical No No Te minal La i ude [°] 50,0 14,4027 14,4062 50,0805 62,4 0,03 Ve ical Yes No 14,4105 14,4094 50,0725 23,0 0,03 Ve ical No No Figu e 3 14,3786 14,4097 50,0715 4,2 0,03 Ve ical No No 14,3125 14,4102 50,0705 1,7 0,03 Ve ical No No 14,4062 14,4051 50,0805 47,9 0,03 Ve ical Yes No 14,4051 14,4092 50,0709 9,2 0,03 Ve ical No No 14,4065 14,4105 50,0675 16,1 0,03 Ve ical No No 14,4051 14,4045 50,0768 5,5 0,03 Ve ical No No 14,4012 14,4100 50,0668 8,6 0,03 Ve ical No No 14,3890 14,4059 50,0723 3,0 0,03 Ve ical No No 14,3776 14,4098 50,0666 0,1 0,03 Ve ical No No 14,3788 14,4060 50,0704 0,3 0,03 Ve ical No No 14,2889 14,4027 50,0768 67,1 0,03 Ve ical Yes Yes 14,3985 14,4065 50,0688 23,0 0,03 Ve ical No No 14,4084 14,4102 50,0645 14,3 0,03 Ve ical No No 14,3997 14,4066 50,0684 12,7 0,03 Ve ical No No 14,3858 14,4065 50,0686 113,8 0,03 Ve ical Yes No Figu e 4 14,4051 50,0707 46,1 0,03 Ve ical Yes No 14,4023 50,0765 9,0 0,03 Ve ical No No 14,4042 50,0720 14,0 0,03 Ve ical No No 14,4073 50,0673 13,8 0,03 Ve ical No No 14,4076 50,0669 17,9 0,03 Ve ical No No 14,4068 50,0679 1,9 0,03 Ve ical No No 14,4076 50,0656 1,8 0,03 Ve ical No No 14,4105 50,0623 155,5 0,03 Ve ical Yes Yes 14,4023 50,0732 2,5 0,03 Ve ical No No Table 1 14,4003 50,0769 5,8 0,03 Ve ical No No 14,4139 50,0586 18,4 0,03 Ve ical No No 0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100% 14,4109 50,0603 41,7 0,03 Ve ical No No Demand [m3]0 0 3 5 8 12 16 23 39 69 481 14,4012 50,0721 101,4 0,03 Ve ical Yes No 14,4016 50,0705 8,6 0,03 Ve ical No No 14,4091 50,0610 9,6 0,03 Ve ical No No 14,4011 50,0702 71,4 0,03 Ve ical No No 14,4008 50,0691 0,4 0,04 Ve ical No No 14,4095 50,0587 0,1 0,04 Ve ical No No 14,3992 50,0700 21,3 0,04 Ve ical No No 14,3971 50,0713 4,0 0,04 Ve ical No No 14,3943 50,0737 19,6 0,04 Ve ical No No 14,4109 50,0519 15,6 0,04 Ve ical No No 14,4109 50,0520 4,8 0,04 Ve ical No No 14,4015 50,0581 9,2 0,04 Ve ical No No 14,4109 50,0507 94,0 0,04 Ve ical No No 14,3922 50,0724 4,7 0,04 Ve ical No No 14,3917 50,0723 2,0 0,04 Ve ical No No 14,4099 50,0491 38,6 0,04 Ve ical No No 14,3890 50,0720 76,1 0,04 Ve ical Yes No 14,3939 50,0597 3,0 0,05 Ve ical No No 14,3996 50,0526 9,6 0,05 Ve ical No No 14,3858 50,0711 17,3 0,05 Ve ical No No 14,3812 50,0754 25,9 0,05 Ve ical No No 14,3815 50,0734 4,0 0,05 Ve ical No No 14,3819 50,0696 3,6 0,05 Ve ical No No 14,3817 50,0694 38,6 0,05 Ve ical No No 14,3804 50,0705 12,7 0,05 Ve ical No No 14,3789 50,0694 23,0 0,06 Ve ical No No 14,3813 50,0634 13,8 0,06 Ve ical No No 14,3786 50,0704 129,2 0,06 Ve ical Yes Yes 14,3823 50,0609 15,0 0,06 Ve ical No No 14,3783 50,0696 38,4 0,06 Ve ical No No 14,3823 50,0560 23,7 0,06 Ve ical No No 14,3818 50,0566 1,2 0,06 Ve ical No No 14,3776 50,0646 46,1 0,06 Ve ical Yes No 14,3941 50,0412 31,0 0,06 Ve ical No No 14,3747 50,0697 