Activities of the Institute of Classical Archaeology, Charles University, 2016

Activities of the Institute of Classical Archaeology, Charles University, 2016 SHORT REPORTS ON THE ONGOING PROJECTS Bulgaria Pistiros Several aspects regarding the emporion Pistiros were studied. The functional analyses of the site disposition and its layout resulted in the assumption of the Hippodamean foundation of the settlement. This result was elaborated by prof.Bouzek into apaper and conference talk. Furthermore, the preparation of the coin hoard for publication within the Bulgarian -Czech collaboration was finished and presented as amonograph in the Pistiros series (see below). The deposit of bullae with seal -imprints uncovered several years ago is being gradually processed and published within three different articles, with the last one currently under preparation. Yurta -Stroyno The archaeological project of the Roman rural site of Yurta -Stroyno entered its final year. The excavations focused on uncovering the stone foundations of ahouse investigated over the last two years. Besides the five rooms of about 25 meters in length, acourtyard was uncovered on its northern side. The excavation work was complemented by afield survey of selected squares running across the settlement in asampling pattern. The field survey took advantage of the heavily looted settlement by examining the material dug out by robbers and positioned on the field surface. The survey brought about surprising results, revealing the remains of monumental architecture such as apart of amarble column or capitals as well as the evidence of aglass workshop. Egypt El -Hayz In 2016 the El -Hayz project likewise entered its last year of duration. The project team finalized the study of the ceramic material from the excavation season on the site of Bir Shawish and is currently finishing the preparation of the book El-Hayz Oasis. Volume I: Bir Shawish, Finds. Jiří Musil presented the results of the project during 2016 in three public lectures. The first one in Náprstek Museum of Asian, African and American Cultures as apart of the International Archaeology Day, the second one in the National Museum of Prague for the Community of Friends of Ancient Civilizations, and the last one in the East Bohemian Museum in Pardubice. STUDIA HERCYNIA XXI/1, 164–175 165ACTIVITIES OF THE INSTITUTE OF CLASSICAL ARCHAEOLOGY, CHARLES UNIVERSITY, 2016 Turkey Kaymakçi Amajor fortified Bronze Age site in Central Lydia, on the shores of the Gygaian Lake (Marmara Gölü), and potentially one of the West Anatolian LBA capitals, is currently being investigated by an international team led by Christina Luke and Christopher Roosevelt (Boston and Koç Universities) and Sinan Ünlüsoy (Yaşar University, Izmir). The Prague team within the project consisting of P.Pavúk, L. Šušková, K. Jarošová and M. Roháček, has again focused on the analysis of the 2nd Millennium pottery from the site. This time, because of ashorter period of stay, it was decided to concentrate on adiscreet set of questions: the C14 dated contexts, deep circular features across the site, and contexts against the so called Northern Wall in the topmost trench on the upper citadel. It was ascertained that the first batch of C14 dates matches up very well with the preliminary ceramic phasing, that the deep circular pits are not all from the same (final) phase of occupation, but rather show awhole range of filling processes, and that the Northern Wall is currently the latest prehistoric structure on the site. The related pottery needs to be studied in more detail in the next season, as it represents aceramic phase on its own. Uzbekistan The Pashkhurt Valley The 2016 field season of the Czech -Uzbek team in the Pashkhurt Valley, south Uzbekistan, was devoted to several key research questions, which– although different methodologically– were closely interconnected. Firstly, we focused on the further investigation of the Yaz Iperiod settlement of Burgut Kurgan excavating alimited portion of the site’ssurface, particularly the most elevated part (the so -called micro -citadel). Besides this, we prolonged the works in Sector 3, where aritual structure had been found in 2015, in order to clarify the broader ground plan of the structure and confirm our preliminary interpretations. Moreover, we fully excavated akurgan -like feature situated near the settlement itself. Secondly, our team continued surveying the Zarabag Oasis, and initiated the survey of the neighbouring oases of Karabag and Kampyrtepa. In the surrounding steppe we were able to detect numerous new archaeological sites: settlements of the Sapalli and Yaz Iperiods, as well as medieval ones, many clusters of kurgans belonging probably to various historical periods, and last but not least, numerous petroglyphs clustered in several groups. Outside Pashkhurt Valley we discovered alarge cave, where we gained material belonging to both prehistoric and medieval periods. 