Emperor Ferdinand I and the Antique: the Antique as Innovation

OPEN ACCESS Empe o Fe dinand I and he An ique: he An ique as Inno a ion Di k Jacob Jansen This pape p oposes an app oach o he s udy o he a i ude owa ds an iqua ian s udies and he use o he an ique example in he pa onage o a a he cou o Empe o Fe dinand I. KEYWORDS: Fe dinand I; an iqua ianism; di usion o inno a ions; Renaissance a chi ec u e; pa onage FERDINAND’S INTEREST IN THE ANTIQUE This pape p esen s wha is e y much wo k in p og ess: i is a by-p oduc o my esea ch o he book on he ca ee o Jacopo S ada (Man ua 1516 — Vienna 1588), an iqua y and a chi ec o he Empe o s Fe dinand I, Maximilian II and Rudol II, which will come ou as my bela ed disse a ion a Leiden in Sep embe o his yea .1 In my book I ake o g an ed ha Fe dinand I, a e ha ing isi ed S ada’s s udio in Nu embe g, had a eason o espond posi i ely when, ea ly in 1558, S ada pe i ioned him o a pos a cou in a beau i ul ph ase: “Ho a se la Maes à Vos a li piace di ace a mi nel nume o de li suoi i uosi, del can o mio a ò ogni debi o pe a mi hono e,” ha is: “So i i would please You Majes y o accep me among his lea ned men, I on my side will do e e y hing I can o me i he honou .”2 Bu I do no eally know wha ha eason may ha e been. S ada had p esen ed himsel as an expe in ancien numisma ics: i Fe dinand in i ed him o come o Vienna, i may be assumed ha he el a need o S ada’s compe ence as an iqua y. Bu , when in 1560 S ada was o mally acco ded a ixed and sala ied posi ion, i was as an a chi ec assigned o Fe dinand’s building p ojec s in Vienna, a he han as Impe ial an iqua y, e en hough he was appa en ly allowed o use ha i le. O cou se, a connec ion exis ed be ween an iqua ian s udies and I alian High-Renaissance a and a chi ec u e: hink o Raphael, Giulio Romano, Pi o Ligo io and Palladio. Bu was ha connec ion as ob ious in Vienna and P ague in 1558? 1 Di k J. JANSEN, U banissime S ada: Jacopo S ada and Cul u al Pa onage a he Impe ial Cou , disse a ion, Leiden Uni e si y, Maas ich 2015 ( o hcoming Sep embe 2015); a ade edi ion is in cou se o p epa a ion. Fo easons o space I ha e he e omi ed mos bibliog aphical e e ences: much ac ual in o ma ion can now be ound in Wil ied SEIPEL (ed.), Kaise Fe dinand I. 1503–1564. Das We den de Habsbu ge mona chie, exhibi ion ca alogue, Wien 2003 and in He be KARNER (ed.), Die Wiene Ho bu g 1521–1705. Baugeschich e, Funk ion und E ablie ung als Kaise esidenz (Denksch i en de philoso - phisch-his o ischen Klasse 444), Wien 2014. 2 Jacopo S ada o Fe dinand I, King o he Romans; Nu embe g, Feb ua y 12, 1558; Ös e eichische Na ionalbiblio hek [he eina e ÖNB], Vienna, Cod. 5770, ol. 1 , . DIRK JacOB JanSEn 203 OPEN ACCESS I is ce ain ha Fe dinand was in e es ed in he An ique and himsel commissioned wo ks o a inspi ed by he an ique example om an ea ly age: ins ances ha e been con enien ly summa ised in F ied ich Pole oss’ a icle Romani as in de Habsbu gischen Rep äsen a ion on Ka l V. bis Maximilian II. o 2006. Symbolic o his in e es is he ac ha Fe dinand was po ayed in he guise o a Roman Impe a o when he was ha dly wen y, in a limes one bus da ing om ca 1524, which was la e inco po a ed in an en ance po al o he cas le o S a é H ady nea Libáň in Bohemia [Fig. 1]. Ea ly examples o he use o he an ique manne in commissions o Fe dinand I a e he po al o he Zeughaus o a senal in Wiene Neus ad , which is da ed 1524 [Fig. 2], and he omb o Coun Nicholas Salm, he de ende o Vienna agains he Tu ks in 1529, which Fe dinand commissioned om Loy He ing sho ly a e coun Salm’s dea h in 1530 [Fig. 3].3 The sophis ica ed design o a plaque commemo a ing he cons uc ion a public oun ain in an ex e nal wall o he Ho bu g da ed 1536 ma ks a s ep o wa d in he ecep ion o he isual language o he I alian High Renaissance [Fig. 4].4 An e en g ea e deg ee o sophis ica ion is e iden in he exquisi e doo and window ames and elie plaques deco a ing he ea lie , lowe pa o he Summe Palace, which Fe dinand had cons uc ed in he ga dens o he P ague Cas le o his wi e, Queen Anne Jagiello (1503–1547) [Fig. 5]. These