10,1 0,06 Ve ical No No 14,3745 50,0698 0,0 0,06 Ve ical No No 14,3736 50,0702 3,8 0,06 Ve ical No No 14,3728 50,0698 4,6 0,06 Ve ical No No 14,3788 50,0556 480,7 0,06 Ve ical Yes No 14,3999 50,0338 11,5 0,06 Ve ical No No 14,3748 50,0615 2,9 0,06 Ve ical No No 14,3707 50,0716 10,4 0,06 Ve ical No No Pe cen ile 50.01 50.02 50.03 50.04 50.05 50.06 50.07 50.08 50.09 50.10 50.11 14.15 14.20 14.25 14.30 14.35 14.40 14.45 14.50 14.55 La i ude (°) Longi ude (°) Cus ome Mic o hub Te minal Po en ial e ical pa ne s Po en ial ho izon al pa ne s 50,05 50,06 50,07 50,08 50,09 50,10 14,25 14,30 La i ude (°) Cus ome Ve ical pa ne s in e es ed in coope a ion Ho izon al pa ne s in e es ed in coope a ion Fig. 2: Mic o hub loca ion based on he solu ion o acili y loca ion p oblem Sou ce: own Cus ome Longi ude[°] La i ude [°] Demand [m3]Dis ance Cus ome -Hub Ta ge unc ion-min 133 "Š e ániků mos , Ko iš ě" č.19, 11000 PRAHA 1 14,43 50,09 0,4 0,0 Hub Longi ude[°] 14,4 (bý alé náklado é nád aží) Jana Želi ského, 13000 P aha-Žižko 14,47 50,08 1,1 0,0 Hub La i ude [°] 50,1 (Sp á a cen a (4. pa o)) Vinoh adská 2828/151, 13000 PRAHA 14,46 50,08 1,9 0,0 Anenské náměs í 2, 11000 PRAHA 1 14,41 50,09 22,8 0,0 Anny Le enské 34/7, 12000 P aha 2 14,44 50,08 1,8 0,0 Balbíno a 1409/15, 12099 P aha 2 14,43 50,08 8,6 0,0 Běleh adská 478/110, 12000 Vinoh ady 14,43 50,07 12,7 0,0 Běleh adská 478/110, 12000 Vinoh ady 14,43 50,07 12,7 0,0 Figu e 2 Figu e 1 Běleh adská 858/23, 12000 P aha-Vinoh ady 14,43 50,07 17,3 0,0 Belgická 279/2, 12000 P aha 2 14,44 50,07 17,7 0,0 Belgická 279/2, 12000 P aha 2 14,44 50,07 9,6 0,0 Benešo ská 1925/6, 10100 P aha 10-Vinoh ady 14,46 50,08 10,3 0,0 BENEŠOVSKA 2398/42, 10100 PRAHA 10 - VINOHRADY 14,47 50,07 13,8 0,0 BENEŠOVSKA 2398/42, 10100 PRAHA 10 - VINOHRADY 14,47 50,07 13,8 0,0 Bílko a 14, 11000 P aha-S a é Měs o 14,42 50,09 23,0 0,0 Bílko a 14, 11000 P aha-S a é Měs o 14,42 50,09 23,0 0,0 Bílko a 14, 11000 P aha-S a é Měs o 14,42 50,09 21,9 0,0 Blanická 940/21, 12000 P aha 2 14,44 50,08 0,5 0,0 Boři ojo a 1, 13000 P aha 3 14,45 50,08 0,2 0,0 Boři ojo a 1112/37, 13000 P aha-Vinoh ady 14,45 50,08 5,8 0,0 Boři ojo a 536/106, 13000 PRAHA 14,45 50,08 34,6 0,0 Boři ojo a 536/106, 13000 PRAHA 14,45 50,08 9,2 0,0 Boři ojo a 536/106, 13000 PRAHA 14,45 50,08 25,9 0,0 Boři ojo a 878/35, 13000 P aha 3 14,45 50,08 4,2 0,0 Bře isla o a 309, 11000 PRAHA 1 14,40 50,09 8,6 0,0 Cele ná 40/567, 11000 PRAHA 14,43 50,09 0,0 0,0 Dlouhá 22, 11000 PRAHA 1 14,42 50,09 17,3 0,0 Dlouhá 35/730, 11000 P aha-S a é Měs o 14,43 50,09 46,1 0,0 Dlouhá 35/730, 11000 P aha-S a é Měs o 14,43 50,09 46,1 0,0 Domažlická 1232/3, 13000 PRAHA 14,46 50,09 17,3 0,0 Dušní 1082/6, 11000 P aha 1 - Jose o 14,42 50,09 5,6 0,0 Dušní 886/19, 11000 P aha 1 - S a é Měs o 14,42 50,09 8,6 0,0 ELISKY KRASNOHORSKE 14, 11000 PRAHA 1 14,42 