166 STUDIA HERCYNIA XXI/1 THE MAIN PUBLICATIONS OF ICAR AND ITS’ MEMBERS ISSUED DURING THE YEAR Monographs Bouzek, J.– Militký, J.– Taneva, V. 2016: PistirosVI. The Pistiros Hoard. Praha, 186 pp. ISBN97880-246-3301-5 Abstract: The sixth instalment of the Pistiros series devoted to the excavations in the former Greek emporium in Thrace (today Bulgaria) closes an extraordinary, three -decade -long collaboration among Bulgarian, Czech, and British classical archaeologists. Pistiros VI details the most important find of the Czech team: ahoard consisting of 549 silver and three gold coins that possibly belonged to amercenary serving in Lysimachus’sarmy. The hoard is unique both in being uncovered during aregular archaeological excavation, which enabled the team to record precisely the situation of its deposition, as well as in the types of coins it contained. Interestingly, it is these types of coins which were imitated by the first coinage of Central European Celts. Illustrated throughout and featuring afull catalogue of the coins certain to delight numismatists. Frecer, R.2015: Gerulata. The Lamps. Praha, 429 pp. ISBN978-80-246-2678-9 Abstract: This book is acomprehensive index of 210 lamps from the Roman fort of Gerulata (present -day Bratislava -Rusovce, Slovakia) and its adjoining civilian settlement. The lamps were excavated during the last 50 years from the houses, cemeteries, barracks and fortifications of this Roman outpost on the Limes Romanus and span almost three centuries from 80 to 350 AD. For the first time, they are published in full and in color with detailed analysis of lamp types, workshop marks and discus scenes. With adistribution network spanning three continents, made by amultitude of producers and brands, with their religious imagery depicting forms of worship, and as symbols of study and learning, Roman lamps are an effective tool that can be used by the modern scholar to discover the ancient economy, culture, craft organization and Roman provincial life. Edited volumes Gorogianni, E.– Pavúk, P.– Girella, L. 2016 (eds.): Beyond Thalassocracies. Understanding Processes of Minoanisation and Mycenaeanisation in the Aegean. Oxford, 224 pp. ISBN978-178570-203-7 Abstract: The purpose of the volume, resulting from aworkshop held at the 114th Annual Meeting of the Archaeological Institute of America, January 2013 in Seattle, WA, is to evaluate and rethink the manner in which archaeologists approach, understand, and analyse the various processes associated with culture change connected to interregional contact, using as atest case the world of the Aegean during the Middle and Late Bronze Age (ca. 1900–1100 BC). We compare and contrast various aspects of the phenomena of Minoanisation and Mycenaeanisation, both of which share the basic underlying defining feature of material culture change in communities around the Aegean. This change was driven by trends manifesting themselves in the dominant palatial communities of each period of the Bronze Age. Over the past decade, our understanding of how these processes developed and functioned has changed considerably. 