da e om he ea ly 1540s and in iew o hei high quali y ha e some imes been hough o ha e been impo ed om I aly. The doo su ound is o special in e es : i de i es om a classical o e doo epu edly ound a he Fo um o Spole o and illus a ed in Se lio’s Qua o Lib o, i s published in 1537 [Fig. 6].5 By 1553, when he Schweize o , he new en ance ga e o he inne cou ya d o he Ho bu g complex was comple ed, he e was a leas one a chi ec ac i e in Vienna who was capable o designing a chi ec u e wi h co ec Vi u ian p opo ions and de ailing [Fig. 7].6 Finally, i is emp ing o see he ou hea ily us ica ed pilas e s o bu esses a he en ance o he Bu gkapelle in he Schweize ho as elics o an abo i e a emp o ealise an I aliana e acade o he e u bished sou h-wes wing. These “Con a o es” 3 F ied ich POLLEROSS, “Romani as” in de habsbu gischen Rep äsen a ion on Ka l V. bis Ma- ximilian II., in: Richa d Bösel — G e e Klingens ein — Alexande Kolle (edd.), Kaise - ho — Paps ho (16.–18. Jah hunde ), Publika ionen des His o ischen Ins i u s beim Ös- e eichischen Kul u o um in Rom 12, 2006, pp. 207–224. See also W. SEIPEL, Kaise Fe dinand I., pp. 375–376, Ca . No. IV. and p. 530, Ca . No. X.12; Rena e HOLZSCHUH-HO- FER, Die Ho bu g und ih e Ikonologie im 16. Jah hunde , in: H. Ka ne (ed.), Die Wiene Ho - bu g, pp. 530–548. 4 Though echnically his plaque was a commission om he Vienna Ci y Council, i com- ple ed a public oun ain in he Ho bu g complex ini ia ed and unded by Fe dinand I, so i s placemen and design mus ha e been coo dina ed wi h Fe dinand’s a chi ec s and can be assumed o e lec Fe dinand’s as es and p e e ences; c . EADEM, Gale ie, Kuns kam- me gebäude und Ballhaus, 1521–1619, in: H. Ka ne (ed.), Die Wiene Ho bu g, pp. 198–213, especially pp. 206–208. 5 Jan BAŽANT, P ažský Bel edé a se e ská enesance [P ague Bel ede e and he No he n Re- naissance], P aha 2006, p. 47. 6 The design is gene ally a ibu ed o Pie o Fe abosco; Rena e HOLZSCHUH-HOFER, Die Al e Bu g (Schweize ho ) 1521–1619, in: H. Ka ne (ed.), Die Wiene Ho bu g, pp. 80–142, esp. pp. 111–122. 204 HISTORIE — OTÁZKY — PROBLÉMY 2/2015 OPEN ACCESS seem o be in ended o ca y a blind a cade, cons i u ing he us ic s o y o a acade in he manne o Flo en ine o Roman palace a chi ec u e [Fig. 8]. A simila solu ion had been p oposed a ew yea s ea lie in Sebas iano Se lio’s p ojec o he Salle de Bal in Fon ainebleau [Fig. 9]. The design o he Schweize ho was p o ided by he I alian F ancesco da Pozo, bu i inci ed spi i ed esis ance bo h om local ci il se an s and om Pozo’s Ge man colleagues: he pie s we e conside ed un inished and ook up oo much space; he i s loo windows we e unsigh ly and he whole hing looked mo e like a p ison han an Impe ial esidence. I hink he c i ics’ lack o unde s anding is clea om hei abho ence o he “un inished” s one o he pie s, ha is, i s “ us ic” quali y. This s anda d elemen o I aliana e classical a chi ec u e was qui e ou side o hei ame o e e ence, hough no ou side o ha o Fe dinand himsel , who a e u he consul a ion decided o Pozo’s p ojec . The li le ha emains, howe e , sugges s ha i ne e p og essed beyond he ini ial s age.7 I is impo an ha Fe dinand was no he only pa on indulging a as e o a s yle o a chi ec u e pa ly based on he An ique example. The new app oach was pionee ed also by a ew highly educa ed, e y ich o icials who we e all close collabo a o s o he ule , and who all, because o hei o igin, hei s udies, o bo h, had a mo e cosmopoli an ou look han hei con empo a ies. One well-known example is Fe dinand’s Chancello Be na do Clesio, P ince-Bishop o T en , who in 1528 added a new esiden ial block, he Magno Palazzo, o his esidence, he Cas ello del Buonconsiglio a T en , and had i deco a ed in he new manne by Romanino and Dosso Dossi. Ano he example is Gab iel Salamanca-O enbu g, Fe dinand’s Spanish easu e and chancello , who buil a splendid Renaissance cas le a Spi al an de D au in Ca in hia om 1533 onwa ds. Pe haps mos in e es ing in Bohemia was Flo ian G iespek on G iespach, sec e a y o he Bohemian Kamme , he inancial au ho i y o he Kingdom, who had buil wo