50,09 0,4 0,0 F ičo a 13, 12000 P aha 2 14,44 50,07 12,7 0,0 Hab o á 2705, 13000 P aha 3 14,49 50,09 4,0 0,1 Hab o á 2705, 13000 P aha 3 14,49 50,09 11,5 0,1 Hálko a 11, 12000 P aha 2 14,43 50,08 2,9 0,0 Hálko a 11, 12000 P aha 2 14,43 50,08 0,2 0,0 Ha elská 23/501, 11000 PRAHA 1 14,42 50,09 8,6 0,0 Ha líčko a čp.:1, 11000 PRAHA 1 14,43 50,09 8,6 0,0 Ha líčko a 1014, 11000 PRAHA 1 14,43 50,09 17,3 0,0 H adební 761/3, 11000 P aha 1 - S a é Měs o 14,43 50,09 3,5 0,0 H adební 761/3, 11000 P aha 1 - S a é Měs o 14,43 50,09 3,5 0,0 H adební 761/3, 11000 P aha 1 - S a é Měs o 14,43 50,09 4,5 0,0 H adební 761/3, 11000 P aha 1 - S a é Měs o 14,43 50,09 3,5 0,0 H adební 9, 11000 P aha 1 14,43 50,09 17,3 0,0 H adební 9, 11000 P aha 1 14,43 50,09 17,3 0,0 H adební 9, 11000 P aha 1 14,43 50,09 3,0 0,0 Husi ská 107/3, 13000 P aha 3 - Žižko 14,44 50,09 19,6 0,0 Husi ská 107/3, 13000 P aha 3 - Žižko 14,44 50,09 148,0 0,0 Husi ská 107/3, 13000 P aha 3 - Žižko 14,44 50,09 22,2 0,0 Husi ská 107/3, 13000 P aha 3 - Žižko 14,44 50,09 34,8 0,0 Husi ská 107/3, 13000 P aha 3 - Žižko 14,44 50,09 117,5 0,0 Husi ská 107/3, 13000 P aha 3 - Žižko 14,44 50,09 18,2 0,0 Husi ská 107/3, 13000 P aha 3 - Žižko 14,44 50,09 12,0 0,0 Husi ská 107/3, 13000 P aha 3 - Žižko 14,44 50,09 14,4 0,0 Husi ská 107/3, 13000 P aha 3 - Žižko 14,44 50,09 31,2 0,0 Husi ská 107/3, 13000 P aha 3 - Žižko 14,44 50,09 5,8 0,0 Husi ská 107/3, 13000 P aha 3 - Žižko 14,44 50,09 24,9 0,0 Husi ská 22, 13000 PRAHA 14,44 50,09 5,8 0,0 Hybe nská 1009/24, 11000 P aha - No é Měs o 14,43 50,09 1,2 0,0 Hybe nská 42, 11000 PRAHA 1 14,44 50,09 8,6 0,0 Hybe nská 6, 11000 PRAHA 1 14,43 50,09 8,6 0,0 Chodská 1141/23, 12000 P aha 2-Vinoh ady 14,45 50,08 3,5 0,0 I alská 15, 12000 Vinoh ady 14,44 50,08 14,4 0,0 I alská 212/5, 12000 PRAHA 14,44 50,08 5,8 0,0 I alská 5, 12000 P aha 2-Vinoh ady 14,44 50,08 2,5 0,0 Jagellonská 1609/1, 13000 PRAHA 14,45 50,08 7,4 0,0 Jáchymo a 27/4, 11000 P aha 1 - S a é Měs o 14,42 50,09 9,2 0,0 Jana Masa yka 179/56, 12000 No é Měs o 14,44 50,07 6,5 0,0 Jana Masa yka 45, 12000 P aha 2 14,44 50,07 10,4 0,0 Jana Želi ského, 13000 P aha 3 14,47 50,08 11,5 0,0 Jana Želi ského, 13000 P aha 3 14,47 50,08 1,2 0,0 50.06 50.07 50.08 50.09 50.10 14.38 14.40 14.42 14.44 14.46 14.48 14.50 14.52 La i ude (°) Longi ude (°) Cus ome Mic o hub Eme ging digi al echnologies and hei in luence on elimina ion o supply chain ulne abili y 82024, olume 27, issue 3, pp. 1–14, DOI: 10.15240/ ul/001/2024-5-005 Fig. 5 shows equi ed space o mic o hub coming om balancing. The equi ed space is calcula ed as a daily col- lec ed ca go plus a ca go o be dis ibu ed nex day desc ibing he wo s case o a egula anspo line commu ing be ween egional e minal and he mi- c o hub passing by ehicles esponsible o col- lec ing and dis ibu ing ca go wi hin P ague 1, 2, 