167ACTIVITIES OF THE INSTITUTE OF CLASSICAL ARCHAEOLOGY, CHARLES UNIVERSITY, 2016 Whereas current discussions on Minoanisation have already been informed by more recent theoretical trends, especially in material culture studies and post -colonial theory, the process of Mycenaeanisation is still very much conceptualised along traditional lines of explanation. Since these phenomena occurred in chronological sequence, it makes sense that any reappraisal of their nature and significance should target those regions of the Aegean basin that were affected by both processes, highlighting their similarities and differences. Thus, here we focus on the southern and eastern Aegean, in particular the Cyclades, Dodecanese, and the north -eastern Aegean islands. Tisucká, M– Stančo, L. (eds.) 2016: Afghanistan. Rescued Treasures of Buddhism. Exhibition Catalogue. Praha, 223 pp. ISBN978-80-7036-491-8 Abstract: The catalogue presents an illustrative selection of objects presented within atemporary exhibition held under the same title in the National Museum in Prague. The volume starts with ashort excursion into Afghanistan, by introducing the course of the different phases of its history, its ancient civilizations, important trade routes and relations that have significantly affected the development of this region. Further it presents aunique collection of items borrowed from the National Museum of Afghanistan in Kabul, including aselection of Buddhist monuments decoration dating from the period of the 1stto the 9thcenturies AD, mainly originating at the Mes Aynak site. Among other illustrated objects belong jewellery, silver vessels and items of daily use. The Czech team from the National Museum in Prague also participated in the restoration work of the borrowed objects and their technical analyses. Studia Hercynia XX The XX volume of the journal Studia Hercynia appeared in two instalments. Issue XX/1 was dedicated to doc.Iva Ondřejová to celebrate her 70th birthday. It published the proceedings of aone -day colloquium All Arts, Great and Small, held in her honour on April 7th 2015. The topic of the colloquium was chosen in such away as to reflect the scope of scientific interest of the celebrant. The second 2016 issue, XX/2, was more of aregular journal, with the peer -reviewed articles penned almost exclusively by the younger generation and going partly back to the international postgraduate conference Perspectives of Classical Archaeology held annually at our Institute. The second part of the volume was dedicated to the reports, especially the new results of the Uzbekistan expedition. It also contained an annotated list ofPh.D. dissertations defended at the Institute in the course of the last ten years. Articles and book chapters Augustinová, A.– Stančo, L. 2016: The Petroglyphs of Pashkhurt Valley in the Surkhan Darya Province (South Uzbekistan)– Preliminary Report. Studia Hercynia XX/2, 122–138. Bouzek, J. 2016: The Emporion Pistiros: Hippodamean Foundation and Market Place. In: M. Manoledakis (ed.): The Black Sea in the Light of New Archaeological Data and Theoretical Approaches. Proceedings of the 2nd International Workshop on the Black Sea in Antiquity Held in Thessaloniki, 18–20 September 2015. Oxford, 89–98. 168 STUDIA HERCYNIA XXI/1 – Zdeněk Vašíček aarcheologie [Zdeněk Vašíček and Archaeology]. In: P.Vašíček: Zpřirozené potřeby kritického ducha. Reflexe života adíla Zdeňka Vašíčka. Praha, 221–228. – Amber as Jewellery, Status Symbol and Work of Art. Studia Hercynia XXI/1, 13–18. – Korelace kultur doby popelnicových polí včeských zemích ajejich okolí [Correlation of the Urnfield Cultures in Czech Lands and their Vicinity]. Praehistorica 33/1–2, 71–83. – AMagical Loom -Weight and the Mother of Gods in Thrace. Ancient West & East 15, 103–112. Bouzek, J.– Vokolek, V.: “Oltáře” zČerného vola: prolegomena kpublikaci [“Altars” from Černý Vůl: Prolegomena]. Archeologie ve středních Čechách 20/2, 711–722. Girella, L.– Pavúk, P.– Gorogianni, E. 2016: Introduction. Methodological Considerations. In: E. Gorogianni– P.Pavúk– L. Girella (eds.): Beyond Thalassocracies. Understanding Processes of Minoanisation and Mycenaeanisation in the Aegean. Oxford, 1–14. Girella, L.– Pavúk, P.2016: The Nature of Minoan and Mycenaean Involvement in the North -Eastern Aegean. In: E. Gorogianni– P.Pavúk– L. Girella (eds.): Beyond Thalassocracies. Understanding Processes of Minoanisation and Mycenaeanisation in the Aegean. Oxford, 15–42. Kůt, K.– Musil, J.– Kučová, S.– Kubálek, P.– Světlík, I.– Stolz, D. 2017: Výzkum hrazeného areálu kultury nálevkovitých pohárů vHrdlech, okr. Litoměřice [Investigation of the Enclosed Area of the Funnel Beaker Culture at Hrdly, District Litoměřice]. Archeologie ve středních Čechách 21/1, 125–146. Kysela, J. 2016: Pendentif en argent en forme de tête de canard de l‘oppidum de Závist. In: D. Vitali– Ch. Goudineau (eds.): Le monde celtique avant et après la conquête romaine / Il mondo celtico prima e dopo la conquista romana. Mélanges en l‘honneur de Jean -Paul Guillaumet. Dijon– Bologna, 299–308. – Vitreae gemmae, volgi anuli. Bagues et intailles méditerranéennes en Bohême al’époque de La Tène. Studia Hercynia XX/1, 33–67. Kysela, J.