la ge coun y houses in he new manne , Kaceřo , begun a ound 1540 [Fig. 10], and Nelahoze es, om 1553 onwa d.8 By ha ime Fe dinand’s wo eldes sons, A chdukes Maximilian (II) and Fe dinand II (o Ty ol), became ac i e as pa ons, showing hei p e e ence o he new manne in he wo hun ing lodges hey commissioned a Vienna and P ague, espec i ely, he so-called G ünes Lus haus in he P a e nea Vienna, and he s a -shaped hun ing-lodge H ězda on he Whi e Moun ain nea P ague.9 7 Wha emains sugges s ha i was in ended o inish a leas he sou h-wes - acade o he cou ya d in his manne , bu con a y o Fe dinand’s decision his ne e happened, possi- bly because o he huge expense in ol ed; c . D. J. JANSEN, U banissime S ada, pp. 252–253; R. HOLZSCHUH-HOFER, Die Al e Bu g, pp. 104–107. 8 Be na do Cles e l’a e del Rinascimen o nel T en ino, exhibi ion ca alogue, Milano 1985; Re- na e WAGNER-RIEGER — Ingebo g MITSCH, Das Schloß zu Spi al an de D au in Kä n en, Wien 1962; E ich HUBALA, Die Schloßbau en des Flo ian G iespeck in Ka ze ow und Mühlhau- sen, in: Fe dinand Seib (ed.), Renaissance in Böhmen: Geschich e, Wissenscha , A chi ek- u , Plas ik, Male ei, Kuns handwe k, München 1985, pp. 63–105. 9 On H ězda: I an P. MUCHKA — I o PURŠ — Syl a DOBALOVÁ — Ja osla a HAUSENBLA- SOVÁ, H ĕzda: A ci é oda Fe dinand Ty olský a jeho le oh ádek e opském kon ex u [H ězda: A chduke Fe dinand o Ty ol and his Summe House in he Eu opean Con ex ], P aha 2014; on he G ünes Lus haus, see below. DIRK JacOB JanSEn 205 OPEN ACCESS THE ANTIQUE AS INNOVATION This pa e n seems o epea ha o he in oduc ion o he new s yle o a chi ec u e in he e i o ies uled o e by Fe dinand I’s b o he , Empe o Cha les V, in he Ne he lands, and by his b o he -in-law, F ancis I o F ance, in ha Kingdom. Bo h in he Ne he lands and in F ance he own ini ia i es o he so e eign we e complemen ed and some imes e en p eceded by ini ia i es aken by a limi ed g oup o weal hy, highly educa ed and cosmopoli an membe s o hei en ou age: in F ance, o ins ance, he pa ons o Sebas iano Se lio and Philibe de l’O me, in he Sou he n Ne he lands he pa ons o Jacques du B oeucq, including he Regen , Ma y o Hunga y, and Ca dinal G an elle; in he No he n Ne he lands by noblemen such as Hend ik III o Nassau-B eda, he pa on o Tommaso Vincido , and Maximiliaan an Egmond, Coun o Bu en and IJssels ein, he pa on o Alessand o Pasqualini. This pa allel is no me e coincidence: o me i seems o imply ha pa onage o wo ks o a “all’an ica” — a he ime pa adoxically an a an -ga de s yle — was conside ed a s a us symbol a leas by a small g oup o high- anking cosmopoli an noblemen and magna es all o e Eu ope. Bu ha is no explana ion — on he con a y, i me ely begs he ques ion o how and why his s yle in pa icula acqui ed his exclusi e appeal. I do no in end o answe such a undamen al and exed ques ion wi hin his pape , bu I wan o sugges a way o app oaching i . Basically, his is a ques ion o he p ocess o ansmission o in o ma ion and o ideas and — because i is a phenomenon wi hin he isual a s — also o he ansmission o he isual idiom o a new a is ic s yle. This is a p ocess which can be econs uc ed o some ex en by an in en o y o he appea ance o indi idual ins ances, no ing when and whe e hey appea and by whom and o whom hey a e ins iga ed, and an analysis o he sou ces o in o ma ion a ailable a he ime and place o appea ance — be hey physical, such as books and p in s — o human — such as a wande ing schola o a is . Bu ha does no necessa ily help us o unde s and he p ocess p ope . In pa icula , i does no p o ide any in o ma ion abou a pa on’s p i a e conside a ions o his decisions, which a e seldom eco ded and pe haps no always consciously o mula ed. Such ques ions o as e can pe haps ne e be answe ed conclusi ely in indi idual cases, ye in my wo k on S ada I encoun e ed a esea ch adi ion which can help us o come close o unde s anding he unc ioning o he p ocess. This is he pa adigm o he di usion o inno a ions as o mula ed in he classic s udy o ha name by E e e Roge s, i s published in 1962 and now in i s i h upda ed edi ion.10 This book p