3. Assuming an a e age heigh o anspo ed uni s o be 0.5 me e s he equi ed a ea o he mic o hub based on he balancing 1 mon h pe iod a e ages 64 m2 wi h a maximum 125 m2. Ano he e y impo an ou pu o nego ia ion abou coope a ion wi h bo h ypes o pa ne s ep esen s he equi ed numbe o ehicles and hei u iliza ion du ing he collec ing and dis- ibu ion p ocess. These ou pu s coming om he VRP sol e add-in can be seen in Fig. 6, Fig. 7, and Tab. 2 o he mic o hub loca ed nea Anděl, P ague 5 in he acili y o he ho izon al pa ne in e es ed in coope a ion. I can be seen in Tab. 2 ha he 50% pe cen ile o 8 hou s/day FTEs means o employ 1 ca go bike u ilized up o 71% and Pe cen ile 0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100% Demand (m3)0 0 3 5 8 12 16 23 39 69 481 Sou ce: own Tab. 1: One yea o al demand o each po en ial e ical pa ne - pe cen iles Fig. 4: Adjus men o mic o hub loca ion – pa ne s (no )in e es ed in coope a ion Sou ce: own Hub loca ion - local condi ions Te minal loca ion Pa ne s (no )in e es ed in coope a ion Possible Hub Longi ude[°] Possible Hub La i ude [°] Demand [m3]Dis ance o o iginal hub Type o in eg a ion Coope a ion o e ed? In e es ed? Te minal Longi ude[°] 14,2 Possible Hub Longi ude[°] Possible Hub La i ude [°] Demand [m3]Dis ance o o iginal hub Type o in eg a ion Coope a ion o e ed? In e es ed? 14,4074 50,0784 6,4 0,03 Ve ical No No Te minal La i ude [°] 50,0 14,4027 50,0768 67 0,03 Ve ical Yes Yes 14,4062 50,0805 62,4 0,03 Ve ical Yes No 14,4105 50,0623 156 0,03 Ve ical Yes Yes 14,4094 50,0725 23,0 0,03 Ve ical No No Figu e 3 14,3786 50,0704 129 0,06 Ve ical Yes Yes 14,4097 50,0715 4,2 0,03 Ve ical No No 14,3125 50,0554 254 0,12 Ve ical Yes Yes 14,4102 50,0705 1,7 0,03 Ve ical No No 14,4062 50,0805 62 0,03 Ve ical Yes No 14,4051 50,0805 47,9 0,03 Ve ical Yes No 14,4051 50,0805 48 0,03 Ve ical Yes No 14,4092 50,0709 9,2 0,03 Ve ical No No 14,4065 50,0686 114 0,03 Ve ical Yes No 14,4105 50,0675 16,1 0,03 Ve ical No No 14,4051 50,0707 46 0,03 Ve ical Yes No 14,4045 50,0768 5,5 0,03 Ve ical No No 14,4012 50,0721 101 0,03 Ve ical Yes No 14,4100 50,0668 8,6 0,03 Ve ical No No 14,3890 50,0720 76 0,04 Ve ical Yes No 14,4059 50,0723 3,0 0,03 Ve ical No No 14,3776 50,0646 46 0,06 Ve ical Yes No 14,4098 50,0666 0,1 0,03 Ve ical No No 14,3788 50,0556 481 0,06 Ve ical Yes No 14,4060 50,0704 0,3 0,03 Ve ical No No 14,2889 50,0560 158 0,15 Ve ical Yes No 14,4027 50,0768 67,1 0,03 Ve ical Yes Yes 14,3985 50,0723 00,04 Ho izon al Yes Yes 14,4065 50,0688 23,0 0,03 Ve ical No No 14,4084 50,0758 00,03 Ho izon al Yes No 14,4102 50,0645 14,3 0,03 Ve ical No No 14,3997 50,0695 00,04 Ho izon al Yes No 14,4066 50,0684 12,7 0,03 Ve ical No No 14,3858 50,0719 00,05 Ho izon al Yes No 14,4065 50,0686 113,8 0,03 Ve ical Yes No Figu e 4 14,4051 50,0707 46,1 0,03 Ve ical Yes No 14,4023 50,0765 