– Militký, J.– Danielisová, A. 2016: Les mutations territoriales et sociales en Europe Centrale entre les III e et I er siècles avant J.-C. In: G. Blancquaert– F. Malrain (eds.): Évolution des sociétés gauloises du Second âge du Fer, entre mutations internes et influences externes. Revue archéologique de Picardie, numéro spécial 30. Amiens, 167–178. Pavúk, P.2016: Dating of the Pinnacle in Square E4/5. In: E. Pernicka– S. Blum– S. Ünlüsoy (eds.): Early Bronze Age Troy. Chronology, Cultural Development and Interregional Contacts. Studia Troica Monographien 8, Bonn, 49–60. – Bola vôbec trójska vojna? [Did the Trojan War Ever Happen?] Historická revue 27/8, 13–21. – Homérská Trója: Ani chetitská, ani mykénská [Homer’sTroy: Neither Hittite nor Mycenaean]. Dějiny asoučasnost 38/2, 10–15. Pavúk, P.– Pieniazek, M. 2016: Towards Understanding the Socio -political Structures and Social Inequalities in Western Anatolia during the Late Bronze Age. In: H. Meller (ed.): RICH and POOR. Competing for Resources in Prehistory. Halle, 531–551. Stančo, L. 2016: Mes ‘Aynak and the Art of Gandhara. In: M. Tiscuká– L. Stančo (eds.): Afghanistan. Rescued Treasures of Buddhism. Exhibition Catalogue. Prague, 28–47. 169ACTIVITIES OF THE INSTITUTE OF CLASSICAL ARCHAEOLOGY, CHARLES UNIVERSITY, 2016 – Archaeological Survey in the Surroundings of Kayrit (South Uzbekistan), Preliminary Report for Season 2015. Studia Hercynia XX/2, 73–85. – Tr ójska vojna vgréckom umení [Trojan War in the Greek Art]. Historická revue 8/XXVI, 60–66. Stančo, L.– Shaydullaev, Sh.– Bendezu -Sarmiento, J.– Huillier, L.– Kysela, J.– Shaydullaev, A.– Khamidov, O.– Havlík, J.– Tlustá, J. 2016: Preliminary Report on the Excavations at Burgut Kurgan in 2015. Studia Hercynia XX/2, 86–111. Štefan, I.– Stranská, P.– Vondrová, H. 2016: The Archaeology of Early Medieval Violence: the Mass Grave at Budec, Czech Republic. Antiquity 90, 759–776. Weissová, B.– Pavúk, P.2016: On Persistency of the Main Communication Routes from Prehistory until Today. Turkish Academy of Sciences Journal of Archaeology 19, 11–22. EXHIBITIONS Enchanted by Antiquity On 2nd June 2016 along -term exposition of the Cast Collection of Ancient Sculpture of the Faculty of Arts, Charles University was opened at Duchcov Chateau, North Bohemia. The exposition is aimed at the history of ancient Greek sculpture, but at the same time it presents classical mythology as asource of artistic inspiration dating from the Renaissance to the modern age. With regard to the baroque chateau the installation is closely linked to the aristocratic environment, the baroque theatre, the history of collecting and the aristocratic traditions of travelling south to Italy and Greece (the so -called Grand Tours). Some of the original travel equipment and historical souvenirs and photographs are shown as well. The highlight of the exposition is Thorwaldsen’sreconstruction of the figural composition from the west pediment of the late archaic Aphaea Temple on the island of Aegina. The reconstruction combines the coloured cast of an archer (the so-called Paris), and the unique reconstructions of two baroque theatre costumes for the Goddess Athena and the Ancient Hero with copies of the original baroque theatrical properties for Mercury and Amor. Having my Cup Full of Wine… Temporary exhibition of Greek and Roman artefacts, especially pottery and terracottas, was hosted from 6 th May to 31 st October 2016 in the Gallery of Ancient Art at the Franciscan Convent in Hostinné, East Bohemia. The theme of the exhibition is tied to Dionysus, the god of wine, his companions, cult, and to the phenomenon of ancient symposion. 