oposed a model o he p ocess o in oduc ion and adop ion o inno a ions in o a gi en cul u e o socie y, which has since been co obo a ed by housands o case s udies in many di e en ields. Though i has ha dly been used in cul u al his o y, his obus empi ical basis p esen s an a gumen ha Roge s’ heo y, o a leas some o i s elemen s, could be use ul also o unde s and his o ical e en s, when su icien ele an e idence is a ailable. The model p edic s ha a gi en inno a ion in oduced in o a social o cul u al sys em by an in e nal inno a o o an ex e nal change agen will be a i s adop ed 10 E e e ROGERS, Di usion o Inno a ions, New Yo k — London — To on o — Sydney 2003. 206 HISTORIE — OTÁZKY — PROBLÉMY 2/2015 OPEN ACCESS by a small g oup o ela i ely a luen , educa ed, in elligen and open-minded o “cosmopoli e” indi iduals. Such a g oup gene ally includes a numbe o “opinion leade s” who a e highly espec ed and us ed inside s o he gi en social sys em: Only when hese ha e adop ed he sys em and ha e sha ed hei knowledge and expe ience wi h hei pee s will he inno a ion be mo e gene ally accep ed. The g aph plo ing he a io o such accep ance always will ake he o m o an S-cu e, in which he s eepness o he cu e is de e mined by he speed wi h which an inno a ion p oposed by an inno a o is accep ed by he ea ly adop e s, he ea ly majo i y, he la e majo i y, and he lagga ds [Fig. 11]. The empi ical e idence suppo ing he di usion o inno a ion heo y sugges s ha i he in oduc ion o classical o ms in a chi ec u e and he a s can be conside ed as an inno a ion, hei accep ance would ollow he same pa e n — and hus i is no su p ising ha he pa e n would be simila in a ious coun ies. I migh be wo hwhile o plo he ins ances o he adop ion o classical o ms in Fe dinand’s e i o ies in such a g aph. I suspec ha he con empo a ies o Fe dinand men ioned abo e ank among he inno a o s and he ea ly adop e s o he all’an ica s yle, and ha gene al accep ance by he la e majo i y was no ealised be o e he end o he 16 h cen u y. Should he di usion pa adigm be applicable in his ield, his means ha some o i s co olla ies also should be aken in o conside a ion. One o he mos ele an indings is ha knowledge o and abou an inno a ion — such as is p o ided by he mass media o , in ou case, by p in s o a copy o Se lio’s ea ise — by i sel is a ely su icien o i s e en ual adop ion. Decisions o adop a e mos ly aken only a e in o ma ion is exchanged and expe ience is sha ed wi h o he membe s o he social sys em, he opinion leade s jus men ioned, p e e ably hose sha ing a simila posi ion, ou look and in e es s wi h he po en ial adop e . Mo eo e , an inno a ion is some imes a idly discussed in a g oup o inno a o s and ea ly adop e s who ha e p i ileged access o in o ma ion, as well as su icien incen i e and oppo uni y o mu ual consul a ion: Roge s e e s o “an in isible college”.11 This e m is pa icula ly ap in ou case: I can be assumed ha Fe dinand I and his associa es sha ing his in e es , such as Ca dinal Clesio and Flo ian G iespek, occasionally discussed hei p ojec s wi h one ano he , bu such consul a ion would o en ha e been in o mal. Conside ed pa o he hones um o ium, a o m o ec ea ion commensu a e wi h hei s a us and esponsibili ies, i would a ely ha e been eco ded. Such an in isible college al eady exis ed in Rome, whe e a a he in o mal club o Roman noblemen, cle ics employed in he Va ican o in Ca dinals’ households, and a is s, spen pa o hei leisu e hou s in he s udy o An iqui y. This g oup was no qui e in isible: i included some p ominen pe sonali ies and i e en had pu i s p og amme on pape .12 This combined he s udy o An iqui y, and, in pa icula , 11 Ibid., chap e 2: “A His o y o Di usion esea ch”, pp. 39–43, 46–48 and 56–64; chap e 8: “Di usion Ne wo ks”, pp. 300–364. The e m “in isible college” is no new — i was used al eady in he 17 h cen u y o he in o mal collabo a ion be ween g oups o schola s and scien is s. 12 Pie Nicola PAGLIARA, Vi u io da es o a canone, in: Sal a o e Se is (ed.), Memo ia dell’an- ico nell’a e i aliana, 1: L’uso dei classici, To ino 1984, pp. 3–85; Ma