9,0 0,03 Ve ical No No 14,4042 50,0720 14,0 0,03 Ve ical No No 14,4073 50,0673 13,8 0,03 Ve ical No No 14,4076 50,0669 17,9 0,03 Ve ical No No 14,4068 50,0679 1,9 0,03 Ve ical No No 14,4076 50,0656 1,8 0,03 Ve ical No No 14,4105 50,0623 155,5 0,03 Ve ical Yes Yes 14,4023 50,0732 2,5 0,03 Ve ical No No Table 1 14,4003 50,0769 5,8 0,03 Ve ical No No 14,4139 50,0586 18,4 0,03 Ve ical No No 0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100% 14,4109 50,0603 41,7 0,03 Ve ical No No Demand [m3]0 0 3 5 8 12 16 23 39 69 481 14,4012 50,0721 101,4 0,03 Ve ical Yes No 14,4016 50,0705 8,6 0,03 Ve ical No No 14,4091 50,0610 9,6 0,03 Ve ical No No 14,4011 50,0702 71,4 0,03 Ve ical No No 14,4008 50,0691 0,4 0,04 Ve ical No No 14,4095 50,0587 0,1 0,04 Ve ical No No 14,3992 50,0700 21,3 0,04 Ve ical No No 14,3971 50,0713 4,0 0,04 Ve ical No No 14,3943 50,0737 19,6 0,04 Ve ical No No 14,4109 50,0519 15,6 0,04 Ve ical No No 14,4109 50,0520 4,8 0,04 Ve ical No No 14,4015 50,0581 9,2 0,04 Ve ical No No 14,4109 50,0507 94,0 0,04 Ve ical No No 14,3922 50,0724 4,7 0,04 Ve ical No No 14,3917 50,0723 2,0 0,04 Ve ical No No 14,4099 50,0491 38,6 0,04 Ve ical No No 14,3890 50,0720 76,1 0,04 Ve ical Yes No 14,3939 50,0597 3,0 0,05 Ve ical No No 14,3996 50,0526 9,6 0,05 Ve ical No No 14,3858 50,0711 17,3 0,05 Ve ical No No 14,3812 50,0754 25,9 0,05 Ve ical No No 14,3815 50,0734 4,0 0,05 Ve ical No No 14,3819 50,0696 3,6 0,05 Ve ical No No 14,3817 50,0694 38,6 0,05 Ve ical No No 14,3804 50,0705 12,7 0,05 Ve ical No No 14,3789 50,0694 23,0 0,06 Ve ical No No 14,3813 50,0634 13,8 0,06 Ve ical No No 14,3786 50,0704 129,2 0,06 Ve ical Yes Yes 14,3823 50,0609 15,0 0,06 Ve ical No No 14,3783 50,0696 38,4 0,06 Ve ical No No 14,3823 50,0560 23,7 0,06 Ve ical No No 14,3818 50,0566 1,2 0,06 Ve ical No No 14,3776 50,0646 46,1 0,06 Ve ical Yes No 14,3941 50,0412 31,0 0,06 Ve ical No No 14,3747 50,0697 10,1 0,06 Ve ical No No 14,3745 50,0698 0,0 0,06 Ve ical No No 14,3736 50,0702 3,8 0,06 Ve ical No No 14,3728 50,0698 4,6 0,06 Ve ical No No 14,3788 50,0556 480,7 0,06 Ve ical Yes No 14,3999 50,0338 11,5 0,06 Ve ical No No 14,3748 50,0615 2,9 0,06 Ve ical No No 14,3707 50,0716 10,4 0,06 Ve ical No No 14,3710 50,0698 5,8 0,06 Ve ical No No 14,3867 50,0411 32,8 0,06 Ve ical No No 14,3734 50,0537 4,0 0,07 Ve ical No No 14,3734 50,0536 40,3 0,07 Ve ical No No 14,3965 50,0290 5,8 0,07 Ve ical No No 14,3868 50,0360 38,6 0,07 Ve ical No No 14,3869 50,0350 6,0 0,07 Ve ical No No 14,3706 50,0554 5,8 0,07 Ve ical No No 14,3651 50,0696 44,2 0,07 Ve ical No No 14,3913 50,0310 1,1 0,07 Ve ical No No 14,3620 50,0695 11,8 0,07 Ve ical No No 14,3675 50,0538 56,9 0,07 Ve ical No No 14,3789 50,0372 5,8 0,07 Ve ical No No 14,3695 50,0492 9,4 0,07 Ve ical No No 14,3823 50,0334 0,3 0,07 Ve ical No No 14,3620 50,0621 24,0 0,07 Ve ical