170 STUDIA HERCYNIA XXI/1 CONFERENCES AND WORKSHOPS HELD BY ICAR IN PRAGUE Perspectives of Classical Archaeology V The annual postgraduate conference in Classical Archaeology and Classics took place on December 1st–2nd 2016. The theme of this year’sconference was New Directions in Classical Archaeology. Almost fifty young scholars presented 27 papers and 8 posters. Keynote lectures were delivered by prof.Dr.Christoph Berns (University of Bochum) and prof.Claudio Bizzarri (University of Arizona in Italy) together with Dr.Lorenzo Benini (Trust Sostratos, IT). In the 5th year of the PeCla conference we looked back and contemplated the perspectives of our “Perspectives”. After the thematically more specific meetings held in the first years, it was very inspiring to loosen up the range of topics in order to allow more thematic diversity. Invited were speakers from the whole spectrum of what we call Classical Archaeology, but also its neighbouring disciplines, targeting more the new approaches and methodologies used in our field of research. Especially valued were various interdisciplinary talks on the matter, such as collaborations with the natural sciences, new uses of computer applications, but also more theoretically and methodologically targeted contributions. The topic of where Classical Archaeology stands today and where the upcoming generation would like to see it heading was discussed as well. Vítr stepí, hradby oáz: příspěvky karcheologii Střední Asie [Wind of Steppes, Walls of Oases: Contributions to the Archaeology of Central Asia] On May 27 th 2016 aone -day conference (colloquium) invited archaeologically, historically and linguistically oriented papers, concerning the history, religion and material culture of Central Asia. The goal of the event was to bring together Czech and Slovak scholars engaged in the research of ancient Central Asia, and to stimulate and strengthen mutual collaboration, resulting in 12 delivered papers. Iron Age Southern Italy Seminar On September 23 rd agroup of international scholars gathered to discuss Iron Age archaeology in southern Italy. The included topics were: Southern Italy and schools of Geometric matt‐ painted potteries in the Balkans; Cult in context; An early Athena in Calabria; Oinotrians, Greeks and Brettii in the Crati Valley: the sanctuary “Area delle Fate” at Rose (Calabria); Calabria and the transfer of technological knowledge in the Western Mediterranean, 1000–750 BC; New technologies for understanding pottery production during the Iron Age in Sibaritide (Northeastern Calabria). The lectures were followed by vivid discussions, continued at alate lunch afterwards. International Archaeology Day On Saturday October 15 th students and staff members of the Institute of Classical Archaeology cooperated in the organization and realization of the International Archaeology Day events in Prague. In collaboration with many local archaeological bodies the festival offered to thousands of visitors hands on experience andinformation about archaeology and cultural heritage. Activities, lectures, and printed materials were accepted by the general public with 171ACTIVITIES OF THE INSTITUTE OF CLASSICAL ARCHAEOLOGY, CHARLES UNIVERSITY, 2016 increasing interest in this event. The International Archaeology Day was morally and financially supported by the Dean of the Faculty of Arts. Dies Romanus On June 25th the Institute of Classical Archaeology took part in the organization of the annual festival “Dies Romanus”, this year together with Archaia,o.p.s., the Regional Museum in Jílové and the reenactment groupsLegio X Gemina Pia Fidelis, Marcomania and Ars Gladiatorum. The event took place in the archaeological park Liboc in Prague and commemorated the 1850th anniversary of the beginning of the war campaign against the Germanic tribes of Marcomanni. Several hundred visitors had the chance to experience the Roman triumph, gladiatorial games and Roman cuisine. COMMEMORATIVE EVENING Růžena Vacková: An Archaeologist, Resistance Fighter and aPrisoner The evening of May 3rd 2016 was dedicated to Růžena Vacková, the first female professor of Classical Archaeology in Prague and one of the very first female professors ever at Charles University. The starting point was the publication of anovel called Prisoner, written by Milena Štráfeldová, based on the eventful life of Růžena Vacková, whose scope of interests covered not only the Classics but also the Theory of Art and Theatre Studies. Her civil activism during World War II, as well as her clear anti -communist post -war stance, which led to her imprisonment for many years, was to prove crucial to her later life. In prison, however, she engaged in awhole new field of activities and Christianity became especially important. All of this was reflected in the evening, composed of the author reading, as well as the memories of her friends and pupils, who gathered in arelatively large number. Her work in the above -mentioned fields was talked through with some deeper insights into her personal life, especially regarding her fate and inner strength. Unfortunately, her most important monographic work on art history, asexpressed in various styles during human history was never published. The manuscript is kept in the archive of Charles University. CONFERENCE PARTICIPATION OF ICAR MEMBERS Danielisová, A.