ga e DALY DAVIS, DIRK JacOB JanSEn 207 OPEN ACCESS i s ma e ial emains, such as coins, insc ip ions, wo ks o a and he emains o ancien a chi ec u e, wi h he s udy o he a chi ec u al ea ise o Vi u ius, an indispensable sou ce o iden i y, in e p e and ideally econs i u e he uined monumen s o he Ci y. Bu his Vi u ian Academy was no only in e es ed in Vi u ius’ ex as a sou ce o answe a chaeological ques ions, bu also in i s unc ion as an au ho i a i e manual o cu en p ac ice. Jus as o a o s and w i e s based hei p ac ice on Cice o, and physicians on Galen, so a chi ec s based hei designs on Vi u ius’ p esc ip ions. In his in isible college a ious disciplines wo ked oge he : he ex ual schola s could no econs uc and emend Vi u ius’ no o iously obscu e ex and he an iqua ies could no iden i y and econs uc ancien monumen s wi hou he echnical inpu , he measu emen s and he d awings p o ided by he building p o essionals; whe eas he a chi ec s needed he schola s o explain o e en ansla e Vi u ius’ p ecep s in cu en , comp ehensible language. Thus he ui o he in isible college’s coope a ion included no only some schola ly an iqua ian wo ks, bu also many con empo a y buildings, such as Vignola’s Villa Giulia, he Casino o Pope Pius IV in he ga dens o he Va ican and elemen s o he Villa d’Es e in Ti oli, bo h designed by Pi o Ligo io, an ac i e membe o he ci cle. A SIMILAR PATTERN AT THE IMPERIAL COURT? Wha we see in Rome, he s udy o an iqui y coupled o an ambi ion o build in he an ique manne , can be conside ed as a complex o , as Roge s calls i , a “clus e ” o ela ed inno a ions. I hink i likely — and u u e esea ch may b ing ins ances o ligh — ha h ough he in ensi e con ac wi h he Papal cou on poli ical and con essional ma e s, Fe dinand I and his en ou age we e well awa e o he ac i i ies o he g oup in Rome.13 Mo eo e , he e a e many indica ions ha simila in e es s exis ed a Fe dinand’s cou al eady in he 1540s. Thus i may ha e been no me e cou esy ha in 1542 Pie e Coecke an Aels dedica ed his Ge man edi ion o Se lio’s Fou h Book o Fe dinand I. In his p e ace he ela es how, a e ha ing seen Coecke’s Du ch and F ench ansla ions, Fe dinand’s cou pain e Jacob Seisenegge had ad ised him s ongly o p oduce a Ge man edi ion, and o dedica e his o Fe dinand I, who “abo e all Ge man p inces no only lo ed all a s, bu also had he bes unde s anding o a chi ec u e”.14 In addi ion o he weal hy pa ons Zum Codex Cobu gensis: F ühe A chäologie und Humanismus im K eis des Ma cello Ce ini, in: Richa d Ha p a h — Henning W ede (edd.), An ikenzeichnung und An ikens udium in Renaissance und F ühba ock, Ak en des in e na ionalen Symposiums, 8–10 Sep em- be 1986 in Cobu g, Mainz 1989, pp. 185–199; Be nd KULAWIK, Wissenscha liche Beg i s- bildung im K eis de Accademia della Vi ù in Rom um 1550, Be ich e zu Wissenscha sge- schich e 38, 2015, No. 2, pp. 140–152. 13 One link is S ada’s pa on Hans Jakob Fugge , an associa e o Fe dinand I and his sons who, bo h h ough S ada and independen ly, was in con ac wi h membe s o he Roman ci cle. 14 Dedica ion o Fe dinand I in Coecke’s edi ion o Jacob Rechlinge ’s (Rehlinge ) Ge man ansla ion o he Sebas iano SERLIO, Fou h Book, Die gemaynen Reglen on de A chi ec u 208 HISTORIE — OTÁZKY — PROBLÉMY 2/2015 OPEN ACCESS al eady men ioned, in Fe dinand’s immedia e en ou age we ind o he ins ances o in e es in his clus e o inno a ions, su icien o hink ha he emb yo o an in isible college simila o ha in Rome may ha e exis ed a cou . F om abou 1540 onwa d Fe dinand p o ec ed and encou aged he his o ical and an iqua ian s udies o he physician and his o ian Wol gang Lazius, a e y lea ned and p oduc i e esea che and au ho o many his o ical and an iqua ian wo ks. These included numisma ics, in pa icula a desc ip ion o Fe dinand’s collec ion, and epig aphy, in pa icula a desc ip ion o some insc ip ions ound in Vienna and in he possession o Lazius’ uncle, He mes Schallau ze , Fe dinand’s Bausupe in enden in Vienna.15 So he e an iqua ianism and he p ac ice o a chi ec u e al eady ouch. Among Fe dinand’s o he a chi ec s a leas one, Boni