No No 14,3581 50,0698 160,6 0,08 Ve ical No No 14,3802 50,0307 27,9 0,08 Ve ical No No 14,3788 50,0317 14,4 0,08 Ve ical No No 14,3790 50,0290 15,6 0,08 Ve ical No No 14,3544 50,0730 11,5 0,08 Ve ical No No 14,3540 50,0749 31,3 0,08 Ve ical No No 14,3562 50,0497 4,0 0,08 Ve ical No No 14,3488 50,0702 4,6 0,08 Ve ical No No 14,3547 50,0475 10,0 0,09 Ve ical No No 14,3537 50,0476 4,2 0,09 Ve ical No No 14,3650 50,0266 11,4 0,09 Ve ical No No Pe cen ile 50,01 50,02 50,03 50,04 50,05 50,06 50,07 50,08 50,09 50,10 50,11 14,15 14,20 14,25 14,30 14,35 14,40 14,45 14,50 14,55 La i ude (°) Longi ude (°) Cus ome Mic o hub Te minal Po en ial e ical pa ne s Po en ial ho izon al pa ne s 50.05 50.06 50.07 50.08 50.09 50.10 14.25 14.30 14.35 14.40 14.45 14.50 14.55 La i ude (°) Longi ude (°) Cus ome O iginal mic o hub loca ion Ve ical pa ne s in e es ed in coope a ion Ve ical pa ne s no in e es ed in coope a ion Ho izon al pa ne s in e es ed in coope a ion Ho izon al pa ne s no in e es ed in coope a ion Eme ging digi al echnologies and hei in luence on elimina ion o supply chain ulne abili y 9 2024, olume 27, issue 3, pp. 1–14, DOI: 10.15240/ ul/001/2024-5-005 Fig. 5: Requi ed mic o hub a ea Sou ce: own Fig. 6: Simula ion o mic o hub ope a ion – ime u iliza ion o ca go bikes Sou ce: own Op a eno: sp á ně je Figu e 5 - bylo u edeno Figu e 7 0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 123 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 Requi ed mic o hub a ea (m2) Day Ca gobike Op a eno: sp á ně je Figu e 6 - bylo u edeno Figu e 5 Op a eno: sp á ně je Figu e 7 - bylo u edeno Figu e 6 Day T a eling [min] Handling pa cels [min] FTEs Mic o hub isi s 1171 110 0,59 6 2268 185 0,94 10 3161 115 0,58 5 4237 165 0,84 8 5121 85 0,43 4 6222 170 0,82 8 7137 110 0,51 4 8235 155 0,81 7 9194 145 0,71 8 10 234 165 0,83 8 11 187 160 0,72 7 12 144 105 0,52 4 13 219 180 0,83 8 14 452 275 1,51 16 15 158 140 0,62 7 16 229 150 0,79 7 17 191 130 0,67 6 18 185 130 0,66 6 19 141 100 0,50 4 20 157 120 0,58 5 21 316 200 1,08 10 Elec ic an Day T a eling [min] Handling pa cels [min] FTEs Mic o hub isi s 1157 95 0,53 5 2379 185 1,18 11 3276 155 0,90 9 4172 100 0,57 5 518 20 0,08 1 6395 205 1,25 13 7288 195 1,01 9 8188 140 0,68 7 9149 95 0,51 5 10 187 115 0,63 6 11 141 85 0,47 4 12 156 80 0,49 4 13 172 85 0,54 5 14 115 75 0,40 3 15 141 85 0,47 5 16 202 115 0,66 6 17 148 85 0,49 5 18 135 85 0,46 4 19 48 30 0,16 1 20 64 50 0,24 2 21 353 170 1,09 8 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 123 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 Time u iliza ion o ca go bikes (%) Day T a eling Handling pa cels 0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100% 12345678910 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 Time u iliza ion o elec ic ans (%) Day T a eling Handling pa cels