– Křivánek, R.– Kysela, J.: L’ architecture des élites et l’ architecture communautaire dans les oppida de Bohême. Architectures de l’âge du Fer en Europe occidentale et centrale. 40e colloque international de l’AFEAF, May 4th–7th 2016. Rennes, Fr. Havlík, J.– Stančo, L.– Kysela, J.: Zoroastrijská krajina staré Baktrie: archeologický výzkum lokality Burgut Kurgan vjižním Uzbekistánu [Zoroastrian Landscape of Ancient Bactra: Archaeological Excavation of Burgut Kurgan Site in South Uzbekistan]. Plzeň, Filozofická fakulta Západočeské univerzity vPlzni. April 21st 2016. Pilsen, CZ. Horejs, B.– Pavúk, P.: Islands on the Horizon. Eastern Aegean and Western Anatolia in the Early and Middle Bronze Age (keynote lecture). The Southeast Aegean/Southwest Coastal Anatolian 172 STUDIA HERCYNIA XXI/1 Region: Material Evidence and Cultural Identity– The Early and Middle Bronze Age. Italian School of Archaeology, May 12th–14th 2016. Athens, GR. Kysela, J.– Bursák, D.: Stebno -Nouze: neobyčejný depot střední doby laténské ze západních Čech [Stebno -Nouze. ARemarkable La Tène Hoard from Western Bohemia]. 17. Medzinárodná konferencia Doba laténska vČechách, na Morave ana Slovensku, May 17th–20th 2016. Trenčianské Teplice, SK. Musil, J.: Výzbroj avýstroj římských legionářů [The Military Equipment of Roman Legionaries]. Východočeské museum, November 16th 2016. Pardubice, CZ. – Osídlení adistribuce vody vegyptské Západní poušti vŘímské době [Settlement Life and Water Distribution in Egyptian Western Desert during the Roman Period]. Náprstek Museum of Asian, African and American Cultures, October 15th 2016. Prague, CZ. – Římské cesty. Všechny cesty vedou nejen do Říma [Roman Roads. All Roads lead not Only to Rome]. National Museum, April 5th 2016. Prague, CZ. Pavúk, P.: The Northern Peloponnese in the MH III–LH II Periods. (Social) Place and Space in Early Mycenaean Greece. Conference Organised by the Institute for Oriental and European Archaeology of the Austrian Academy of Sciences in Cooperation with the Austrian Archaeological Institute, October 5th–8th 2016. Athens, GR. – The Late Bronze Age in the Kaikos Valley. ERC– Prehistoric Anatolia Closing Workshop, October 20th–21th 2016. Vienna, A. Shaydullayev, Sh.– Stancho, L.: Бактриянинг Яз Iдаврига оид янги ёдгорликлари [New Sites of the Yaz IPeriod in Bactria]. Archaeology of Uzbekistan during the Years of Independence: Progress and Perspectives. Archaeological Institute, Academy of Science, September 15th–16th 2016. Samarkand, UZ. Stančo, L.– Shaydullaev, Sh.: The First of the Good Lands: New Archaeological Data on Early Zoroastrianism? Art and Religions in Pre -Islamic Central Asia. Manggha Museum of Japanese Art and Technology, October 24th–26th 2016. Krakow, PL. Stančo, L.: Vývoj osídlení Šerabádské oázy vjižním Uzbekistánu [Development of Settlement of Sherabad Oases in Southern Uzbekistan]. Vítr stepí, hradby oáz: příspěvky karcheologii Střední Asie, May 27th 2016. Prague, CZ. – What is Roman about Central Asia? Exchange of Goods and Ideas. Long Distance Trade in Asia in the 1st Millennium AD. Institute of Archaeology, University of Warsaw, 18th–20th April 2016. Warsaw, PL. – Settlement Pattern in Bactria from the Early Iron Age to the Hellenistic Period: The Example of the Sherabad Oasis and its Surroundings. Hellenistic Central Asia: Current Research, New Directions. Inaugural Colloquium of the Hellenistic Central Asia Research Network (HCARN). Department of Classics, University of Reading, April 15th–17th 2016. Reading, UK. – Step, supi akozorožci: archeologie zoroastrijské krajiny [Steppe, Vultures and Ibexes: Archaeology of Zoroastrian Landscape]. 12th Conference of Environmental Archaeology (Before Neolithic…). Czech Academy of Sciences, February 8th–9th 2016. Prague, CZ.