az Wohlmu h, an in ellec ual owning a lib a y o which we s ill ha e he ca alogue, possessed up- o da e knowledge o he mos ecen de elopmen s and was pe ec ly able o apply his expe ise, as his wo ks make abundan ly clea . A li le la e A chduke Maximilian based he layou o his hun ing lodge and pleasu e ga den in he P a e explici ly on An ique models, be i p ima ily on hose desc ibed in classical li e a u e a he han on isual e idence, as is e iden om he beau i ul illumina ed manusc ip , wi h illus a ions by Boni az Wohlmu h, which was made o celeb a e i s comple ion.16 A e discussing some gene al an ique sou ces on ga dening, i s au ho , he humanis Geo g Tanne , concen a es on he quincunx, a geome ic igu a ion o i e poin s a anged as on a die o a playing ca d. This sys em was used in An iqui y and was conside ed pa icula ly a ou able o he plan ing o ees in an o cha d. Tanne ela es how his concep had been al eady discussed mo e han a decade ea lie by he local e udi es Sebas ian Hue s ocke and Joannes Ludo icus B assicanus, a discussion which had also in ol ed a ex by he F ench diploma Laza e de Baï . Subsequen ly he quincunx had been pu in p ac ice by a ious local noblemen, such as Ma cus Beck on Leopoldsdo . When Hue s ocke old Maximilian II abou his “mos deligh ul sys em o plan ing”, i pleased he King so much ha he decided o ha e his whole ga den laid ou acco ding o his scheme [Fig. 12]. Since he made he d awings o Tanne ’s manusc ip , i is likely ha i was Wohlmu h who ansla ed he concep in o p ac icable designs o he layou . Thus i ube die un Manie en de Gebeu, An we pen 1542, ol. Aii ; c . K is a DE JONGE, L’édi ion de la aduc ion allemande du li e IV pa Jacob Rehlinge chez Pie e Coecke an Aels à An e s en 1542 [1543], in: Syl ie Deswa e-Rosa (ed.), Sebas iano Se lio à Lyon: A chi ec u e e im- p ime ie, I: Le T ai é d’a chi ec u e de Sebas iano Se lio: Une g ande en ep ise édi o ia- le au XVIe siècle, Roanne 2004, pp. 278–279. 15 Exempla aliquo S. Ve us a is Rom. in saxis quibusdam, ope a nobilis i i, D. He me is Schallauc- ze i […], hîc Viennae e u is, unà cum in e p e a ione Wol gangi Lazii […], Vienna 1560; i is dis- cussed in Rena e VON BUSCH, S udien zu deu schen An ikensammlungen des 16. Jah hunde s, disse a ion, Uni e si y o Tübingen, Tübingen 1973, pp. 19–21. 16 Geo g TANNER, B e is e dilucida Domini Do. Maximiliani […] Viennae ad Danubii ipas e diae ae seu amoena ii ad Pu eum Ce inum, e ho i, e inp imis e e is quincuncis desc ip- io, Vienna 1557, ÖNB, Cod. 8085; digi al e sion accessible a h p://da a.onb.ac.a / ec/ AL00156041 [ e ie ed 23. 8. 2015]. DIRK JacOB JanSEn 209 OPEN ACCESS is one o Roge ’s in isible colleges, in oducing an an ique concep as an inno a ion ha becomes isible in he pages o Tanne ’s manusc ip .17 Though a leas in his case a compe en a chi ec appea s o ha e been in ol ed, o he es his pa icula in isible college consis ed comple ely o humanis schola s and lawye s, concen a ing on he w i en sou ces o An iqui y, a he han on isual e idence. The iasco o he design o he cou ya d o he Ho bu g ci ed abo e shows ha in he mid-1550s comp ehension o he ules o classical a chi ec u e and he compe ence o apply hese we e s ill qui e a e in Aus ia. Assuming ha Fe dinand was eage o in oduce o a leas p omo e his clus e o inno a ions — he s udy o he ma e ial elics o An iqui y, and he applica ion o a new s yle in a chi ec u e and he a s based on he use o he An ique — his decision o a ac Jacopo S ada o his cou seems eminen ly easonable.18 S ada was a well-known expe on an iqui ies, in pa icula coins, who had i s -hand expe ience o an iqua ian s udy in I aly, in Ge many, whe e he had been li ing since 1544, and in F ance, whe e in 1553 he had published his numisma ic ea ise.19 As a esul o his a els he was pe sonally acquain ed wi h membe s o he in o mal Vi u ian academy in Rome and wi h many o he s uden s o An iqui y elsewhe e. Mo eo e , he was e y knowledgeable abou a chi ec u e bo h ancien and mode n: he had g own up in Man ua and had been augh by Giulio Romano, whose Palazzo del Te is one o he key monumen s demons a ing he applica ion o he An ique example o con empo a y a chi ec u e. La e S ada a elled ex ensi ely in I aly, ge ing o know bo h he ancien monumen s and he mos ecen new p ojec s a i s hand, and he was o en pe sonally acquain ed wi h he a chi ec s and some imes e en wi h he pa ons o many o hem. He also had a elled in pa s o F ance and Ge many and pe haps beyond. In Lyon he had me and wo ked wi h he o emos a chi ec u al heo is o his ime, Sebas iano Se lio, whose unpublished books he was p epa ing o he p ess. When he e u ned in Rome in he 1550s he made measu ed d awings o ancien monumen s, which p esupposes a conside able compe ence in a chi ec u al d augh smanship. Mos impo an , he had acqui ed la ge quan i ies o de ailed isual documen a ion bo h o ancien wo ks o a and a chi ec u e and o designs o con empo a y a and a chi ec u e. S ada c ea ed his collec ion, a e i able “pape museum”, pa ly by he wholesale pu chase o Se lio’s d awings and o all he d awings le by Giulio Romano and Pe ino del Vaga (which included much ma e ial hey had inhe i ed om hei mas e , Raphael), and pa ly by commissioning se s o documen a y d awings o e y high quali y, such as he elie ieze o he Column o T ajan o he deco a ion o Raphael’s Loggia in he Va ican. Because o his expe ise and his Musaeum — o so he called his collec ion — S ada would ha e been conside ed a aluable addi ion o Fe dinand’s hypo he ical in isible college. 17 Ibid., ol. 16 , . 18 On S ada’s ca ee and his Musaeum, see Di k Jacob JANSEN, Jacopo S ada, in: The Dic io- na y o A , 29, London 1996, pp. 737–740 (wi h ea lie bibliog aphy); and IDEM, U banis- sime S ada. 19 Epi ome Thesau i An iqui a um, hoc es , IMPP. Rom. O ien alium e Occiden alium Iconum, ex an iquis Numisma ibus quam idelissime delinia a um, Lyon 1553; i was simul aneously p in ed in a F ench ansla ion. 210 HISTORIE — OTÁZKY — PROBLÉMY 2/2015 OPEN ACCESS APPROACH TO THE ANTIQUE AT COURT: TWO EXAMPLES I Fe dinand hoped ha S ada’s p esence would enli en he deba e on An iqui y and i s use o con empo a y pu poses in his in isible college, he ce ainly go wha he ba gained o . When mee ing wi h he Empe o in Nu embe g, S ada had c i icized a sample Wol gang Lazius’ planned ca alogue o Fe dinand’s own coin collec ion, which was o be illus a ed by he eng a e , o “An iqui ä enabcon e e e ”, Hans Sebald Lau ensack [Fig. 13]. Ob iously Lazius was no happy wi h S ada’s commen s and esponded in kind.20 The case demons a es he simul aneous exis ence o wo di e en app oaches o he s udy o he An ique. S ada’s commen I ind e ealing: “E en i a medal is somewha de ec i e, i does no o ha eason lose he pe ec ion o i s design. They [Lazius and his eng a e , AN] look a no hing bu he ou -side con ou s, showing he damage o he im; so ha whoe e looks a i will conclude ha His Majes y has he mos unsigh ly [“go e”, AN] medals in he wo ld.”21 This can be bes shown by compa ing Lazius’s and Lau ensack’s ca e ul ep oduc ion o he ac ual objec s in Fe dinand’s collec ion, o ins ance a coin showing a small e as yle emple [Fig. 14], wi h S ada’s own ideal econs i u ion o a coin wi h a simila e e se o a Temple o Ves a [Fig. 15]. Whe eas Lau ensack showed he coins as hey we e, wi h i egula o damaged ims, and mo e o less in hei ac ual size, S ada’s splendid d awings ha e oughly i e o en imes he diame e o he coin on which hey a e based. This means ha his images can show de ails which would be ha dy isible, i p esen a all, in his model, such as a coin o Augus us showing a iple iumphal a ch [Fig. 16–17].22 The e o e, his a chi ec u al e e ses should be conside ed as econs uc ions o he monumen depic ed, a he han ep oduc ions o he ac ual coins. This is bo ne ou by S ada’s own s uc u ed, sys ema ic desc ip ions o he coins he s udied. In his p in ed numisma ic ea ise only one o a mos wo o hese a e included o each Empe o , bu wo comple e se s, desc ibing close o en housand coins, ha e been p ese ed in wo i ually iden ical manusc ip s in Vienna and P ague.23 These we e concei ed as he ex ual complemen o he co pus o numisma ic d awings S ada had p oduced o his i s impo an pa on, Hans Jakob Fugge , and which had been acqui ed wi h Fugge ’s lib a y by Duke Alb ech V o Ba a ia. The Duke had no been in e es ed in acqui ing he ex ual olumes om 20 The ques ion is discussed in R. VON BUSCH, An ikensammlungen, pp. 199–201. 21 Jacopo S ada o Ma ìn de Guzmán, Nu embe g, Feb ua y 21, 1558: “Anco che una meda- glia sia alquan a us a, impe ò non pe de la pe e ion del disegno. Lo o non osse a al o che li din o ni di o a, con a le guas e: e chi le ed a a à giudi io che Sua Maes à habbia le più go e medaglie che sia al mondo.” Vienna, ÖNB, Cod. 5770, ol. 6 –8 . 22 Jacopo STRADA, Magnum ac no um opus, con inens desc ip ionem i ae, imaginum, numisma- um omnium am O ien alium quam Occiden alium Impe a o um […] usque ad Ca olum V. Im- pe a o em, Go ha, Fo schungsbiblio hek, Ms. Cha -A-2175, 1–14 and 16–30, Vol. 4, ol. 89 . 23 IDEM, A. A. A. Numisma ωn An iquo um ΔΙAΣΚΕΝΗΝ […], copies in Uni e si ä sbiblio hek, Vienna, Ms. III, 160898, 1–11; Na ional Lib a y o he Czech epublic [Ná odní kniho na České epubliky], P ague, MS VII A 1, a–l. DIRK JacOB JanSEn 217 OPEN ACCESS ig. 18, ig. 19: Jacopo S ada, desc ip ion and d awing o a coin e e se showing a Temple o Ma s. F om: Jacopo STRADA, Se ies Romano um ac G aeco um Impe a o um, Go ha, Fo schungsbiblio hek, Ms. Cha . A 1243, ol. IV ( ex ) and p. 29 (image). ig. 20: Jacopo S ada, d awing o a coin e e se showing a Temple o Janus Quad i ons. F om: Jacopo STRADA, Magnum ac No um Opus […], Go ha, Fo schungsbiblio hek, Ms. Cha A 2175, Vol. 4, ol. 237 . ig. 21: Jacopo S ada, design o a iumphal a ch o a es i e en y. F om: a miscellaneous olumes o d awings om S ada’s wo kshop, ÖNB, Vienna, Handsch i ensammlung, Cod. min. 21,3, ol. 323/40. 218 HISTORIE — OTÁZKY — PROBLÉMY 2/2015 OPEN ACCESS RÉSUMÉ: Empe o Fe dinand I’s appoin men o he an iqua y Jacopo S ada as an a chi ec is examined in he ligh o Fe dinand’s long-s anding in e es in he An ique, exempli ied by a ious wo ks he commissioned o e he yea s. He sha ed his in e es wi h se e al high anking, weal hy and in ellec ual membe s o his en ou age. In iew o a pa allel de elopmen a he cou s o Cha les V in he Ne he lands and F ancis I in F ance, i is a gued ha he in oduc ion o an iqua ian s udy and he adop ion o he an ique example in con empo a y commissions in he ield o a and a chi ec u e can be conside ed a “clus e o inno a ions”, in he e ms o he inno a ion heo y o mula ed in E e e Roge s’ classic s udy The Di usion o Inno a ions (1962). Then i is possible o de ine his in o mal g oup o “inno a o s” and “ea ly adop e s”, in oducing wha is eally an a an - ga de s yle among hei pee s, as an “in isible college”. Empi ic s udies based on Roge s’ pa adigm show such a g oup o be an essen ial ea u e o he wide dissemina ion o inno a i e ideas and echniques. A u he pa allel is d awn wi h he sel -s yled Vi u ian academy a he Papal cou , a simila g oup o pa ons, schola s and a is s, whose collabo a ion no only s imula ed an iqua ian esea ch, bu also in luenced he design o se e al a chi ec u al commissions in Rome. Assuming con ac s be ween Fe dinand’s cou and his g oup, i is sugges ed ha S ada’s appoin men shows Fe dinand’s in en o s imula e his complex o inno a ions a his cou . The al e ca ion be ween S ada and he Impe ial his o iog aphe Wol gang Lazius o e a planned ca alogue o he Impe ial coin collec ion shows he exis ence o wo di e se app oaches o he an ique example, which is illus a ed by some o S ada’s numisma ic d awings. The p esence o S ada and his huge collec ion o documen a ion a e a symp om ha Fe dinand’s “in isible college” con inued o unc ion unde his successo , Maximilian II. D . Di k Jacob Jansen wo ked a he His o y Depa men o he Eu opean Uni e si y Ins i u e in Flo ence, Du ch Ins i u e o His o y o A in Flo ence, U ech Uni e si y, and a he S adsbiblio heek Maas ich . He is a membe o he Fo schungszen um Go ha o he Uni e si y o E u . He has published wo ks on a chi ec u al his o y, an iqua ianism, his o y o collec ing and cou -cul u e in he 16 h cen u y (di k.jansen@in e .nl.ne ).